$QGUp&KDVWHO /HRQDUGRGD9LQFLHLO1HRSODWRQLVPR ,Q³$UWHH8PDQHVLPRD)LUHQ]HDOWHPSRGL/RUHQ]RLO0DJQLILFR´7RULQRSS ,Q³$UWHH8PDQHVLPRD)LUHQ]HDOWHPSRGL/RUHQ]RLO0DJQLILFR´7RULQRSS Sezione terza/(21$5'2'$9,1&,(,/1(23/$721,602 /¶LPSHJQR PRUDOH H LO FRUDJJLR LQGRPLWR GHO 6DYRQDUROD KDQ IDWWR HVSORGHUH FHUWL HTXLYRFL GHO SHQVLHUR XPDQLVWLFR ,O FRUDJJLR LQWHOOHWWXDOH GL /HRQDUGRQRQPHQRHFFH]LRQDOHGLTXHOORGHO6DYRQDURODVSH]]DYDQHOORVWHVVR PRPHQWRO¶HTXLOLEULRFKHFRO9HUURFFKLRHLO%RWWLFHOOLFRPLQFLDYDDVWDELOLUVLIUD OD FXOWXUD ILRUHQWLQD H L SUREOHPL FRQFUHWL GHOOH ERWWHJKH 7XWWR FLz FKH ULJXDUGD /HRQDUGR q GLIILFLOH WXWWDYLD OR VWXGLR GHL VXRL UDSSRUWL FRQ O¶XPDQHVLPR ILRUHQWLQR q IRUVH LO SXQWR SL GLIILFLOH GL WXWWL 8Q LPPHQVR ODYRUR LQWHOOHWWXDOH DFFRPSDJQD H DWWUDYHUVD OD VXD DWWLYLWj O¶HIIHWWR VWLPRODQWH GHOOD FXOWXUD XPDQLVWLFD GRYUHEEH TXL SDOHVDUVL LQ PRGR YLVWRVR 1HVVXQD GRWWULQD HUD SL GL TXHVWDSURSL]LDDOO¶DUWHQHVVXQDUWLVWDSLGLOXLHUDLQWHUHVVDWRDOOH©LGHHª,QYHFH O¶DUWLVWDSLSURIRQGDPHQWHILRUHQWLQRGL)LUHQ]HKDODVFLDWRODFLWWjDWUHQW¶DQQLLO VXR SHQVDWRUH SL HVLJHQWH H FRPSOHWR QRQ q PDL ULXVFLWR R QRQ KD PDL YROXWR LPSRUUH XQ RUGLQH VLVWHPDWLFR DO VXR SHQVLHUR RJQL YROWD FKH LO FRQWDWWR VHPEUD SUHFLVDUVLODUHD]LRQHGL/HRQDUGRqLPSUHYLVWDHLOULVXOWDWRQRQFRQFRUGDFRQOH SUHPHVVH6LqHVDJHUDWDIXRULG¶RJQLPLVXUDO¶RULJLQDOLWjGL/HRQDUGRXQ¶DQDOLVL DWWHQWD DOOH GDWH H DL IDWWL EDVWD D ULYHODUH TXDQWR HJOL VLD GHO VXR WHPSR H YLYD L VXRLVWHVVLSUREOHPLPDHJOLVHPEUDDYHUYROXWRULFRVWLWXLUHODSURSULDFXOWXUDDO GLOjGHOOHSRVL]LRQLFRQIXVHRLQFRPSOHWHGHLVXRLFRQWHPSRUDQHL(ODILJXUDSL WLSLFDGL)LUHQ]HKDGHILQLWRVHVWHVVDDWWUDYHUVRXQDFULWLFDLQFHVVDQWHGHOODFXOWXUD ILRUHQWLQD /¶HQRUPH ELEOLRJUDILD VX /HRQDUGR q VWDWD FDWDORJDWD G¶DOWURQGH LQ PRGR QRQ GHO WXWWR VRGGLVIDFHQWH GD ( 9(5*$ Bibliografia Vinciana, YROO%RORJQDHGHVDPLQDWDPHWRGLFDPHQWHQHLYROXPLDQQXDOLGHOOD©5DFFROWDYLQFLDQDª 6DUDQQR GD WHQHUH SDUWLFRODUPHQWH SUHVHQWL IUD OH SXEEOLFD]LRQL UHFHQWL / + +(<'(15(,&+ Leonardo da Vinci, YROO%DVHOULHODERUD]LRQHGHOO¶RSHUDLQXQYROXPHSXEEOLFDWDD=ULFKQHOHO¶RSHUDPLVFHOODQHDLeonardo. Saggi e ricerche, 5RPDQHOODTXDOHORVWXGLRGL*&$67(/)5$1&2Momenti della recente critica vinciana, SS IDLOSXQWRGHOODELEOLRJUDILDXOWLPD 3HUO¶RSHUDSLWWRULFD.&/$5.Leonardo da Vinci, an account of his development as "an artist, &DPEULGJHULHG 3HU L GLVHJQL $ ( 3233 Leonardo da Vinci, Zeichnungen, %HUOLQ $ ( 323+$0 The drawings of Leonard da Vinci, /RQGRQWUDGIU%UX[HOOHV 3HULWHVWL*)80$*$//,Leonardo «omo sanza lettereª)LUHQ]HULHG 6XL PDQRVFULWWL * &$/9, I manoscritti di Leonardo da Vinci dal punto di vista cronologico, storico e bibliografico, %RORJQD-35,&+7(5The literary works ecc. FLWQXRYDHG/RQGRQYR,,,SSVJJ &IUOHQRVWUHFRQFOXVLRQLDSURSRVLWRGHOOHPDQLIHVWD]LRQLOHRQDUGLDQHGHOLQ©+XPDQLVPHHW5HQDLVVDQFHª;,9 H;9, ,O SURJUDPPD GHOOH ULFHUFKH q GHOLQHDWR LQ PRGR HVHPSODUH GD $ 0$5,121, Il mito di Leonardo, LQ I rebus di Leonardo, )LUHQ]HS©5LHVDPLQDUHO¶DWWLYLWjGL/HRQDUGRLVXRLSHQVLHULHOHVXHRSHUHSHUVFHYHUDUHFLzFKHq VXRGDFLzFKHqG¶DOWULRSSXUHqIUXWWRGLQRVWUHIDQWDVLH4XLQGLULFRVWUXLUHLOHJDPLFKHXQLVFRQRXQDSURGX]LRQHFRVu PXOWLIRUPH 6L YHGUj DOORUD FKH QRQ HVLVWH SHU HVHPSLR XQD ERWDQLFD RXQD DQDWRPLD GL /HRQDUGR LQ VHQVRPRGHUQR RVVLD FRPH VFLHQ]D DXWRQRPD PD VROR OD ULFHUFD GL XQ DUWLVWD FKH FRQVLGHUDQGR OD SLWWXUD XQD YHUD ILORVRILD H XQD UDSSUHVHQWD]LRQHFRPSLXWDHSURIRQGDGHOUHDOHQRQSRWHYDDFFRQWHQWDUVLGLULSURGXUUHODVXSHUILFLHGHLFRUSLHFFª ,Q³$UWHH8PDQHVLPRD)LUHQ]HDOWHPSRGL/RUHQ]RLO0DJQLILFR´7RULQRSS Capitolo Primo /HRQDUGRD)LUHQ]H /DJLRYLQH]]DGL/HRQDUGRqVWDWDLQGDJDWDFRQHVWUHPDDWWHQ]LRQHLVXRL SULPL DQQL SUHVVR LO QRWDLR VHU 3LHUR GD 9LQFL OD VXD YLWD D )LUHQ]H DL WHPSL GL 3LHURLO*RWWRVRHGL/RUHQ]RVRQRDEEDVWDQ]DQRWHSHUPRVWUDUHLQPRGRSDOHVH ILQRDFKHSXQWRLGDWLELRJUDILFLODVFLQRDYROWHVIXJJLUHO¶HVVHQ]LDOH /HRQDUGR HUD FRHWDQHR GHO 0DJQLILFR ,O QRWDLR GL 9LQFL OHJDWR DOO¶DPELHQWHPHGLFHRDYHYDFRQGRWWRLOILJOLRD)LUHQ]HLQWRUQRDOO¶DYHYD SRVWRQHOODERWWHJDGHO9HUURFFKLRGRYHIUDWDQW¶DOWUHFRPPLVVLRQLGLSHUVRQHLQ YLVWD VL ODYRUDYD D TXHOO¶HSRFD DOOD WRPED PHGLFHD GL 6DQ /RUHQ]R Ê GLIILFLOH SHQVDUH FKH LO JLRYDQH DUWLVWD VLD VWDWR FRQRVFLXWR HG DSSUH]]DWR GD /RUHQ]R /¶$QRQLPR GHO &RGLFH 0DJOLDEHFKLDQR LQIRUPD FKH /HRQDUGR IX DPPHVVR VLQ GDOOD VXD SULPD JLRYLQH]]D SUHVVR /RUHQ]R GH¶0HGLFL FKH JOL DVVLFXUDYD XQ VDODULR H OR IDFHYD ODYRUDUH SHU Vp QHO JLDUGLQR GL 3LD]]D 6DQ 0DUFR $PPHVVR FKH HVLVWHVVHJLjQHOLOFDVLQRGL3LD]]D6DQ0DUFRHUD VROR XQ GHSRVLWR GL PDUPL ,O WHVWR QRQ SDUOD GL XQD ©6FXROD GHO *LDUGLQRª FKH QRQSRWHYDHVLVWHUHDTXHVWDGDWDPDGLXQODERUDWRULRGLUHVWDXURGRYH/HRQDUGR DOOLHYR GHO 9HUURFFKLR SXz EHQLVVLPR DYHU ODYRUDWR SHU TXDOFKH WHPSR 8Q¶DOOXVLRQH D O¶©2UWR GHL 0HGLFLª QHO &RGLFH $WODQWLFR FKH q GHO VHFRQGR VRJJLRUQR ILRUHQWLQR GLPRVWUD FKH O¶DUWLVWD QH KD FRQRVFLXWR OH UDFFROWH /HRQDUGRKDSRWXWRLQFHUWDPLVXUDJRGHUHQHOGLXQDSRVL]LRQHDQDORJD D TXHOOD GL FXL JRGUj 0LFKHODQJHOR QHO 7UD LO VLJQRUH GL )LUHQ]H H /HRQDUGRHVLVWHYDQRFHUWHVRPLJOLDQ]HGLFDUDWWHUHJOLVWHVVLFRQWUDVWLGLHOHJDQ]D HGLVSLULWREXUOHVFROHVWHVVHIRUPHGLKXPRXUHGLVSLULWRWRVFDQR,SDHVDJJLQL LGLOOLFL FKH /RUHQ]R GHVFULYH DOO¶LQL]LR GHOOD Altercatio VRQR SUHVV¶D SRFR /DYLWDGL/HRQDUGRGHO9DVDULqVWDWDFRPPHQWDWDGD*32**,La vita di Leonardo da Vinci, )LUHQ]HHWUDGRWWD QHO QRVWUR Léonard de Vinci por lui-meme, 3DULV 5 /$1*721 '28*/$6 Leonardo’s Childhood, LQ ©%XUOLQJWRQ0DJD]LQHª/;;;9QRYHPEUHUDFFRJOLHIDWWLUHODWLYLDLSULPLDQQLGHOO¶DUWLVWDFKHQRQIXDIIDWWR TXHOILJOLRLOOHJLWWLPRHLQIHOLFHFKHFLGHVFULYRQROHYLWHURPDQ]DWHWUDHQGRDOFXQHFRQFOXVLRQLVX©O¶LQVWDELOLWjFURQLFDª GL/HRQDUGRHLOVXRLQWHUHVVHSURIRQGRSHUOD©PDWHUQLWjªS,'Leonardo da Vinci, bis Life and bis Pictures, &KLFDJRFDSS,H,,, ,QGLFD]LRQL LQ 3 0h//(5:$/'( Leonardo da Vinci, Lebensskizze und Forschungen über sein Verhältnis zur florentinischen Kunst und zu Raffael, 0QFKHQ SS :921 6(,'/,7= Leonardo da Vinci, der Wendepunkt der Renaissance, %HUOLQULHG:LHQFDSS,H,, ( 62/0, Leonardo e Machiavelli, LQ Scritti vinciani, )LUHQ]H FDS ,; KD ULXQLWR L IDWWL UHODWLYL DL UDSSRUWL WUD /RUHQ]RH/HRQDUGR & 921 )$%5,&=< LQ ©$UFKLYLR VWRULFR LWDOLDQRª VHULH 9 YRO 9,, , H . )5(< Il codice magliabecbiano, %HUOLQS .)5(<Il codice magliabecbiano FLWS6XWXWWLTXHVWLSXQWLOHGLVFXVVLRQLGHJOLVWRULFLVRQRULDVVXQWHGDZ921 6(,'/,7=Leonardo da Vinci ecc. FLWS /D IUDVH PLVWHULRVD GHO &RGLFH $WODQWLFR ©L PHGLFL PL FUHDURQR H PL GHVWUXURQRª DOOXGH IRUVH DL EHQHILFL ULFHYXWL LQ JLRYHQW H DOOH GLVLOOXVLRQL GHOOD PDWXULWj : 921 %2'( Studien iiber Leonardo da Vinci, %HUOLQ S * &$/9,Contributi alla biografia di Leonardo da Vinci, LQ©$UFKLYLRVWRULFRORPEDUGR;,SDPPHWWHFKH VLDSRVVLELOHYHGHUYLXQ¶DOOXVLRQHDOODJUDQGHIDPLJOLDILRUHQWLQDHQRQDL©PHGLFLª:59$/(17,1(5Leonardo as Verrocchio’s coworker, LQ©7KH$UW%XOOHWLQª;,,SSULSUHVRLQStudies of italian Renaissance Sculpture, 1HZ<RUNKDULFKLDPDWRO¶DWWHQ]LRQHVXLODYRULGL/HRQDUGRSHUL0HGLFL ,Q³$UWHH8PDQHVLPRD)LUHQ]HDOWHPSRGL/RUHQ]RLO0DJQLILFR´7RULQRSS FRQWHPSRUDQHLall’Annunciazione GL/HRQDUGRDJOL8IIL]L(QWUDPELLQVLVWRQRVXO GLVRUGLQH GHJOL HOHPHQWL L GDQQL GHOO¶DOOXYLRQH GHOO¶2PEURQH VRQR QHOO¶Ambra FRQIURQWDWL D HUX]LRQL YXOFDQLFKH H /HRQDUGR GHVFULYHUj DQFK¶HJOL O¶DWWLYLWj SURIRQGD GHOOD QDWXUD QHL VXRL GLVHJQL JHRORJLFL 4XHVWD FXULRVLWj DQFRUD DEEDVWDQ]D HFFH]LRQDOH D TXHVWD GDWD TXHVWR VHQVR YLYR GHOOD ©YLWDª H GHOOD YDULHWjGHOODQDWXUDVRQRFRPXQLDGHQWUDPEL $WUHQW¶DQQLDJJLXQJHO¶$QRQLPRGHO/HRQDUGRIXLQYLDWRGDOOR VWHVVR /RUHQ]R FRQ $WDODQWH 0LJOLRUHWWL D SRUWDUH XQD OLUD DO GXFD GL 0LODQR SRLFKpVXRQDYDTXHVWRVWUXPHQWRFRQXQ¶DUWHHFFH]LRQDOH&RQXQFXULRVRHUURUH GLGDWDLO9DVDULULSUHQGHODVSLHJD]LRQHGHOO¶$QRQLPRVHQ]DSHUzFLWDUH/RUHQ]R /¶DQQR IX FRQGRWWR D 0LODQR FRQ JUDQ ULSXWD]LRQH /LRQDUGR DO GXFD LO TXDOH PROWR VL GLOHWWDYDGHOVXRQRGHOODOLUDSHUFKpVRQDVVHH/LRQDUGRSRUWzTXHOORVWUXPHQWRFK¶HJOLDYHYDGL VXDPDQRIDEEULFDWRG¶DUJHQWRJUDQSDUWHLQIRUPDG¶XQWHVFKLRGLFDYDOORFRVDEL]]DUUDHQXRYD DFFLRFFKpO¶DUPRQLDIRVVHFRQPDJJLRUWXEDHSLVRQRUDGLYRFH /HRQDUGR VXSHUz WXWWLLPXVLFLFRQYHQXWLDOODFRUWHHDJJLXQJH LO 9DVDUL ©>LOGXFD@WDOPHQWHV¶LQQDPRUzGHOOHVXHYLUWFKHHUDFRVDLQFUHGLELOHª/¶DUWLVWD QRQ SRUWDYD VROR XQD OLUD Ê PROWR SUREDELOH FKH IRVVH VWDWR LQYLDWR GD /RUHQ]R FRPHVFXOWRUHSHUIRQGHUHODVWDWXDHTXHVWUHGL)UDQFHVFR6IRU]DHO¶DFFRJOLHQ]DGL /XGRYLFRIXSUHSDUDWDGLOXQJDPDQRGDWRFKHQHOO¶LQYHUQRGHO/HRQDUGR UHGLJHYD OD OHWWHUD IDPRVD LQ FXL RIIULYD L VXRL VHUYL]L H HQXPHUDYD OH VXH FDSDFLWj $G RJQL PRGR /HRQDUGR DEEDQGRQDYD GHL ODYRUL GHOOH FRPPLVVLRQL XQD SRVL]LRQH JLj QRWHYROH D )LUHQ]H 6L q TXLQGL FHUFDWR GL VSLHJDUH TXHVWD SDUWHQ]DFRQUDJLRQLSLSURIRQGHFDWWLYLUDSSRUWLFRQ/RUHQ]RGRSRXQSHULRGR GLIDYRUHLUULWD]LRQHGHOJHQLRIHULWRGDOOHFULWLFKHRGDOO¶RVWLOLWjGLFHUWLDPELHQWL FKHVHPEUHUHEEHDWWHVWDWDDGHVHPSLRGDOODGHQXQFLDSHUVRGRPLDGHOH LQILQH©O¶LPSRVVLELOLWjGLDGDWWDUVLDOO¶DPELHQWHGHLSODWRQLFLIRUPDWLGDO)LFLQRIUD LTXDOLEULOODYDLO0DJQLILFRª /DSDUWHQ]DGD)LUHQ]HHLOVXRILVVDUVLD0LODQRLQXQDPELHQWHQXRYRH SURQWR DG DFFHWWDUH OD VXD LQIOXHQ]D KDQQR LQ RJQL PRGR UDSSUHVHQWDWR O¶HPDQFLSD]LRQHGLXQDUWLVWDFKHQHOODFLWWjGRYHYLYHYDQRQULXVFLYDDUHDOL]]DUH WXWWH OH VXH DVSLUD]LRQL /HRQDUGR FLRq VL OLEHUD LQ TXHVWR PRGR GDOO¶DVFHQGHQWH ILRUHQWLQRHIRQGDXQVXRUHJQRLQWHOOHWWXDOHHGDUWLVWLFR6YLOXSSHUjTXLQGLDVXR PRGRLIUXWWLGHOO¶HGXFD]LRQHWRVFDQD/¶DWWLYLWjGHOO¶DUWLVWDSULPDGHOqPDO QRWD PD /HRQDUGR VL SXz FDSLUH VROR SDUWHQGR GDO 9HUURFFKLR LO PDHVWUR SL 9$6$5,HG0LODQHVL,9S $&+$67(/Léonard de Vinci par lui-meme FLWS -7+,,6Leonardo da Vinci, the fiorentine Years of Leonardo and Verrocchio, WUDGLQJO/RQGRQDGHVHPSLR JLXQJHDOODFRQFOXVLRQHFKH/HRQDUGR©SHUXQDUDJLRQHRSHUO¶DOWUDQRQqVWDWRDSSUH]]DWRFRPH PHULWDYD GDOJUDQGH PHFHQDWHGHOO¶DUWHILRUHQWLQDª /HLSRWHVLJLjHVDPLQDWHGD(62/0,Leonardo e Machiavelli FLWVRQRULSUHVHHGLVFXVVHGD.&/$5.Leonardo da Vinci ecc. FLWSS (62/0,Leonardo e Machiavelli FLWSHUzO¶DOOXVLRQH©DOODFHUFKLDGHLPLVWLFLVDYRQDUROLDQLªLQWRUQRDOqXQ VLQJRODUHDQDFURQLVPR ,Q³$UWHH8PDQHVLPRD)LUHQ]HDOWHPSRGL/RUHQ]RLO0DJQLILFR´7RULQRSS RULJLQDOH H SL FROWR GL )LUHQ]H QHJOL DQQL (JOL HUD PXVLFR H PDWHPDWLFRHGqDWWUDYHUVRGLOXLFKH/HRQDUGRKDFRPLQFLDWRDVRGGLVIDUHOHVXH FXULRVLWjHQFLFORSHGLFKH,QVFXOWXUDORVWLOHG¶$QGUHDWHQGHDGDQGDUROWUHTXHOOR GUDPPDWLFR GL 'RQDWHOOR $JOL HIIHWWL GL IRU]D SUHIHULVFH L PRYLPHQWL VRWWLOL OH WRUVLRQL OH IRUPH VHUUDWH FKH VRUSUHQGRQR $PD L YLVL UDFFROWL ©LO VRUULVR GLVLQFDQWDWRªGHOSan Tommaso, DOTXDOHODYRUDSHUWXWWRTXHVWRSHULRGRODJUD]LD LQVXHWDGHODavid O¶DULDDVVHQWHGLFHUWHILJXUHIHPPLQLOLVRQRJLjGLXQD TXDOLWj FRVL VRWWLOH H FRQVDSHYROH FKH VL q YROXWR ULIHULUOH DO VXR WURSSR LOOXVWUH VFRODUR 0D FLz FKH VHPEUD SUHOHRQDUGHVFR LQ 9HUURFFKLR q VSHVVR VROR O¶DIILRUDUHGLXQJXVWRFRPXQHD)LUHQ]HLQWRUQRDOORVFXOWRUHFHUFDGLGDUQH XQ¶LQWHUSUHWD]LRQH VTXLVLWD FRQ JOL HIIHWWL OXPLQRVL H OH VXSHUILFL OHYLJDWH GHO EURQ]R FKH ILQRUD QRQ HUD PDL VWDWR XWLOL]]DWR LQ TXHVWD IRUPD FRVL VIXPDWD /HRQDUGR V¶DGHJXD LPPHGLDWDPHQWH D TXHVWH ULFHUFKH /H VXH SULPH RSHUH VRQR LVSLUDWHGDOGHVLGHULRGLVRUSUHQGHUHDWWUDYHUVRO¶RUURUHRGLDIIDVFLQDUHDWWUDYHUVR O¶HVSUHVVLRQH VRDYH H PLVWHULRVD QRQ VL ULFRUGDQR IUD OH VXH RSHUH GL JLRYHQW ©DOFXQHWHVWHGLIHPPLQHFKHULGRQRªH©WHVWHGLSXWWLFKHSDUHYDQRXVFLWLGLPDQR G¶XQPDHVWURª" /HWURYDWHGL/HRQDUGRSRWHYDQRGLYHQWDUHSDWULPRQLRFRPXQHGHOO¶LQWHUD ERWWHJDHQRQqQHFHVVDULRDUULYDUHDGXQDDWWULEX]LRQHHVFOXVLYDSHURSHUHFRPH l’Annunciazione GHO/RXYUHHODMadonna dei fiori GL0RQDFR(VVHGHYRQRHVVHU VWDWHHVHJXLWHGD/HRQDUGRVXOODEDVHGLWHPLGHOVXRPDHVWUR4XHVWLDVXDYROWD XWLOL]]D FHUWH LQYHQ]LRQL GL /HRQDUGR FKH HUDQR XQ YDQWR GHOOD VXD ERWWHJD LQ SDUWLFRODUH QHOOD SDOD GL 3LVWRLD OD Madonna con san Giovanni e san Zanobi OD FRPSRVL]LRQHqGHO9HUURFFKLRPDXQDIXVLRQHQXRYDWUDVSDUHVRWWRO¶HVHFX]LRQH XQSR¶VHFFDGL/RUHQ]RGL&UHGL/¶DQHGGRWRGHO9DVDULVXOODULYDOLWjWUDPDHVWUR H DOOLHYR H VXO GLVSHWWR SURYRFDWR QHO 9HUURFFKLR GDOOD ULXVFLWD GHOO¶DQJHOR GL /HRQDUGRQHOBattesimo di Cristo QRQqFKHO¶LQWHUSUHWD]LRQHWHQGHQ]LRVD GL XQ IDWWR SL YHURVLPLOH 9HUURFFKLR ULFKLHVWR SL GL IUHTXHQWH FRPH VFXOWRUH ODVFLDYD DO GLVFHSROR OD GLUH]LRQH GHL ODYRUL GL SLWWXUD QHOOD VXD ERWWHJD /D GHOLFDWH]]D GHO YLVR DQJHOLFR OD PRUELGH]]D GHO PRGHOODWR LOIUHPLWR GRUDWR GHL FDSHOOL YDQQR ROWUH LO 9HUURFFKLR 7XWWL VH QH VRQR DFFRUWL 8QD PLQLDWXUD GL XQ PHVVDOH PLQLDWR QHOOD %RWWHJD GL $WWDYDQWH WUD LO H LO ODVFLD YHGHUH O¶XWLOL]]D]LRQH GLUHWWD GHO JUXSSR H LQ XQ¶DOWUD PLQLDWXUD HVHJXLWD GDOOD VWHVVD -7+,,6Leonardo da Vinci ecc. FLWSQHOORVWHVVRVHQVR05(<021'L’éducation de Léonard, LQConferenze fiorentine, 0LODQRSS/3/$1,6&,*Verrocchio FLWS .&/$5.Leonardo da Vinci ecc. FLWSLQVLVWHVXOO¶LQWHUHVVHGHOOHVFXOWXUH©SUHOHRQDUGHVFKHªGHO9HUURFFKLR ÊLQDFFRUGRFRQO¶RULHQWDPHQWRYDVDULDQRODWHVLGL(0817=op. cit., GL:921%2'(Studien iiber /da V. FLW HGL308//(5:$/'(Leonardo da Vinci ecc. FLWTXHVWDWHVLqVWDWDUDGLFDOPHQWHFRQIXWDWDGD-7+,,6Leonardo da Vinci ecc. FLWSS : 5 9$/(17,1(5 Leonardo as Verrocchio’s coworker FLW LQ ©7KH $UW %XOOHWLQª ;,, H LQ ©7KH $UW4XDUWHUO\ª,9SSULSUHVLLQStudies FLWSS/¶DXWRUHSHUzWHQGHWURSSRDURYHVFLDUHLWHUPLQL GHOSUREOHPDDIDYRUHGHOSDUDGRVVR©/HRQDUGRPDHVWURGHO9HUURFFKLRª .&/$5.Leonardo da Vinci ecc. FLWS,, ,Q³$UWHH8PDQHVLPRD)LUHQ]HDOWHPSRGL/RUHQ]RLO0DJQLILFR´7RULQRSS ERWWHJD QHO FRPSDUH XQ VROR DQJHOR TXHOOR GL /HRQDUGR 0D LQ ILQ GHL FRQWLOD©PRGHUQLWjªGL/HRQDUGRGHULYDLQWHUDPHQWHGDO9HUURFFKLR /D SURYD VLKD QHO ULWUDWWR GL Ginevra Benci H QHOODMadonna Benois. /D TXDOLWj ©PHQWDOHª OD GLJQLWj LQWHOOHWWXDOH FKH HUDQR OD IRU]D GHO GLVHJQR ILRUHQWLQR PDL VRQR VWDWH SL HYLGHQWL FKH TXL LO GHVLGHULR GL UDIILQDWH]]D GL HOHJDQ]DGLYLHQHFRVLWLUDQQLFRFKHLOOLPLWHWUDJLXVWDHVSUHVVLRQHHDUWLILFLRVLID ODELOH /HRQDUGR FKH q GLVHJQDWRUH TXDQWR PDL UDSLGR H VSRQWDQHR DVVXPH XQ DWWHJJLDPHQWR FRVFLHQ]LRVR H WHVR DOORUFKp SDVVD DOODUHDOL]]D]LRQH GHOTXDGUR , GLVHJQLSUHSDUDWRULSHUODMadonna Benois ULYHODQRORVWDFFRFKHLQWHUFRUUHWUDLO PRYLPHQWR LQL]LDOH GL XQD JUD]LD OLPSLGD H O¶HODERUD]LRQH ILQDOH FDULFDG¶HIIHWWL /HRQDUGR QRQ DFFHWWD ©Qp G¶LPSURYYLVDUH Qp GL FRQIRUPDUVL DOOH FRQYHQ]LRQL DQWHULRULª /D VWUHQXD DSSOLFD]LRQH FKH SRUWD QHOOD SLWWXUD q WDQWR SL JUDYH LQ TXDQWRHJOLSRVVLHGHLQPLVXUDVWUDRUGLQDULDODFDSDFLWjGLGLVWLQJXHUHO¶HVVHQ]LDOH GDOO¶LQXWLOHHKDXQVHQVRPLUDELOHGHJOLVFKHPLFRPSRVLWLYLHSHUFRVLGLUHGHL WUDFFLDWLVHPSOLFLHDUPRQLRVL)LQGDLVXRLSULPLGLVHJQLHJOLDUULYDVHQ]DODVFLDU WUDVSDULUH VIRU]R DOOH SL IHOLFL FRPSRVL]LRQL D WULDQJROR 8QD IRU]DWXUD LQWHOOHWWXDOH FKH DSSHQD VL DYYHUWH FRQIHULVFH DOOH IRUPH XQD VRUWD GL VXSHULRUH HYLGHQ]D ( TXHVWD VL YHGH JLj QHOO¶Adorazione dei Magi. ,O FRQIURQWR FRO %RWWLFHOOLqLOOXPLQDQWHHVVLKDQQRLQFRPXQHXQDVRUWDGLQHUYRVLVPRORVWHVVR JXVWR GHOO¶©HODERUDWRª FKH q JHQHUDOH D )LUHQ]H LQWRUQR DO PD VL FRQWUDSSRQJRQR ULVROXWDPHQWH SHU O¶LQWHUHVVH DO SDHVDJJLR H TXHVWR GLYHUVR DWWHJJLDPHQWR GL IURQWH DOOD QDWXUD FRUULVSRQGH LQ XOWLPD DQDOLVL DG XQ DQWDJRQLVPRGLVWLOH , OHJDPL GL /HRQDUGR FRQ L PXVLFL ILRUHQWLQL VRQR SURYDWL XQD QRWDGHO &RGLFH $WODQWLFR b, ID L QRPL GHL GRWWL WRVFDQL %HQHGHWWR GHOO¶$EDFR &DUOR 0DUPRFFKL H PDHVWUR 3DJROR FLRq LO YHFFKLR 7RVFDQHOOL QRQ PXRUH FKH QHO FRQRVFLXWLGD/HRQDUGR(JOLHUDLQUHOD]LRQHFRQJOLVFULWWRULHVHPEUD HVVHU VWDWR PROWR DPLFR GHO YLDJJLDWRUH H FURQLVWD %HQHGHWWR 'HL 1RQ KD IUHTXHQWDWRO¶DPELHQWHGHOO¶$FFDGHPLDGRYHLOVXRQRPHQRQFRPSDUHFRPHGHO UHVWR QRQ FRPSDLRQR TXHOOL GHO 9HUURFFKLR H GHO %RWWLFHOOL PD QRQ q SDVVDWR LQRVVHUYDWR GDJOL XPDQLVWL 1HOOD VXD UDFFROWD G¶HSLJUDPPL FLUFD 8JROLQR 9HULQR FRPSRQH XQ HORJLR GHL SLWWRUL LOOXVWUL IUD L TXDOL QRQ GLPHQWLFD 2*9216,0621Leonardo and Attavante, LQ©*D]HWWHGHV%HDX[$UWVªQRYHPEUHSSVJJ/DSULPD PLQLDWXUDqTXHOODGHOPHVVDOHGL7KRPDV-DPHVYHVFRYRGL'RO0XVHRGL/H+DYUHJLjVHJQDODWRGD3'¶$1&21$ La miniatura fiorentina FLWYR,,S/DVHFRQGDVLWURYDLQXQPHVVDOHGL0DWWLD&RUYLQR%LEOLRWHFDGL%UX[HOOHV FIU-9$1'(1*+(<1Catalogues deI manuscrits..., %UX[HOOHVW,S %%(5(1621QHOVXRFHOHEUHVDJJLRLeonardo, LQThe Study and Criticism of italian Art, YRO,,,/RQGRQSS q VWDWR LO SULPR D LQVLVWHUH SHUILQR ROWUH LO JLXVWR VXOOD WHQGHQ]D DFFDGHPLFD H O¶LQVLQFHULWj GL /HRQDUGR . &/$5.Leonardo da Vinci ecc. FLWS3HUVWXGLDUHGDTXHVWRSXQWRGLYLVWDOHJUDQGLRSHUHRFFRUUHVHPSUHULIDUVL DOOHDQDOLVLGL+:g/))/,1Die Klassiscbe Kunst FLWFDS,, .&/$5.A Catalogue of the Drawings by Leonardo da Vinci, in the Collection of his Majesty the King at Windsor Castle, YROO&DPEULGJHQ -0(61,/Botticelli FLWSSVJJ , GRFXPHQWL VRQR VWDWL SXEEOLFDWL GD % %(&+(5,1, QH ©/D 5LQDVFLWDª Q FIU DQFKH ( 0$*1, '8))/2&4Leonardo e la musica, LQLeonardo da Vinci, 1RYDUD -35,&+7(5The literary works ecc., HGFLWQ,,S$&+$67(/Léonard de Vinci par lui-meme FLW S*&$/9,Contributi FLWSLQ©5DFFROWDYLQFLDQDª;S ,Q³$UWHH8PDQHVLPRD)LUHQ]HDOWHPSRGL/RUHQ]RLO0DJQLILFR´7RULQRSS /HRQDUGR,O1HVLDOWURVFULWWRUHGHOJUXSSRQXWULUjSHU/HRQDUGRXQ¶DPPLUD]LRQH VLJQLILFDWLYD 3URYDWH VRQ¶DQFKH OH VXH UHOD]LRQL FRQ L 5XFHOODL VRSUDWWXWWR %HUQDUGR FKH ULWURYHUj D 0LODQR H SRL GRSR LO D )LUHQ]H 8Q OHJDPH SDUWLFRODUPHQWHVROLGRVHPEUDDYHUORVHPSUHXQLWRDL%HQFL)RUVHJLjQHODO SLWDUGLQHOGLSLQJHLOULWUDWWRGL*LQHYUDODDama dal cespuglio di ginepro GHOOD *DOOHULD /LFKWHQVWHLQ /D JHQWLOGRQQD GL FXL LO 0DJQLILFR KD FHOHEUDWR DIIHWWXRVDPHQWH LQ GXH VRQHWWL OD YLUW DSSDUH VXOOR VIRQGR GL DUEXVWL VFXUL FKH VRQRIRUPDWLGDOO¶LQWUHFFLRGLUDPLSXQJHQWLGLYDORUHVLPEROLFRLOPRGHOODWRGHO YROWR ULYHOD D PHUDYLJOLD OD SULPD PDQLHUD GL /HRQDUGR 6H VL UHLQWHJUDQR PHQWDOPHQWH OH GXH PDQL LQFURFLDWH FKH VRQR VWDWH VRSSUHVVH GDOOD PXWLOD]LRQH GHOODWDYRODDEELDPRJLjWUHQW¶DQQLSULPD0RQQD/LVDFLRqODQXRYDIRUPXODGHO ULWUDWWR ILRUHQWLQR *LQHYUD HUD ILJOLD GHO ULFFR $PHULJR FKH QHO DYHYD UHJDODWRDO)LFLQRXQJUDQGHPDQRVFULWWRGL3ODWRQH7RPPDVRH*LRYDQQLGXH ©FRQSKLORVRSKLªFDULDO)LFLQRFKHHJOLVDOXWDDIIHWWXRVDPHQWHQHOOHVXHOHWWHUH HUDQR FXJLQL GL *LQHYUD 7RPPDVR FKH VDUHEEH VWDWR LO VHVWR SHUVRQDJJLR GHO Convito GHO )LFLQR IHFH QHO XQD WUDGX]LRQH LWDOLDQD GHO Pimandro GDOOD YHUVLRQH ODWLQD GHO )LFLQR , OHJDPL GL /HRQDUGR FRQ TXHVWD IDPLJOLD QRQ GLSHQGRQR GDOO¶HSLVRGLR GL XQD FRPPLVVLRQH 8QD QRWD FKH SXz GDWDUVL DO &RGLFH$WODQWLFRIROULQFXLqGHWWR©,OPLRPDSSDPRQGRFKHKD*LRYDQQL %HQFLª H XQD DOOXVLRQH D GHL GLDVSUL GLPRVWUDQR FKH /HRQDUGR DYHYD ODVFLDWR SUHVVR GL ORUR GHL OLEUL GHJOL VWUXPHQWL GL ODYRUR H GHOOH SLHWUH SUH]LRVH 8Q¶LQGLFD]LRQH SL VLJQLILFDWLYD FL q IRUQLWD GDO 9DVDUL D SURSRVLWR dell’Adorazione dei Magi QRQ ILQLWD GHO /HRQDUGR ©FRPLQFLz XQD WDYROD GHOO¶$GRUD]LRQHGH¶0DJLFKHY¶qVXPROWHFRVHEHOOHPDVVLPHGLWHVWHODTXDOH HUD LQ FDVD GL $PHULJR %HQFL GLULPSHWWR DOOD ORJJLD GH¶ 3HUX]]Lª 4XHVWR $PHULJRHUDLOILJOLRGL*LRYDQQLqYHURVLPLOHFKH/HRQDUGRDEELDODVFLDWRLOVXR TXDGURDTXHVW¶XOWLPRDOORUFKpDEEDQGRQz)LUHQ]H7XWWLTXHVWLHOHPHQWLEDVWDQRD GLPRVWUDUFLDTXDOSXQWRQHJOLDQQLGHOODVXDIRUPD]LRQHLQWHOOHWWXDOHHDUWLVWLFD /HRQDUGR VLD VWDWR OHJDWR DOOD FXOWXUD ILRUHQWLQD &ROODERUDWRUH GHO 9HUURFFKLR JUDWLILFDWRGLXQDSHQVLRQHGD/RUHQ]RIUHTXHQWDWRUHGHOOHOH]LRQLGHLFRVPRJUDIL RVSLWHGHL%HQFLQRQGREELDPRTXLQGLLPPDJLQDUFLXQJLRYDQHSLWWRUHVROLWDULRH GLVWUDWWR LJQRUDQWH GHOOH QRYLWj ILORVRILFKH H GHJOL DUJRPHQWL GL PRGD 1RQ DYHQGRLPSDUDWRLOODWLQRFKHSHUPHWWHYDGLDFFHGHUHDOPRQGRXPDQLVWLFRQRQ SRWHYD HVVHUH FKH XQR VSHWWDWRUH FRPH WDQWL DOWUL XQ WHVWLPRQH DO PDUJLQH GHO PRYLPHQWRGHOO¶$FFDGHPLDFKHHUDDOORUDQHOVXRPDVVLPRILRUH4XDOFRVDVHQ]D GXEELR OR VHSDUDYD GD HVVR PDFLzFKHPHULWDGLHVVHUHLQGDJDWRqODVRPPD GL &IUSLDYDQWLS (0g//(5Leonardos Bildnis des Ginevra Benci LQ©0FKQHU-DKUEXFKGHUELOGHQGHQ.XQVWª;,,SS $'(//$7255(Storia dell’Accademia platonica ecc. FLWS ,ELGSSVJJ &IU(0g//(5Leonardos Bildnis ecc. FLWSQTXHVWDQRWDGHYHULVDOLUHDOO¶HSRFDPDJJLROXJOLR 9$6$5,HG0LODQHVL,9S ,Q³$UWHH8PDQHVLPRD)LUHQ]HDOWHPSRGL/RUHQ]RLO0DJQLILFR´7RULQRSS LQWHUHVVL FKH HJOL KD SRWXWR WUDPH OD QDWXUD GHOOH VXH UHD]LRQL H OH FRQVHJXHQ]H FKHWXWWRFLzKDDYXWRSHUODVXDDUWH /HGLYHUVHRSLQLRQLVLSRVVRQRULXQLUHLQWUHJUXSSL ,Leonardo positivista/HRQDUGRSUHFXUVRUHGHOODVFLHQ]DSRVLWLYDFKHURPSHFRQODVFLHQ]DPHGLHYDOHQRQ SXz DYHUH DOFXQ FRQWDWWR FRQ OH ©IDQWDVWLFKHULHª GHOO¶$FFDGHPLD * 6e$,//(6 Léonard de Vinci, l’artiste et le savant3DULV(62/0,Leonardo)LUHQ]HHFF/DVXDWHRULDGHOO¶DUWHqSXUDPHQWH©SRVLWLYDªHOHLGHH GHOODFHUFKLDILRUHQWLQDQRQVRQRSUHVHLQFRQVLGHUD]LRQHLQ$%/817Artistic Theory in ItalyULHG/RQGRQ FDS ,, &L VL UHQGH FRQWR GHOO¶LQDGHJXDWH]]D GL TXHVWR SXQWR GL YLVWD LQ XQR VWXGLR FRPH TXHOOR GL $ .2167$17,12:$Die Entwicklung des Madonnentypus bei Leonardo da Vinci6WUDVVEXUJ /HRQDUGR ©ermeticoª /HRQDUGR VLD SHU LO SHQVLHUR FKH SHU O¶DUWH DSSDUWLHQH DOOD FRUUHQWH PLVWLFD H ©RFFXOWLVWLFDª FKH V¶DQGDYD GLIIRQGHQGR QHOO¶DPELHQWH GHOO¶$FFDGHPLD ILRUHQWLQD 3e/$'$1 La philosophie de Léonard de Vinci3DULVVG3$8/98//,$8'La pensée ésotérique de Léonard de Vinci3DULVULHG3DULV &RVuDQFKH)%e5(1&(Léonard de Vinci ouvrier de l’intelligence3DULVHLQPRGRSLVIXPDWR0 %5,21Léonard de Vinci3DULV/¶LQFRQVLVWHQ]DGHOOHLQWHUSUHWD]LRQLHVRWHULFKHQHOOHTXDOLLOBaccoGHO/RXYUH DVVXPHXQYDORUHHFFH]LRQDOHVLIDSDOHVHLQRSXVFROLGHOJHQHUHGLTXHOORGHOOD0$,527'520$5'Le fond de la Joconde et l’esthétique de Léonard de Vinci%HVDQoRQ6XOSLDQRGHOO¶HVWHWLFD5%$<(5Léonard de Vinci, la grâceULSRUWDGHOWXWWRO¶DUWHGL/HRQDUGRDOO¶HVWHWLFDGHOOR©VSOHQGRUHªGHULYDWDGDOQHRSODWRQLVPR Leonardo platonico suo malgrado,OSHQVLHUROHRQDUGHVFRqSHUPHDWRGLHOHPHQWLGHULYDWLGDOO¶XPDQHVLPR QHRSODWRQLFR FRQWUR LO TXDOH SHU DOWUR HJOL KD GL FRQWLQXR DWWLYDPHQWH SROHPL]]DWR / 2/6&+., Geschichte der neusprachlichen wissenschaftlichen LiteraturYRO,/HLS]LJKDGHOLQHDWRTXHVWDLQWHUSUHWD]LRQHULSUHVDFRPH LSRWHVLGLODYRURGD$(3233Leonardo da Vinci", Zeichnungen0QFKHQSHUORVWXGLRGHLGLVHJQLHGD* )80$*$//,/HRQDUGR©omo sanza lettereªFLWDGHVHPSLRDOOHSS&RVuDQFKH-9216&+/266(5Die KunstliteraturFLWSFKLDPD/HRQDUGR©GHUXPJHNHKUWH3ODWRQLNHUªLOSODWRQLFRDOO¶RSSRVL]LRQH*%2$6The Mona Lisa in the History of Taste eccLQ©7KH-RXUQDORIWKH+LVWRU\RI,GHDV´,SQRWD©(YHQLQ /HRQDUGRZKRVHLQWHUHVWLQUHSURGXFLQJQDWXUDOREMHFWVOHGWRWKRVHDPD]LQJDQDWRPLFDODQGERWDQLFDODQGJHRORJLFDO GUDZLQJVthere are neoplatonic elementsª,OSUREOHPDqVWDWRSRVWRLQTXHVWRVWHVVRPRGRGD(*$5,1La cultura fiorentina nell’età di Leonardo LQ ©%HOIDJRUª PDJJLR SS ULSUHVR LQ Medioevo e Rinascimento H $ &+$67(/ Léonard de Vinci et la culture QHOO¶RSHUD PLVFHOODQHD Léonard de Vinci et l’expérience scientifique au XVIe siècle 3DULV 8OWHULRUL ULIHULPHQWL QHO FDSLWROR VHJXHQWH /¶RSHUD UHFHQWH GL - *$171(5 Leonardos Visionen, von der Sintflut und vom Untergang der Welt, Geschichte einer künstlerischen Idee %HUQ LQVLVWH VXOO¶LPSRUWDQ]DGHOORVYLOXSSRLQWHUQRGHOOHLGHHHGHOOHIRUPHQHOODFUHD]LRQHOHRQDUGHVFD3XUVHQ]DSRUVLLOSUREOHPD GHL UDSSRUWL FRQ LO SHQVLHUR GHO WHPSR O¶DXWRUH PHWWH LQ OXFH JOL DVSHWWL GHOOD ©YLVLRQH FRVPLFDª GL /HRQDUGR LQ XQ VHQVRFKHYLHQHDFRLQFLGHUHFRQOHRVVHUYD]LRQLGHOQRVWURVWXGLR ,Q³$UWHH8PDQHVLPRD)LUHQ]HDOWHPSRGL/RUHQ]RLO0DJQLILFR´7RULQRSS Capitolo secondo /D©VFLHQ]DªGL/HRQDUGRHODUHD]LRQHDQWLSODWRQLFD 6LULWLHQHFKHFLVLDULPDVWDSUHVV¶DSRFRODPHWjGHJOLVFULWWLGL/HRQDUGR WDFFXLQL SUHSDUDWRUL VWXGL FRQWL DIRULVPL DSSXQWL GL OHWWXUD 4XHVWL VFULWWL VL GLVWULEXLVFRQR SHU TXDVL TXDUDQW¶DQQL 8QD SXEEOLFD]LRQH PHWRGLFD H FULWLFD VDUHEEHXQ¶LPSUHVDTXDQWRPDLGLIILFLOHPDILQFKpQRQVDUjFRPSLXWDORVWXGLR GHO SHQVLHUR GL /HRQDUGR FRUUH SHULFROR GL PDQFDUH GHOOH DUWLFROD]LRQL VWRULFKH LQGLVSHQVDELOL6LULVFKLDGLFRQWLQXRGLSUHQGHUHGHJOLHVWUDWWLWUDWWLGDOODOHWWXUDH GHVWLQDWL DOO¶HVDPH R DOOD GLVFXVVLRQH SHU DIIHUPD]LRQL SHUVRQDOL H GL YHGHUH DEXVLYDPHQWH LQWXL]LRQL ©PRGHUQHª QHOOH VXH RVVHUYD]LRQL SURSULR SHUFKp QRQ VRQRVWDWHPHVVHLQUHOD]LRQHFRQOD©VFLHQ]DªGHOWHPSR/DVWUDRUGLQDULDYDULHWj GHL VXRL LQWHUHVVL VSLQJH D FKLHGHUVL TXDOH IRVVH LO ILQH FKH HJOL VL SURSRQHYD /HRQDUGR VHPEUD HVVHUVHOR FKLHVWR OXL VWHVVR 3HULRGLFDPHQWH KD HODERUDWR GHL SURJHWWLGLRSHUHFKHDYUHEEHURGDWRXQRUGLQHDOO¶LPPHQVRPDWHULDOHDFFXPXODWR FRVu DFFDGGH QHO QHO 6H DYHVVH UHDOL]]DWR TXHVWL SURJHWWL VDUHEEH DUULYDWRDGXQDVRUWDGLHQFLFORSHGLDLOFXLGLVHJQRVWHVVRDYUHEEHLOOXPLQDWRVXOOH VXHLQWHQ]LRQLPDO¶LPSUHVDQRQJOLqULXVFLWD ,O SUREOHPD GHOOD ©FXOWXUDª QHFHVVDULD DOO¶DUWLVWD HUD VWDWR JLj GLEDWWXWR VXOODPHWjGHOVHFRORGDOO¶$OEHUWLHGDO*KLEHUWLHQRQDYHYDPDLFHVVDWRGLHVVHUH DWWXDOH /¶$OEHUWL DYHYD IRUQLWR XQ¶LQGLFD]LRQH GHOOH FRQRVFHQ]H ULWHQXWH QHFHVVDULH PDWHPDWLFD H ©ILVLRJQRPLFDª SHU OH DOWUH GLVFLSOLQH XQ¶LQIDULQDWXUD JHQHUDOH SRWHYD EDVWDUH 0D D FKH SXQWR OLPLWDUVL" ,O 3ROODLROR VL HUD IDWWR XQD JUDQGHHVSHULHQ]DQHOO¶DQDWRPLDDOWULQHOODILVLFDLO%RWWLFHOOLHUDDWWUDWWRGDLSRHWL H GD 'DQWH *LXOLDQR GD 6DQJDOOR GDOO¶DUFKHRORJLD Ê OHFLWR SHQVDUH FKH QHOOD ERWWHJD GHO 9HUURFFKLR FL VL SUHRFFXSDVVH VRSUDWWXWWR GHL IRQGDPHQWL VFLHQWLILFL GHOO¶DUWHFLRqGLTXHOJUXSSRGLDWWLYLWjYLFLQHDOOH$UWLOLEHUDOLÊVXTXHVWRVIRQGR FKH O¶LQILQLWD LQJHJQRVLWj GL /HRQDUGR LO VXR VHQVR FULWLFR OD VXD WHQGHQ]D DO QXRYR OR SRUWDURQR D LQWUDSUHQGHUH XQD ULIXVLRQH SURJUHVVLYD GL WXWWL L UDPL GHO VDSHUH /¶LGHD IRQGDPHQWDOH GHOOD VXD FDUULHUD ULSHWXWD LQFHVVDQWHPHQWH QHOOH QRWH q TXHOOD GHOOD ©XQLYHUVDOLWjª GHOO¶DUWH FKH QRQ ODVFLD LQHVSORUDWR DOFXQ DVSHWWRGHOPRQGR $OORUFKpDOODILQHGHOVHFRORVFRUVRIXURQRULVFRSHUWLLWHVWLHLWDFFXLQLGL VWXGL GL /HRQDUGR HVVL DSSDUYHUR FRVu VRUSUHQGHQWL FKH /HRQDUGR GLYHQQH LO /++(<'(15(,&+Leonardo da Vinci FLWS,$&+$67(/Léonard de Vinci por luiMéme FLW $&+$67(/Léonard de Vinci et la culture FLW ,WHVWLGL/HRQDUGRVRQRVWDWLUDFFROWLGD-35,&+7(5The literary works of Leonardo da Vinci, YROOULHG/RQGRQ RSHUDFKHULPDQHIRQGDPHQWDOH4XHOODGL0&&85'<The notebooks of Leonardo da Vinci, 1HZ<RUN WUDGIULes carnets de Léonard de Vinci, YROO3DULVqPHQRVLFXUDHODFODVVLILFD]LRQHGHJOLVFULWWLLQFHUWD8QD VFHOWDPHWRGLFDqVWDWDDSSUHVWDWDGD*)80$*$//,Leonardo, ©omo sanza lettereªODHG)LUHQ]HULHG 8QDSXEEOLFD]LRQHLQWHJUDOHqVWDWDLQL]LDWDGD$0$5,121,Leonardo da Vinci, ,(Scritti letterari), 0LODQR1RL ,Q³$UWHH8PDQHVLPRD)LUHQ]HDOWHPSRGL/RUHQ]RLO0DJQLILFR´7RULQRSS ©SUHFXUVRUHªGLWXWWHOHLQYHQ]LRQLHGLWXWWLJOLDWWHJJLDPHQWL©PRGHUQLª7XWW¶DO SL FL VL SUHRFFXSz LQ VHJXLWR GL VDSHUH VH HUD SODWRQLFR R DULVWRWHOLFR FRPH VH TXHVWD DOWHUQDWLYD VL IRVVH GDYYHUR DIIDFFLDWD DO VXR VSLULWR (G q SDUVR DOOD ILQH FKH HJOL IRVVH VLD ©XQ XRPR GHO PHGLRHYRª VLD ©O¶LQL]LDWRUH GHOO¶HSRFD PRGHUQDª 6L WUDWWD GL SRVL]LRQL VWHULOL LO SUREOHPD q WXWW¶DOWUR H QRQ VL FRPSUHQGHUj /HRQDUGR SXU QHOOD VXD FRPSOHVVLWj VH QRQ DWWUDYHUVR OD FRPSOHVVLWj VWHVVD GHOOD VXD HSRFD FRQVLGHUDQGR FLz FKH HJOL DVVLPLOD H FLz FKH UHVSLQJHLPPDJLQDQGRFLRqXQRVSLULWRDOODYRUR *OL VFULWWL GL /HRQDUGR VRQR ILWWL GL IDYROH GHWWL H IDQWDVLH WUDWWH GDOOD FXOWXUD SRSRODUH HJOL FRQRVFHYD JOL ©XPRULVWL´ DG HVHPSLR LO %XUFKLHOOR HG LO 3XOFLHSLG¶XQDGHOOHVXHSDJLQHqGHJQDGLORUR&RQRVFHYDEHQLQWHVRLJUDQGL SRHWL WRVFDQL H IX GL TXHOOL FKH RVDURQR ©FRPPHQWDUHª 'DQWH (JOL VHSSH FRPSRUVL JUD]LH DOOH UDFFROWH GL HVWUDWWL R GL exempla, WXWWR XQ PDWHULDOH ©FODVVLFRªLQFXLQRQPDQFDYDQRQp2YLGLRQp/XFUH]LR /¶LJQRUDQ]DGHOODWLQRULVFKLDYDGLWHQHUHXQ©RPRVDQ]DOHWWHUHªHVFOXVR GDOOD OHWWHUDWXUD WHFQLFD H VFLHQWLILFD 0D /HRQDUGR IHFH GL WXWWR SHU JLUDUH DEELDPRFXUDWRLQWUDGX]LRQHIUDQFHVHXQ¶DQWRORJLDHVVHQ]LDOHLéonard de Vinci par lui méme FLW&IUDQFKH$ 0%5,=,2Scritti scelti di Leonardo da Vinci, 7RULQR ,Q & 3('5(77, Studi vinciani, *HQqYH QXPHURVH RVVHUYD]LRQL SDUWLFRODUL H LQ DSSHQGLFH FURQRORJLD GHL IRJOLHWWLGHO&RGLFH$WODQWLFR ,OTrattato della pittura qXQDFRPSLOD]LRQHGHOODPHWjGHO&LQTXHFHQWRWUDWWDGDJOLVFULWWLGL/HRQDUGRSXEEOLFDWRQHO QRQ VHPSUH FRUULVSRQGH HVDWWDPHQWH DO WHVWR GHO PDQRVFULWWR GRYH TXHVWR q FRQVHUYDWR /¶HGL]LRQH GL + /8':,*Il trattato della pittura, :LHQqDFFRPSDJQDWRGDOODWUDGX]LRQHWHGHVFDO¶HGL]LRQHGL30&0$+21 Leonardo on Painting, YROO 3ULQFHWRQ ULSURGXFH LO PDQRVFULWWR FKH VHUYu GL EDVH DOO¶HGL]LRQH GHO /H VFHOWH SXEEOLFDWH LQ IUDQFHVH GD 3e/$'$1 Traité de la peinture, 3DULV H Morceaux choisis, 3DULV VRQR VWDWHIDWWHVHQ]DGLVFHUQLPHQWRFULWLFRHSUHVHQWDQRSDUHFFKLHLQWHUSUHWD]LRQLHUUDWHULSHWXWHSRLQHOOHSXEEOLFD]LRQLGL VHFRQGDPDQR 6XOOHRSHUHUHFHQWL*&$67(/)5$1&2Momenti della recente critica ecc. FLW/D©ILORVRILDªGL/HRQDUGRq VWDWDRJJHWWRGHLJLXGL]LSLFRQWUDVWDQWL%&52&(Leonardo filosofo, LQConferenze fiorentine, 0LODQRSS DFFXVD/HRQDUGRQDWXUDOLVWDHDJQRVWLFRGLQRQDYHUDYXWRLOVHQVRGHOODFRVFLHQ]DFUHDWULFHS**HQWLOHKD JLXVWDPHQWHULFRUGDWRFKHF¶qLQ/HRQDUGR©O¶LGHDGLXQDUDJLRQHFKHVLIDQDWXUDSHUJLXQJHUHDOODILQHDOODFRVFLHQ]DGL VpQHOO¶XRPRHFKLXGHUHLOFHUFKLRGHOO¶XQLYHUVRªSHGqLQTXHVWRFKHVLDFFRVWDDOSODWRQLVPRGHOVXRWHPSRH SXzHVVHUHDYYLFLQDWRD*DOLOHRH%UXQR 6FDUVR LQWHUHVVH KD OD WHVL UDSLGDPHQWH SUHVHQWDWD GD 5 +8<*+( Leonardo da Vinci et l’humanisme, LQ Actes du XVIIe Congrès d’Histoire de l’art /¶$MD SS H La pensée de Léonard appartient’elle à la Reinaissance?, QH©/¶DPRXUGHO¶DUWªQQLQFXL/HRQDUGRqSUHVHQWDWRFRPHXQSHQVDWRUHGHOWXWWR HVWUDQHRDOODVXDHSRFD&RVL©/HRQDUGRULILXWDGLDGHULUHDOODFRUUHQWHSODWRQLFDFKH/HRQH;XQ0HGLFLDYHYDSRVWR DOFHQWURGHOVHFRORFKHSRUWDLOVXRQRPH$OFRQWUDULRHJOLVLULFROOHJDDTXHOILORQHLPSHWXRVRVRUWRQHO0HGLRHYR HVDWWDPHQWH DOOD ILQH GHO ;,, VHFROR LQ FRQVHJXHQ]D GHOO¶XUWR SURYRFDWR GDOOD FRQRVFHQ]D GHOOH RSHUH GL $ULVWRWHOH SURSULRDOORUDULVFRSHUWHHFKHQHLVHFROL;,,,H;,9VLVWDFFzGDOILORVRIRSXUFRQWLQXDQGRDQFRUDDVHQWLUQHO¶LPSXOVR SHU JLXQJHUH D LQWUDYYHGHUH H DGGLULWWXUD D IRQGDUH LOPHWRGRVSHULPHQWDOH PDWHULDOLVWD H SRVLWLYLVWD GD FXLXVFLUj OD VFLHQ]D PRGHUQD´ SS 1HVVXQD GL TXHVWH DIIHUPD]LRQL FL VHPEUD DFFHWWDELOH OD ©FRUUHQWH SODWRQLFDª QDWD DOPHQRPH]]RVHFRORSULPDQRQGHYHSURSULRQXOODD/HRQH;OD©FRUUHQWHVSHULPHQWDOHªGHOODVFRODVWLFDSDULJLQDQRQ SUHSDUD O¶DYYHQWR GHOOD ©VFLHQ]D PRGHUQDª OH LGHH VFLHQWLILFKH GHO 5LQDVFLPHQWR LWDOLDQR FRVWLWXLVFRQR XQD WDSSD GLVWLQWD VLD GDOO¶RFFDPLVPR GHO 7UHFHQWR FKH GDO FDUWHVLDQHVLPR GU JOL VWXGL GL ( &DVVLUHU H OH RVVHUYD]LRQL GL * 6$5721 H ( 3$12)6.< LQ The Renaissance, a symposium, 1HZ <RUN O¶RSSRVL]LRQH WUD DULVWRWHOLVPR H SODWRQLVPRqGHOWXWWRUHODWLYDHQRQFRVWLWXLVFHLOSUREOHPDSLLQWHUHVVDQWHGHOO¶HSRFDFIUJOLVWXGLGL(*DULQH32 .ULVWHOOHUFLWDWLLQMarsile Ficin et l’art FLWSQO¶XVRDEXVLYRGHOO¶LGHDGLDULVWRWHOLVPRqVWDWRQRWDWRGD* CASTELFRANCO, Momenti della recente critica ecc. DUW FLW S 1RL FUHGLDPR LQYHFH FKH LO SHQVLHUR VFLHQWLILFRGL/HRQDUGRDSSDUWHQJDFKLDUDPHQWHDOVXRWHPSRHFKHqHUURQHRVHSDUDUHO¶DUWLVWDGDOGRWWRODFXLDWWLYLWj LQWHOOHWWXDOHYDFROORFDWDQHOTXDGURGHOOD©FXOWXUDGHOOHERWWHJKHª (62/0,LQWURGX]LRQHDLeonardo, Frammenti letterari, )LUHQ]HKDGHOLQHDWROHWDSSHGHOOHULFHUFKHVFLHQWLILFKH GL/HRQDUGRPDQRQTXHOOHGHOVXRSHQVLHUR8QRVWXGLRVSHVVRDSSURSULDWRqTXHOORGL)0%21*,29$11, Leonardo pensatore, 3LDFHQ]D - *:<1*5,)),7+6Leonardo and the latin poets, LQ©&ODVVLFDHWPHGLDHYDOLD´;9,&RSHQDJKHQSS VJJ ,Q³$UWHH8PDQHVLPRD)LUHQ]HDOWHPSRGL/RUHQ]RLO0DJQLILFR´7RULQRSS O¶RVWDFROR 5LFRUVH DOOH WUDGX]LRQL DO 3OLQLR GHO /DQGLQR DOOH Vite dei filosofi GL 'LRJHQH /DHU]LR SXEEOLFDWH D 9HQH]LD QHO H JLj QRWH LQ ODWLQR JUD]LH DOOD WUDGX]LRQH GHO 7UDYHUVDUL GD TXHVW¶RSHUD WUDVVH XQ¶HVSRVL]LRQH GHOOH GRWWULQHDVWURQRPLFKHGL(SLFXUR'DOWUDWWDWRGL9DOWXULRDe re militari, WUDGRWWR LQ LWDOLDQR GDO 5DPXVLR HVWUDVVH HOHQFKL GL QRPL G¶LQJHJQHUL JUHFL &DOOLDV GL 5RGL (SLPDFR G¶$WHQH HFF5DFFROVHRJQLJHQHUHG¶LQIRUPD]LRQLVX$UFKLPHGH FKH FKLDUDPHQWH DVVLOODYD OD VXD IDQWDVLD FRQ LO FDQQRQH D OXQJD SRUWDWD l’architronito, FKHJOLVLDWWULEXLVFHHOHIRUPXOHGLTXDGUDWXUDFKHYHQJRQRDOXL ULIHULWH /¶LQGLFD]LRQH GL WHVWL GD FHUFDUH ©$UFKLPHGH GH FHQWUR JUDYLWDWLV $UFKLPHGHGHOYHVFRYRGL3DGRYDªHFFWRUQDQRFRQWLQXDPHQWHQHOOHVXHQRWH 1RQ VROR /HRQDUGR q DSSDVVLRQDWR GL OLEUL H GL WUDGX]LRQL PD FRPH JOL XPDQLVWLILRUHQWLQLQHOORURFDPSRVLVIRU]DGLDXPHQWDUHOHSRVVLELOLWjGHOYROJDUH DWWLQJHQGR VLD DO ODWLQR FKH DOOH SDUODWH SRSRODUL XQ YRFDERODULR VXSSOHPHQWDUH *OLHOHQFKLGLWHUPLQLWHFQLFLHGRWWLGHOPDQRVFULWWR%,QVWLWXWHGHOPDQRVFULWWR 7ULYXO]LR QRQ VRQR VWXGL SHU FRPSRUUH XQD QXRYD JUDPPDWLFD PD SL PRGHVWDPHQWH WHUPLQL QRWDWL QHO WUDWWDWR GL 9DOWXULR ,O ODYRUR GL /HRQDUGR LQ TXHVWRFDPSROLVWHGLYRFDEROLQRWD]LRQLOLQJXLVWLFKHHFFULHQWUDHVDWWDPHQWHQHO JLURG¶LQWHUHVVLGHOOD)LUHQ]HPHGLFHDQRQqD0LODQRPDLQ7RVFDQDFKHO¶LGHD GLXQODYRURGHOJHQHUHJOLVLqLPSRVWD'¶DOWURQGHLQXQEHODIRULVPDHJOLDIIHUPD FKHODVXDOLQJXDPDWHUQDKDSLULVRUVHGLTXDQWHVLDQRQHFHVVDULHSHUSRWHUWXWWR FRPSUHQGHUHHWXWWRHVSULPHUH /D FRVFLHQ]D GHOOH FDSDFLWj XQLYHUVDOL GHOO¶DUWLVWD FKH VL HVSULPH QHOOD OHWWHUDSURJUDPPD GHO , q DOOD EDVH GHOOH ULFHUFKH WHRULFKH GL /HRQDUGR Ê D 0LODQR VHPEUD FKH VL q FRQYLQWR GHOOD QHFHVVLWj GL DUULYDUH DG XQ IRQGDPHQWR GRWWULQDULR DWWUDYHUVR XQD VHULH GL WUDWWDWL UHODWLYL DOOD DQDWRPLD DOOD PHFFDQLFD HFF FKH DYUHEEHUR FRVWLWXLWR XQD VRUWD GL QXRYR 2UJDQR /H YDULH GLVFLSOLQH YHQJRQR RUGLQDWH LQ IXQ]LRQH GHOO¶DUWH H SL SDUWLFRODUPHQWH GHOOD SLWWXUD FRPH GLPRVWUDXQWHVWREHQQRWRFKHqQHFHVVDULRULOHJJHUHQHOODVXDLQWHUH]]D 'LFRQR TXHOOD FRJQLWLRQH HVVHU PHFFDQLFD OD TXDOH q SDUWRULWDGDOO¶HVSHULHQWLD H TXHOOD HVVHUVFLHQWLILFDFKHQDVFHHILQLVFHQHOODPHQWHHTXHOODHVVHUHVHPLPHFFDQLFDFKHQDVFHGDOOD VFLHQWLDHILQLVFHQHOODRSHUDWLRQHPDQXDOH 0D j PH SDUH FKH TXHOOH VFLHQWLH VLHQH YDQH H SLHQH GL HUURUL OH TXDOL QRQ VRQQR QDWH GDOO¶HVSHULHQWLDPDGUHGLRJQLFHUWH]]DHFKHQRQWHUPLQDQRHQQRWDHVSHULHQWLDFLRqFKHODORUR RULJLQHR¶PH]]RR¶ILQHQRQSDVVDSHUQHVVXQRGH¶FLQTXHVHQVL(VHQRLGXELWLDPRGHOODFHUWH]]D GL FLDVFXQD FRVD FKH SDVVD SHU OL VHQVL TXDQWR PDJJLRUPHQWH GRELDPR QRL GXEELWDUH GHOOH FRVH ULEHOOLjHVVLVHQVLFRPHGHOO¶DVVHQWLDGL'LRHGHOO¶DQLPDHVLPLOLSHUOHTXDOLVHPSUHVLGLVSXWDH FRQWHQGH (VHWXGLUDLWDOLVFLHQ]HYHUHHQRWHHVVHUHGLVSHWLHGLPHFFDQLFKHLPSHURFKpQRQVL SRVVRQRILQLUHVHQRQPDQXDOPHQWHLRGLUzLOPHGHVLPRGLWXWWHOHDUWLFKHSDVVDQRSHUOHPDQL 1RPLG¶LQJHJQHUL-. 35,&+7(5The literary works ecc. FLWLQ62/0,Le fonti FLWS6X$UFKLPHGH -. 35,&+7(5ibid., $0$5,121,Gli appunti lessicali e grammatici di Leonardo da Vinci, YRO,0LODQR,'Leonardo da Vinci. Scritti letterari, 0LODQR*)80$*$//,Leonardo e Poliziano, LQPoliziano e il suo tempo, )LUHQ]HSS VJJ ©,R KR WDQWL YRFDYROL QHOOD PLD OLQJXD PDWHUQD FK¶LR P¶KR SLXWWRVWR GD GROHU GHO EHQH LQWHQGHUH OH FRVH FKH GHO PDQFDPHQWRGHOOHSDUROHFROOHTXDOLLRSRVVDEHQHHVSULPHUHLOFRQFHWWRGHOODPHQWHPLDªQu. $Q16r ,Q³$UWHH8PDQHVLPRD)LUHQ]HDOWHPSRGL/RUHQ]RLO0DJQLILFR´7RULQRSS GHJOL VFULWWRUL OH TXDOL VRQR GL VSHWLH GL GLVHJQR PHQEUR GHOOD SLWWXUD H O¶DVWURORJLD H OH DOWUH SDVVDQRSHUOHPDQXDOLRSHUDWLRQLPDSULPDVRQRPHQWDOLFRP¶qODSLWWXUDODTXDOHqSULPDQHOOD PHQWHGHOVXRVSHFXODWRUHHQRQSXzSHUYHQLUHDOODVXDSHUIHWWLRQHVHQ]DODPDQXDOHRSHUDWLRQH 'XH LGHH V¶LQWUHFFLDQR TXL TXHOOD FKH LO GLVHJQR q O¶XQLFD IRUPD VRGGLVIDFHQWH G¶LQGDJLQH VFLHQWLILFD H O¶DOWUD FKH VDUHEEH XWLOH DEROLUH OD GLVWLQ]LRQH WURSSR IDFLOH FKH VL WURYD QHO TXDGUR VFRODVWLFR GHOOH DUWL /¶DWWLYLWj PHQWDOH YHUD q VHPSUH GL WLSR DUWLVWLFR &RVu TXDQGR /HRQDUGR SDUDIUDVDQGR 3ODWRQHVFULYH©1RQPLOHJJDFKLQRQqPDWHPDWLFRQHOOLPLDSULQFLSLªSHQVDDO OHJDPH WUD PDWHPDWLFL HG HVSHULHQ]D FKH VL RSSRQH DOOD VSHFXOD]LRQH SXUD GHOOD ILORVRILDSURSULDPHQWHGHWWD 1LVVXQD XPDQD LQYHVWLJD]LRQH VL SR¶GRPDQGDUH YHUD VFLHQ]D V¶HVVD QRQ SDVVD SHU OH PDWHPDWLFKHGLPRVWUD]LRQLHVHWXGLUDLFKHOHVFLHQ]LHFKHSULQFLSLDQRHILQLVFRQRQHOODPHQWH DEELDQRYHULWjTXHVWRQRQVLFRQFHGHPDVLQLHJDSHUPROWHUDJJLRQLHSULPDFKHLQWDOLGLVFRUVL PHQWDOLQRQDFFDGHHVSHULHQ]LDVHQ]DODTXDOHQXOODGjGLVpFHUWH]]D &LzFKH/HRQDUGRUDFFRPDQGDqGLHVHUFLWDUHODSURSULDDWWLYLWjQHLFDPSL SHU TXDQWR ULJXDUGD OD WHFQLFD H O¶DUWH LQ FXL OD PDWHPDWLFD WURYD DSSOLFD]LRQH FRQ FLz QRQ SUHWHQGH SHUz GL IDUH GHOOH YHULWj PDWHPDWLFKH GHL VHPSOLFL UHVLGXL GHOO¶HVSHULHQ]D4XHVWDSURYRFDO¶DSSOLFD]LRQHDOO¶RUGLQHQDWXUDOHGL©UDJLRQLªFKH QRQGHULYDQRGDOODQDWXUD©2VSHFXODWRUHGHOOHFRVHQRQWLODXGDUHGLFRQRVFHUH OH FRVH FKH RUGLQDULDPHQWH SHU VH PHGHVLPD OD QDWXUD FRQGXFH 0D UDOOHJUDWL GL FRQRVFHUHLOILQHGLTXHOOHFRVHFKHVRQGLVHJQLDWHGDOODPHQWHWXDª,OFKHYLHQH D FRPSOHWDUH O¶DIRULVPD QRQ PHQR IDPRVR GHO PDQRVFULWWR $WODQWLFR ©1HVVXQ HIIHWWRqLQQDWXUDVHQ]DUDJLRQHLQWHQGLODUDJLRQHHQRQWLELVRJQDVSHULHQ]LDª TXHVWR LQ HIIHWWL q LO OLPLWH VXSHULRUH GHOOD FRQRVFHQ]D GRYH DO GL Oj GHO QHRSODWRQLVPR /HRQDUGR ULWURYD LQ FHUWR VHQVR OR VSLULWR VWHVVR GHO SODWRQLVPR DQWLFR 0D LQ XOWLPD DQDOLVL O¶DIIHUPD]LRQH GHO SULPDWR GHOOD PDWHPDWLFD QHOOD FRQRVFHQ]D HUD QR]LRQH FRPXQH H WRUQD VSHVVR QHOOD GRWWULQD GHO )LFLQR /¶RULJLQDOLWj GL /HRQDUGR VWD QHOO¶DUULYDUFL SDUWHQGR GDO SULQFLSLR DUWLVWLFR GHOO¶$OEHUWL H GL 3LHUR GHOOD )UDQFHVFD FKH XQLVFH O¶DUWH DOOH ©FHUWH]]Hª GHOOD JHRPHWULD ,Q QHVVXQ PRPHQWR HJOL LVROD OD VSHFXOD]LRQH DVWUDWWD GDOOH FRQVHJXHQ]HFKHHVVDSXzDYHUHSHUO¶DUWLVWDRSLJHQHUDOPHQWHSHUO¶LQJHJQHUH +/8':,*,SS*)80$*$//,Leonardo ©omo sanza lettere» FLWSS/HWUDGX]LRQLIRUQLWH GD 3e/$'$1 Traité de la peinture, S VRQR FRVWHOODWH G¶HUURUL TXHVWR SDVVR q LQ OXL IUDPPHQWDWR H DOWHUDWR 3 0h//(5:$/'(Lebensskizze ecc. FLWSSVJJ6XOODIXQ]LRQHGHOGLVHJQR2%(1(6&+Leonardo da Vinci and scientific Drawing, LQ ©7KH $PHULFDQ 6FLHQWLVWª ;;;, SS 0 -2+1621 Art and scientific Thought, /RQGRQFDS,9 ©1RQPLOHJJDFKLQRQqPDWHPDWLFRQHOOLPLDSULQFLSLª(Qu. An., ,9v); -35,&+7(5The literary works ecc. FLW Q)80$*$//,Leonardo «omo sanza lettere» FLWSTrattato, HG/XGZLJ,WUDG3pODGDQFRQHTXLYRFRQ S-35,&+7(5The literary works ecc,. FLWQ 0DQRVFULWWRGHOO¶,QVWLWXWGH)UDQFH*-35,&+7(5The literary works ecc. FLWQ)80$*$//, Leonardo «omo sanza lettere» FLWS &RGLFH$WODQWLFRv-a; )80$*$//,Leonardo «omo sanza lettere» FLWSSVJJ (&$66,5(5Individuum u. Kosmos FLWSO¶DXWRUHDJJLXQJHFKH/HRQDUGR©QRQqVLSXzGLUHVWDWRWRFFDWRGDOOR VSLULWRGHOQHRSODWRQLVPRªLOFKHVLJQLILFDHOXGHUHLOSUREOHPD 36(5*(6&8Léonard de Vinci et les mathématiques, LQLéonard et l’expérience scientifique FLWSSVJJ ,Q³$UWHH8PDQHVLPRD)LUHQ]HDOWHPSRGL/RUHQ]RLO0DJQLILFR´7RULQRSS *OL DUJRPHQWL PDWHPDWLFL FKH HJOL DIIURQWD VRQR SUREOHPL GL FRVWUX]LRQH JHRPHWULFDHSLWDUGLFXULRVLWjVFLHQWLILFKHFRPHDGHVHPSLROHOXQXOH ,La visione della natura. /¶LQWHUHVVH SHU LO SDHVDJJLR HUD HQWUDWR QHOO¶DUWH ILRUHQWLQD YHUVR LO ILQGDLVXRLLQL]L/HRQDUGRDSSDUHDWWUDWWRGDJOLDFFLGHQWLGHOODQDWXUDGDOODORWWD GHOOHDFTXHHGHOOHURFFHGDLIHQRPHQLPLVWHULRVLGHOO¶DWPRVIHUDGDOO¶LQD]]XUUDUVL GHOO¶RUL]]RQWHGDOGLIIRQGHUVLGHOODOXFH6RQRDOWUHWWDQWLSUREOHPLFKHVLSRQJRQR DOVXRVSLULWRHFKHQRQORDEEDQGRQHUDQQRWDQWRSUHVWR(SHUJLXQJHUHDOOHOLQHH PDHVWUHGHOTrattato della pittura IXLQGRWWRDVHJXLUHODOXQJDGHYLD]LRQHGLXQD FRVPRORJLD OD FXL DPSLH]]D ODVFLD VEDORUGLWL 0D LO IDWWR q FKH RJQL WHRULD GHOOD QDWXUDUHVWDYDQHO5LQDVFLPHQWRXQDe rerum natura, FLRqXQ¶LQWHUSUHWD]LRQHGHOOD ijȪıȚȢ FKH V¶LPSHJQDYD D GHILQLUH OD VWUXWWXUD FRPXQH GL WXWWL JOL DVSHWWL GHOO¶XQLYHUVR LO UXRWDUH GHOOH VIHUH FHOHVWL O¶XQD GHQWUR O¶DOWUD GRYHYD HVVHUH FRPSOHWDWR DWWUDYHUVR O¶DQDOLVL GHJOL HOHPHQWL H GHL UDSSRUWL FKH GHWHUPLQDQR OH DSSDUHQ]HGHOPRQGRVXEOXQDUH /H LQWXL]LRQL GL /HRQDUGR VRQR GL GXH WLSL DQ]LWXWWR XQD PDVVD GL QRWD]LRQL H RVVHUYD]LRQL QRQ FRRUGLQDWH LQ VHFRQGR OXRJR ULIOHVVLRQL GL XQ WRQR JHQHUDOPHQWH SL VRVWHQXWR DGGLULWWXUD DSSDVVLRQDWR VXOOD OXFH LQ FXL OR LUUDJJLDUVLRFFXSDJOLVSD]LGHOFRVPRRVXOODYLWDGHOODWHUUDHLVXRLPRYLPHQWL SURGLJLRVL3URSULRTXHVWLGXHWHPL©VLVWHPDWLFLªDYHYDQRIRUQLWRODORURVWUXWWXUD HVVHQ]LDOH DOOD FRVPRORJLD GHO )LFLQR H FRPSDLRQR FRVWDQWHPHQWH QHOOH HVSRVL]LRQLGHOILORVRIRDSDUWLUHGDOODTheologia platonica /¶DQDORJLDQHO SHQVLHUR H VSHVVR DQFKH QHOOH IRUPXOH q GHJQD GL QRWD 7XWWDYLD XQ JUXSSR GL WHVWL GHOOD ILQH GHO SHULRGR ILRUHQWLQR GLPRVWUD FRPH /HRQDUGR XWLOL]]DVVH OH VXH OHWWXUH SHU HODERUDUH XQ¶LQWXL]LRQH GHOOD QDWXUD FKH QRQ q HVDWWDPHQWH TXHOOD GHO ILORVRIRGL&DUHJJL ,OJUXSSRGLWHVWLQHLTXDOLVLDEEUDFFLDWXWWDODVWRULDJHRORJLFDVLWURYDLQ GXHSDJLQHGHO&RGLFH$UXQGHOIROOH/DORURVFULWWXUDPLQXWDHLOORUR IRUPDWR ULGRWWR VRQR JOL VWHVVL GL XQ¶DOWUD SDJLQD GHOOR VWHVVR PDQRVFULWWR YL VL YHGRQRXQGLVHJQRGLPRQHWDHGHJOLVFKL]]LFKHULSRUWDDJOLDQQL8QD SDUWH GL TXHVWR WHVWR OD GHVFUL]LRQH GHO PRVWUR PDULQR DSSDUH SLHQD GL ,OPDJLVWUDOHVWXGLRGL3'8+(0Léonard de Vinci, ceux qu’il a lu, ceux qui l’ont lu, 3DULVGHYHHVVHUHXWLOL]]DWR FRQSUHFDX]LRQHFRPHVXJJHULVFH(*$5,1La cultura fiorentina ecc., DUWFLWLQTXDQWRQRQWLHQHFRQWRGHOOHGRWWULQH GHOWHPSRGL/HRQDUGR(62/0,Studi sulla filosofia naturale di Leonardo da Vinci, 0RGHQDH,'Nuovi studi sulla filosofia naturale di Leonardo da Vinci, 0DQWRYDKDUDJJUXSSDWROHRVVHUYD]LRQLGL/HRQDUGRVXOODJHRORJLD OD ILVLFD H O¶RWWLFD SUHVFLQGHQGR GDOOD SURVSHWWLYD VWRULFD LQGLVSHQVDELOH (JOL RVVHUYD FKH PHQWUH 0DUVLOLR )LFLQR FRVWUXLYD FRQ XQ VLQFUHWLVPR DUELWUDULR XQD ILORVRILD FKH QRQ ULVSRQGHYD D QHVVXQR GHL JUDQGL LQWHUURJDWLYL FKH VL DIIDFFLDYDQR DJOL VSLULWL XVFLWL GDOOH ORWWH PHGLHYDOL GXH VSLULWL FRPSOHWDPHQWH RSSRVWL SHU RULJLQH HGXFD]LRQH H FLUFRVWDQ]H GHOOD YLWD LO &XVDQR H /HRQDUGR ULVSRQGHYDQR SHU OD SULPD YROWD LQ WHUPLQL RSSRVWL DL SUREOHPL GHOOD FRQRVFHQ]D(VVLVRQRSHUO¶DXWRUHL©UDSSUHVHQWDQWLGHOUD]LRQDOLVPRHGHOO¶HPSLULVPRPRGHUQLª(sic). &IUDQFRUD0 %$5$77$ Leonardo da Vinci e i problemi della terra, 7RULQR H XOWLPDPHQWH 5 :(</ Die geologischen Studien Leonardo da Vincis ecc., LQ©3KLORVRSKLDQDWXUDOLVª0HLVHQKHLP **(17,/(Il pensiero di Leonardo, )LUHQ]HH(*$5,1Storia della filosofia italiana, 0LODQRYR,,, S©/HUDJLRQLPDWHPDWLFKHFKH/HRQDUGRYXRLVFRSULUHVRQRGLVDSRUHFKLDUDPHQWHSODWRQLFRHQHRSODWRQLFDqWXWWD ODVXDQDWXUDYLYDSHUXQ¶DQLPDGLUDJLRQHFKHQHVSLHJDO¶RUGLQHHODVLPPHWULDFKHJLXVWLILFDODQRVWUDFRQRVFHQ]D´ $0%5,=,2Scritti scelti FLWS*&$67(/)5$1&2Momenti della recente critica ecc. FLW3 ,Q³$UWHH8PDQHVLPRD)LUHQ]HDOWHPSRGL/RUHQ]RLO0DJQLILFR´7RULQRSS FDQFHOODWXUHLOFKHVWDDGLPRVWUDUHORVWDWRGLDEER]]RLQXQDSDJLQDGHO&RGLFH $WODQWLFRr, a), ODFXLVFULWWXUDqFKLDUDPHQWHDQWHULRUHDOPDQRVFULWWR'FLUFD ,HXQIUDPPHQWRGHOORVWHVVRWHVWRULWRUQDDQFRUDQHO&RGLFH$WODQWLFRr, ODFXLVFULWWXUDSUHVHQ]DWXWWHOHFDUDWWHULVWLFKHGHLSHULRGR ,OWHPDFHQWUDOHqFRVWLWXLWRGDOO¶HVFODPD]LRQHDPPLUDWDHGRORURVD ³2WHPSRFRQVXPDWRUHGHOOHFRVHHRLQYLGLRVDDQWLFKLWjSHUODTXDOHWXWWHOHFRVH VRQR FRQVXPPDWHª ,Q XQR GHL IRJOL q UDIILJXUDWD (OHQD FKH FRQWHPSOD QHOOR VSHFFKLR LO VXR YLVR VILRULWR LQ XQ DOWUR VRQR L JLRFKL G¶XQ PRVWUR PDULQR L FXL PRYLPHQWLDWWHUULVFRQRJOLDELWDQWLGHLPDUL4XHVWHGXHILJXUD]LRQLVRQRWUDWWHGDO OLEUR;9GHOOHMetamorfosi GL2YLGLR ©(OHQD TXDQGR VL VSHFKLDYD YHGHQGR OH YLOOH JULQ]H GHO VXR YLVR IDWWH SHU OD YHFFKLH]]DSLDJQHHSHQVDVHFRSHUFKpIXUDSLWDGXHYROWHª/DIUDVH WUDGXFH DOOD OHWWHUD LO SDVVR GL 2YLGLR ©)OHW TXRTXH XW LQ VSHFXORª ;9 VJJ ,O FHWDFHRFKHJLRFDIUDOHRQGHVLULFROOHJDDOORVWHVVRWHPDPDPDQFDQRLSDVVDJJL LQWHUPHGL6LGHYHLQWHUSUHWDUORSDUWHQGRGDLYHUVLGL2YLGLRFKHVLWURYDQRQHOOR VWHVVRSDVVR 9LGLHJRTXRGIXHUDWTXRQGDPVROLGLVVLPDWHOOXV (VVH&HWXPYLGLIDFWDVH[DHTXRUHWHUUDV (WSURFXODSHODJRFRQFKDHMDFXHUHPDULQDH ;9 /¶HQRUPHDQLPDOHVFKHU]DYDQHOO¶DFTXDSULPDGLWUDVIRUPDUVLVXOODULYDLQ XQDFDUFDVVDULVHFFKLWDHDSRFRDSRFRLQWHUUDWD/DYLWDGHOJLJDQWHSULPLWLYRQRQ FLqQRWDVHQRQDWWUDYHUVRXQIRVVLOHGHOODFROOLQDFKHLQSDVVDWRHUDVWDWDLOPDUH 7XWWR VL SHUGH H VL WUDVIRUPD LO YLVR G¶(OHQD FKH LQYHFFKLD H OR VWHVVR PDUH GLYRUDWRGDLFRQWLQHQWL , WHVWL YLFLQL FRQWHQJRQR XOWHULRUL VYLOXSSL LQWRUQR DL SUREOHPL JHRORJLFL FKH GL FRQWLQXR LQWHUHVVHUDQQR /HRQDUGR /H FRQFKLJOLH IRVVLOL DG HVHPSLR VL VSLHJDQRPHGLDQWHLOVROOHYDUVLGHOVXRORWHUUHVWUHFKHQRQFHVVDGLWUDVIRUPDUVLLQ VHJXLWR DOOD ORWWD GHJOL HOHPHQWL ©HVVHQSOL HW SUXRYH GHOO¶DFFUHVFLPHQWR GHOOD WHUUDªULSHWXWRQHO&RGLFH$WODQWLFRr, a). /DFRQFOXVLRQHGLTXHVWLSURFHVVL SRWUHEEH HVVHUH LO ILQDOH WULRQIR GHO IXRFR H OD FRQVXPD]LRQH GHO JORER FRUURVR GDOOD FRPEXVWLRQH LQWHUQD ,O IDPRVR SDVVR VXO WXPXOWR VSDYHQWRVR GHL YXOFDQL &RGLFH $UXQGHO r) VL ULFROOHJD GXQTXH D WXWWD TXHVWD PHGLWD]LRQH H YHURVLPLOPHQWH YL VL ULSRUWD DQFKH LO SDVVR QRQ PHQR FHOHEUH FKH OR VHJXH GHGLFDWRDOODHVSORUD]LRQHQHOODPLVWHULRVDFDYHUQDGH©O¶DUWLIL]LRVDQDWXUDªVXOOD VRJOLDGHOODTXDOH/HRQDUGRV¶DUUHVWDDIIDVFLQDWR ,WHPLSULQFLSDOLGHOODULIOHVVLRQHVFLHQWLILFDHLQFHUWDPLVXUDGHOO¶DUWHGL /HRQDUGRFRPXQTXHXQRGHJOLRJJHWWLIRQGDPHQWDOLGHOODVXDFXULRVLWjOD©YLWDª GHOODQDWXUDQHOWHPSOLWURYLDPRGXQTXHGHILQLWLJLjDEEDVWDQ]DSUHVWRLQWRUQRDO DOODYLJLOLDGHOODSDUWHQ]DGD)LUHQ]HRDJOLLQL]LGHOVRJJLRUQRPLODQHVH/D FRVDSLLQWHUHVVDQWHqODIRQWHGLTXHVWLWHPLHVVLVLWURYDQRJLjWXWWLULXQLWLQHO *&$/9,,manoscritti di Leonardo da Vinci FLWS&3('5(77,Studi vinciani FLWSSH ,Q³$UWHH8PDQHVLPRD)LUHQ]HDOWHPSRGL/RUHQ]RLO0DJQLILFR´7RULQRSS WHVWRGL2YLGLRGHOTXDOHVRQRWUDGRWWLGLUHWWDPHQWHSDUHFFKLSDVVLHFKHDOWURQRQ q VH QRQ LO OXQJR GLVFRUVR (Met., ;9 PHVVR LQ ERFFD D 3LWDJRUD H LO FRPSHQGLR GHOOD VXD GRWWULQD ,O VDJJLR GL 6DPR GLFH LO SRHWD DYHYD VFUXWDWR ©TXDHQDWXUDQHJDEDWYLVLEXVKXPDQLVªFLRqLOURYHVFLRGHOOHFRVH(JOLQHDYHYD VFRSHUWR OD OHJJH QHOOD PHWHPSVLFRVL FKH FUHD XQD FRPXQLFD]LRQH WUD WXWWL JOL HVVHUL YLYHQWL FRVD FKH FRQVLJOLD LO UHJLPH YHJHWDULDQR ©> WHOOXV@ HSXODV VLQH FDHGHHWVDQJXLQHSUDHEHWª/¶DQLPDqGRYXQTXHPDWXWWRqPXWDPHQWR©FXQFWD IOXXQWRPQLVTXHYDJDQVIRUPDWXULPDJRª,FLFOLGHOJLRUQRHGHOODQRWWHLOPRWR GHOOHVWDJLRQLHVSULPRQRTXHVWRDOWUHWWDQWRFKLDUDPHQWHFKHOHYLFHQGHGHOFRUSR XPDQR©QHFTXRGIXLPXVYHVXPXVYHFUDVHULPXVª'LTXLOHODFULPHGHOYHFFKLR Milone, LOGRORUHGLElena allo specchio. 6RORLOFRVPRHJOLHOHPHQWLSHUGXUDQRH JUD]LH D ORUR QXOOD PDL SHULVFH GHO WXWWR PD QXOOD DQFKH ULPDQH VWDELOH 4XHOOD FKHQRLFUHGLDPRVROLGDWHUUDqVWDWRLQSDVVDWRXQEUDFFLRGLPDUHHYLWURYLDPR IRVVLOL PDULQL ,O JORER KD XQD YLWD WRUPHQWDWD FROOLQH JRQILH GL YHQWR SLHQH GL IRQWLYXOFDQLFKHHVDODQRXQDOLWRGLILDPPD6LSRVVRQRLQILQHRVVHUYDUHDQFKHOH PHWDPRUIRVLGHJOLDQLPDOLDSLEUXFKLXFFHOOLRODIHQLFHQXWULWDG¶DPRPRFKHVL ULFUHD GD Vp H QRWDUH O¶HYROX]LRQH GHOOH VRFLHWj FDGXWD GL 7URLD IRQGD]LRQH GL 5RPD FKH VRJJLDFFLRQR DOOD VWHVVD OHJJH 1RL VLDPR pars mundi, O¶XRPR YL SDUWHFLSD SL VWUHWWDPHQWH GL RJQL DOWUR HVVHUH GDWR FKH q OHJDWR D WXWWL ©QRQ FRUSRUHVROXPª 9HUXPHWLDPYROXFUHVDQLPDHVXPXVLQTXHIHULQDV 3RVVXPXVLUHGRPRV 6H QH GHYH WUDUUH XQD VRUWD GL VDJJH]]D IDWWD GL UDVVHJQD]LRQH H ULVSHWWR 4XHVWL TXDWWURFHQWR YHUVL FRPSHQGLDQR XQD GHOOH GRWWULQH SL VSUHJLXGLFDWH GHOO¶DQWLFKLWjSDJDQDHXQDGHOOHSLDUWLFRODWHLQPRGRGDFRSULUHWXWWLJOLDVSHWWL GHOODQDWXUD/HDQDORJLHJHQHULFKHFRQODFRVPRORJLDODILVLFDHSHUILQRODPRUDOH GL/HRQDUGRVRQRULOHYDQWL(JOLQRQFHVVHUjGLVFUXWDUH©FLzFKHODQDWXUDVRWWUDH DJOL VJXDUGL XPDQLª H VL ULIDUj SHULRGLFDPHQWH DJOL HOHPHQWL HVVHQ]LDOL H DOOH IRUPXOH VWHVVH GHO GLVFRUVR GL 3LWDJRUD 1HO GXUDQWH LO VXR VHFRQGR VRJJLRUQRILRUHQWLQRXQDSDJLQD&RGLFH$UXQGHOr), FHUWDPHQWHGHVWLQDWDDO WUDWWDWR VXOOD PHFFDQLFD GHOO¶DFTXD FRQFOXGH XQD PHGLWD]LRQH HVDOWDWD VXOOD SRWHQ]D H YDULHWj GL TXHVWR HOHPHQWR FRQ OD PDVVLPD ©&RO WHPSR RJQL FRVD YD YDULDQGRª /D IRUPXOD QRQ q QLHQW¶DOWUR FKH XQD FLWD]LRQH IDWWD FRQ OR VFRSR GL FROOHJDUH DOO¶HVSRVL]LRQH GHOOH Metamorfosi XQR GHJOL DVSHWWL HVVHQ]LDOL GHOOD FRVPRORJLD GL /HRQDUGR $OOD VWHVVD HSRFD ULVDOH OD SUHID]LRQH GL XQ WUDWWDWR G¶DQDWRPLD /HRQDUGR GHQXQFLD LQ HVVD OD FUXGHOWj GHOO¶XRPR FKH VL FLED GHOOD FDUQH GHJOL DQLPDOL H FRQFOXGH /D QDWXUD QRQ SURGXFH DEEDVWDQ]D HOHPHQWL VHPSOLFL SHU VD]LDUVL" (Qu., , r H v). /¶HVSRVL]LRQH GHOOD GRWWULQD SUHVRFUDWLFD GHOOD physis IDWWD VRWWR LO QRPH GL 3LWDJRUD FRQWHQHYD in nuce OH OLQHH IRQGDPHQWDOL GHO SHQVLHUR OHRQDUGHVFR (JOL VH Q¶q DSSURSULDWR QRQ DSSHQD O¶KD ,OPitagora G¶2YLGLRHVSRQHLQUHDOWjODGRWWULQDGL$QDVVLPDQGUR*'(6$17,//$1$Léonard et ceux qu’il n’a pas lu, LQLéonard de Vinci et l’expérience scientifique au ;9,Hsiècle, 3DULVS ,Q³$UWHH8PDQHVLPRD)LUHQ]HDOWHPSRGL/RUHQ]RLO0DJQLILFR´7RULQRSS FRQRVFLXWDHLQTXHVWRDEELDPRXQHOHPHQWRGLXQLWjQHOODVXDYDVWDLPSUHVDFKH FL DLXWD D VSLHJDUH JOL DVSHWWL SRVLWLYL H QHJDWLYL GHO VXR DWWHJJLDPHQWR GL IURQWH DOODFRVPRORJLDSODWRQLFD 6H OH PHWDPRUIRVL GHOOD QDWXUD VRQR SDUDJRQDELOL D TXHOOH GHO FRUSR XPDQR q FKH HVLVWH XQD JUDQGLRVD H SURIRQGD DQDORJLD WUD LO PRQGR H O¶HVVHUH YLYHQWH /D FRUULVSRQGHQ]D DVWUDWWD WUD PLFURFRVPR H PDFURFRVPR HUD QHO 4XDWWURFHQWR XQ EDQDOH DUJRPHQWR VFRODVWLFR 0D LO )LFLQR GRYHYD WUDUQH FRQVHJXHQ]H QXRYH SDUWHQGR GDOOH IRQWL DQWLFKH QHOOH TXDOL O¶HUPHWLVPR H LO SLWDJRULVPR ULFRPSDLRQR VRWWR LO IUDVDULR SODWRQLFR (JOL OL FRORUD GL XQ ©DQLPLVPRªFKHILRULUjSRLLQ3DUDFHOVRHSLWDUGLLQ*LRUGDQR%UXQRHVHQ]DLO TXDOHODGRWWULQDQRQDYUHEEHSRWXWRULWURYDUHXQDVXDDWWXDOLWjQHO5LQDVFLPHQWR /D EHOOD LQWURGX]LRQH DO Trattato dell’acqua VXOOD ©YLWDª GHOOD QDWXUD VL WURYD HVDWWDPHQWH DQQXQFLDWD GDO OLEUR ,9 GHOOD Theologia platonica. Ê QHFHVVDULR FKH QHJOLHOHPHQWLFLVLDXQDYLWDFDSDFHGLFUHDUH(vita fabricatrix). /¶XQLFRPRGRGL IDUVHQHXQ¶LGHDqO¶DQDORJLDFRQO¶DUWHXPDQDO¶DWWLYLWjFKHPDQLSRODHWUDVIRUPD OD PDWHULD VHFRQGR FHUWH UDJLRQL LQWHUQH ©6LPLOLWHU HIILFLW LSVD QDWXUD HW WDQWR YLYDFLRUH VDSLHQWLRUHTXH DUWH TXDQWR HIILFLW HIILFDFLXV HW HIILFLW SXOFKULRUDª 4XHVWDYLWDGHOODWHUUDVLPDQLIHVWDSHU/HRQDUGRFRPHSHULOILORVRIRSODWRQLFR QHOOD GLYHUVLWj GHOOH VSHFLH H QHO JLRFR LQFHVVDQWH GHJOL HOHPHQWL FKH VRQR DQFK¶HVVLSRWHQ]HDQLPDWHHOHFXLFRPELQD]LRQLHURWWXUHVSLHJDQRODGLYHUVLWjGHL IHQRPHQL 0D GRYH OD VLQWHVL GRWWULQDULD LQWUDYYHGH XQ RUGLQH PDHVWRVR O¶HTXLOLEULR VRWWR LO GLVRUGLQH OD SHUFH]LRQH SL YLYD GHOO¶DUWLVWD VFRSUH FULVL H FRQYXOVLRQL LQLQWHUURWWH (JOL FRQFOXGHUj FRQ L IRUPLGDELOL GLVHJQL GHL FDWDFOLVPL GHOO¶DFTXD H GHO IXRFR /D VXD IDQWDVLD RVFLOOD WUD OD YLVLRQH GHOOD URYLQD WHUULILFDQWHGHOFRVPRHODYLVLRQHGHOVXRRUGLQHDUPRQLRVR $OORUFKp VL WUDWWD GHO ILUPDPHQWR H GHOOD VXD GLVSRVL]LRQH /HRQDUGR VHPEUDFRQVLGHUDUHFRQVRVSHWWRORVFKHPDWUDGL]LRQDOHGHOO¶XQLYHUVRJHRFHQWULFR (JOL VHPEUD WDOYROWD DQWLFLSDUH OD FRVPRJUDILD GL *DOLOHR PD O¶HOLRFHQWULVPR GD OXL SUHFRQL]]DWR q PHQR LO ULVXOWDWRGL FDOFROLHRVVHUYD]LRQLH SL LQYHFH GL XQD FRQYLQ]LRQHGHOODYLWDOLWjHLQXQFHUWRVHQVRGHOOD©GLYLQLWjªGHOVROH$QFKHTXL FHUWH QRWD]LRQL ULFKLDPDQR OD OLQJXD GHO )LFLQR ©,O VROH KD FRUSR ILJXUD PRYLPHQWR VSOHQGRUH FDORUH H YLUW JHQHUDWLYD FKH HPDQDQR GD OXL VHQ]D *&$/9,Contributi FLWSHQKDULOHYDWRLQTXHVWRWHVWR©ODUDGLFHGLTXHOODVSHFLHGLSLWDJRULVPRFKHVHPEUD WURYDUVLLQFHUWHLGHHGHO9LQFLªPDHJOLFHUFDLQGLUH]LRQHGL3DGRYDOHIRQWLGLXQ©PLVWLFLVPRFRVPLFRªFKHqLQYHFH G¶RULJLQH GHO WXWWR ILRUHQWLQD FRPH KD PHVVR LQ HYLGHQ]D ( *$5,1 La cultura fiorentina FLW /¶XPDQHVLPR QHRSODWRQLFRQHDYHYDFROWRJOLDVSHWWLHVVHQ]LDOLDQFKHSHUHVVRO¶DWWLYLWjGHOODQDWXUDGLPRVWUDYDODVXDYLWDHODVXD ©DQLPDª DQFKH SHU HVVR O¶XRPR SDUWHFLSD HVVHQ]LDOPHQWH GL TXHVWR GLVSLHJDUVL FRVPLFR ,O )LFLQR ULFRUGD VROR FKH O¶DQLPDXPDQDQRQqGHWHUPLQDWDFRPSOHWDPHQWHGDOPRQGRVXEOXQDUHHGDOUHJQRGHOWHPSRHFKHLOVXRGHVWLQRQRQVL LQWHQGHVRORDTXHVWROLYHOOR&IUVRSUDSS $ &+$67(/ Léonard par lui-meme FLW S * %,/$1&,21, Leonardo da Vinci e la dottrina del macro e microcosmo, LQ Miscellanea di studi in onore di ( Verga, 0LODQR SS , VJJ GHYH HVVHUH LQWHJUDWR FRQ OH RVVHUYD]LRQLGL(*$5,1La cultura fiorentina ecc. FLWS Theologia Platonica, ,9,Opera, SS©7HUUDPYHURYLGHPXVVHPLQLEXVSURSULLVJHQHUDUHLQQXPHUDELOHVDUERUHV DQLPDQWHVTXH HW QXWULFHP DXJHUH $XJHUH HWLDP ODSLGHV TXDVL GHQWHV VXRV HW KHUEDV TXDVL SLORV TXDPGLX UDGLFLEXV KDHUHQWTXDHVLHYHOODQWXUHWH[WLUSHQWXUHWHUUDQRQFUHVFXQW4XLVIRHPLQDHKXLXVYHQWUHPYLWDFDUHUHGL[HULWTXLWDP PXOWRVVSRQWHVXDSDULWIDHWXV"ª&IUMarsile Ficin et l’art FLWS 0@2+1621Leonardo’s fantastic Drawings, LQ©%XUOLQJWRQ0DJD]LQHªSSVJJVJJ ,Q³$UWHH8PDQHVLPRD)LUHQ]HDOWHPSRGL/RUHQ]RLO0DJQLILFR´7RULQRSS GLPLQXLUORª&RGLFH$WODQWLFRIROb). /HRQDUGRYDJKHJJLzDOXQJRO¶LGHDGL VFULYHUHXQWUDWWDWRVXOODOXFHHVVRVLDSULYDFRQXQFXULRVRSDVVRGHOUHVWRULSUHVR LQSDUWHGDOYHFFKLRWUDWWDWRGL-RKQ3HFNKDPVXOO¶RWWLFD /D OXFH GLOHWWD SL OL FRQWHPSODQWL ,QIUD OL VWXGL GHOOH QDWXUDOL FRQVLGHUD]LRQL OD OXFH GLOHWWDSLLFRQWHPSODQWLLQWUDOOHFRVHJUDQGLGHOOHPDWHPDWLFKHODFHUWH]]DGHOODGLPRVWUD]LRQH LQQDO]DSLSUHFODUDPHQWHO¶LQJHJQLGHOOLLQYHVWLJDQWLODSURVSHWWLYDDGXQTXHqGDHVVHUSUHSRVWDD WXWWHOHWUDGL]LRQLHGLVFLSOLQHXPDQHQHµOFDPSRGHOODTXDOHODOLQLDUDGLRVDFRPSOLFDWDGjHPRGL GHOOHGLPRVWUD]LRQL 'LTXLLQILQHO¶LQYRFD]LRQH©&RPHVLGHJQHUjLO6LJQRUHOXFHG¶RJQLFRVD LOOXVWUDUHPHWUDWDWRUHGHOODOXFHª 1HO /HRQDUGR HVSRUUj LO SLDQR GL TXHVWR WUDWWDWR VXOOD OXFH LO FXL SXQWR GL SDUWHQ]D q FRVWLWXLWR GDOOD Lalde del Sole. 4XHVWR WHVWR q FXULRVDPHQWH VWLSDWRGLDOOXVLRQLGRWWH 0DLQRQSRVVRIDUHFK¶LRQRQELDVLPLPROWLGLTXHOOLDQWLFKLOLTXDOLGLVVRQRFKHµOVROH QRQ DYHD DOWUD JUDQGH]]D FKH TXHOOD FKH PRVWUD IUD¶ TXDOL IX (SLFXUR H FUHGR FKH FDYDVVL WDOH UDJLRQHGDXQOXPHSRVWRLQTXHVWDQRVWUDDULDHTXLGLVWDQWHDOFHQWURFKLORYHGHQRµOYHGHPDL GLPLQXWRGLJUDQGH]]DLQQHVVXQDGLVWDQ]LD(OHUDJLRQLGHOODVXDJUDQGH]]DHYLUWOHULVHUYRQHO TXDUWROLEURPDEHQPLPDUDYLJOLRFKH6RFUDWHELDVLPDVVLTXHVWRWDOFRUSRHFKHGLFHVVLTXHOOR HVVHUHDVLPLOLWXGLQHGLSLHWUDLQIRFDWDHFHUWRFKLORSXQuGLWDOHUURUHSRFRSHFFz0DLRYRUUHL DYHUHYRFDEROLFKHPLVHUYLVVLQRDELDVLPDUHTXHOOLFKHYRJOLQRODXGDUHSLORDGRUDUHOLRPLQLFKH WDOVROHQRQYHGHQGRQHOO¶XQLYHUVRFRUSRGLPDJJLRUHPDJQLWXGLQHHYLUWGLTXHOORHOVXROXPH DOOXPLQD WXWWL OL FRUSL FHOHVWL FKH SHU O¶XQLYHUVR VL FRPSDUWDQR WXWWH O¶DQLPH GLVFHQGRQ GD OXL SHUFKp LO FDOGR FK¶q LQ QHOOL DQLPDOL YLYL YLHQ GDOO¶DQLPH H QHVVXQ DOWUR FDOGR Qp OXPH q QHOO¶XQLYHUVRFRPHPRVWHUUzQHOTXDUWROLEUR(FHUWRFRVWRURFKHKDQYROXWRDGRUDUHRPLQLSHU ,GGHLFRPH*LRYH6DWXUQR0DUWHHVLPLOLKDQIDWWRJUDQGLVVLPRHUURUHFKHSDUUHEEHVLPLOHDXQD PLQLPDVWHOODODTXDOSDUHXQSXQWRGHOO¶XQLYHUVRHDQFRUDYHGHQGRHVVLRPLQLPRUWDOLHSXWULGLH FRUUXWWLELOLQHOOHORURVHSROWXUH/D6SHUDH0DUXOORODXGD¶FRQPROWLDOWULHVVRVROH ,O SHQVLHUR SURFHGH PROWR WRUWXRVDPHQWH LQ TXHVWD SDJLQD GL HUXGL]LRQH XPDQLVWLFD /HRQDUGR KD YLVWR FKLDUDPHQWH FKH O¶HORJLR GHO VROH SRUWDYD D XQD FULWLFD GHOOD UHOLJLRQH DQWLFD LQ TXDQWR LO 5LQDVFLPHQWR OL WURYDYD XQLWL 6H VL YROHYDQRJLXVWLILFDUHLFXOWLSDJDQLQRQHUDQROHGLYLQLWjGHOPLWRLQWHUSUHWDWHLQ FHUWLFDVLLQXQVHQVRSXUDPHQWHHYHPHULFRPDLOVROHFKHVLGRYHYDGLYLQL]]DUH /HRQDUGR VL ULFKLDPD FRVu DOOD WUDGL]LRQH GHO Pimandro H GHJOL (UPHWLFL OD FXL GRWWULQD SL FKH QHO PHGLRFUH Trattato della Sfera GL *RUR 'DWL SXEEOLFDWR QHO D )LUHQ]H VL WURYDYD HVSRVWD QHJOL Inni GL 0DUXOOR *OL Hymni et Epigrammata HUDQRVWDWLSXEEOLFDWLQHOPDVFULWWLLQJUDQSDUWHD)LUHQ]HIUD LOHLODOORUFKpLO7DUFDQLRWDHUDRVSLWHGL/RUHQ]RGL3LHUIUDQFHVFR &RGLFH $WODQWLFR r a; * )80$*$//, Leonardo «omo sanza lettere» FLW S 0 %$5$77$ Leonardo da Vinci ecc. FLWS 0DQRVFULWWR ) GHOO¶,QVWLWXW v H v; *)80$*$//, Leonardo «omo sanza lettere» FLW SS VJJ 3e/$'$1 Morceaux choisis FLWQSS6RFUDWHqFLWDWRSHUHUURUHODWHRULDFKHJOLqDWWULEXLWDqTXHOODGL$QDVVDJRUD &IU SHU DOWUR UHFHQWH0HQWH * )80$*$//, Leonardo e le favole antiche, LQ Atti del V Convegno di Studi sul Rinascimento )LUHQ]HSS,,,VJJ/DSRUWDWDHFFH]LRQDOHGLTXHVWRWHVWRqVWDWDPHVVDLQHYLGHQ]DGD5 %$<(5Léonard de Vinci, la grkce FLW,,FDS9 $3(526$Studi sulla formazione di raccolte di poesie del Marullo, LQ©5LQDVFLPHQWRª,SS ,Q³$UWHH8PDQHVLPRD)LUHQ]HDOWHPSRGL/RUHQ]RLO0DJQLILFR´7RULQRSS (UD LO PRPHQWR LQ FXL OD PHWDILVLFD GHOOR ³SOHQGRUHª ULVFXRWHYD XQ XQLYHUVDOH VXFFHVVR D )LUHQ]H H LQ FXL LO )LFLQR FRQFOXGHQGR XQ FRPPHQWR DOOR 3VHXGR 'LRQLJLVFULYHYDGXHWUDWWDWLVXOVROH1HJOLXOWLPLDQQLGHOO¶$FFDGHPLDTXHVWH VSHFXOD]LRQLKDQQRXQ¶LPSRUWDQ]DSULPDULDHKDQQRLQWHUHVVDWR/HRQDUGRFKHVLq VIRU]DWRGLXWLOL]]DUOH 3HUOXLLOSULQFLSLRPDWHPDWLFROD©YLWDªGHOODQDWXUDO¶LUUDGLDUHGHOODOXFH VRQR HVVHQ]LDOL DOOD PHUDYLJOLD GHOO¶XQLYHUVR VRQR UHDOWj SULPH H LQVHSDUDELOL HYLGHQ]H FKH VL LPSRQJRQR DO GRWWR FRPH DO SLWWRUH $OO¶LQWHUQR GL TXHVWH ©IRUPHª DVVROXWH PROWLSOLFKHUj OH GHVFUL]LRQL FRQFUHWH H OR VWXGLR GHOOH PHWDPRUIRVL FRQ HVWHQVLRQL GL WXWWL L JHQHUL QHOOD VXD SLWWXUD 2JQL WHRULD GHYH ULFRQGXUUH DOOD YLVLRQH H RJQL YLVLRQH DOO¶DUWH 4XHVWR VWHVVRDUULFFKLPHQWR GHOOD YLVLRQH FRVPRORJLFD UHQGH SUREOHPDWLFKH OH WUDGL]LRQDOL DIIHUPD]LRQL FLUFD LO GHVWLQRGHOO¶XRPRHODVXDLPPRUWDOLWj6HO¶DQLPDGHOO¶XRPRLOFDORUHHODOXFH V¶LGHQWLILFDQRQHOJRYHUQRGHOO¶XQLYHUVRO¶XRPRULVXOWDOXLVWHVVRXQDFFLGHQWHLQ VHQR D XQ FRVPR GL FXL HJOL QRQ q LO FHQWUR 4XHOOD SL SURIRQGD QHFHVVLWj FKH O¶LQWHOOLJHQ]D VFRSUH QHOO¶XQLYHUVR LQGLYLGXD XQD OHJJH VXSHULRUH FKH VL GHYH ULFRQRVFHUH H YHQHUDUH /¶DFFRUGR FHUFDWR GDL SODWRQLFL FRPH LO 0DUXOOR H )LFLQR WUD OD FRQFH]LRQH GHOOD QDWXUD H OD YRFD]LRQH GHOO¶DQLPD ©QRGR H FHQWUR GHOOHFRVHªQRQYLHQHSLFRQVHUYDWR Il primato della pittura. (VDOWDQGRFRPHDWWLYLWjHOHWWHODSRHVLDOHDUWLSODVWLFKHO¶DUFKLWHWWXUDHOD PXVLFDO¶XPDQHVLPRILRUHQWLQRYHQLYDDLQYRFDUHXQDWUDVIRUPD]LRQHUDGLFDOHGHO ©VLVWHPD GHOOH DUWLª 'LVLQWHUHVVDQGRVHQH L ILORVRIL IXURQR JOL DUWLVWL VWHVVL D FRQGXUUH SHU XQ VHFROR XQD SROHPLFD LQ FXL /HRQDUGR HEEH XQD SDUWH DWWLYD DGGLULWWXUDGLSULPRSLDQR$EELDPRGLOXLDEER]]LGLWXWWLLJHQHULIUDPPHQWLGL GLVFRUVLHFKLGLFRQYHUVD]LRQLXIILFLDOLDOODFRUWHGL/XGRYLFRLO0RURRSULYDWH FKH GLPRVWUDQR ILQR D TXDO SXQWR HJOL FRQVLGHUDVVH XQD TXHVWLRQH SHUVRQDOH OD QXRYD SROHPLFD VXOOH DUWL OH VXH WHVL KDQQR XQ¶HFR LPPHQVD QHO FRUVR GHO &LQTXHFHQWR ,O GLVFRUVR FKH PHWWH LQ ERFFD D UH 0DWWLD &RUYLQR q WXWWR SROHPLFR©&RQGHELWDODPHQWDWLRQHVLGROHODSLWWXUDSHUHVVHUHOHLVFDFFLDWDGDO QXPHUR GHOOH DUWL OLEHUDOL FRQFLRVLDFKp HVVD VLD YHUD ILJOLXROD GHOOD QDWXUD HW RSHUDWDGDSLGHJQRVHQVRª$VXRDYYLVRRJQLDWWLYLWjPHQWDOHKDXQVXRODWR Marsile Ficin et l’art FLWSSVJJ *)80$*$//,Leonardo «omo sanza lettere» FLWSS 0 -2+1621 Art and scientific Thought, /RQGRQ ,9 (Leonardo as scientist in art), FRQFOXGH ©6LQFH ZH UHFROOHFWWKDW&RSHUQLFXVDQG.HSOHUIDUODWHUZHUHSHUYDGHGE\1HR3ODWRQLFDQG3\WKDJRUHDQVXUYLYDOVWKHVHPD\HYHQ PRUHSUREDEO\KDYHWRXFKHG/HRQDUGRHPSLULFDOVFLHQWLVWWKRXJKKHZDVªS Marsile Ficin et l’art FLW,L6XOODSRUWDWDGLTXHVWRSUREOHPD32.5,67(//(5The modern system of the art, LQ ©-RXUQDORIWKH+LVWRU\RI,GHDVª;,,SSH;,,,¶SS &IU Paragone, A Comparison of the Arts by Leonardo da Vinci, HG / 5LFKWHU 2[IRUG FRQ LQWURGX]LRQH + /8':,*HGFLW,H0&0$+21HGFLW,4XHVWLWHVWLVRQRSRVWLQHOODRSSRUWXQDYLVXDOHVWRULFDGD:. )(5*8621Humanist views 01 the Renaissance FLWSS8Q¶LQWHUSUHWD]LRQHFRPSOHVVLYDLQ/9(1785,La critica e l’arte di Leonardo da Vinci, %RORJQD Trattato, HG/XGZLJLQfine), ,SHG0F0DKRQQS ,Q³$UWHH8PDQHVLPRD)LUHQ]HDOWHPSRGL/RUHQ]RLO0DJQLILFR´7RULQRSS PHFFDQLFRHQRQqSRVVLELOHRSHUDUHXQDGLVFULPLQD]LRQHWUDOHGLVFLSOLQHVXSHULRUL HO¶DUWH©PHFFDQLFDªGHOODSLWWXUD1RQVLWUDWWDVRORGLXQDUJRPHQWRGLIHQVLYRGD DJJLXQJHUH D TXHOOL FRUUHQWL D )LUHQ]H SRUWDQGR OD GRWWULQD DOOH XOWLPH FRQVHJXHQ]H/HRQDUGRIDHVSOLFLWDPHQWHGHOO¶DUWHORVWUXPHQWRGHOODFRQRVFHQ]D VXSHULRUH (JOL LQ UHDOWj XWLOL]]D LQ XQ VHQVR VXR LO WHPD SODWRQLFR GHOO¶HORJLR GHO YHGHUH ©FKL SHUGH LO YHGHUH SHUGH OD YHGXWD H EHOOH]]D GHOO¶XQLYHUVR H UHVWD D VLPLOLWXGLQH GL XQ FKH VLD FKLXVR LQ YLWD LQ XQD VHSXOWXUDª 6H LO FRUSR q XQD WRPEDVHFRQGRODIRUPXODGL3ODWRQHULSUHVDGDO)LFLQRODYLVWDqSHUO¶DSSXQWROD IDFROWj FKH OLEHUD ©ILQHVWUD GHOO¶KXPDQR FRUSR SHU OD TXDOH O¶DQLPD VSHFXOD H IUXLVFH OD EHOOH]]D GHO PRQGR SHU TXHVWR O¶DQLPD VL FRQWHQWD GHOOR KXPDQR FDUFHUHHVDQ]DTXHVWRHVVRKXPDQRFDUFHUHqVXRWRUPHQWRª/HRQDUGRLJQRUDR ILQJH GL LJQRUDUH OD GRWWULQD GHOOD ©YLVLRQH WUDVFHQGHQWHª SHU FHOHEUDUH O¶RSHUD]LRQH VHQVLELOH FKH VSDODQFD O¶XQLYHUVR H LPPHGLDWDPHQWH OD HVWHQGH D WXWWDO¶DWWLYLWjLQWHOOHWWXDOH 2U QRQ YHGL WX FKH O¶RFFKLR DEEUDFFLD OD EHOOH]]D GL WXWWR LO PRQGR" HJOL q FDSR GHOO¶$VWURORJLDHJOLIDOD&RVPRJUDILDHVVRWXWWHOHKXPDQHDUWLFRQVLJOLDHFRUUHJJLHqSULQFLSH GHOOH PDWHPDWLFKHTXHVWR O¶DUFKLWHWWXUD HSURVSHWWLYDTXHVWR ODGLYLQDSLWWXUDKDJHQHUDWD 2 HFFHOOHQWLVVLPRVRSUDWXWWHO¶DOWUHFRVHFUHDWHGD'LRTXDOLDXGHILHQTXHOOHFK¶HVSULPHUHSRVVLQR ODWXDQRELOWj" /¶HORJLR GHOO¶XRPR UH GHOO¶XQLYHUVR FKH DYHYDQR IDWWR LO 0DQHWWL LO )LFLQR H 3LFR q GLYHQXWR O¶HORJLR HVFOXVLYR GHOOD YLVWD H GHO VXR VWUXPHQWR PDJJLRUH OD SLWWXUD ,QROWUH O¶DWWR VSLULWXDOH GHO JLXGL]LR FKH IRQGD OD FRQRVFHQ]D QRQ q SHU /HRQDUGR GLVWLQWR LQ PRGR UDGLFDOH GDOO¶RSHUD]LRQH VHQVLELOH $O SDUL GHL QHRSODWRQLFL ILRUHQWLQL HJOL DIIHUPD GHFLVDPHQWH FKH LO SHQVLHUR q VROR LO JUDGR VXSHULRUHGHOODYLVWDFKHqFRQVXVWDQ]LDOHDOODYLVLRQH 6H WX GLUDL FKH µYHGHUH LPSHGLVFH OD ILVVD H VRWWLOH FRJQLWLRQH PHQWDOH FR¶ ODTXDOH VL SHQHWUD QHOOH GLYLQH VFLHQWLH H WDOH LPSHGLPHQWR FRQGXVVH XQ ILORVRIR j SULYDUVL GHO YHGHUH j TXHVWR ULVSRQGHFKH WDO¶RFFKLR FRPH VLJQRUH GH¶VHQVL ID VXRGHELWRjGDUH LPSHGLPHQWR DOOL FRQIXVL H EXJLDUGL QRQ VFLHQWLH PD GLVFRUVL SHU OL TXDOL VHPSUH FRQ JUDQ JULGDUH H PHQDUH GH PDQL VL GLVSXWD 2YH QRQ VL HVHUFLWD OD YLVLRQH QRQ VL KDQQR FKH YXRWH SDUROH VHQ]D SHQVLHUR /HRQDUGRFRQFOXGHFKHTXHVWRILORVRIRHUDSD]]RHLOVXRUDJLRQDUHLQVHQVDWR ,O ©GLVFRUVR PHQWDOHª GHOO¶DUWH q GXQTXH VXSHULRUH DOOH SRVVLELOLWj GHOOD SRHVLD /¶HORJLR GHOOHDUWL YHQLYD WDOYROWD GDJOLXPDQLVWL FRQQHVVR D TXHOOR GHOOD Trattato, HG/XGZLJHG0F0DKRQQ/¶HORJLRPHWDILVLFRGHOODYLVWDULVDOHDQFKHLQTXHVWRFDVRDOODFHOHEUH HVSRVL]LRQHGL3/$721(Timeo, Marsile Ficin et l’art FLWSS7DOHHORJLRqFRPSOHWDWRGDVWXGLILVLRORJLFL VXOO¶RUJDQR VRSUDWWXWWR QHO PDQRVFULWWR ' TXHVWL µVWXGL VRQR VWDWL UDFFROWL H WUDGRWWL GD 1 )(55(52 Leonardo da Vinci on the eye, LQ©$PHULFDQ-RXUQDORI$UFKDHORJ\ª;;;9 ,O WHVWR ©SHU OD TXDOH O¶DQLPD VSHFXODª q LO ULVXOWDWR GL XQD FRUUH]LRQH GHO /XGZLJ JHQHUDOPHQWH DFFROWD ,O PDQRVFULWWRYDWLFDQRUHFD©SHUODTXDOHODVXDYLDVSHFXODª Trattato, HG/XGZLJW,SSHG0F0DKRQQQH1HOSDVVR©VFLHQ]HGLYLQHªGHYHHVVHUHLQWHVR FRPHVFLHQ]HWHRORJLFKH ,Q³$UWHH8PDQHVLPRD)LUHQ]HDOWHPSRGL/RUHQ]RLO0DJQLILFR´7RULQRSS SRHVLD /HRQDUGR IDUj O¶RSSRVWR (JOL VRVWLHQH OD SLWWXUD FRQ XQ SDUWLWR SUHVR HVFOXVLYR/HSRVVLELOLWjGHOODSLWWXUDVRQRVXSHULRULDTXHOOHGHOODSRHVLD &KH WL PRYH R KRPR DG DEEDQGRQDUH OH SURSULH WXH DELWD]LRQL GHOOD FLWWj H ODVFLDUH OL SDUHQWL HW DPLFL HW DQGDUH LQ ORFKL FDPSHVWUL SHU PRQWL H YDOOL VH QRQ OD QDWXUDOH EHOOH]]D GHO PRQGRODTXDOHVHEHQFRQVLGHULVROFROVHQVRGHOYHGHUHIUXLVFL" /D EHOOH]]D GHOOD QDWXUD q GL FRPSHWHQ]D GHO SLWWRUH LO SRHWD SXz VXJJHULUOD 0D O¶DQLPD QRQ SRWHD IUXLUH LO EHQHQWLR GH OL RFFKL ILQHVWUH GHOOH VXH DELWD]LRQL H QRQ SRWHD ULFHYHUH OH VSHWLH GH OL DOOHJUL VLWL QRQ SRWHD YHGHUH O¶RPEURVH YDOOL ULJDWH GDOOR VFKHU]DUH GHOOL VHUSHJJLDQWL QXPL QRQ SRWHD YHGHUH OL YDUL ILRUL FKH FRQ ORUR FRORUL IDQQR DUPRQLD DOO¶RFFKLRHFRVuWXWWHOHDOWUHFRVHFKHDGHVVRRFFKLRUDSSUHVHQWDUH6LSRVVRQR« /DSRHVLDGXQTXHQRQSXzDYHUHVXOO¶DQLPDTXHOO¶DXWRULWjFRPSOHWDFKHKD LQYHFHODSLWWXUD1pSXzDYHUODODPXVLFD4XHVWDq©ODVRUHOODGHOODSLWWXUDªPDq DGHVVDLQIHULRUH©O¶LQIHOLFHPXVLFDªVLUHDOL]]DLQIDWWLFRPHXQDIRUPDWHPSRUDOH HFDGXFDLQROWUH©TXHOODFRVDqSLGHJQDFKHVDWLVIDDPLJOLRUVHQVR$GRQTXHOD SLWWXUDVDWLVIDWWULFHDOVHQVRGHOYHGHUHqSLQRELOHGHOODPXVLFDFKHVRORVDWLVID DOO¶XGLWRª 4XHVWD GLVWLQ]LRQH VL WURYD QHO )LFLQR PD PDL /HRQDUGR VHPEUD DPPHWWHUH FRPH IDFHYDQR L QHRSODWRQLFL FKH OD GLJQLWj GHOOD PXVLFD FRQVLVWD QHOO¶HVSULPHUH GLUHWWDPHQWH O¶DUPRQLD FRVPLFD HJOL ULPDQH IHGHOH DOOD WHRULD JHQHUDOHGHL©PRGLª HGHJOLHIIHWWLSVLFRORJLFL Ê QHOOD SLWWXUD FKH VL UDJJLXQJH LO IRQGR DUPRQLFR GHOO¶XQLYHUVR O¶LQYLVLELOHYLHQHULYHODWRQHOYLVLELOH1HOFLWDWRGLVFRUVRGL0DWWLD&RUYLQRTXHVWL SUHIHULVFH XQ ULWUDWWR GHOOD VXD DPDQWH D XQD SRHVLD VFULWWD LQ VXR RQRUH H O¶DUJRPHQWRGHFLVLYRSHUTXHVWDVFHOWDqGLFDUDWWHUHSXUDPHQWHVSHFXODWLYR©1RQ VDL WX FKH OD QRVWUDDQLPD qFRPSRVWDG¶DUPRQLDHWDUPRQLDQRQ V¶LQJHQHUD VH QRQ LQ LQVWDQWL QHL TXDOL OH SURSRU]LRQDOLWj GHOOL REELHWWL VL IDQ YHGHUH R¶ XGLUH"ª ,QILQH LO WXWWR FKH YLHQH DEEUDFFLDWR q SL HOHYDWR H GXUHYROH QHOOD SLWWXUD 0D TXHVWD QRQ ID FKH FRPSHQGLDUH XQ¶RSHUD]LRQH XQLYHUVDOH ©/D SURSRU]LRQH QRQ VRODPHQWH QHOOL QXPHUL H PLVXUH ILD ULWURYDWD PD HWLDP QHOOL VXRQLSHVLHVLWLHµQTXDOXQTXHSRWHQ]LDVXDª,OULHFKHJJLDPHQWRQHRSLWDJRULFR q FKLDUR OD ©SURSRU]LRQHª q LQVLHPH SULQFLSLR GL PLVXUD H YDORUH VLPEROLFR VL HVSULPH QHOOD IRUPD SUHFLVD FKH YLHQH GLVHJQDWD QHJOL DFFRUGL FKH O¶DYYROJRQR QHL FRQWUDVWL FKH O¶DFFRPSDJQDQR q XQ SULQFLSLR XQLYHUVDOH LQ FXL O¶DQLPD ULFRQRVFH VH VWHVVD ,O YHUR FRPPHQWR D TXHVWR DVVLRPD OR DEELDPR QHO SDVVR Trattato, HG/XGZLJHG0F0DKRQ 6X TXHVWD GLVFXVVLRQH Trattato; HG /XGZLJ Q b, W , S HG 0F0DKRQ 6X/HRQDUGR H OD PXVLFD - 3 5,&+7(5The literary works ecc. FLW,SSVJJ(0$*1,'8))/2&4Leo nardo e la musica, LQLeonardo da Vinci, 1RYDUD6XLGXHWLSLGLEHOOH]]DPXVLFDOHHYLVLYDMarsile Ficin èt l’art FLW,,FDS,, Trattato, ed. /XGZLJHG0F0DKRQParagone, HG,5LFKWHUS 0DQRVFULWWR.GHOO¶,QVWLWXWGH)UDQFHFLWDWRLQ*)80$*$//,Leonardo «amo sanza lettere» FLWS ,Q³$UWHH8PDQHVLPRD)LUHQ]HDOWHPSRGL/RUHQ]RLO0DJQLILFR´7RULQRSS OLULFRGHOTrattato GHGLFDWRDOSLWWRUH©VLJQRUHGHOO¶XQLYHUVRªFKHHVSULPHLQIRUPD LPPHGLDWDHLVWDQWDQHD©XQDDUPRQLDGLUDSSRUWLªXQD©SURSRUWLRQDWDDUPRPDª 4XHVWHULIOHVVLRQLIDQQRVSHVVRSHQVDUHDOOHGRWWULQHGHOO¶$OEHUWLHDYROWH VL q WHQWDWL GL IDUOH GHULYDUH GD TXHOOH 0D QRQ VL GHYH GLPHQWLFDUH FKH L JUDQGL WHPL DOEHUWLDQL JLj GDO HUDQR ULIOXLWL QHOO¶LQVHJQDPHQWR GHJOL XPDQLVWL SODWRQLFL VRSUDWWXWWR LQ TXHOOR ILFLQLDQR (UDQR YHQXWL FRVu DG HVVHUH FRQQHVVL FRQWXWWDXQDPHWDILVLFD(GqFROORFDQGRVLVXTXHVWRVWHVVRSLDQRFKH/HRQDUGR SXz ULFRQRVFHUH DOOD SLWWXUD WXWWL JOL DWWULEXWL FKH L ILORVRIL DFFRUGDQR DOOR VSLULWR XPDQR $Q]LWXWWR HVVD JRGH G¶XQD XQLYHUVDOLWj HVWHULRUH H IDFLOH 8QD GHOOH SL EHOOHSDJLQHGHOTrattato VLGLOXQJDVXTXHVWRWHPD /D GHLWj FK¶D OD VFLHQWLD GHO SLWWRUH ID FKH OD PHQWH GHO SLWWRUH VL WUDVPXWWD LQ XQD VLPLOLWXGLQH GL PHQWH GLYLQD LPSHURFKp FRQ OLEHUD SRWHVWj GLVFRUUH DOOD JHQHUDWLRQH GL GLYHUVH HVVHQWLHGLYDULMDQLPDOLSLDQWHIUXWWLSDHVLFDPSDJQHUXLQHGLPRQWLODJKL SDXURVL H VSDYHQWHYROLFKHGDQQRWHUURUHDOOLORURULVJXDUGDWRULHWDQFKRUDORFKLSLDFHYROLVXDYL &Lz FKH SHU LO )LFLQR HUD OD IDFROWj HVVHQ]LDOH GHOO¶DQLPD /HRQDUGR O¶DWWULEXLVFH DOO¶DUWH ©&Lz FK¶q QHOO¶XQLYHUVR SHU HVVHQWLD SUHVHQWL D R LPPDJLQDWLRQH HVVR OR KD SULPD QHOOD PHQWH H SRL QHOOH PDQLª /D VXD LQWHOOLJHQ]D H OD VXD DELOLWj WHFQLFD QRQ OR VSLULWR GHO ILORVRIR FRVWLWXLVFRQR OR VSHFFKLR LQ FXL OH ©TXDOLWjª GHOOH FRVH VL ULIOHWWRQR H VL ULYHODQR 'LVSUH]]DUH OD SLWWXUDqGLVSUH]]DUHLOVHJUHWRVWHVVRGHOODQDWXUD,QIDWWLQHOODWRWDOLWjGHOPRQGR FRQFUHWR FKH SHU GLULWWR q LO VXR FDPSR G¶D]LRQH O¶DUWLVWD q O¶XQLFR LQ JUDGR GL FRJOLHUHOHDQDORJLHHOHOHJJL&RPHJLjSHUO¶$OEHUWLLOQDWXUDOLVPRVLDIIHUPD DOO¶LQWHUQRGLXQDQXRYDYLVLRQHGHOODQDWXUD,OSLWWRUHULSURGXFHLOPRQGRHVWHUQR LQ©SUHVHQWLDRLPPDJLQDWLRQH´PDORFHOHEUDFRPHFUHD]LRQHGLPHUDYLJOLHRGL PRVWUL Ê LQ TXHVWR VHQVR FKH LO SLWWRUH QH q ©LO VLJQRUH H 'LRª ©6HO SLWWRUH YRO YHGHUHEHOOH]]HFKHORLQQDPRULQRHJOLQ¶qVLJQRUHGLJHQHUDUOHHVHYROYHGHUH FRVH PRVWUXRVH FKH VSDYHQWLQR R FKH VLHQR EXIRQHVFKH H ULVLELOL R YHUDPHQWH FRPSDVVLRQHYROLHLQHqVLJQRUHHWGLRª 2JQLDVSHWWRGHOO¶DWWLYLWjGL/HRQDUGRULHQWUDQHOUDJJLRGLTXHVWLLQWHUHVVL $QFKH LQ FHUWL FDPSL FRPH O¶DQDWRPLD R OD JHRORJLD FKH VXFFHVVLYDPHQWH VRQR VWDWL GHFLVDPHQWH VRWWUDWWL DG RJQL FRQVLGHUD]LRQH HVWHWLFD R PRUDOH H KDQQR DVVXQWRXQDORURILVLRQRPLDGLVFLHQ]DHVFOXGHQGRTXHVWRWLSRGLFRQVLGHUD]LRQH Trattato, HG/XGZLJ,SHG0F0DKRQQS*)80$*$//,Leonardo «omo sanza lettere» FLW SS ( 62/0, Le fonti FLW S QRQ KD DYYHUWLWR FRPH QXPHURVL WHPL OHRQDUGHVFKL VL OHJKLQR DOO¶$OEHUWL & %581 Leonardo da Vinci und L B. Alberti, LQ ©5HSHUWRULXP IU .XQVWZLVVHQVFKDIWª S DYHYD JLj VHJQDODWR WDOL UDSSRUWLH/9(1785,La critica e l’arte di Leonardo da Vinci FLW,FDS,,,OLFRQIHUPD6XOSDVVDJJLRGDOO¶$OEHUWL DO)LFLQRFIUMarsile Ficin et l’art FLW,, Trattato, HG/XGZLJQ,SHG0F0DKRQQS*)80$*$//,Leonardo «omo sanza lettere» FLWS Tratttato, HG/XGZLJW,S0F0DKRQ*)80$*$//,Leonardo «omo sanza lettere» FLW S $QFKHTrattato, HG/XGZLJW,SHG0F0DKRQ Ibid., W,SHibid., b, ,SHG0F0DKRQH Trattato, HG /XGZLJ HG 0F0DKRQ Ê TXHVWR FKH q VWDWR ODVFLDWR LQ RPEUD QHOO¶DQDOLVL FRQGRWWD GD $ %/817Artistic Theory FLWFDS,,GHOOD©GRWWULQDªDUWLVWLFDGL/HRQDUGR ,Q³$UWHH8PDQHVLPRD)LUHQ]HDOWHPSRGL/RUHQ]RLO0DJQLILFR´7RULQRSS LQFXLJLXVWDPHQWHVLVHQWLYDLOSHULFRORGLXQILQDOLVPR/HRQDUGRVYLOXSSDOHVXH LQWHQ]LRQLIRQGDPHQWDOL(JOLORIDLQWUHPRGLDQ]LWXWWRDWWUDYHUVRODGHVWLQD]LRQH JHQHUDOH GL TXHVWL VWXGL FLRq LO SRVWR FKH HJOL SUHYHGH SHU ORUR QHOO¶organum FRPSOHWR SRL^ DWWUDYHUVR LO YDORUH VWHVVR GHO QXRYR VWUXPHQWR GL LVSLUD]LRQH FRQFUHWD FLRq LO GLVHJQR VFLHQWLILFR FKH LVROD H FKLDULVFH XQ PHFFDQLVPR R XQ UDSSRUWRGLSRVL]LRQHVRVWLWXHQGRVLLQTXHVWRPRGRDXQDHVSRVL]LRQHPHWRGLFD LQILQH DWWUDYHUVR O¶DSSOLFD]LRQH GL VFKHPL FKH FRQIHULVFRQR DOOD SUHVHQWD]LRQH VFLHQWLILFDXQHTXLOLEULRXQDVLPPHWULDXQRUGLQHHVSOLFLWLSLVSHVVRIRQGDWLVX XQ¶DQDORJLD SUHFLVD FRQ XQ DOWUR HIIHWWR QDWXUDOH /HRQDUGR VL DSSOLFD FRQ WDQWD FXUD D FUHDUFL TXHVWL VFKHPL TXDQWD QH PHWWH OR VFLHQ]LDWR PRGHUQR DG HYLWDUOL &RVu DG HVHPSLR L PRYLPHQWL GHOO¶DFTXD VRQR DQDOL]]DWL DOOD VWUHJXD GL TXHOOL GL XQDFKLRPDODPXVFRODWXUDGHOODVSDOODHGHOFROORFRPHXQVLVWHPDGLFRUGDPLH GL YHOH /HRQDUGR ULWRUQD FRQ JUDQGH QDWXUDOH]]D GDOOD VFLHQ]D DOO¶DUWHFKH QRQ KDPDLSHUVRGLYLVWD 1HFHVVDULD FRVD q DO SLWWRUH SHU HVVHUH bono PHQEULILFDWRUH QHOO¶DWWLWXGLQH H JHVWL FKH IDUHVLSRVVRQRSHUOLQXGLGLVDSHUHODQRWRPLDGLQHUYLRVVDPXVFROLHODFHUWLSHUVDSHUHQHOOL GLYHUVL PRYLPHQWL H IRU]H TXDO QHUYR R PXVFROR q GL WDO PRYLPHQWR FDJLRQH H VROR IDU TXHOOL HYLGHQWL H TXHVWL LQJURVVDWL H QRQ OL DOWUL SHU WXWWR FRPH PROWL IDQQR FKH SHU SDUHUH JUDQ GLVHJQDWRUL IDQQR L ORUR QXGL OHJQRVL H VHQ]D JUD]LD FKH SDLQR D YHGHUOL VDFFR GL QRFL SL FKH VXSHUIL]LHXPDQDRYHURIDVFLRGLUDYDQLSLWRVWRFKHPXVFRORVLQXGL /DFULWLFDVLULIHULVFHDO3ROODLRORHDOODVXDVFXROD(VVDFLGLPRVWUDDQFKHLOPRGR GLSURFHGHUHXQLWDULRGL/HRQDUGR ,Q TXHVWR PRGR FL VL DOORQWDQD GHILQLWLYDPHQWH GDOOD FUHD]LRQH LQJHQXD GHOODEHOOH]]D/DSLWWXUDYLHQHLQQDO]DWDDOYHUWLFHGHOO¶DWWLYLWjXPDQDLQTXDQWRLQ RJQLVXRDVSHWWRWHQGHDGXQDLVWDQ]DVXSHULRUHOD%HOOH]]D0DO¶LPSRUWDQ]DGL TXHVWRDYYHQLPHQWRqWDOHFKHVRQRQHFHVVDULHLQILQLWHSUHFDX]LRQLLQFKLYLDVSLUD O¶XQLYHUVDOLWj GHOOD SLWWXUD FKH VL SXz HVWHQGHUH GL SDUL SDVVR D TXHOOD GHOOD FRVFLHQ]D HVLJH XQR VIRU]R YHUDPHQWH LQILQLWR 2FFRUUH DFFHWWDUOD FRPH XQD IRUPDSURIDQDGLYLWDFRQWHPSODWLYDFRQODVXDHWLFDHLVXRLVDFULILFL©,OSLWWRUH GHEEH HVVHUH VROLWDULR H FRQVLGHUDUH FLz FK¶HVVR YHGH H SDUODUH FR¶ VHFRª Ê QHFHVVDULRFKHOHVXHDPLFL]LHHLVXRLGLYHUWLPHQWLVLDQRUHJRODWLDQFKHLQYLVWDGL TXHVWR ILQH VXSHULRUH 7XWWH TXHVWH SRVL]LRQL DPEL]LRVH VXRQDYDQR LQVROLWH QHO PRQGR GHOOH DUWL H /HRQDUGR YL HUD JXDUGDWR FRQ XQ PLVWR GL GLIILGHQ]D H G¶DPPLUD]LRQHFRPHGLPRVWUDQRJOLDQHGGRWLVXLVXRLVLQJRODULPHWRGLGLODYRUR 8Q¶LGHDGLTXHVWLVLSXzDYHUHQHLVXRLGLVHJQLHGDOOHVXHQRWH%LVRJQDHJOLGLFH FKH OR VFKL]]R VLD HVHJXLWR UDSLGDPHQWH VHQ]D LPSXQWDUVL DL SDUWLFRODUL FKH YHUUDQQRGHILQLWLSLWDUGLFRQFRPRGR/¶LPSURYYLVD]LRQHUHDOL]]D©O¶LGHDªQHOOD VXDIRUPDSLLQWHQVDHSLLVSLUDWDPDRFFRUUHODVFLDUHDQFKHGHOOHSRVVLELOLWjSHU LOVHJXLWRLQYLVWDGLXQSHUIH]LRQDPHQWROHQWRHFDOFRODWR 6(6&+(Leonardo da Vinci, das anatomiscbe Werk, %DVHO (G5LFKWHU,*)80$*$//,Leonardo «omo sanza lettere» FLWS-0(61,/Botticelli FLWS Trattato, HG/XGZLJa, SHG0F0DKRQ(=,/6(/Die Entstehung des Genie begriffs, 7ELQJHQ ,Q³$UWHH8PDQHVLPRD)LUHQ]HDOWHPSRGL/RUHQ]RLO0DJQLILFR´7RULQRSS 5LFRUGRDWHSLWWRUHFKHTXDQGRFROWXRJLXGL]LRR¶SHUDOWUXLDYLVRVFRSULDOFXQHUURUH QHOOHRSHUHWXHFKHWXOHULFRUHJJLDFLRFKHQHOSXEOLFDUHWDOHRSHUDWXQR¶SXEOLFKLLQVLHPHFRQ TXHOODODPDWHULDWXD(QRQWLVFXVDUHFR¶WHPHGHVLPRSHUVXDGHQGRWLGLUHVWDXUDUHODWXDLQIDPLD QHOOD VXFFHGHQWH WXD RSHUD SHUFKp OD SLWWXUD QR¶ PRUH PHGLDQWH OD VXD FUHDWLRQH FRPH ID OD PXVLFKDPDOXQJRWHPSRGDUjWHVWLPRQLDQ]DGHOODLJQRUDQ]LDWXD 4XHVWD UHJROD SHU FXLO¶RSHUD YD SHUIH]LRQDWD DWWUDYHUVR FDOFROL LQILQLWLVSLHJD LQ SDUWHO¶LPSRWHQ]DVHPSUHPDJJLRUHGHOO¶DUWLVWDTXHVWDQRQHUDFRQVHJXHQ]DFRPH KDQQR FUHGXWR RVVHUYDWRUL VXSHUILFLDOL GL XQD VXD VWDQFKH]]D GHOOD SLWWXUD PD LQYHFHGLXQDGLVWDQ]DVHPSUHPDJJLRUHWUDO¶LQWXL]LRQHHLSURFHGLPHQWLULFKLHVWL GDOOD VXD ULFRVWLWX]LRQH FDOFRODWD ,Q UHDOWj QHVVXQ DUWLVWD SULPD GL OXL DYHYD VWXGLDWR FRQ WDQWD OXFLGLWj LO FRPSRUWDPHQWR GHO SLWWRUH ,Q XQ SDVVR FKH q XQD FHOHEUH YDULDQWH GHOOD IRUPXOD ©RJQL GHSLQWRUH GHSLQJH Vpª HJOL GHQXQFLD OD WHQGHQ]DGHLSLWWRULDULSURGXUUHVHPSUHORVWHVVRWLSRXPDQR4XHVWDLQFOLQD]LRQH q XQD FRQVHJXHQ]D GHL PHFFDQLVPL LQWLPL GHOO¶DQLPD OD IDFROWj FLRq FKH GHWHUPLQD LO JLXGL]LR SULPD FKH HVVR VLD LO QRVWUR JLXGL]LR ©LO QRVWUR JLXGLWLR LQDQWLVLDLOSURSLRJLXGLWLRQRVWURªFLRqO¶HQHUJLDVXEFRQVFLD(VVHQGRVLDGDWWDWD DOWLSRILVLFRLQFXLULVLHGHTXHVW¶DQLPDWHQGHDSHUSHWXDUORDQFKHQHOOHLPPDJLQL 2FFRUUH GXQTXH VRUYHJOLDUH GD YLFLQR L PRYLPHQWL GHOOD VRJJHWWLYLWj SURIRQGD /HRQDUGR QH DYYHUWH L SHULFROL QHO FDVR LQ FXL OD FRVFLHQ]D GHOO¶DUWLVWD VLD SRFR VHQVLELOH 0D SHU FRQWUR KD SUHFRQL]]DWR LO ULFRUVR DO VXEFRQVFLR LQ FHOHEUL FRQVLJOLLQFXLUDFFRPDQGDGLOHJJHUHQHOOHPDFFKLHLQIRUPLGHLPXULGLHYLWDUHOH FRPSRVL]LRQL WURSSR ©ILQLWHª FKH SDUDOL]]DQR LO ©PRWR PHQWDOHª FLRq LO PRYLPHQWRLQWHULRUH/HFRPSLDFHQ]HVLYHGRQRVRSUDWWXWWRQHJOLLQQXPHUHYROL DEER]]LHVFKL]]LLQSXQWDGLSHQQDFRQFXLKDULHPSLWRLVXRLIRJOLHWWLSHUVRQDOLH QHL TXDOL JOL SVLFRORJL QRQ KDQQR PDQFDWR GL FHUFDUH L ©JHURJOLILFL GHO VXR VXEFRQVFLRª (VLVWHYD FRVu XQ¶XQLWj SURIRQGD LQ WXWWL L SURFHGLPHQWL GL /HRQDUGR ,O OHJDPH IUD OH VXH LQL]LDWLYH GHYH HVVHUH FHUFDWR LQ XQ DGHJXDPHQWR LQWHJUDOH GHOO¶DWWLYLWj LQWHOOHWWXDOH D TXHOOD DUWLVWLFD OH FXL HVLJHQ]H VL HVWHQGRQR LQ SURSRU]LRQH 1HO FRUVR GL TXHVWR ODYRUR /HRQDUGR FRPSLH XQD ULYROX]LRQH GXUHYROHWUDVIRUPDQGRODFRVFLHQ]DPHWDILVLFDGHOO¶DUWHYDORUL]]DWDGDJOLXPDQLVWL ILRUHQWLQLLQFRVFLHQ]DSVLFRORJLFDGHOO¶DWWLYLWjDUWLVWLFD+DLPSLHJDWRWXWWDODVXD YLWDDGDQDOL]]DUQHOHFRQGL]LRQL(GqSHUTXHVWRFKHODVXDSHUVRQDKDHVHUFLWDWR XQIDVFLQRVHQ]DSUHFHGHQWLVXTXDQWLHUDQRDWWUDWWLGDLVXRLSUREOHPL Scoperta dell’ambiguità. Trattato, HG/XGZLJ,SGRYH©PDWHULDªqWUDGRWWRFRQ©PDWHULHOOH7UlJKHLWªLQHU]LDPDWHULDOH/DQRWDW ,,,SFRPPHQWD©1DFKGHU3ODWRQLVFKHQ/HKUHYRQGHU8Q]XODQJOLFKNHLWGHU0DWHULHIUGLH$EVLFKWHQGHU6HHOHª ,Q EDVH DOOD GRWWULQD SODWRQLFD GHOO¶LQDGHJXDWH]]D GHOOD PDWHULD DOOH LQWHQ]LRQL GHOO¶DQLPD 0D * )80$*$//, Leonardo «omo sanza lettere» FLW S Q ULWLHQH VL WUDWWL GL FDWWLYD OHWWXUD H SURSRQH ©PLVHULDª LQ OXRJR GL ©PDWHULDª/¶HGL]LRQH0F0DKRQPDQWLHQHODYHUVLRQHGHLPVV8UEHWUDGXFHFRQ©ZKDW\RXDUHPDGHRIªFLzGL FXLVLqIDWWL Trattato, HG /XGZLJ HG 0F0DKRQ ( + *20%5,&+ Leonardo’s grotesque Heads, prolegomena to their study, QHOYROXPHFROOHWWLYRLeonardo, saggi e ricerche, 5RPDSS&IUDQFKHVRSUDSSVJ Trattato, HG /XGZLJ HG 0F0DKRQ ( + *20%5,&+ Conseils de Léonard sur les esquisses de tableaux, LQ©(WXGHVG¶DUW´$OJHUQHVRSUDSS ,Q³$UWHH8PDQHVLPRD)LUHQ]HDOWHPSRGL/RUHQ]RLO0DJQLILFR´7RULQRSS /HRQDUGR q GLYHQWDWR FHOHEUH SHU OH LQQXPHUHYROL IDQWDVLH H IDFH]LH ©LQILQLWHSD]]LHªGLFHLO9DVDULFKHKDFRVWUXLWRODVXDELRJUDILDVXOWHPDGHOJHQLR LPSUHYHGLELOHHFDSULFFLRVR/HRQDUGRQRQHUDLOSULPRWUDJOLDUWLVWLILRUHQWLQLDG DPDUHOHLQYHQ]LRQLVRUSUHQGHQWLHJOLVFKHU]LHJOLqSHUzLQGXEELDPHQWHLOSULPR SHULOµTXDOHO¶DWWLYLWj©OXGLFDªDEELDDYXWRWDQWDLPSRUWDQ]DDUULYDQGRDVYLOXSSL LQHVDXULELOL$0LODQRIXLQFDULFDWRGLRUGLQDUHHGLVSRUUHOHIHVWHGL/XGRYLFROD VXDIXQ]LRQHHUDTXHOODGLUHJRODUHLGLYHUWLPHQWLGLGLVHJQDUHLFRVWXPLLQQDO]DUH JOLVFHQDUL+D PHVVRLQVFHQDl’Orfeo GHO3ROL]LDQRVXOSDOFRVFHQLFRVLYHGHYD XQDPRQWDJQDFRQLFDFKHVLDSULYDULYHODQGR3OXWRQHHLOParadiso GHO%HOOLQFLRQL OD SUHID]LRQH GHO OLEUHWWR GHVFULYH ©L VHWWH SLDQHWL FKH JLUDYDQR UDSSUHVHQWDWL GD XRPLQLª DOO¶LQWHUQR GL XQD VIHUD , VXRL FDUUL GD JXHUUD GDOOD IRUPD IDQWDVWLFD OH VXH PDFFKLQH VHPRYHQWL L VXRL DSSDUHFFKL SHU YRODUH HFF HUDQR YHURVLPLOPHQWH GHVWLQDWL D FRUWHL H D JLRVWUH $O SDUL GHL VXRL ODYRUL G¶LQJHJQHULDOHVXHFUHD]LRQLDUWLVWLFKHVSHVVRWRFFDQRLOPRQGRGHOJLRFRTXHVWR FRPSOHWDOHSRVVLELOLWjGHOODSLWWXUDODTXDOHSURYRFDDSLDFHUHLOULVRRODSDXUD 4XHVWD SRWHQ]D GHOO¶DUWH VL GHYH DO IDWWR FKH OD YLWD XPDQD VL PXRYH QHOO¶LPPDJLQDULRFRQXQDGRFLOLWjLQFUHGLELOHDOOHIRU]HGHOO¶LOOXVLRQH/¶DUWLVWDq SHU FRVL GLUH O¶DQLPDWRUH GL XQR VSHWWDFROR DO TXDOH HJOL QRQ GHYH LQ IRQGR SUHQGHUHSDUWH /HRQDUGR DJJLXQJH FRVL XQD QXRYD GLPHQVLRQH DOO¶HVWHWLVPR ILRUHQWLQR 0D GD TXHVWR SXQWR GL YLVWD LO PRQGR XPDQR YLHQH D GLYLGHUVL PHQR LQ EDVH DL VHQWLPHQWLPRUDOLDELWXDOLO¶DPPLUD]LRQHRODULSURYD]LRQHHSLLQYHFHLQEDVH DOOHJUDGD]LRQLGHOO¶HPRWLYLWjFKHWHQGRQRDGDVVXPHUHXQ¶LPSRUWDQ]DLQVROLWDOD WHQHUH]]D SHU FLz FKH q VTXLVLWR OD UHSXOVLRQH SHU FLz FKH q YROJDUH H EHVWLDOH /HRQDUGR KD VHPSUH UHDJLWR D TXHVWR FRQ YLYDFLWj 1H ULVXOWD XQD VRUWD GL WHQVLRQH FRVWDQWH IUD L VHQWLPHQWL HVWUHPL XQ UDSLGR SDVVDJJLR GDOO¶LQGXOJHQ]D DOO¶LPSD]LHQ]D FKH VL FRJOLH LQ SDUWLFRODUH QHOO¶DWWHJJLDPHQWR GL /HRQDUGR YHUVR O¶DPRUH,VXRLSXQWLGLYLVWDQRQFRVWLWXLVFRQRXQDGRWWULQD/HRQDUGRPDQLIHVWDD YROWH XQ GLVJXVWR YHQDWR GL SLHWj SHU LO PRGR LQ FXL VL SURSDJD OD VSHFLH PD WURYLDPRQHLVXRLVFKL]]LSLFFROH©VFHQHGLJHQHUHªGLWXWWLLWLSLFKHLOOXVWUDQROD FRPPHGLD GHOO¶DPRUH $OORUFKp LO VXR WRQR VL HOHYD HJOL ULSUHQGH OH LGHH GHO SODWRQLVPR FRQWHPSRUDQHR VHQ]D SHUz FRQVHUYDUH ORUR TXHOOD SURVSHWWLYD DVFHQGHQWH FKH SHUPHWWHYD DO )LFLQR H DL SRHWL SODWRQL]]DQWL GL XQLILFDUH JOL LPSXOVLGHOO¶(URV4XDQGRHJOLVFULYHFKHO¶DPDQWHVLPXRYHYHUVRODFRVDDPDWD SHU XQLUVL DG HVVD QRQ YHGH LQ TXHVWD DWWUD]LRQH XQ SULQFLSLR FKH SRWUHEEH LQQDO]DUHO¶DQLPDD'LR .767(,1,7=A reconstruction of Leonardo da Vinci’s revolving stage, LQ©7KH$UW4XDUWHUO\ªDXWXQQRKD PHVVRLGLVHJQLAr., r Hv LQUDSSRUWRFRQODIHVWDGHO3DUDGLVRGHO$0$5,121,Il regno e il sito di Venere, LQ©&RQYLYLXPª;;,9HIl Poliziano e il suo tempo FLWSSKDGLPRVWUDWRFKHTXHVWLGLVHJQLVL DGDWWDYDQRall’Orfeo GHO3ROL]LDQR&IUDQFKH&3('5(77,Studi vinciani FLWSSVJJ $&+$67(/Léonard et la culture FLW,,, 0-2+1621Art and scientific Thought FLW *)80$*$//,Eros di Leonardo, 0LODQR,'Leonardo «omo sanza lettere» FLWS(*$5,1La cultura fiorentina FLWS ,Q³$UWHH8PDQHVLPRD)LUHQ]HDOWHPSRGL/RUHQ]RLO0DJQLILFR´7RULQRSS /¶DPELYDOHQ]D GL TXHVWL VHQWLPHQWL ULVXOWD FKLDUD QHOOD GHVFUL]LRQH IUDPPHQWDULDGHO©VLWRGL9HQHUHªVFULWWDVHQ]DGXEELRQHOHIRUVHGHVWLQDWD DG XQ DSSDUDWR GL IHVWD FKH LQ WXWWR ULVXOWD O¶RSSRVWR GHO VRJJLRUQR YROXWWXRVR GHVFULWWRQHOOHStanze GHO3ROL]LDQR9HQHUHQRQDSSDUHXQSDHVDJJLRLQFDQWHYROH DWWLUDOHQDYLFKHVLLQIUDQJRQRVXJOLVFRJOL/¶DOOHJRULDGHOSLDFHUHVWUHWWDPHQWH OHJDWRDOGRORUHLQXQDVWHVVDILJXUDO¶XQDXQJLRYDQHO¶DOWUDXQYHFFKLRFKHHVFH GDXQWURQFRXQLFRHVSULPHUjODVWHVVDFRQYLQ]LRQH(/HRQDUGRGLVWRJOLHQGROR VJXDUGR GDOO¶LQVRSSRUWDELOH FRQIURQWR GHL VHVVL VL q FRPSLDFLXWR QHO FUHDUH OD ILJXUD GHOO¶DQGURJLQR FKH GHOWLSRXPDQRFRQVHUYDVRORLFDUDWWHULJUDGHYROLSHU IDUQHGLPHQWLFDUHODEHVWLDOLWjHODEUXWWH]]D 7XWWRFLzFKHIDLOYDORUHGHOODYLWDXPDQDSRUWDDOVHQVRGHOODVXDSUHFDUL HWj PD VRSUDWWXWWR GHOOD VXD IRQGDPHQWDOH DPELJXLWj 3HU /HRQDUGR O¶HVLVWHQ]D QRQ VDUHEEH FRQFHSLELOH VHQ]D OD YLVWD FKH Gj DFFHVVR DOOD WRWDOLWj GHOO¶XQLYHUVR *UD]LHDGHVVDODSULJLRQHGHOFRUSRFHVVDG¶HVVHUHXQDWRUWXUDSHUO¶DQLPDDQ]L TXHVWDQRQODVFHUjWDOHSULJLRQHVHQRQFRQGRORUHGDWRFKHFLzVDUjXQSHUGHUH©OD EHOOH]]D GHO PRQGRª Ê HVDWWDPHQWH O¶RSSRVWR GL FLz FKH DYHYD DIIHUPDWR LO )LFLQR ©&RUSRUD DQLPLV VXLV HW MXQJXQWXU DYLGLVVLPH HW DE HLV PROHVWLVVLPH VHMXQJXQWXUª 3HU O¶XPDQLVWD OD PRUWH VLJQLILFD OD GLVVROX]LRQH GHO FRUSR H OD OLEHUD]LRQHGHOO¶DQLPDSHUFXLLOFRUSRVHQHDOODUPD3HU/HRQDUGRqO¶DQLPDFKH ULILXWDTXHVWDVHSDUD]LRQHQHOODPLVXUDLQFXLHVVDSDUWHFLSDDOO¶HVHUFL]LRGHLVHQVL HQHOODPLVXUDLQFXLODYLVWDV¶LGHQWLILFDFRQO¶LQWHUDDWWLYLWjGHOORVSLULWR6HFRQGR LO)LFLQRODIXQ]LRQHGHOO¶DQLPDHUDGLSHUFHSLUHXQLILFDUHHFRQFOXGHUHO¶XQLYHUVR JUD]LHDOODVXDYRFD]LRQHVRYUDQQDWXUDOH4XHVWDVHFRQGR/HRQDUGRQRQSRWUHEEH FKH HVVHUH G¶LPSDFFLR DO VXR HVHUFL]LR WHUUHVWUH H VL FKLHGH FRQ LQVLVWHQ]D VH O¶XRPR QRQ GHEED OLPLWDUH OH VXH DPEL]LRQL JOL RUJRJOLRVL DL TXDOL QRQ EDVWD LO EHQHILFLRGHOODYLWDHODEHOOH]]DGHOPRQGRQHVRQRSXQLWLLQTXDQWRSHUGRQRHVVL VWHVVL OD ORUR YLWD H QRQ SRVVLHGRQR O¶XWLOLWj H OD EHOOH]]D GHO PRQGR &RGLFH $WODQWLFR v, a). (JOL QRQ LJQRUD FKH O¶XRPR WHQGH DOO¶LQILQLWR D WUDVFHQGHUH TXHVWDFRQGL]LRQHWHUUHVWUHPDqIRUVHLOGHVWLQRGLFKLFRPHODIDUIDOODGLIURQWH DOODILDPPDqDWWUDWWRGDFLzFKHGHYHDQQLHQWDUOR/HRQDUGRLQWUDYYHGHO¶LGHDGL XQDGLVVROX]LRQHILQDOHHVDWWDPHQWHRSSRVWDDOODQR]LRQHFULVWLDQDHQHRSODWRQLFD GHOOD©UHVXUUH]LRQHªGLFXL0LFKHODQJHORIDUjXQRGHLWHPLIRQGDPHQWDOLGHOODVXD DUWH 4XHVWR VHQVR GHOOD SRVL]LRQH DPELJXD GHOO¶XRPR WUD O¶RUULELOH H OR VTXLVLWRWUDLOFHUWRHO¶LOOXVRULRVLqYHQXWDDFFHQWXDQGRLQ/HRQDUGRFRQJOLDQQL 1HOODVXDRSHUDGLSLQWDYLFRUULVSRQGHXQRVYLOXSSRSDUDOOHORGHO©FKLDURVFXURª,O SULQFLSLR GL HVVR HUD DQ]LWXWWR O¶LQWHUHVVH SHU LO FRQWUDVWR FKH YDORUL]]D L WHUPLQL $&+$67(/Léonard par lui-meme FLW$0$5,121,Il regno e il sito di Venere FLWSSVJJ ©4XHVWRVLqLO3LDFHUHLQVLHPHFRO'LVSLDFHUHHILJXUDWLELQDWLª5LFKWHU,WDY/,;)80$*$//,Leonardo «omo sanza lettere» FLWS323+$0The Drawings FLWWDY&9,,F3('5(77,Studi vinciani FLWSSVJJKD VHJQDODWRFKHTXHVWRPRWLYRqPHQ]LRQDWRQHO/20$==2Trattato dell’arie della pittura, 0LODQR9, Sopra l’Amore, ,,,,1,9$129Remarques sur la Joconde, LQ©5HYXHG¶HVWKpWLTXHªKDULOHYDWRLOOHJDPHWUDL GXHWHVWLVHQ]DQRWDUHFKH/HRQDUGRURYHVFLDODSRVL]LRQHGHO)LFLQR ,OFHOHEUHSDVVRVXOO¶©DQLPDIDUIDOOD>FKH@QRQV¶DYHGHFKHGHVLGHUDODVXDGLVID]LRQHªLQ-35,&+7(5The literary works ecc. FLWQ(3$12)6.<Studies in Iconology FLWS ,Q³$UWHH8PDQHVLPRD)LUHQ]HDOWHPSRGL/RUHQ]RLO0DJQLILFR´7RULQRSS RSSRVWL©/HEHOOH]]HFRQOHEUXWH]]HSDLRQRSLSRWHQWLO¶XQDSHUO¶DOWUDª(JOL GXQTXHVLqFRPSLDFLXWRQHOIDUVFLYRODUHLQVHQVLELOPHQWHOHGROFLOXFLQHOOHRPEUH GHOL]LRVH H D ULVROYHUH LQ TXHVWR PRGR LO FRQIOLWWR WUD GLVHJQR H PRGHOODWR Ê SUREDELOHFKHLULWRFFKLHOHYHUQLFLDEELDQRDFFHQWXDWRLOWRQRGLDPEUDVFXUDGHL TXDGULFKHFLVRQRSHUYHQXWLSURYRFDQGRXQ¶LPSUHVVLRQHLOOXVRULDULVSHWWRDTXHOOL FKH HUDQR JOL HIIHWWL LQL]LDOL GHOOR VIXPDWR OHRQDUGHVFR &HUWR O¶RVVHUYD]LRQH GHO 9DVDUL VXL WRQL FKLDUL GHOOD *LRFRQGD ULPDQH VFRQFHUWDQWH PD LQ ILQ GHL FRQWL VRQR SURSULR L FRQWUDVWL VSLQWL WUD FKLDUL H VFXUL FKH /HRQDUGR UDFFRPDQGD QHOOH VXHWHRULH©3HUHVVHU¶XQLYHUVDOHHSLDFHUHjGLYHUVLJLXGLFLLIDUDLLQXQPHGHVLPR FRPSRQLPHQWR FKH YL VLD FRVH GL JUDQGH RVFXULWj H GL JUDQ¶ GROFH]]D G¶RPEUH IDFHQGR SHUR QRWHOHFDXVH GLWDORPEUHHGROFH]]Hª(JOLDQDOL]]DL IHQRPHQL OXPLQRVLFRQLOYRFDERODULRGHLILORVRILILRUHQWLQL©$GRQTXHOHWHQHEUHqLOSULPR JUDGRGHOO¶RPEUHHODOXFHqO¶XOWLPRDGRQTXHWXSLWWRUHIDUDLO¶RPEUDSLVFXUD DSUHVVRDOODVXDFDJJLRQHHWLOILQHIDFKHVLFRQYHUWLLQOXFHFLRqFKHSDLDVHQ]D ILQHª(VRSUDWWXWWR©/¶RPEUDGHULYDGDGXHGLVVLPLOLFRVHO¶XQDGDO¶DOWUDLQSHUz FKHO¶XQDqFRUSRVDHO¶DOWUDVSLULWXDOHFRUSRUHRqLOFRUSRRPEURVRVSLULWXDOHqLO OXPH $GRQTXH OXPH H FRUSR VRQ FDJJLRQH GH O¶RPEUDª /D SLWWXUD FKH VDUj HIIHWWRHFRPSRVL]LRQHG¶RPEUDHGLOXFHGLFKLDURHGLVFXUR VXVFLWHUj GXQTXH QHOO¶DQLPDXQWXUEDPHQWRHGXQDVRUSUHVDFKHQRQULHVFRQRDFUHDUHLWRQLOLPSLGL /¶HVWHWLFD GHL FKLDUL H GHJOL VFXUL DSSDUH FRPH XQ¶HUHVLD SHUVRQDOH GL /HRQDUGR ULVSHWWR DOO¶HVWHWLFD LQQRFHQWH GHOOR VSOHQGRUH FKH FRQVLGHUDYD LO IXOJRUH SL LQWHQVRFRPHLOYDORUHVXSUHPRHGHVFOXGHYDOHWHQHEUHULVHUYDWHDLUHJQLLQIHULRUL HDOO¶LQIHOLFLWjGHOO¶DQLPD &HUWR OR VIXPDWR q LQ SULPR OXRJR XQD VROX]LRQH WHFQLFD ID VSRUJHUH OH IRUPH VHQ]D GRYHU ULFRUUHUH DOOD EUXWDOLWj GHL FRQWRUQL H DOO¶DFFHQWXD]LRQH GHO ULOLHYR HVVR DVVLFXUD DG HVVH XQD TXDOLWj OLVFLD H FRQWLQXD ,O ULWUDWWR GL Musico GHOOD $PEURVLDQD H TXHOOR GHOOD Gioconda PRVWUDQR LQ PLVXUD DEEDVWDQ]D HYLGHQWH TXDOH VRUSUHQGHQWH GHOLFDWH]]D UDJJLXQJD LQ TXHVWR PRGR LO PRGHOODWR /D SLWWXUD q O¶HOHYD]LRQH SRHWLFD GL XQ PRQGR FUHSXVFRODUH H YHODWR ,O SDVVR FHOHEUH©3RQPHQWHSHUOHVWUDGHVXOIDUHGHOODVHUDD¶YLVLGHKRPLQLHGLGRQQH TXDQGR q FDWLYRWHPSR TXDQWD JUDWLD H GROFH]]D VL YHGH LQ ORURª q VHJXLWR GDL VXJJHULPHQWL SHU FRVWUXLUH XQR VWXGLR GRYH VL SRVVRQR ULFUHDUH D YRORQWj TXHJOL HIIHWWL GL WHPSR FRSHUWR H GL OXFH REOLTXD FKH IDQQR YLEUDUH LQ PRGR FRVu PLVWHULRVROHIRUPH/DYHUDEHOOH]]DqGXQTXHOHJDWDDOFKLDURVFXURPDLqFRVu WRFFDQWH FRPH QHL YLVL FKH VSLFFDQR VX XQ FDPSR VFXUR (VVD LQILQH ULVLHGH QHO Trattato, HG/XGZLJHG0F0DKRQ &IUVRSUDS 5/$1*721'28*/$6Leonardo da Vinci FLWS 5%$<(5Léonard de Vinci ecc. FLWSTrattato, HG/XGZLJSXHG0F0DKRQH* )80$*$//,Leonardo «omo sanza lettere» FLWS (G/XGZLJHW,,SSHG0F0DKRQH3DVVLGHO)LFLQRMarsile Ficin et l’art FLWR,,5 %$<(5Léonard de Vinci ecc. FLWSSVJJKDLQVLVWLWRVXOYDORUH©VSHFXODWLYRªGHOODOXFHLQ/HRQDUGRHVXOVXR UDSSRUWRFRQODPLVWLFDQHRSODWRQLFDFKH©LO9LQFLWUDVIRUPDYDLQSUREOHPDªS Trattato HG/XGZLJHHG0F0DKRQH*)80$*$//,Leonardo «omo sanza lettere», S 'DLQWHJUDUHFRQ/XGZLJSSHG0F0DKRQH ,Q³$UWHH8PDQHVLPRD)LUHQ]HDOWHPSRGL/RUHQ]RLO0DJQLILFR´7RULQRSS UDSSRUWR LQWLPR WUD OXFH HG RPEUD 4XDQGR YRUUj VLQWHWL]]DUH LQ XQ VLPEROR FRPSOHWR O¶DPELJXLWj H O¶DWWHVD XPDQD /HRQDUGR XQLUj DOOD SHQRPEUD LO VRUULVR LQFHUWRH©LOGLWRSXQWDWRQHOOHWHQHEUHª /HRQDUGRHUDXQJUDQGHLQYHQWRUHGLLQGRYLQHOOLHGHQLJPL,QWRUQRDO FRPSRQHYDSHU&HFLOLD*DOOHUDQLD0LODQRGHLUHEXVODPELFFDWL+DGLVVHPLQDWRL VXRLVFULWWLGLGRPDQGHH©SURIHWLHªFKHIDQQRDSSDULUHOHUHDOWjWULYLDOLLQXQDOXFH EL]]DUUD H VRUSUHQGHQWH $QFKH LQ TXHVWR OR VSLULWR GL JLRFR VL PHVFROD DOO¶DWWUDWWLYD GHO ©PLVWHURª DOORUFKp YXROH FRPSRUUH XQ VLPEROR DGHJXDWR GHOOD VXD DWWLYLWj UHDOL]]HUj TXHOO¶LQWUHFFLR LQ FXL XQ VROR ILOR VL VQRGD LQ XQ ODELULQWR VHQ]DILQH,OPRWLYRqGLRULJLQHRULHQWDOHHGLQWURGXFHXQDQRWDG¶HVRWLVPRLQXQ SURFHGLPHQWR WHFQLFR VLQJRODUH DFFRPSDJQDWR GD XQD VFULWWD ©$FKDGHPLD /HRQDUGR 9LQFLª TXHVWR LQWUHFFLR FRVWLWXLVFH XQ HPEOHPD YLVLYR GHO QRPH GHOO¶DUWLVWD(Vincio/Vinci, DQQRGDUHFRQXQ¶HFRHUPHWLFD)RUVHTXHVWRVLPERORq VWDWR FRPSRVWR LQ RFFDVLRQH GHOOH FRQYHUVD]LRQL FKH UDFFRJOLHYDQR D 0LODQR LQVLHPHFROPDWHPDWLFR3DFLROLLQJHJQHULHGRWWLORPEDUGLDPLFLGL/HRQDUGR (JOLDPDYDDYYROJHUVLLQXQFHUWRPLVWHURHDFFHQWXDUHODVXDGLVWDQ]DULVSHWWRDL SURFHGLPHQWLFRPXQL/DSRVWHULWjLQTXHVWRQRQVLqVEDJOLDWD .&/$5.Leonardo da Vinci ecc. FLWS 0%$5$77$Curiosità vinciane, 7RULQRFDS,,(Leonardo enigmofilo); $0$5,121,I Rebus ecc. FLWSS VJJ $+,1'Early Fiorentine Engravings, /RQGRQYRO-%$/7586$,7,6Le Moyen Age fantastique, 3DULV $'(//$7255(Storia dell’Accademia platonica ecc. FLWSQKDFRQIXWDWRVXOODEDVHGHOO¶8]LH,OL O¶LQWHUSUHWD]LRQHGL(0817=op. cit., SFKHYHGHYDLQTXHVWD©DFFDGHPLDªXQDYHUDHSURSULDLVWLWX]LRQHGRWWD 6XOO¶DPELHQWHPLODQHVH0$/$*8==,9$/(5,La corte di Ludovico il Moro, 0LODQRYRO, &IUSLDYDQWLSSVJ ,Q³$UWHH8PDQHVLPRD)LUHQ]HDOWHPSRGL/RUHQ]RLO0DJQLILFR´7RULQRSS Capitolo terzo /DYHULWjGHOO¶DUWH /¶DWWLYLWjGL/HRQDUGRFRQFOXGHLQWXWWLLFDPSLLO4XDWWURFHQWRILRUHQWLQR ,O VXR LPSXOVR VSRQWDQHR q GL FHUFDUH LQ XQD HODERUD]LRQH SL VRWWLOH GHL ORUR HOHPHQWL IRQGDPHQWDOL LO SXQWR LQ FXL JOL VWLOL YHQJRQR D FRQIOXLUH H DG HVVHUH VXSHUDWL ,Q VFXOWXUD OD SUHVHQ]D GHL GXH VWLOL ULYDOL GHL 3ROODLROR GD XQ ODWR H GL 'HVLGHULRGDOO¶DOWURLOWRQRDVSURHTXHOORILQHDYHYDQRJLjVSLQWR LO 9HUURFFKLR YHUVRXQRVWLOHFRPSOHVVRULFFR GLPRGXOD]LRQL H FRQWUDVWL ÊODYLDFKHVHJXLUj /HRQDUGR PD OD FRVWUX]LRQH GHO ©JUDQ FDYDOORªGL 0LODQR IX XQ¶LPSUHVD WURSSR JUDQGH&RVLqQHOO¶LQIOXHQ]DHVHUFLWDWDGD/HRQDUGRQHOO¶HFRFKHKDQQRDYXWROH VXH©LGHHªDGHVHPSLRQHO5XVWLFLFKHqSRVVLELOHFRJOLHUHLOVXRRULHQWDPHQWR 1HO FDPSR GHOO¶DUFKLWHWWXUD VL DYYHUWH PHJOLR DQFRUD FKH LO UXROR GL /HRQDUGR q VWDWRGLVSRVWDUHLSUREOHPLGLWUDVIHULUOLVXXQSLDQRQXRYRLQVLHPHSLSUHFLVRH SL DPEL]LRVR (JOL QRQ q PDL VWDWR LQFDULFDWR GHOOD FRVWUX]LRQH GL XQ HGLILFLR EHQFKp VHPEUD DYHU DVSLUDWR TXDOFKH YROWD D FRPPLVVLRQL LPSRUWDQWL LQ SDUWLFRODUH D 3LDFHQ]D. /¶$OEHUWL FKH IRUQLYD L GLVHJQL VHQ]D FXUDUVL GL VRUYHJOLDUHLFDQWLHULDYHYDVWXGLDWRQHLORURFDUDWWHULJHQHUDOLLSULQFLSLGHOO¶DUWH PRQXPHQWDOH/HRQDUGRQHULSUHQGHO¶DQDOLVLQHLVXRLWDFFXLQLGDOSXQWRGLYLVWD LQVLHPHSLWHFQLFRUHVLVWHQ]DGHLPDWHULDOLIXQ]LRQHGHLVXSSRUWLFRPSRVL]LRQH GHOOH IRU]H H SL GRWWULQDOH ULSRUWDQGR OH PDVVH DOOD ORUR VWUHWWD QDWXUD JHRPHWULFDORVSD]LRLQWHUQRDOODVXDVWHVVDPRGXOD]LRQHULWPLFD(JOLJHQHUDOL]]D L SUREOHPL GHO %UXQHOOHVFKL H GHO 6DQJDOOR VWXGLDQGR OH FRPELQD]LRQL GHULYDQWL GDOODSLDQWDFHQWUDOHTXHVWLVWXGLVDUDQQRGHFLVLYLSHUO¶HYROYHUVLGHOOHFRQFH]LRQL PRQXPHQWDOLLQWRUQRDO/DFUHD]LRQHGHOQXRYR6DQ3LHWURGL*LXOLR,,QRQ VL VSLHJD VHQ]D O¶LQFRQWUR GL /HRQDUGR GHO 6DQJDOOR H GL %UDPDQWH /¶LGHD GL GHILQLUH D SULRUL WXWWL L WLSL SRVVLELOL G¶DUFKLWHWWXUD H GL GHGXUUH OH SURSULHWj GL FLDVFXQR VHPEUD VL VLD DIIDFFLDWD DO VXR VSLULWR FRPH XQD VRUWD GL ©ILORVRILDª GHOO¶DUWHPRQXPHQWDOH/¶LPSUHVVLRQHGLHTXLOLEULRGHYHULVXOWDUHHQWURXQDULFFD PRGXOD]LRQH GHL YROXPL FLRq VL PROWLSOLFKHUDQQR OH WHQVLRQL VHFRQGDULH SHU IDU VHQWLU PHJOLR LO ©PLUDFRORª GHOO¶DUWH FKH WURYD OD VROX]LRQH SHU HVVH Ê QRWHYROH TXLODIHGHOWjGL/HRQDUGRDLWLSLILRUHQWLQLTXHVWLULPDQJRQRDOFHQWURGHOOHVXH VSHFXOD]LRQL $QFKH LQ SLWWXUD YHGLDPR /HRQDUGR DIIURQWDUH LO FRQIOLWWR GHOOR VWLOH FRQ XQD GHFLVLRQH DOWUHWWDQWR RULJLQDOH GL TXHOOD FRQ FXL DIIURQWD L SUREOHPL LQWHOOHWWXDOL (JOL SURFHGH LQ PRGR RSSRVWR DO %RWWLFHOOL FKH VL FKLXGH )0$/$*8==,9$/(5,Leonardo da Vinci e la scultura, %RORJQD /HWWHUDGL/HRQDUGRDLIDEEULFHULGHOGXRPRLéonard de Vinci por lui-méme FLWSSVJJ /,/+(<'(15(,&+Die Sakralbau-studien Leonardos da Vinci, /HLS]LJ**,29$1121,Bramante e l’architettura italiana, LQSaggi sull’architettura del Rinascimento FLWSKDJLjLQVLVWLWRVXOUDSSRUWR/HRQDUGR %UDPDQWHVHJXHQGRLO0$/$*8==,9$/(5,La corte di Ludovico il Moro FLWYRO,,0LODQR &%$521,Elementi stilistici fiorentini negli studi vinciani di architettura a cupola FLWHVRSUDVH]LRQH,,, LQWURGX]LRQHHFDS,LQSDUWLFRODUHSSVJ ,Q³$UWHH8PDQHVLPRD)LUHQ]HDOWHPSRGL/RUHQ]RLO0DJQLILFR´7RULQRSS QHOO¶DVWUD]LRKH WRVFDQD DO *KLUODQGDLR R DQFKH D XQ 3LHUR GL &RVLPR FKH DFFXPXODQRSDUWLFRODULVHQ]DDVVLPLODUOLFRPSOHWDPHQWH'LFKLDUDQGRFKHVLGHYH FRPH *LRWWR H 0DVDFFLR HVVHUH XQLFDPHQWH L ©ILJOL GHOOD QDWXUDª HJOL YXRO VLJQLILFDUHFKHWXWWLLSUREOHPLGHOODSLWWXUDDWXWWLLJUDGLGHYRQRHVVHUHULSHQVDWL LQWHJUDOPHQWH/RVIXPDWRULVROYHOHGLIILFROWjGHOGLVHJQRDVVLFXUDQGRDWWUDYHUVR O¶DYYROJLPHQWR DWPRVIHULFR O¶XQLWj GHOOH IRUPH QHOOR VSD]LR LJQRUDUOR VLJQLILFD VRPLJOLDUH DL ©EHOOL SDUODWRUL VHQ]D DOFXQD VHQWHQWLDª 1HO TXDGUR VL WUDWWD GL FRPELQDUH LQWLPDPHQWH L GXHSULQFLSLTXHOORPDWHPDWLFRHTXHOORILVLRJQRPLFR UHDOL]]DQGRLOPDVVLPR G¶HPR]LRQHHQWURDOPDVVLPRG¶RUGLQHHGL©VLPPHWULDª 2FFRUUHLQILQHDQDOL]]DUHLOVRJJHWWROD©VWRULDªLQPRGRGDLQGLYLGXDUHVRWWROD SUHVHQWD]LRQH WUDGL]LRQDOH LO VXR VLJQLILFDWR SUHFLVR H GL DWWXDOL]]DUQH IRUVH GL DUULFFKLUQHJOLHOHPHQWLVLPEROLFL/DFRVFLHQ]DGL/HRQDUGRFRJOLHWXWWLLQVLHPH JOL DVSHWWL GHOO¶RSHUD O¶DSSDUHQWH GLVSHUVLRQH GHOOH VXH FXULRVLWj H GHOOH VXH ULFHUFKHHUDODSUHSDUD]LRQHQHFHVVDULDDOODFRQFHQWUD]LRQHYROXWD ,L’«Adorazione dei Magi» /D SULPD RSHUD LQ FXL TXHVWL LQWHQWL VL PDQLIHVWDQR FRPSOHWDPHQWH q O¶Adorazione dei Magi QRQ ILQLWD ,O TXDGUR JOL HUD VWDWR FRPPLVVLRQDWR QHO PDU]RGHOGDLPRQDFLGL6DQ'RQDWRD6FRSHWR,QWRUQRDO/HRQDUGR ODYRUDYD DG XQD Adorazione dei pastori. 8QD SDOD GL TXHVWR WHPD JOL HUD VWDWD FKLHVWDSHULOSDOD]]RGHOOD6LJQRULDVLGDWDQRDOXQFHUWRQXPHURGL GLVHJQLGHVWLQDWLDGHOOHNatività. /DJUDQGHFRPSRVL]LRQHQRQILQLWDVDUHEEHVWDWD OD FRQFOXVLRQH GL TXHVWL VWXGL /HRQDUGR YL KD YLVWR O¶RFFDVLRQH SHU ULQQRYDUH LO VRJJHWWRFKHJLjHUDVWDWRWUDVIRUPDWRGDO%RWWLFHOOLHGLIRUQLUHFRVLLOPDQLIHVWR GHOVXRVWLOHPDWXUR6LSRVVRQRLQSDUWHGHFLIUDUHOHVXHLQWHQ]LRQLXWLOL]]DQGR SDVVLGHOTrattato; EHQFKpTXHVWLVLDQRVWDWLUHGDWWLDXQ¶HSRFDLQFXL/HRQDUGRHUD JLj IXRUL GHOO¶DWPRVIHUD GL )LUHQ]H L SULQFLSL FKH LQ HVVL SURSXJQD FKLDULVFRQR VSHVVR UHWURVSHWWLYDPHQWH OH ULFHUFKH dell’Adorazione dei Magi. /R VFKL]]R q FKLXVR LQ XQR VFKHPD SURVSHWWLFR VRWWROLQHDWR GDOOH URYLQH LQ VHFRQGR SLDQR LO SXQWR GL IXJD FDGH VXOO¶DVVH PHGLDQR DO GL VRSUD GHOOD WHVWD GHOOD 0DGRQQD LO JUXSSR FHQWUDOH ULSURGXFH OD VWUXWWXUD FRPSOHVVLYD GHO TXDGUR /D FRPSRVL]LRQH VHJXHLQUHDOWjXQRVFKHPDPROWRVROLGROD9HUJLQHHJOLDGRUDWRULVRQRFKLXVLLQ XQWULDQJRORFKHDVXDYROWDVLLVFULYHLQXQDUFRGLFHUFKLRULSUHVRGDOORVFHQDULR GHOIRQGR4XDWWUROLQHHYHUWLFDOLTXHOOHGHLGXHDOEHULSRVWLDOFHQWURHTXHOOHGHL GXH SHUVRQDJJL ULWWL DOOH HVWUHPLWj FRVWLWXLVFRQR GHJOL HOHPHQWL GL ULSRVR HQWUR Trattato, HG/XGZLJW,SHG0F0DKRQ ,QVLHPH D TXHOOD GL - 7+,,6 Leonardo da Vinci ecc. FLW FDS ,; O¶DQDOLVL SL FRPSOHWD GHOO¶RSHUD q TXHOOD GL * &$/9,L’Adorazione dei Magi di Leonardo da Vinci, LQ©5DFFROWDYLQFLDQDª;SS .&/$5.Leonardo’s Adoration of the Shepherds and Dragon Fight, LQ©%XUOLQJWRQ0DJD]LQHª/;,,SS VHPEUDSHUzVSLQJHUVLWURSSRORQWDQRSRQHQGRDTXHVWDGDWD©DWUDQVLWLRQIURPUHDOLVPWRIDQWDV\ªS 1+$0,/721Die Darstellung der heiligen drei K|nige FLWSHVRSUDSDUWH,,VH]LRQH,FDS,, 6&%581/HRQDUGRV$QEHWXQJGHU0DJLHULP/LFKWHVHLQHV7UDWWDWRGHOOD3LWWXUDLQ©5DFFROWDYLQFLDQDª[ SS ,Q³$UWHH8PDQHVLPRD)LUHQ]HDOWHPSRGL/RUHQ]RLO0DJQLILFR´7RULQRSS O¶DJLWD]LRQHGHOOHILJXUH4XHVWDVWUHWWDXQLRQHGLXQSULQFLSLRVWDWLFRHGLXQR GLQDPLFRULWRUQHUjVHPSUHSLFKLDUDPHQWHLQ/HRQDUGR 0DqDWWUDYHUVRO¶LQWHQVLWj©ILVLRJQRPLFDªFKHO¶RSHUDYROHYDLPSRUVLHVVD VLIRQGDVXDOFXQLJHVWLFKLDYHFKHVDUDQQRSHU/HRQDUGRODEDVHGHOODSLWWXUD /H PDQL H EUDFFLD LQ WXWWH OH VXH RSHUDWLRQL KDQQR GD GLPRVWUDUH OD LQWHQWLRQH GHO ORUR PRWRUH TXDQWR ILD SRVLELOH SHUFKp FRQ TXHOOH FKL O¶DIIHWWLRQDWR JLXGLWLR V¶DFRPSDJQD O¶LQWHQWL PHQWDOLLQWXWWLOLVXRLPRYLPHQWL>/¶LPPRELOLWj@qJUDQGLIIHWWRQH¶YLYLHWPROWRSLQHOOHILJXUH ILQWHOLTXDOLVHQRVRQRDLXWWDWHGDOVXRFUHDWRUHFRQDWWLSURQWLHWDFRPRGDWLDOO¶LQWHQWLRQHFKHWX ILQJLHVVHU¶LQWDOILJXUDDOORUDHVVDILJXUDVDUjJLXGLFDWDGXHYROWHPRUWD /HRQDUGR KD GHGLFDWR WDQWL SL VWXGL H RVVHUYD]LRQL D TXHVWL ©PRWL FRUSRUDOLª ULYHODWRUL GHJOL ©DWWL H PRWL PHQWDOLª LQ TXDQWR OD ORUR YDULHWj FRVWLWXLVFHVHFRQGROXLODTXDOLWjGHOO¶©KLVWRULDªLOSLJUDQGHGLIHWWRGHOSLWWRUHq GL IDUH GHLYLVL FKH DVVRPLJOLDQR JOL XQL DJOL DOWUL HG q XQ JUDQ YL]LR ULSHWHUH JOL DWWHJJLDPHQWL 7XWWDYLD TXHVWD YDULHWj GHYH DYHUH XQ VXR FRQFDWHQDPHQWR L JHVWL VL ULVSRQGRQR FRPH PRPHQWL VXFFHVVLYL G¶XQ¶RQGD L WUDWWL L YLVL VL YDORUL]]DQR UHFLSURFDPHQWH DOO¶LQILQLWR /D ©FRQIRUPLWjª GHOO¶RSHUD FRO VXR VRJJHWWR FRQVLVWH LQ XQ ULWPR q FLz FKH VL UHDOL]]D TXL QHO UDSSRUWR WUD JOL VSHWWDWRULDQ]LDQLHLJLRYDQLFDYDOLHULQHOODSDUWHVLQLVWUDGHOO¶RSHUDQHOFRQWUDVWR WUDODFRQFHQWUD]LRQHGHOJUXSSRFHQWUDOHHODFDOPDGHOOD9HUJLQH /HRQDUGR FRQIHULVFH XQ ULOLHYR SDUWLFRODUH D WUH WLSL GL SHUVRQDJJL FKH DFFRPSDJQDQR O¶DYYHQLPHQWR FRPH XQ FRPPHQWR ,O %RWWLFHOOL DYHYD UDSSUHVHQWDWR GHJOL DVWDQWL FKH JXDUGDQR YHUVR OR VSHWWDWRUH /HRQDUGR LQWURGXFH GHJOL LQWHUPHGLDUL SHU DWWLUDUH SURJUHVVLYDPHQWH OR VSHWWDWRUHYHUVR OD VFHQD 1HO GLVHJQR D SHQQD GHO /RXYUH FKH VHPEUD XQR GHL SULPL VWXGL GHO VRJJHWWR XQ SHUVRQDJJLRFRQXQJUDQGHPDQWHOORIDFRQODPDQRULSDURDJOLRFFKLKDXQOXQJR EDVWRQH H VL SXz ULFRQRVFHUH LQ OXL VDQ *LXVHSSH 'XH YHJOLDUGL DQFK¶HVVL GUDSSHJJLDWLIDQQRXQJHVWRGLVRUSUHVDJXDUGDQGROD0DGUHHLO%LPERGLHWURD TXHVWRqDEER]]DWRXQSHUVRQDJJLRFKHVLFRSUHJOLRFFKL7URYLDPRTXLULXQLWL ILQGDOSULPRLQL]LRWUHPRWLYLLOSHUVRQDJJLRFKHPHGLWDORVSHWWDWRUHDEEDJOLDWR LO JUXSSR LQ GLVFXVVLRQH 3L FL VL DYYLFLQD DO TXDGUR ILQDOH SL TXHVWH ILJXUH VL YHQJRQRGHILQHQGR1HOGLVHJQRGHOOD(FROHGHV%HDX[$UWVFKHFRQWLHQHVWXGLGL SDUWLFRODULLOJUXSSRLQGLVFXVVLRQHqYLROHQWHPHQWHFRQWRUQDWRDOFHQWURHVRSUD DG HVVR XQD ILJXUD QXGD YROWD YHUVR GHVWUD FRQ XQ OXQJR EDVWRQH LQILODWR QHO EUDFFLR VWXGLD LO SHUVRQDJJLR LQ PHGLWD]LRQH ,Q XQ DOWUR VFKL]]R OD ILJXUD DSSRJJLDWD DO EDVWRQH DSSDUH VHSDUDWD GDO ©ILORVRIRª EDUEXWR FKH LQFOLQD .&/$5.Leonardo’s Adoration ecc. FLWSSH5/$1*721'28*/$6Leonardo da Vinci ecc. FLWSS 1,9$129Remarques sur la Jocande FLWDUULYDDSDUODUHGLXQSULQFLSLR©HOHDWLFRªHGLXQSULQFLSLR ©HUDFOLWHRªFRPELQDWLLQTXHVW¶RSHUDTXDOLVLWURYDQRDOFHQWURGLWXWWDODULIOHVVLRQHGLWLSR©SODWRQLFRª Trattato, HT/XGZLJ,SHG0F0DKRQIbid., ,SHG0F0DKRQFIUDQFKH ibid., ,SHG0F0DKRQHVJJW,SDUWH,,,HG0F0DKRQ -0XVHRGHO/RXYUH%%Q323+$0The Drawings ecc. FLWQ (FROHGHV%HDX[$UWV%%Q323+$0The Drawings ecc. FLWQ*&$/9,L’Adorazione dei Magi ecc. FLWKDQRWDWRO¶LQWHUHVVHFKHSUHVHQWDTXHVWD©ILJXUDGLYHJOLDUGRFKHVLIDVFKHUPHDJOLRFFKLFROODPDQRªVHQ]D WXWWDYLDLQGLFDUHFKHO¶XRPRLQPHGLWD]LRQHLQEDVVRDGHVWUDHLOYHFFKLRGDJOLRFFKLFDYLDOFHQWURDVLQLVWUDQH GHULYDQR ,Q³$UWHH8PDQHVLPRD)LUHQ]HDOWHPSRGL/RUHQ]RLO0DJQLILFR´7RULQRSS SHQVRVDPHQWH OD WHVWD SURWRWLSR GLUHWWR GHOOD ILJXUD GL SURILOR FKH RFFXSHUj O¶DQJROR VLQLVWUR GHOOD WDYROD 6L YHGRQR DQFKH L GXH DOWUL WLSL GLIIHUHQ]LDUVL ULVSHWWR DO GLVHJQR GHO /RXYUH SHU ILQLUH DOOD JUDQGH ILJXUD GUDSSHJJLDWD GHOO¶DQJROR VLQLVWUR H DOOH GXH ILJXUH FKH VL SLHJDQR DL GXH ODWL GHOOD 9HUJLQH IDFHQGRVL VFKHUPR DJOL RFFKL ,O SHUVRQDJJLR LQ PHGLWD]LRQH LQFDUQD OD ULIOHVVLRQHILORVRILFDXQ¶HFRGLHVVRIRUVHO¶DEELDPRLQFHUWHILJXUHGL5DIIDHOOR SHUHVHPSLRLOUHWRUHFXSRFKHILJXUDDOO¶HVWUHPLWjGHVWUDGHOODScuola d’Atene, R DQFKHLOVDQ3DRORGHOTXDGURGHOODVDQWD&HFLOLD(VVRIDULVFRQWURDOODILJXUD GHO FDYDOLHUH LQ SLHGL D VLQLVWUD GUDSSHJJLDWD FRPH LO San Tommaso GHO 9HUURFFKLR(QWUDPELQRQVRQRQpULWUDWWLQpVLPEROLPDDWWHJJLDPHQWLFRQWUDVWDWL FRQQHVVLFRQXQWHPDGHOO¶RSHUD /RVWHVVRDYYLHQHGHLGXHPDJJLRULJUXSSLGL©GLVSXWDQWLªSRVWLDVLQLVWUD WUDLGXHFDYDOOLHDGHVWUDGHOODXURFHQWUDOHXQRG¶HVVLDO]DO¶LQGLFHYHUVRLOFLHOR LQ XQ JHVWR IUHTXHQWH QHOOH (SLIDQLH PD JLj TXL LO JHVWR KD O¶LQVLVWHQ]D FKH VL ULWURYHUjQHLTXDGULGLVDQ*LRYDQQL%DWWLVWD/¶DVWDQWHDEEDJOLDWRqSLHVSOLFLWR DQFRUD4XDQGR'DQWHDUULYDDOVHFRQGRJLURQHGHOSXUJDWRULRYLFLQRDOO¶$QJHOR GHOODFDULWjXQDOXFHO¶DYYHUWHGHOODVXDSUHVHQ]D 4XDQG¶LRVHQWL¶DPHJUDYDUODIURQWH DOORVSOHQGRUHDVVDLSLFKHGLSULPD HVWXSRUP¶HUDQOHFRVHQRQFRQWH 2QG¶LROHYDLOHPDQLLQYHUODFLPD GHOOHPLHFLJOLDHIHFLPLµOVROHFFKLR FKHGHOVRYHUFKLRYLVLELOHOLPD (Purgatorio, ;9 /R VIRU]R GHOO¶DWWHQ]LRQH FRQWHPSODWLYD YLHQH UHVR PHGLDQWH O¶DWWR VSRQWDQHRGLFRSULUVLJOLRFFKLGLIURQWHDGXQDOXFHDFFHFDQWH,OJHVWRKDTXHVWD YDORUH QHOOD Adorazione dei Magi QHOOD FHOOD GL 6DQ 0DUFR 1HOOD WDYROD OHRQDUGHVFDWUHQW¶DQQLGRSRLOVXRVLJQLILFDWRqFRPSOHWRODVFHQDPDWHULDOL]]D SL FKH XQ DYYHQLPHQWR VWRULFR XQD VRUWD GL LOOXPLQD]LRQH FKH DYUHEEH QHO %DPELQR GLYLQR H QHOOD 0DGUH LO VXR FHQWUR Ê DOPHQR FLz FKH FL LQYLWD D FRJOLHUHLQSULPROXRJRODFRPSRVL]LRQHLQFRPSLXWDLQFXLVXXXVRJJHWWRFKHHUD DOORUD VDWXUR GL VHQVR WXWWH O¶HVLJHQ]H VSLULWXDOL GHOOD SLWWXUD GRYHYDQR HVVHUH DVVROWH %ULWLVK0XVHXP%%Q323+$0The Drawings ecc. FLWQ&LVLDOORQWDQDFRVLGD6DQ*LXVHSSHFKH IRUVHqVWDWRLOPRWLYRLQL]LDOHHODFXLILJXUDDSSRJJLDWDDOEDVWRQHDSSDUHQHJOLVFKL]]LSHUl’Adorazione dei pastori % %Q%323+$0The Drawings ecc. FLWQQHA). 1HOGLVHJQRGL$PEXUJR%%Q 323+$0The Drawings ecc. FLWQODILJXUDDSSDUHULYROWDYHUVRLGXHSHUVRQDJJL 0XVHRGH,/RXYUH%%Q323+$0The Drawings ecc. FLWQ2[IRUG$VKPROHDQ0XVHXP%%Q 323+$0The Drawings ecc. FLWQ4XHVWRGLVHJQRQRQVHPEUDULHQWUDUHIUDJOLVWXGLHVHJXLWLGLUHWWDPHQWH SHUl’Adorazione dei Magi &RORQLD0XVHR:DOOUDI5LFKDUW]%%Q323+$0The Drawings ecc. FLWQ 7+,,6L’Adorazione dei Magi ecc. FLWH**521$8Leonardo da Vinci, /RQGRQS *&$/9,L’Adorazione dei Magi ecc. FLWS *&$/9,L’Adorazione dei Magi ecc. FLWKDDWWLUDWRO¶DWWHQ]LRQHVXTXHVWRSDUWLFRODUHHKDVXJJHULWRLOULFKLDPRDO SDVVRGDQWHVFR ,Q³$UWHH8PDQHVLPRD)LUHQ]HDOWHPSRGL/RUHQ]RLO0DJQLILFR´7RULQRSS Il sorriso e il furore. /HGXHLPPDJLQLFRQWUDSSRVWHGLXQJXHUULHURGDOYLVRHQHUJLFRHGLXQ JUD]LRVRDGROHVFHQWHHUDQRSURSULHGHOUHSHUWRULRGHO9HUURFFKLR4XHVWLQHDYHYD FDYDWRLOPRWLYRFKHEHQSUHVWRGLYHQWzGLPRGDGHL©FDSLWDQLDIIURQWDWLªODFXL YHUVLRQH SL VLJQLILFDWLYD q UDSSUHVHQWDWD GDOOD FRSSLD G¶$OHVVDQGUR H 'DULR GHVWLQDWD DO UH G¶8QJKHULD 5LPDQH XQD YHUVLRQH LQ PDUPR GHOO¶$OHVVDQGUR &ROOH]LRQH5DXVVHULOLHYLLQWHUUDFRWWDGHOODVHFRQGDILJXUD4XHVWLWLSLKDQQR VHUYLWR GL EDVH DO IDPRVR GLVHJQR GHO Condottiero GL SURILOR %ULWLVK 0XVHXP FRQ LQ FDSR XQ HOPR IDQWDVLRVR H VH VL WUDWWD GL XQ¶RSHUD GL /HRQDUGR DOOR Scipione LQ PDUPR /RXYUH GDO SURILOR WHQHUR H TXDVL IHPPLQLOH FKH QH FRVWLWXLVFHLOSHQGDQWIRUVHULWRFFDWR4XHVWDFRQWUDSSRVL]LRQHGLSURILOLYLULOLH GLEHOOH]]D©HSLFHQDªKDRVVHVVLRQDWR/HRQDUGR1RQqGDHVFOXGHUHFKHGRSR DYHU WULRQIDWR FRQ OD ILJXUD DQJHOLFD GHO %DWWHVLPR FKH ULSUHQGH LO WLSR VRDYH DEELDSDUWHFLSDWRDOODHODERUD]LRQHGHOColleoni GRYHULWRUQDLOWLSREUXWDOH , GXH YLVL ULWRUQDQR VSHVVR QHL GLVHJQL OHRQDUGHVFKL H VL WUDVIRUPDQR D VHFRQGD GHOOH VXH HVSHULHQ]H H GHOOH VXH ULFHUFKH ©ILVLRJQRPLFKHª /D IDFFLD JODEUD GHO JXHUULHUR VL SUHVWD JUD]LH DOOD VXD VWUXWWXUD YLJRURVD D VWXGL GL SURSRU]LRQHHG¶DQDWRPLDGLYHQWDXQDVRUWDG¶LPSHUDWRUHURPDQRULWDJOLDWRFRPH XQ SURILOR GL PHGDJOLD SRL LQYHFFKLD OH VXH UXJKH YHQJRQR VHJQDWH SL SURIRQGDPHQWH H OR VWHVVR WLSR VHUYH GD PDQLFKLQR LGHDOH SHU VWXGLDUH OD GHFUHSLWH]]D GHOOD YHFFKLDLD OD VXD ERFFD VGHQWDWD VL FRQWUDH L WHQGLQL GHO FROOR EDO]DQRLQIXRULHO¶RFFKLRFKLDURSHUGHDSRFRDSRFRLOVXRIXOJRUH1RQVLWUDWWD SURSULDPHQWH GL DXWRULWUDWWL GHOO¶DUWLVWD TXDQWR SLXWWRVWR GHOOD SURLH]LRQH VSRQWDQHDGHOODVXDLPPDJLQHLQXQWRQRDYROWHGLVWDFFDWRDYROWHLURQLFRDYROWH GRORURVR,GXHSURILOLDIIURQWDWLULWRUQDQRLQXQDVDQJXLJQDGHJOL8IIL]LGDWDWD FLUFD O¶DGROHVFHQWH JHQWLOH SUHVHQWD TXL XQD WHVWD ULFFLXWD VWUHWWD GD XQ QDVWUR XQ SURILOR GHOLFDWR TXDQWR PDL IHPPLQHR QHO TXDOH VL ULFRQRVFH O¶LPPDJLQH GHO SLFFROR 6DODL Ê TXDOFRVD GL SL GL XQ HIHER GDOOD JUD]LD DPELJXD q SLXWWRVWR DO SDUL GHO JXHUULHUR ©LGHDOHª XQ WLSR VLPEROLFR LQ FXL -/3/$1,6&,*Andrea del Verrocchios Alexander-relief, LQ³-DKUEXFKGHUNXQVWKLVWRULVFKHQ6DPPOXQJHQ´:LHQ SSVJJHLOQRVWURVWXGLRLes capitaines affrontés dans l’art fiorentin FLWVRSUDSSVJ .&/$5.Leonardo da Vinci ecc. FLWS$(323+$0The Drawings ecc. FLWSSVJJ(+*20%5,&+ Leonardo’s grotesque Heads FLWS6HFRQGR:59$/(17,1(5´7KH$UW4XDUWHUO\ª,9LOGLVHJQRGL JXHUULHURGHO%ULWLVK0XVHXPVDUHEEHGLPDQRGL/HRQDUGRFLO'DULRGHO0XVHRGL%HUOLQRGHO9HUURFFKLRF OR 6FLSLRQH GL PDUPR GHO /RXYUH GL /HRQDUGR H O¶$OHVVDQGUR GL 1HZ <RUN GHO 9HUURFFKLR /HRQDUGR FRVu DYUHEEHSUHFHGXWRLOVXRPDHVWURLQWXWWLLSXQWLSÊXQ¶LSRWHVLHFFHVVLYDHLQIRQGDWD/3/$1,6&,*Leonardo da Vinci ecc. FLW H 5 /$1*721'28*/$6 Leonardo da Vinci ecc. FLWR 1RL DEELDPR GLPRVWUDWR FKH O¶DQWLWHVL HVLVWHJLjQHOOD'HFROOD]LRQHGHO%DWWLVWDGHOO¶DOWDUHG¶DUJHQWRGHO%DWWLVWHURRSHUDGHO9HUURFFKLR + 0$&.2:6.< Michelangelo, D HG %HUOLQ , GLVHJQL H OHPLVXUH GHOOD VWDWXD VDUHEEHUR VWDWL FRPSLXWL GD /HRQDUGR VHFRQGR LO 0$/$*8==,9$/(5, Leonardo da Vinci e la scultura FLW 6X TXHVWR SUREOHPD : 5 9$/(17,1(5Leonardo as Verrocchio’s coworker FLWLQ©7KH$UW%XOOHWLQª;,,SSSUXGHQWLULVHUYH GL/3/$1,6&,*op. cit. (+*20%5,&+Leonardo’s grotesque Heads FLW(%(/7The aging Process in the Work of Leonardo, /RV $QJHOHV .&/$5.Leonardo da Vinci ecc. FLWS$(323+$0The Drawings ecc. FLWSSVJJ%%(5(1621 Drawings ecc. FLWQQ&IUVRSUDSSVJ ,Q³$UWHH8PDQHVLPRD)LUHQ]HDOWHPSRGL/RUHQ]RLO0DJQLILFR´7RULQRSS /HRQDUGR FRQWHPSOD OD SHUIH]LRQH G¶XQD VSHFLH VXSHULRUH DOO¶XRPR H SHU FRVL GLUHLPPXQHGDOOHVXHPLVHULH /¶XPDQLWj DWWLYD QHOOD TXDOH VL PDQLIHVWDQR OH SDVVLRQL VRJJLDFH DOO¶DQDORJLD FRQ OD YLWD DQLPDOH QH FRPSUHQGH LQ Vp WXWWH OH SRVVLELOLWj FRPH DYHYDQR VSHVVR DIIHUPDWR LO )LFLQR H JOL XPDQLVWL GL &DUHJJL 1HO FXULRVR GLVHJQRGHOODBattaglia intorno allo specchio, LOFLQJKLDOHO¶RUVRLOGUDJRQHXVFLWL GD XQ EHVWLDULR PRUDOL]]DWR VWXGLDWR H DQQRWDWR FRQ PROWD FXUD VL GLYRUDQR D YLFHQGD FRPH OH SRWHQ]H RVFXUH GHOO¶DQLPD ULIOHWWHQGR LO VROH LQ XQR VSHFFKLR FRQYHVVR O¶XRPR WHQWD GL DEEDJOLDUOL 6H TXHVWR SLFFROR GUDPPD VLPEROLFR YHUDPHQWHUDSSUHVHQWDODYLWDGHOO¶DQLPDFLDLXWDDGLQWHQGHUHSHUFKp/HRQDUGRVL qLQWHUHVVDWRFRVLLQWHQVDPHQWHDLIXULRVLFRPEDWWLPHQWLGHJOLDQLPDOLHSHUFKpVL FRPSLDFHYD DG DYYLFLQDUH DG HVVL OH FRQYXOVLRQL GHOO¶XPDQLWj ©9HGUDQQRVL DQLPDOL VRSUD GHOOD WHUUD L TXDOL VHQSUH FRPEDWWHUDQQR LQ IUD ORUR H FRQ GDQQL JUDQGLVVLPLª6LVDTXDOqTXHVWR©PRVWURFUXGHOHHVSLHWDWRªFKHGHYDVWDOD QDWXUDHPHULWHUHEEHGLVFRPSDULUHO¶XRPR/DVWHVVDSVLFRVLGHOFRPEDWWLPHQWR ILJXUD QHO FHOHEUH IRJOLR GL :LQGVRU QHO TXDOH OD ©SD]]LD EHVWLDOLVVLPDª GHOOD JXHUUD VFDWHQD JOL DQLPDOL LQ XQ FDURVHOOR IROOH FKH V¶DYYLFLQD DOO¶LQFXER /HRQDUGR VHPEUD DYHUFL PHVVR WXWWR LO VXR RUURUH SHU OD IUHQHVLD GHOOH SDVVLRQL FUXGHOL QH GHVFULYH OD VXJJHVWLRQH PDOLJQD QHOOD UDSSUHVHQWD]LRQH VFULWWD GHOOD EDWWDJOLD HTXHVWUH ©/H IDXFL GHO QDVR VLHQR FRQ DOTXDQWR JULQ]H SDUWLWH LQ DUFR GDOOHDQDULVHHWHUPLQDWHQHOSULQFLSLRGHOO¶RFFKLROHDQDULVHDOWHFDJLRQGLGHWWH SLHJKHOHODEEUDDUFDWHVFRSULQRLGHQWLGLVRSUDLGHQWLVSDUWLWLLQPRGRGLJULGDUH FRQ ODPHQWRª DWWULEXHQGR DO FDYDOOR OD WHQVLRQH ³ILVLRJQRPLFD´ GHL FRPEDWWHQWL6LVDDWWUDYHUVROHFRSLHDQWLFKHGHOOHSDUWLHVHJXLWHFKHODEDWWDJOLD G¶$QJKLDUL QHOOD VDOD GHO *UDQ &RQVLJOLR IX SHU O¶DSSXQWR O¶RFFDVLRQH GL UDSSUHVHQWDUHODPLVFKLD PRVWUXRVDQHOODTXDOHLOIXURUHGHOO¶XRPRWURYDXQ¶HFR HVDWWDQHOOHVPRUILHGHJOLDQLPDOL*OLVWXGLILVLRORJLFLGL/HRQDUGRIDYRULYDQR XQ JHQHUH G¶HIIHWWL FKH VL GLVWDFFD GL PROWR GDL ULOLHYL FRQIXVL GL %HUWROGR VXOOR VWHVVRWHPD /H ©WHVWH JURWWHVFKHª FKH O¶DUWLVWD KD GLVVHPLQDWR QHL VXRL DOEXP VRQR GXQTXHSLFKHXQUHSHUWRULRVFLHQWLILFRLQYLVWDGLXQDVRUWDGLWHUDWRORJLDXPDQD GHOOH ©FDULFDWXUHª IDWWH SHU DFFHQWXDUH JOL DVSHWWL ULGLFROL GL SHUVRQDJJL VFRQRVFLXWL6RQRWHVWLPRQLDQ]HGHOFRPSLDFLPHQWRFKH/HRQDUGRSURYDSHUOH ULVRUVH GHOOD EUXWWH]]D FKH OR RIIHQGH H DO PDUJLQH GHL JLRFKL GH ©O¶DUWLIL]LRVD QDWXUDªOHULVRUVHGHOODVXDLPPDJLQD]LRQHFKHIDEEULFDGHLPRVWULFRVWUXLWLDILO Marsile Ficin et l’art FLWSFIUVRSUDS ,O©EHVWLDULRªGHOPDQRVFULWWR+ULVXOWDFRPSLODWRVHJXHQGRIl Fiore di virùu ILRUHQWLQRHODYHFFKLDAcerba, ULSXEEOLFDWD D0LODQRQHORSHUHHQWUDPEHSLRPHQRULQQRYDWHVXOODHistoria Naturale di &Plinio Secondo QHOODYHUVLRQHLQ YROJDUHGHO/DQGLQR9HQH]LDHIRUVHVXJOLHieroglyphica Horapollinis: (62/0,Le fonti FLWQ/;;9,,,H &/%%(5(1621Drawings ecc. FLWQ$3233Leonardo da Vinci ecc. FLWQQGDWDWRH$ GDWDWRFLUFD &RGLFH$WODQWLFRIRv; -35,&+7(5The literary works ecc. FLW,,S *)80$*$//,op. cit., S-35,&+7(5The literary works ecc. FLW,,Q 6XOOD Battaglia d’Angbiari: . ) 687(5 Leonardos Schlachtenbild, 6WUDVERXUJ H * 1(8)(/' LQ ©$%ª ;;;,SSVJJ &RPHKDGLPRVWUDWR(+*20%5,&+Leonardo’s grotesque Heads FLW ,Q³$UWHH8PDQHVLPRD)LUHQ]HDOWHPSRGL/RUHQ]RLO0DJQLILFR´7RULQRSS GL ORJLFD /D ©GLYLQLWjª GHOO¶DUWH ULVXOWD GDOO¶HIILFDFLD SVLFRORJLFD GL TXHVWL RUURULDOWUHWWDQWRFKHGDOODHIILFDFLDGHOOHILJXUHUDIILQDWHO¶RSSRVL]LRQHGLTXHVWL GXHJHQHULFKLXGHLQVpLQTXDOFKHPRGRORVYLOXSSRLQWHURGHOODYLWDGHOO¶DQLPDÊ GLIILFLOHFRPSUHQGHUHVHQRQFRPHLOVHJQRTXDOLILFDWLYRSLHOHYDWRFLRqFRPH O¶LPSURQWD VWHVVD GHOO¶DQLPD LO PRWLYR GHO VRUULVR FRPH O¶KD LQWHUSUHWDWR /HRQDUGR 1HL PDUPL DUFDLFL JUHFL FRPH LQ FHUWH ILJXUH GHOO¶DUWH URPDQLFD LO VRUULVR q UHVR DWWUDYHUVR LO VHPSOLFH LQFXUYDUVL GHOOH ODEEUD FKH KD XQ JHQHULFR YDORUHGLVHJQRGHOO¶DQLPD*OLVFXOWRULILRUHQWLQLGHOODJHQHUD]LRQHDQWHULRUHD /HRQDUGR H SULPD GL RJQL DOWUR 'HVLGHULR O¶KDQQR DGRWWDWR H LPSRVWR DOO¶DUWH ILRUHQWLQDQRQVRORFRPHXQDVSHFLHGL©DWWULEXWRILVVRªGHOYLVRXPDQRPDDQFKH FRPH XQD IXQ]LRQH JLj SL GHILQLWD GHO YLVR FRQ XQ SUHFLVR YDORUH ©ILVLRJQRPLFRª4XHVWRPRPHQWRGHOO¶HVSUHVVLRQHLQYHVWHOHLQIOHVVLRQLIXJJHYROL H LO ORUR GHOLFDWR PHFFDQLVPR Ê LO VHJQR GHOOD FRVFLHQ]D GL Vp H GHOOD GLVWDQ]D LQWHULRUH/¶LQVLVWHQ]DVXTXHVWRSUHFLVRDVSHWWRULHQWUDLQXQDSRHWLFDRULJLQDOHH VLOHJDDGXQRVWLOH(VVDIDODVXDFRPSDUVDLQWRUQRDOFRQWHPSRUDQHDPHQWH DGDOWUHFXULRVLWj©SVLFRORJLFKHªGHOO¶DUWHHGHOOD&XOWXUDLQ7RVFDQD3HULILORVRIL OD ERFFD H JOL RFFKL VRQR OH VHGL QDWXUDOL GHOO¶DQLPD OD OHWWHUD GHO )LFLQR D %HUQDUGR %HPER FRQFOXGH OD GHVFUL]LRQH DOOHJRULFD GHOODEHOOH]]D FRQ OD OXFHGHO©VRUULVRJUD]LRVLVVLPRªFKH©UDSSUHVHQWDODJLRLDSHUIHWWDGLFXLFLFROPD ODVXDVWHVVDYLUWHODIHOLFLWjVHQ]DWXUEDPHQWLª ,OVRUULVRYLHQHFRVuDGDJJLXQJHUHXQHOHPHQWRHVVHQ]LDOHDOODGROFH]]D HG DO IDVFLQR LQVLQXDQWH GHOOH ILJXUH PD LQ /HRQDUGR DVVXPH XQ DOWUR YDORUH DQFRUDÊLOVLPERORGHOODUHDOWjSVLFKLFDHLOPDQLIHVWDUVLG¶XQDVHQVLELOLWjDWWHQWD D VH VWHVVD 4XHVWR VHFRQGR DVSHWWR YLHQH WXWWDYLD DSSURIRQGLWR GD XQ¶DQDOLVL PLQX]LRVDGHOJLRFRGHLPXVFROLHGHOOHSLHJKHGHJOLRFFKLQHOPRPHQWRLQFXLL ORURPRYLPHQWLVLDFFHQQDQRHQRQLQYHFHQHOPRPHQWRLQFXLLOYLVRqGLODWDWRGD XQ¶DOOHJUH]]D R GD XQD VHUHQLWj HVSOLFLWH 'L TXHVWR SDVVR VL WRUQD DOO¶LPSHQHWUDELOLWjDUFDLFD,OVRUULVRqLQVLHPHXQDFFLGHQWHGHOO¶RUJDQLVPRHXQ GDWRVLPEROLFR9LHQHVHJXLWRQHOVXRVYLOXSSRHGLYLHQHFRVuVLQJRODUHODTXDOLWj HVSUHVVLYD q LO SL SRVVLELOH LQVLVWHQWH H O¶LQFHUWH]]D GHOO¶HIIHWWR LO SL SRVVLELOH DFFHQWXDWD SHU FXL OD VXD YLEUD]LRQH ULPDQH VRVSHVD H DG HVVD VL VRVWLWXLVFH XQ¶LPSUHVVLRQH LQTXLHWD GL HVLWD]LRQH H G¶DWWHVD ,O PRWLYR q G¶DOWURQGH GHULYDWR GDOOD VFXOWXUD FRQ LQ SL OH RPEUH IXVH FKH VHFRQGR /HRQDUGR DJJLXQJRQR XQ IDVFLQR SDUWLFRODUH DO YLVR ,O ULWUDWWR GL Ginevra Benci H OD Madonna Benois HVDJHUDYDQR O¶XQR LO ULVHUER O¶DOWUD OD IHVWRVLWj 1HOOD 0DGRQQD GHOO¶Adorazione dei 0DJLHVRSUDWWXWWRQHOODVergine delle rocce DSSDUHFRPHJLjQHOOHILJXUHGL 'HVLGHULRHGHO9HUURFFKLRTXHOYHORGLWHQHUDUDVVHJQD]LRQHFKHVLVWHQGHUjVXO YLVRGL&ULVWRQHOCenacolo. ÊFRQODGioconda VLDRQRLOULWUDWWRGL0RQQD/LVD /¶HVSUHVVLRQH ©DUWLIL]LRVD QDWXUDª YLHQH GDO ),&,12 Theologia SURGX]LRQHGHOOHVSHFLHDQLPDOLFIUVRSUDS platonica, ;,9 Opera, S ULIHULWD DOOD 0(<(5 6&+$3,52 D SURSRVLWR GHOOH VFXOWXUH GL 0RLVVDF LQ ©7KH $UW %XOOHWLQª ;,,, SS H LQ Leonardo andFreud: DQart historical Study FLWLQ©-RXUQDORIWKH+LVWRU\RI,GHDVª;9,,1HZ<RUNS Opera, p. Marsile Ficin et l’art FLWS &IUVRSUDSSVJ ,Q³$UWHH8PDQHVLPRD)LUHQ]HDOWHPSRGL/RUHQ]RLO0DJQLILFR´7RULQRSS FKHLOJLRFRGHOO¶HVSUHVVLRQLFRQWUDULHWRFFDJUD]LHDOVRWWLOHDYYROJLPHQWRWRQDOH LOSXQWRG¶DPELJXLWjYROXWRGD/HRQDUGRWDOHJLRFRVROOHFLWDHUHQGHLQXWLOLJLjLQ SDUWHQ]D JOL LQQXPHUHYROL FRPPHQWL OHWWHUDUL FKH KDQQR DFFRPSDJQDWR TXHVWR LQVLGLRVRFDSRODYRUR6LWUDWWDYDLQIRQGRGHOO¶HVWHQVLRQHLQVHQVRSURIDQRGLXQ HIIHWWRFDOFRODWRFKHVLWURYDFRQPDJJLRUHSURIRQGLWjQHOFDUWRQHGHOODSant’Anna. 1HVVXQ DOWUR HOHPHQWR GHOO¶DUWH GL /HRQDUGR KD DYXWR SL VXFFHVVR q GLYHQWDWR FRPH XQ PDUFKLR GL ERWWHJD *Lj QHOOH ILJXUH GLSLQWH GDO 0HO]L H GD 0DUFR G¶2JJLRQR VL q ULGRWWR DG XQD VRUWD GL SLHJD PHQGDFH FKH UHQGH LO YLVR XQD PDVFKHUDLQHUWHTXHVWRVHJQRGLPDQLHUDYHUUjDWWHQXDQGRVLDSRFRDSRFR La caverna e le lontananze. /HRQDUGR q IUD WXWWL L PDHVWUL ILRUHQWLQL WUDQQH IRUVH 3LHUR GL &RVLPR FKH WXWWDYLD GHYH PROWR D OXL TXHOOR SHU LO TXDOH LO SDHVDJJLR KD PDJJLRUH LPSRUWDQ]D0DFLzFKHJOLDVVLFXUDXQDSRVL]LRQHDQFRUDSLSDUWLFRODUHVRQRJOL VWXGL VFLHQWLILFL FKH LQ FHUWD PLVXUD SHUPHWWRQR GL YDOXWDUH OH VXH LQWHQ]LRQL DUWLVWLFKH$QFKHLQTXHVWRVLWUDWWDGLXQSUREOHPDWLSLFRGHOOHERWWHJKHILRUHQWLQH FKH q VWDWR ULVROWR DWWUDYHUVR OD OXQJD GHYLD]LRQH GHOOD VSHFXOD]LRQH QHOOD TXDOH O¶RVVHUYD]LRQHRJJHWWLYDXEELGLVFHDLPRYLPHQWLGHOODIDQWDVLD 8QD GHOOH SDJLQH SL IDPRVH GL /HRQDUGR q TXHOOD GHO &RGLFH $UXQGHO FKH GHVFULYH OD EDWWDJOLD GHJOL HOHPHQWL OD WHPSHVWD VRWWR LO YHQWR GHO QRUG OH ILDPPH GHO YXOFDQR FKH VFDJOLDQR OD WHUUD H OH SLHWUH H ©UHQGDQ LO PDOH WHQXWR HOHPHQWRULYRPLWDQGRORHVSLJQLHQGRORDOODVXDUHJLRQHª4XHVWDYLVLRQHGHJOL DVSHWWL YLROHQWL GHOOD QDWXUD VHPEUD SURSULD GHO SHULRGR q XQ SUROXQJDPHQWR GHOOD PHGLWD]LRQH VXO GLVFRUVR GL 3LWDJRUD H DQQXQFLD L WHPL GL FDWDVWURIH FRVPLFD FKH YHUUDQQR VYLOXSSDWL WUHQW¶DQQL GRSR 7XWWDYLD LO TXDGUR YLHQHEUXVFDPHQWHLQWHUURWWRDOO¶LPPDJLQHGHOFDWDFOLVPDVXEHQWUDXQDYLVLRQHLQ FXL/HRQDUGRUDSSUHVHQWDVHVWHVVR ( WLUDWR GDOOD PLD EUDPRVD YRJOLD YDJR GL YHGHUH OD JUDQ FRSLD GHOOH YDULH H VWUDQH IRUPH IDWWp GDOOD DUWLIL]LRVD QDWXUD UDJJLUDWRPL DOTXDQWR LQ IUD JOL RPEURVL VFRJOL SHUYHQQL DOO¶HQWUDWD G¶XQD JUDQ FDYHUQD GLQDQ]L DOOD TXDOH UHVWDWR DOTXDQWR VWXSHIDWWR H LJQLRUDQWH GL WDO FRVDSLHJDWROHPLHUHQLLQDUFRHIHUPDODVWDQFDPDQRVRSUDLOJLQRFFKLRHFROODGHVWUDPLIHFL WHQHEUH DOOH DEEDVVDWH H FKLXVH FLJOLD H VSHVVR SLHJDQGRPL LQ TXD H LQ Oj SHU YHGHUH GHQWUR YL GLVFHUQHVVLDOFXQDFRVDHTXHVWRYLHWDWRPLSHUODJUDQGHRVFXULWjFKHOjHQWURHUD(VWDWRDOTXDQWR VXELWR VDOVHUR LQ PH GXH FRVH SDXUD H GHVLGHULR SDXUD SHU OD PLQDFFLDQWH H VFXUD VSLORQFD GHVLGHULRSHUYHGHUHVHOjHQWURIXVVHDOFXQDPLUDFXORVDFRVD &IU5%$<(5Léonard de 9LQFLecc. FLWS&'(72/1$<LQ©5HYXHGHVDUWV!!,,SSVJJ* %2$6TheMona Lisa LQthe History of TasteªFLWLQ©-RXPDORIWKH+LVWRU\RI,GHDVª,/HUDJLRQLSHUFXL VLGHEEDHVFOXGHUHO¶LGHQWLILFD]LRQHUHODWLYDPHQWHWDUGDGHO9DVDULVRQRVWDWHHVSRVWHGD&3('5(77OLQ ©+XPDQLVPHHW5HQDLVVDQFHª;9,,,ULSUHVRLQStudi vinciani FLW©6WRULDGHOOD*LRFRQGDªSSVJJ 5/$1*721'28*/$6Leonardo da Vinci ecc. FLWSSVJJ 6X/HRQDUGRHLOSDHVDJJLRILRUHQWLQR/*2/'6&+(,'(5Leonardo da Vinci, Landscape and Plants, /RQGRQ HLULIHULPHQWLDOOHJDWLVRSUDSQ &RGLFH$UXQGHOr /RQGUD%ULWLVK0XVHXPHG9LQFLDQDYRO,,5RPD*)80$*$//,Leonardo ecc. FLWS-35,&+7(5The literary works ecc. FLWQ3e/$'$1Morceaux choisis FLWQWUDGX]LRQH FRQIXVDHGHUUDWD ,Q³$UWHH8PDQHVLPRD)LUHQ]HDOWHPSRGL/RUHQ]RLO0DJQLILFR´7RULQRSS 4XHVWRWHVWRGLXQQRWHYROHSUHJLROHWWHUDULRQRQqLOUDFFRQWRGLXQDVSHGL]LRQH VSHOHRORJLFD FRVu FRPH OH GHVFUL]LRQL IDQWDVWLFKH GHO 0RQWH 7DXUR QRQ VRQR DSSXQWL GL XQ YLDJJLDWRUH 4XHVW¶LPPDJLQH GL ©/HRQDUGR VXOOD VRJOLD GHOOD FDYHUQDªFRJOLHXQDWWHJJLDPHQWRWLSLFRqLQFHUWRVHQVRXQULWUDWWRDOOHJRUL]]DWR O¶HTXLYDOHQWHOHWWHUDULRGLTXHJOLVFKL]]LLQEDVHDLTXDOLVLSRWUHEEHWUDFFLDUHXQD VRUWD GL ©DXWRELRJUDILD LGHDOHª H WUD L TXDOL XQR GHJOL XOWLPL UDSSUHVHQWD XQ YHFFKLRPDOLQFRQLFRLQVHULWRWUDIRJOLSLHQLGLWXUELQL ,O WHPD GHO SHUVRQDJJLR FXUYR FKHVL ULSDUD JOL RFFKL SHUPHJOLR YHGHUH DSSDUH QHOOD WDYROD GHOO¶Adorazione dei Magi; DL ODWL GHO JUXSSR FHQWUDOH XQ JLRYDQH H XQ YHFFKLR IDQQR DQFK¶HVVL TXHVWR JHVWR G¶DWWHQ]LRQH Ê OD WHQVLRQH GHOOR VSLULWR GL IURQWH DO PLVWHUR GLYLQR H XJXDOPHQWH QHO &RGLFH $UXQGHO GL IURQWH DO PLVWHUR GHOOD QDWXUD /D OXFH FKH LUUDJJLD DO FHQWUR dell’Epifania VL RSSRQHDOO¶RVFXULWjGHOODJURWWDURFFLRVDODWHQVLRQHGHOORVSHWWDWRUHqODVWHVVDQ WHPD GHOOD FDYHUQD QRQ q LVRODWR QHJOL VFULWWL OHRQDUGHVFKL ULWRUQD SL YROWH QHO &RGLFH $WODQWLFR D SURSRVLWR GHOO¶RUR H GHL PHWDOOL GHVWLQDWL D PHWWHUH LQ DJLWD]LRQH O¶XPDQLWj FKH HVFRQR ³GDOOH RVFXUH H WHQHEURVH VSHORQFKHª /D JURWWDKDSHUO¶DSSXQWRLOYDORUHGLXQVLPERORLQTXHVWRSDVVRFKHVLFRQFOXGHFRQ O¶HVFODPD]LRQH ©DQLPDOH PRVWUXRVR VDUHEEH PHJOLR SHU JOL XRPLQL FKH WX WRUQDVVL QHOO¶LQIHUQR´ 1HL VXRL DSSXQWL JHRORJLFL /HRQDUGR LQWXLVFH OD FLUFROD]LRQHGLILXPLLPPHQVL©QHOOHFDYHODWHVSHORQFKHGHOOHYLVFHUDOLLQWHULRUD G¶HVVDWHUUDªHSDUODGHOGLVVHFFDUVLGLRVVDPLPRVWUXRVL©SHUOHFDYHUQRVHHULWRUWH LQWHULRUDª /D FDYHUQD q LO ULFHWWDFROR GHOOD YLWD JHRORJLFD GHL PRYLPHQWL HQRUPLQHOORVSD]LRHQHOWHPSRFKHFRVWLWXLVFRQRLOVXRVHJUHWRHVVDFRPSHQGLD ©O¶DUWLIL]LRVDQDWXUDªHLOVXRRUJDQLVPRJLJDQWHVFR 7XWWDYLD LO WHVWR GHO &RGLFH $UXQGHO LQVLVWH SL GHO VROLWR VXJOL HIIHWWL G¶RPEUD H GL OXFH VXOOR VWUDQR FKLDURVFXUR GHOOD FDYHUQD H VL q WHQWDWL GL DYYLFLQDUH TXHVWR DOO¶HIIHWWR FUHSXVFRODUH H XPLGR GHOOD Vergine delle rocce. /¶DWPRVIHUDFRSHUWDFKHHVDOWDHLQVLHPHDGGROFLVFHLOULOLHYRGHOOHIRUPHYLHQHDG DFFUHVFHUH O¶LQWHQVLWj GHOOD EHOOH]]D 6H LO PRPHQWR GHOOD JUD]LD SL HVSUHVVLYD HVLJHTXHVWRDYYROJLPHQWRVFXURXQDJURWWDFKHFUHDXQFDPSRVFXURLQWRUQRDOOD ILJXUD q FRPH XQD VHGH LGHDOH LQFXL OH ILJXUH DVVXPRQR WXWWDOD ORUR VHGX]LRQH FROORFDQGRLSHUVRQDJJLGLYLQLLQTXHVWRDPELHQWHIDQWDVWLFR/HRQDUGRSHUXQDGL TXHOOH ULVROXWH WUDVSRVL]LRQL FKH JOL VRQR DELWXDOL FRQIHULVFH DOOD VFHQD WUDGL]LRQDOH LO YDORUH GL XQ VLPEROR SL JHQHUDOH 6RYUDSSRQH OD VXD YLVLRQH *LXVWDPHQWHVLqLQVLVWLWRVXOYDORUHGHJOLDJJHWWLYLLOULWPRGHLJHUXQGLHOHVRQRULWjVXJJHVWLYHGLTXHVWRWHVWRGLXQR VWLOHHODERUDWR©ODPLQDFFLDQWHHVFXUDVSLORQFDª*)80$*$//,Leonardo ecc. FLWSQ,OWHUPLQHFKLDYH ©DUWLIL]LRVDQDWXUDªULWRUQDDQFRUDQHO&RGLFH$WODQWLFRr; *)80$*$//,Leonardo ecc. FLWSQ, .&/$5.Drawings FLWQ$(323+$0The Drawings ecc. FLWWDY&&/;;;,,FRQWHVWDLOUDSSRUWRWUD OHGXHSDUWLGHOIRJOLHWWRILJXUDHYRUWLFLHO¶LGHQWLILFD]LRQHFRQ/HRQDUGR &RGLFH$WODQWLFRv Hr; *)80$*$//,Leonardo ecc. FLWSS &RGLFH$UXQGHOr; -35,&+7(5The literary works ecc. FLWQ*)80$*$//,Leonardo ecc. FLWS &RGLFH$UXQGHOr; *)80$*$//,Leonardo ecc. FLWS-35,&+7(5The literary wòrks ecc. FLW Q 6LULWURYDSHUTXHVWDYLDO¶DQWURFUHDWRUHUDSSUHVHQWDWRLVSLUDQGRVLD&ODXGLDQRVXOIUHJLRGL3RJJLRD&DLDQRFOU VRSUDS ,Q³$UWHH8PDQHVLPRD)LUHQ]HDOWHPSRGL/RUHQ]RLO0DJQLILFR´7RULQRSS DOO¶LPPDJLQH GHYRWD OD OXFH D]]XUULQD FKH ILOWUD DWWUDYHUVR L SULVPL PLQHUDOL VHPEUDVXJJHULUHXQDUDGXUDGHOPRQGRVRWWHUUDQHRSLFKHXQOLEHURRUL]]RQWHL JKLDFFLDLDSSDLRQRLQORQWDQDQ]DHULFKLDPDQRO¶LPPHQVLWjGHOODQDWXUD ,O PRWLYR GHOOD 0DGRQQD FRO %DPELQR q G¶DOWURQGH FRPSOLFDWR LO VDQ *LRYDQQLQR LQGLFDWR GDOO¶DQJHOR H DFFDUH]]DWR GD 0DULD DWWLUD O¶DWWHQ]LRQH VXO 6DOYDWRUH/DJURWWDFKHQRQKDSLQXOODLQFRPXQHFRQLOOXRJRGHOOD1DWLYLWj VL JLXVWLILFD SLXWWRVWR FRQ LO VRJJHWWR YHQXWR GL PRGD GD SRFR D )LUHQ]H GHOO¶LQFRQWUR GL *HV %DPELQR H GL VDQ *LRYDQQLQR 1HOODVHFRQGD YHUVLRQH GHO TXDGUR LO VDQ *LRYDQQLQR UHFD JOL DWWULEXWL GHO SUHFXUVRUH QHO GHVHUWR WXQLFD GL SHORGLFDPPHOORFURFHGLFDQQDHO¶DQJHORQRQKDSLELVRJQRGLLQGLFDUORFRO GLWR 4XHVWD ©YLVLWD]LRQHª GHL GXH EDPELQL DYYHQLYD LQ XQ SDHVDJJLR GL URFFH H IRQWL D JLXGLFDUH GD XQ TXDGUR DWWULEXLWR DO *KLUODQGDLR .DLVHU )ULHGULFK 0XVHXPDYROWHGDYDQWLXQDJURWWDSDUWLFRODUHG¶XQSan Girolamo DWWULEXLWRDO 3HUXJLQR /HRQDUGR KD VYLOXSSDWR D VXR PRGR TXHVWD LPPDJLQH GL QDWXUD SULPLWLYD FRVu FRPH KD ULQXQFLDWR DO FDQGRUH WRFFDQWH GHOOD VFHQD SHU WUDVIRUPDUODLQXQDLPPDJLQHGHO©PLVWHURªFULVWLDQR ,OSDVVRGHO&RGLFH$UXQGHOHODSULPDYHUVLRQHGHOODVergine delle rocce VRQRYHURVLPLOPHQWHFRQWHPSRUDQHLHULVDOJRQRDOODILQHGHOSHULRGRILRUHQWLQRÊ SRVVLELOHFKLHGHUVLVHQRQFLVLDLQTXHVWRLQWHUHVVHSHUODJURWWDWHQHEURVDFRPH IRVVH LO ULFHWWDFROR GL XQD VRUWD GL ULYHOD]LRQH TXDOFRVD GL SL FKH XQ LQFRQWUR IRUWXLWR FRQ O¶DOOHJRULD GHL ILORVRIL ,O ©PLWRª FKH SDUDJRQD OD YLWD XPDQD DO VRJJLRUQRLQXQDFDYHUQDGHOODQDWXUDGDFXLORVSLULWRGHYHHPHUJHUHDWWUDYHUVROD FRQWHPSOD]LRQH GHOOH ©LGHHª q XQD GL TXHOOH IDYROH SODWRQLFKH FKH FROSLVFRQR O¶LPPDJLQD]LRQH PD FKH VRQR GLIILFLOL D LQWHUSUHWDUVL $GDWWDQGROR DO VXR SURJUDPPD SHGDJRJLFR QHO OLEUR 9,, GHOOD Repubblica, 3ODWRQH DYHYD DWWULEXLWR DG HVVR TXHVWR SUHFLVR YDORUH OD ©FDYHUQDª q LO UHJQR GHOO¶LOOXVLRQH QRQ YL VL VFRSURQR FKH RPEUH QRQ VL SXz FDSLUH FLz FKH YL DYYLHQH VH QRQ GRSR HVVHUQH PLUDFRORVDPHQWH XVFLWL ,O WUDWWDWR GHOOD Filosofia G¶$ULVWRWHOH FRQRVFLXWR GD &LFHURQH DYHYD URYHVFLDWR LO VHQVR GHO PLWR 6H DQFK¶HVVR VXSSRQHYD ©GHJOL XRPLQLFKHDYUHEEHURVHPSUHDELWDWRVRWWRWHUUDªHUDSHUIDUORURVFRSULUHTXDQGR IRVVHURHPHUVL©QHLOXRJKLGRYHQRLDELWLDPRªLOFLHORLPRYLPHQWLGHJOLDVWULHOD EHOOH]]DGHOO¶XQLYHUVRVHQVLELOHFKHFRVWULQJHDGDPPHWWHUHFKH©JOLGHLHVLVWRQR H FKH TXHVWH JUDQGL FRVH VRQR RSHUD ORURª /D FDYHUQD UDSSUHVHQWD TXLQGL O¶HVLVWHQ]D GLPLGLDWD GL FRORUR FKH QRQ KDQQR VFRSHUWR OD EHOOH]]D VXEOLPH GHO FRVPR 0D XQD WHU]D LQWHUSUHWD]LRQH DYHYD FRUVR QHOO¶DQWLFKLWj TXHOOD FKH 6XO SUREOHPD VROOHYDWR GDOOH GXH YHUVLRQL 0 '$9,(6Earlier italian Schools FLW SS VJJ / 9(1785, La critica e l’arte FLW SS DYYLFLQD OD FDVD GLYHQXWD JURWWD DO SDVVR GHO Trattato, HG /XGZLJ H HG 0F0DKRQH*)80$*$//,Leonardo ecc. FLWS8QGLVHJQRGHO0DQWHJQDQRWRGDXQ¶LQFLVLRQH H ULSURGRWWR LQ / *2/'6&+(,'(5 Léonard de Vinci FLW ILJ S SHU LO WULWWLFR GHJOL 8IIL]L SUHVHQWD OD Vergine col Bambino, FLUFRQGDWDGDDQJHOLVRWWRXQDUFRGLURFFH$SURSRVLWRGHOODYHUVLRQHSRVWHULRUHGHOORVWHVVR VRJJHWWRFKHVLWURYDDOOD1DWLRQDO*DOOHU\GL/RQGUD0'$9,(6The Virgin of the Rocks in the National Gallery, /RQGRQULWLHQHFKHLOULFRUGRGHOODJURWWDGHOOD1DWLYLWjVLDTXLGLVFDUVDLPSRUWDQ]D©VXFKWKLQJVZRXOGEHDWWKH PRVW ZKDW SXW WKH LGHD RU URFNV LQWR /HRQDUGR¶V KHDG WKHLU VWUDQJH SURPLQHQFH LQ WKLV SLFWXUH LV GXH WR /HRQDUGR¶V RULJLQDOJHQLXVªS 0$/$9,1Giovannino Battista ecc., LQ©7KH$UW%XOOHWLQª;;;9,,SSVJJ 6XOOD VWRULD GHO WHPD QHOOD ILORVRILD DQWLFD 30 6&+8+/ La fabulation platonicienne, 3DULV ©$XWRXU GH OD FDYHUQHª SS &,&(521( De natura deorum, FDS FLWDWR LQ 30 6&+8+/ ibid., S Q ,Q³$UWHH8PDQHVLPRD)LUHQ]HDOWHPSRGL/RUHQ]RLO0DJQLILFR´7RULQRSS IDFHYD GHO PRQGR VRWWHUUDQHR XQ OXRJR GL PHUDYLJOLH H GL IRUPH SURGLJLRVH FKH QRQ VL DIIURQWDYD VHQ]D VJRPHQWR 8Q FXULRVR SDVVR GHOOH Questioni naturali GL 6HQHFDULFRUGDXQDVSHGL]LRQHLQYLDWDGD)LOLSSRGL0DFHGRQLDDVHFRQGDFKHVL WUDWWLGL)LOLSSR,,R)LOLSSR9O¶DYYHQWXUDVDUHEEHFRQWHPSRUDQHDRSRVWHULRUHDG $ULVWRWHOHLQFHUWHPLQLHUHDEEDQGRQDWHSHUFHUFDUYLGHLWHVRUL©9LGHURGHLILXPL LPPHQVLYDVWHGLVWHVHG¶DFTXHVWDJQDQWLVLPLOLDOOHQRVWUHFRQXQJUDQGHVSD]LR YXRWRVRSUDHWXWWRFLzQRQYLGHURVHQ]DXQIUHPLWRG¶RUURUHªÊLOWHUURUHVDFUR FKH FLUFRQGDYD JOL DQWUL QHO PRQGR PHGLWHUUDQHR 3RUILULR SRWUj FRVu WUDVIRUPDUH OD FDYHUQD GL 3ODWRQH UHJQR GHOOH LOOXVLRQL LQ XQ OXRJR SULYLOHJLDWR GRYH OD GLYLQLWj VLULYHOD DJOLLQL]LDWL,OVXRAntro delle Ninfe SUHFLVDLQIDWWLFKH 3ODWRQH VHJXHQGR (PSHGRFOH FKLDPD LO PRQGR ©XQ DQWUR H XQD FDYHUQDª H DJJLXQJH &LzGLPRVWUDFKHLWHRORJLKDQQRSUHVRJOLDQWULFRPHVLPEROLGHOPRQGRHGHOOHIRU]H FK¶HVVR ULQFKLXGH PD DQFKH FRPH VLPEROR GHOO¶HVVHQ]D LQWHOOLJLELOH GDWR FKH JOL DQWUL UDIILJXUDQR LO PRQGR VHQVLELOH SRLFKp VRQR RVFXUL URFFLRVL H XPLGL 0D HVVL VLPEROHJJLDQR DQFKHLOPRQGRLQWHOOLJLELOHSHUFKpO¶HVVHQ]DqLQYLVLELOHVWDELOHHILVVD ,O WHPD KD OD VWHVVD LPSRUWDQ]D QHO Pimandro, OD UDFFROWD HUPHWLFD WUDGRWWD QHO GDO )LFLQR WXWWL L YDORUL ILORVRILFL VRQR VWDWL FRVu VXFFHVVLYDPHQWH ULIHULWL DO PRWLYR GHOOD FDYHUQD /H SDJLQH GL /HRQDUGR VXOOD ©YLVLRQH QHOOD JURWWDª LQ FXL HJOL q GLYLVR WUD LO GHVLGHULR H OR VJRPHQWR SHUILQR QHOOD WHUPLQRORJLD SUHVHQWDQR DQDORJLH FRQ TXHVWH IDYROH GRWWH &RPH SHU $ULVWRWHOH O¶LQYHQ]LRQH PLUD D ULYHODUH OD EHOOH]]D GHOO¶XQLYHUVR PD FRPH SHU L QHRSLWDJRULFL OD VFRSHUWD DYYLHQH QHOOD FDYHUQD VWHVVD H OD JURWWD q XQ OXRJR ©RPLQRVRªHVWUDQRGRYHO¶XRPRQRQSHQHWUDVHQRQWUHPDQGR6LDPRDOOHVRJOLH GHOO¶HQLJPD XQLYHUVDOH 7XWWDYLD /HRQDUGR VHPEUD UDFFRQWDUH XQ¶HVSHULHQ]D SHUVRQDOH$Q]LFKpXQDIDYRODXWLOHDOODSHGDJRJLDILORVRILFDFRPHqDQFRUDQHO )LFLQRO¶LPPDJLQHGHOODFDYHUQDYLHQHWUDVSRVWDLQXQDHVSHULHQ]DGLUHWWDGLYLHQH ,OWHVWRYLHQHGDOPeri filosofiazIU5:-$(*(5Aristoteles, Grundlegung einer Geschichte seiner Entwicklung, %HUOLQSS ,-7287$,1Les cavernes sacrées dans l’antiquité grecque, %LEOLRWKqTXHGX0XVpH*XLPHW;;;,;3DULV SS8QDFHOHEUHSDJLQDGHOJHRJUDIR3RPSRQLR0HODVHFROR,G&QHOODVXDCorogra{ia, GHVFULYHXQDYLVLWD DOO¶DQWUR FRULFLR GL &LOLFLD DQFKH TXL VL SDVVD GDOO¶HVSORUD]LRQH VFLHQWLILFD DO ULVSHWWR UHOLJLRVR 1HO SXQWR GRYH VSURIRQGDODFDYHUQD©ORVSHWWDFRORqFRVLEHOORHPHUDYLJOLRVRFKHDSULPDYLVWDWXUEDORVSLULWRªXQVHFRQGRDQWURVL DSUH LQ IRQGR DO SULPR H TXL VL VHQWRQR UXPRUL VWUDQL XQ WRUUHQWH VFRPSDUH LQ XQ RUULGR TXHVWR DELVVR ©UHFD XQ¶LPSURQWDDXJXVWDHVDFUDYHUDPHQWHGHJQDGHJOLGHLFKHVLFUHGHDEELDQRILVVDWRTXLODORURGLPRUDª320321,2 0(/$Chorographia, ,HG&)ULFN/HLS]LJ 325),5,2L’antro delle ninfe, FDS,;WUDGIU-7UDEXFFRFRQXQVDJJLRGL36$,17<9(6VXLes grottes dans les cultes magico-religieux), 3DULV S /D EDVLOLFD QHRSLWDJRULFD GL 3RUWD 0DJJLRUH q VWDWD SHQVDWD FRPH XQD FDSSHOODVRWWHUUDQHDLQPRGRFKHDYHVVHO¶DVSHWWRGLXQ©DG\WXPªRFULSWDPLVWLFD-&$5&23,12op. cit., SS VJJ3/27,12Enneadi, ,9,IRQGHQHOO¶LQWXL]LRQHILORVRILFDO¶LGHDGLXQDHYDVLRQHGDOODFDYHUQDLOOXVLRQHHTXHOOD GHOO¶LOOXPLQD]LRQHQHOODFDYHUQDWHPSLR Pimandro, 9,,, HG 1RFN , ,O )LFLQR q WRUQDWR SL YROWH VXO PLWR GHOOD FDYHUQD LQ XQ FDSLWROR GHOODTheologia platonica, HLQXQDOHWWHUDDG$QJHOOHULR5LFDUGR$QJODULHQVHGHOFLUFDLQFXLULFRSLDXQOXQJRSDVVRGHOODVXD WUDGX]LRQHOpera, HS,9SS/DWUDGX]LRQHGHOOLEUR9,,GHOODRepubblica qSUHFHGXWDGDXQFRPPHQWRFKH GLFKLDUDLOVLJQLILFDWRGHOPLWR 6HFRQGR ( 62/0, Le fonti dei manoscritti FLW Q &;/9,,, /HRQDUGR DYHYD l’Opera omnia GL 3ODWRQH QHOOD WUDGX]LRQH GHO )LFLQR ( *$5,1 Il Rinascimento italiano, 0LODQR S KD LQGLFDWR OD SRVVLELOLWj GL XQ DFFRVWDPHQWRGL/HRQDUGRDO)LFLQR ,Q³$UWHH8PDQHVLPRD)LUHQ]HDOWHPSRGL/RUHQ]RLO0DJQLILFR´7RULQRSS XQURPDQ]RVHJUHWRO¶HOHPHQWRHVVHQ]LDOHRUDq¶©HVLWD]LRQHªGHOO¶DUWLVWDHTXHL JLRFKLG¶RPEUDHGLOXFHFKHHJOLRVVHUYDLQVLHPHGDHVSORUDWRUHDIIDVFLQDWRHGD SLWWRUH 9HQW¶DQQLGRSR/HRQDUGRULVROYHUjLQPRGRGLYHUVRLOOHJDPHWUDILJXUDH SDHVDJJLR FRVPLFR (JOL GLVSRUUj LQ ORQWDQDQ]D JOL VWHVVL SLFFKL UHVL D]]XUUL GDOO¶DWPRVIHUD H VLPLOL D JKLDFFLDL QHO ULWUDWWR GHOOD Gioconda H QHO FDUWRQH GHOOD Sant’Anna. /D ORUR VRPLJOLDQ]D q SDOHVH OH GXH RSHUH DSSDUWHQJRQRDO VHFRQGRSHULRGRILRUHQWLQR/HRQDUGRKDDGDWWDWRDOULWUDWWRXQPRWLYRVYLOXSSDWR LQ PRGR SL FRPSOHWR QHOOD FRPSRVL]LRQH VDFUD 5HQGHQGR SXEEOLFR LO FDUWRQH /HRQDUGRKDYROXWRHVSRUUHFRPHJLjQHOO¶Epifania, OHVXHVROX]LRQLRULJLQDOLGHL SUREOHPLGHOO¶DUWH(JOLLQIDWWLDFFHQWXDDOO¶HVWUHPRODWRUVLRQHHO¶LQFDVWURGHOOH ILJXUH H VSLQJH D IRQGR O¶DYYROJLPHQWR DWPRVIHULFR /R VFKHPD GHOOD FRPSRVL]LRQH WHQGH FRQPROWDIOXLGLWjDOODSLUDPLGHLWHPLGHOGLWROHYDWRHGHO VRUULVRULFRPSDLRQRQHLSXQWLVHQVLELOLGHILQLWLGDOO¶LQWUHFFLDUVLGHOOHIRUPHHGDO FKLDURVFXUR , FRQWHPSRUDQHL KDQQR FKLDUDPHQWH DYYHUWLWR OD VLQJRODULWj GL XQ¶RSHUDFRVuFDULFDG¶LQWHQ]LRQL/¶DJHQWHGL,VDEHOODG¶(VWHLQVLVWHVXOIDWWRFKHL SHUVRQDJJLVHPEUDQRVIXJJLUHJOLXQLDJOLDOWULLO%DPELQRVLSURWHQGHIXRULGHOOH EUDFFLDGHOOD0DGUHTXHVWDVLVROOHYDGDOOHJLQRFFKLDGHOODVDQW¶$QQDFKHDFFHQQD DXQPRYLPHQWRSHUWUDWWHQHUOD(JOLYLYHGHXQ¶DOOHJRULDGHOOD&KLHVDFKHQRQSXz SHUPHWWHUH D 0DULD GL LPSHGLUH OD SDVVLRQH GL &ULVWR 3HU TXDQWR VRWWLOH DSSDLD O¶LQWHUSUHWD]LRQH QRQ KD QXOOD GL LQYHURVLPLOH OD Madonna del gomitolo, QRWD DWWUDYHUVRFRSLHDQWLFKHDYHYDDQFK¶HVVDSHUWHPDODJLRLDGHO%DPELQRHO¶RUURUH GHOOD 0DGUH DOOD YLVWD GHOOD &URFH /HRQDUGR HUD SDUWLFRODUPHQWH LQFOLQH D PRVWUDUH LQVLHPH O¶DWWUDWWLYD SURIRQGD H OR VJRPHQWR FKH VXVFLWD LO GHVWLQR /D Sant’Anna DVVXUJH FRVu D VLPEROR XQLYHUVDOH WDQWR SL LQWHQVR LQ TXDQWR O¶LQFDWHQDUVLGHLSHUVRQDJJLFKHQRQULHVFRQRQpDVIXJJLUHJOLXQLDJOLDOWULQpDG XQLUVL VHPEUD IDUH GL XQD ©VWDELOLWj LQVWDELOHª LO ILQH VWHVVR GHOO¶DUWH /D OXQJD SURVSHWWLYD ULDO]DWD GHO SDHVDJJLR H LO UDSLGR VFRORUDUVL GHL SLDQL UHPRWL DJJLXQJRQRDTXHVW¶DFFRUGRSUHFLVRHVRWWLOHLOUDSSRUWRDUPRQLFRRFUDHYHUGHFKH VXJJHULVFH XQD QDWXUD FRQFHSLWD FRPH UHJQR GHOOH PHWDPRUIRVL GHOOD WHUUD H GHOO¶DFTXD 8Q SDUWLFRODUH FKH DSSHQD VL YHGH VHPEUD PRVWUDUH FKLDUDPHQWH FKH 1HOOHIDQWDVWLFKHULHSURYRFDWHGDTXHVW¶RSHUDVSHVVRVLqLQVLVWLWRVXTXHVWHLPSOLFD]LRQL©&RVPRORJLFKHª1 ,9$129Remarques ecc. FLWYHGHQHOULWUDWWRIHPPLQLOHO¶LQFDUQD]LRQHGHOO¶©DQLPDPXQGLªTXDOHODFRQFHSLYDLO )LFLQR /++(<'(15(,&+La «Sainte Anne» de Léonard de Vinci, LQ©*D]HWWHGHV%HDX[$UWVª,,SSVJJ,O FDUWRQH PLQX]LRVDPHQWH DSSUHVWDWR %XUOLQJWRQ +RXVH QRQ q VHUYLWR SHU LO TXDGUR GHO /RXYUH FKH GHULYD GD XQ VHFRQGR FDUWRQH QRWR GD XQD GHVFUL]LRQH GHO WHPSR OD OHWWHUD GL IUDWH 3LHWUR GH 1XYRODULD D ,VDEHOOD DSULOH H GDOOD WHVWLPRQLDQ]D GHO 9DVDUL ( SRVVLELOH FKH VLDQR WUDVFRUVL PROWL DQQL WUD LO FDUWRQH SHUGXWR H LO TXDGUR ,O WHVWR GHOODIDPRVDOHWWHUDLQ/%(/75$0,Documenti su Leonardo da Vinci, 0LODQRH-&$57:5,*+7Isabelle d’Este, WUDGIU3DULVS:68,'$A Leonardo profile ecc. FLWSKDQHJDWRFKHODGHVFUL]LRQHGLIUD 3LHWUR VL ULIHULVFD DO TXDGUR GHO /RXYUH q QHFHVVDULR DGHULUH DOOH FRQFOXVLRQL GL / + +(<'(15(,&+ La «Sainte Anne» ecc. FLWSDFFROWHGD$(323+$0The Drawings ecc. FLWSFIUDQFKHHommage à Léonard de Vinci, 0XVHRGHO/RXYUHSSVJJ .&/$5.Leonardo da Vinci ecc. FLWS (0g//(5Leonardo’s Madonna with the yarn winder, LQ©%XUOLQJWRQ0DJD]LQHª;/,;SS,,VJJ$( 3233Leonardo da Vinci ecc. FLWS5/$1*721'28*/$6Leonardo da Vinci ecc. FLWSHWDY;/9,,, ODFRSLDGHO/XLQL6XOOHULIOHVVLRQLGL/HRQDUGRFLUFDODQHFHVVLWjLQHOXWWDELOH*)80$*$//,Leonardo ecc. FLWSS HHLOVDJJLRGL0-2+1621Art and scientific Thought cit ,Q³$UWHH8PDQHVLPRD)LUHQ]HDOWHPSRGL/RUHQ]RLO0DJQLILFR´7RULQRSS /HRQDUGR KD YROXWR DQGDUH SL ORQWDQR DQFRUD VL LQWUDYHGH IUD L FLRWWROL GHO WHUUHQR VRWWR O¶DOOXFH GHO SLHGH GHVWUR GHOOD VDQW¶$QQD XQ PLQXVFROR HPEULRQH VLPLOHDXQJUXPRGLVDQJXH1RQVRQRSLOHWUHHWjWUDGL]LRQDOLPDOHTXDWWUR HWjGHOODYLWDFKHVRQRUDSSUHVHQWDWHGDOODSLUDPLGHGHOODVDQW¶$QQDGHOOD9HUJLQH H GL *HV /D OHJJH RUJDQLFD OH IRU]H GHOOD QDWXUD OH HVLWD]LRQL GHOO¶DQLPD GL IURQWHDOGHVWLQRVLWURYDQRFRVLLQWLPDPHQWHOHJDWHLQXQULWPRGLIRUPHHLQJLRFR GL YDORUL OXPLQRVL VHQ]D SUHFHGHQWL DG RSHUD GL FROXL FKH DYHYD SUHWHVR GL IDUH GHOODSLWWXUDO¶XQLFDDUWHFKHSRVVDWXWWRHVSULPHUH 5667,7(6More on Freud’s Leonardo, LQ©&ROOHJH$UW-RXUQDOª9,,,,S