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Past Perfect
Past Perfect
Il past perfect inglese è un tempo passato che corrisponde in italiano al trapassato prossimo (io ero stato, io
avevo avuto) e al trapassato remoto (io fui stato, io ebbi avuto). Ha lo stesso uso dell’italiano: è usato, infatti, per
esprimere un’azione che è avvenuta prima di un’altra azione passata. Inoltre, è usato anche con l’espressione It
was the first/second/third/… time (Era la prima/seconda/terza volta che).
e.g. It was the first time I had seen her. (Era la prima volta che la vedevo)
È bene sottolineare che non è usato, invece, con l’espressione It was the last time, che è seguita dal past simple.
e.g. It was the last time I saw her. (Fu l’ultima volta che la vidi)
Il past perfect è un tempo composto ed è formato con il past simple del verbo to have, in qualità di ausiliare, al
quale si aggiunge il participio passato (past participle).
Come già detto, se il verbo è regolare, il participio passato è formato aggiungengo il suffisso -ed; se il verbo è
irregolare il participio passato coincide con la terza voce del paradigma.
Il past simple del verbo to have corrisponde a had per tutte le persone e può essere contratto in ’d alla forma
affermativa e in hadn’t alla forma negativa.
La forma affermativa è costruita mettendo:
Soggetto + Had + Participio passato
e.g. I had applied a night treatment. (Avevo applicato un trattamento notte)
She had applied a night treatment. (Aveva applicato un trattamento notte)
La forma negativa è costruita mettendo:
Soggetto + Had + NOT + Participio passato
e.g. I had not/hadn’t applied a night treatment. (Non avevo applicato un trattamento notte)
She had not/hadn’t applied a night treatment. (Non aveva applicato un trattamento notte)
La forma interrogativa è costruita mettendo:
Had + Soggetto + Participio passato
e.g. Had you applied a night treatment? (Avevi applicato un trattamento notte)
Had she applied a night treatment? (Aveva applicato un trattamento notte)
La forma interrogativo-negativa è costruita mettendo:
Hadn’t + Soggetto + Participio passato
e.g. Hadn’t you applied a night treatment? (Non avevi applicato un trattamento notte)
Hadn’t she applied a night treatment? (Non aveva applicato un trattamento notte)
Le risposte brevi (short answers) sono costruite ripetendo il soggetto e l’ausiliare had se la risposta è affermativa,
o il soggetto e l’ausiliare hadn’t se la risposta è negativa.
e.g. Had you applied a night treatment? Yes, I had./No, you hadn’t. (Avevi applicato un trattamento notte?
Sì/No)
Had she applied a night treatment? Yes, she had./No, she hadn’t. (Aveva applicato un trattamento notte?
Sì/No)
Hair Style, © 2012 editrice san marco
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Past Perfect
to work: past perfect
Forma affermativa
Full Form
Contracted Form
Italiano
I had worked
I’d worked
Io avevo lavorato
You had worked
You’d worked
Tu avevi lavorato
He had worked
He’d worked
Egli/Lui aveva lavorato
She had worked
She’d worked
Ella/Lei aveva lavorato
It had worked
–
Esso/Essa aveva lavorato
We had worked
We’d worked
Noi avevamo lavorato
You had worked
You’d worked
Voi avevate lavorato
They had worked
They’d worked
Essi/Esse/Loro avevano lavorato
Forma negativa
Full Form
Contracted Form
Italiano
I had not worked
I hadn’t worked
Io non avevo lavorato
You had not worked
You hadn’t worked
Tu non avevi lavorato
He had not worked
He hadn’t worked
Egli/Lui non aveva lavorato
She had not worked
She hadn’t worked
Ella/Lei non aveva lavorato
It had not worked
It hadn’t worked
Esso/Essa non aveva lavorato
We had not worked
We hadn’t worked
Noi non avevamo lavorato
You had not worked
You hadn’t worked
Voi non avevate lavorato
They had not worked
They hadn’t worked
Essi/Esse/Loro non avevano lavorato
Forma interrogativa
Full form
Italiano
Had I worked?
Avevo lavorato?
Had you worked?
Avevi lavorato?
Had he worked?
Aveva lavorato?
Had she worked?
Aveva lavorato?
Had it worked?
Aveva lavorato?
Had we worked?
Avevamo lavorato?
Had you worked?
Avevate lavorato?
Had they worked?
Avevano lavorato?
Forma interrogativo-negativa
Full Form
Contracted Form
Italiano
Had I not worked?
Hadn’t I worked?
Non avevo lavorato?
Had you not worked?
Hadn’t you worked?
Non avevi lavorato?
Had he not worked?
Hadn’t he worked?
Non aveva lavorato?
Had she not worked?
Hadn’t she worked?
Non aveva lavorato?
Had it not worked?
Hadn’t it worked?
Non aveva lavorato?
Had we not worked?
Hadn’t we worked?
Non avevamo lavorato?
Had you not worked?
Hadn’t you worked?
Non avevate lavorato?
Had they not worked?
Hadn’t they worked?
Non avevano lavorato?
Hair Style, © 2012 editrice san marco
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Past Perfect
Activities
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Metti i verbi tra parentesi al past perfect, poi traduci in italiano.
You ............... (to come) back home at 7.
Paul ............... (to be) in Ireland before.
The students ............... (to do) all the exercises.
Lucy ............... (to go) to the city centre.
I ............... (to meet) him in 1995.
We ............... (already – to hear) this new CD.
Mary ............... (to arrive) at the station some minutes later.
My friend Tom ............... (to bring) his girlfriend with him from New Zealand.
My friends ............... (to find) my necklace.
We ............... (to borrow) that money from the bank.
Sarah ............... (to buy) a very expensive foundation.
Mrs Smith ............... (to phone) me three times already.
I ............... (to sterilise) your tools too.
Cathy ............... (to understand) my question very well.
Everyone ............... (to make) the same mistakes in the test.
Susan and Carol ............... (to enjoy) that famous sci-fi film.
I ............... (to leave) the face pack on for some minutes.
Sue ............... (to choose) a lovely little black dress for the party.
You ............... (really – to like) that cheese cake!
My sister ............... (to apply) her new barrier cream.
The manicurist ............... (to file) her client’s nails.
Brenda ............... (to remove) blackheads.
I ............... (to turn on) the vaporizer.
Brenda ............... (to sell) her beauty centre at a very high price.
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Volgi le frasi dell’esercizio precedente in forma negativa, interrogativa e interrogativo-negativa, dando
risposte brevi.
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Metti i verbi tra parentesi al present perfect, al simple past o al past perfect, poi traduci in italiano.
I told her I ............ (already – to be) to London.
Have you met Tom? I ............ (just – to call) him.
Tom ............ (not – to stay) here very long the day before yesterday.
It’s the thir time my sister ............ (to lose) her foundation.
You ............ (to be) too rude to that client just now, very very impolite.
The train ............ (just – to leave) when we arrived at the station.
I ............ (never – to speak) French on the phone.
When ............ (you – to leave)? We ............ (to leave) at the end of April.
Two weeks ago I ............ (to talk) to Tom, but she ............ (not – to understand) only what she wanted.
When Mrs Taylor ............ (to call) the beauty centre Mary ............ (not – to finish) the treatment.
Sorry, Mrs Taylor, I ............ (to forget) your daughter’s name.
Yesterday morning Jenny ............ (to miss) the bus and so she ............ (to walk) to school.
............ (you – to do) your homework yet? No, not yet.
I ............ (to start) school in 1993.
It was the last time I ............ (to invite) John to come with us.
Where ............ (you – to go) last night? We ............ (to go) to the cinema.
I ............ (just – to write) this e-mail.
Hair Style, © 2012 editrice san marco
EXTENSION
Past Perfect
19 Mary ............ (never – to be) abroad before she ............ (to go) to Greece.
20 Since I ............ (to read) the book about this famous make-up artist, I gave it to my sister.
4 Costruisci frasi di senso compiuto con le parole date, poi traduci in italiano.
1Arrived/when/we/at/she/centre/already/left/had/beauty/the.
2Time/it/Tom/was/had/first/his/the/exams/failed.
3 Already/to/phone/she/her mother/talked/on/the/salon/she/the/had/came/before/to/beauty.
4Receptionist/said/the/the/had/manicurist/finished/already/treatment/the.
5I/the/it/time/was/had/first/massage/a.
6 Was/the/empty/beauty centre – Gone/everyone/away/had.
7Mum/they/woke/had/up/already/gone/to/when/work.
8centre/beauty/Mary’s/I/my/legs/had/until/waxed/went/never/I/to.
9 Thirsty/not/was/Mary - Had/orange/she/an/drunk/just/juice.
10 Phoned/had/when/just/we/Mrs Taylor/treatment/finished/the.
Hair Style, © 2012 editrice san marco