nomerSi waikiTxavT:
ასკა
Tu soflis meurneobis
aRorZineba gvinda,
mcire da saSualo
fermerebs unda davexmaroT!
ASCA
ახალი აგრარული
საქართველო
AKHALI AGRARULI SAQARTVELO
(New Agrarian Georgia)
ყოველთვიური სამეცნიეროსაინფორმაციო ჟურნალი.
Monthly scientific-informative magazine
ივნისი, 2013 წელი.
#6 (26)
სარე
რედაქ
დაქციო
ციო კო
კოლე
ლეგი
გია:
ა:
სა
შოთა
თა მა
მაჭა
ჭარაშ
რაშვი
ვილი
ლი (მთ.
(მთ. რედაქტორი),
რედაქტორი),
შო
ნუგზარ
ებანო
იძე,ამი
მიხეილ
სოხაძე,
ზვი
ად ბრეგ
ვაძე,
რან ადე
იშვილი,
თამარ
სანიკიძე,
ნოდარ
ბრეგვაძე,
კა
ხა ლაშ
ხი, მიხეილ
სოხაძე,
თამთა გუ
გუშვილიკონ
(ინგლ.
ვერს.
რედაქტორი).
თამარ
სანიკიძე,
სტანტი
ნე გურ
გენიძე,
ნოდარ ბრეგვაძე, მარიამ ლებანიძე,
სამეც
როვისაბ
თამ
თა ნი
გუეგუშ
ლიჭო:
(ინგლ. ვერს. რედაქტორი).
აკადემიკოსები, მეცნიერებათა
დოქტორები, პროფესორები:
სამეცნიერო საბჭო:
რევაზ მახარობლიძე (თავმჯდომარე),
აკადემიკოსები, მეცნიერებათა
ნოდარ ჩხარტიშვილი, გურამ ალექსიძე,
დოქტორები, პროფესორები:
ნუგზარ ებანოიძე, ელგუჯა შაფაქიძე,
რევაზ მახარობლიძე (თავმჯდომარე),
პეტრე ნასყიდაშვილი, ზვიად ბრეგვაძე,
ნოდარ ჩხარტიშვილი, პეტრე ნასყიდაშვილი,
ელგუჯა გუგუშვილი, ზაურ ჯულუხიძე,
ელგუჯა გუგუშვილი, ზაურ ჯულუხიძე,
ზურაბ
რაბ ჯინ
ჯინჯი
ჯიხა
ხაძე,
ძე, ამი
პაატა
ზუ
რან კოღუაშვილი,
ადეიშვილი,
ქრისტოტყე
კახნიაშვილი,
შეძე,
ლაშნატო
ვილი,
ადოლ
შელაშვილი, ადოლ
ლერი ტყე
ნოზა
ნატო
კაკაბაძე,
კუ
კუ
რი
ძე
რი
ა,
კა
ხა
ლაშ
ხი,ა,
კაკაბაძე, ვლადიმერ ცანავა, კუკური ძერი
ომარ
ზარ სარჯველაძე,
რე
ვაზ თევდორაძე,
თევდორაძე,ნუგ
ომარ
თევდორაძე, დავით
ბედი
თენ
ყურაშ
და
ვითა, ბე
დიგიზ
ა, თენ
გიზ ვიყული,
რაშზურაბ
ვილი, ლოლაძე,
კო
ბა
კო
ბა
ლა
ძე,
ნუკ
რი
მე
მა
რნიშ
კობა კობალაძე, ნუგზარ ებანო
იძე,ვილი.
ნიკოლოზ ზაზაშვილი, ნუკრი მემარნიშვილი.
გამომცემელი:
“აგრარული სექტორის
დამფუძნებელი:
კომპანიების ასოციაცია” (ასკა);
“აგრარული სექტორის
Agraruli Sectoris
კომპანიების ასოციაცია” (ასკა);
Companiebis asociacia (ASCA);
Agraruli
(Association Sectoris
of Agrarian Sector Companies).
Companiebis asociacia (ASCA);
საქართველოს რეგიონული ეკონომიკური
(Association of Agrarian Sector Companies).
პრიორიტეტების კვლევითი ცენტრი “რეგიონიკა”;
რედაქციის მისამართი:
Regionica - Georgian Research Center for
თბი
ლისი (0119),
აგლა
ძის ქ. # 32
Regional
Economic
Priorities.
ტელ/tel: 34-76-33/ +995 (99) 16 -18-31
რედაქციის მისამართი:
Tbilisi (0119), Agladze str. # 32
თბილისი (0119), აგლაძის ქ. # 32
e-mail: [email protected]
ტელ/tel: +995 (33) 2 34-76-33
+995 (99) 16 -18-31
editor
EnglishAgladze
version str.
Tamta
Tbilisi of(0119),
# Gugushvili
32
E-mail: [email protected]
[email protected]
Web: www.regionica.org/journal.html
დააკაბადონა
გიორგი მაისურაძემ
დაიბეჭდა
შპს “დიოსის” სტამბაში
editor of English version Tamta Gugushvili
ჟურნალი ხელმძღვანელობს
დააკაბადონა
მაისურაძემ
თა
ვისუფალი გიორგი
პრესის პრინ
ციპით.
The
magazine
uses
the
principal of free press.
ჟურნალი ხელმძღვანელობს
©
სასუ
ავტო
რო პრე
უფლე
დაცუ
ა.
თავი
ფალი
სისბაპრინ
ცილი
პით.
themagazine
author right
The
uses is
theprotected.
principal of free press.
© საავტორო უფლება დაცულია.
ფასიis 5protected.
ლარი
the author right
რეფერირებადია 2011 წლიდან
დაიბეჭდა შპს “გამომცემლობა კოლორში”
WORLD
მსოფლიო
TECHNIC
ტექნიკა
Tbilisi
tel./faqsi: (+995 32) 2 35 10 05.
tel.: (+995 32) 2 34 76 33,
(+995 32) 2 34 45 37
ივნისი, 2013
ივნისი
8
lis baRisaTvis niadagis
momzadeba
13 vaS
4
master klasi - `firma lomTagoras~
19 marwyvis festivali
warmatebis formula
SeuZlebelia adamians sasiamovno gancda ar dageuflos, roca
uZvelesi qarTuli xorblis jiSs
xeliT exebi.
20
codnis amaRleba soflis
meurneobis ganviTarebis
ZiriTadi pirobaa
22
TbilisSi Rvinisa da
alkoholuri sasmelebis
me-6 saerTaSoriso
gamofena - WINEXPO GEORGIA
2013 Catarda
22
parlamentSi sasoflosameurneo miwebis
ucxoelebze miyidvis
SeCerebis Taobaze msjeloben
10
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,,ireksoni~ - aseTi ram gvqondes
da ar viyenebdeT, dauSvebelia!
masSi ar gamoiyeneba ZviradRirebuli cveTagamZle feradi liTonebi, mas SeuZlia imuSaos dRe
da Rame, zamTar-zafxul, ar abinZurebs garemos.
Roris xorcis bazari
ekologiuri produqciiT
Seivseba
23
24 vazis tkipa
25
31
batknis xor
xorcis
cis war
warmoebis
moebis uwy
uwyveti
veti
rezervi saqarTveloSi
bunebrivi da geografiuli pirobebidan gamomdinare, saqarTvelos sxvadasxva zonaSi istoriulad mecxvareobis gaZRolis sami
tipis sistema Camoyalibda.
,,Sinauri~ saSualebebi
xexilis mavneblebis
winaaRmdeg
mravalwlovani sakvebi
balaxebis roli da
mniSvneloba mecxoveleobaSi
26
cxis biznesi
saqarTveloSi
29 kver
32
verterinaroba rTuli
profesiaa, veterinaria
urTulesi dargia
Jurnali `axali agraruli saqarTvelo~ gTavazobT!
JurnalSi erTi kvadratuli santimetri sareklamo farTis
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Jurnali „axali agraruli saqarTvelo” referirebadia 2009
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1 wliT Jurnalis gamowera dagijdebaT 24 lari, 6 TviT _
12 lari.
axali agraruli saqarTvelo
ფერმერი ფართო პლანით
master klasi - `firma lomTagoras~
warmatebis formula
Cven axla „firma lomTagoras“ sanergeSi vimyofebiT, sadac Tanamedrove daavadebebisadmi gamZle uxvmosavliani qarTuli xorblis jiSebi
„lomTagora“ gamohyavT. samwuxarod, saqarTveloSi dRes es erTaderTi profesiuli meurneobaa, sadac marcvleulis: xorblis da simindis
axali jiSebi gamohyavT, saukeTesoebs arCeven da super elitur, elitur da I-II Taobis saTesle masalas awarmoeben. rogorc wesi, aseT samuSaoebs samecniero centrebi da saxelmwifo organizaciebi asruleben
da dafinansebasac ZiriTadad biujetidan iReben, magram saqarTveloSi
ase aRar xdeba. es meurneoba kerZo sakuTrebaa da igi mTlianad kerZo
kapitaliT finansdeba. aq rom saxelmwifos dalodebodnen, dRes qveyanaSi marcvleulis Teslis warmoeba aRar iarsebebda, arada es dargi
qveyanaSi sakmaod ganviTarebuli da saxelganTqmuli iyo. Semdeg yvelaferi TandaTan moiSala, samecniero-saseleqcio institutebi da
sagamocdo sadgurebi moiSala, saTesle meurneobebi daingra da gaiyida. meTesleobis dargi haerSi gamokidebuli darCa. ramdenad SesaZlebelia soflis meurneobis aRorZineba meTesleobis dargis uqonlobis pirobebSi, es calke msjelobis sagania, magram saqarTvelos RvTis
madliT, Znelbedobis Jams yovelTvis gamouCndeboda xolme iseTi mamuliSvilebi, vinc piradi riskis fasad winaparTa mier didi Sromisa
da oflis Rvris fasad Seqmnil saero simdidres ufrTxildeboda da
momaval Taobebs unaxavda, es faqtia. dRes swored aseTi qarTvelebis
mier Seqmnil da Senaxul erT-erT aseT saganZurs vaTvalierebT. SeuZlebelia adamians sasiamovno gancda ar dageuflos, roca uZvelesi
qarTuli xorblis jiSs xeliT exebi, es swored im pirvelqmnili xorblis jiSia, romlisganac adamianebma purs gemo gausinjes. igi Cvenma
winaprebma Seqmnes, gaamravles, gaaumjobeses da kacobriobas aCuqes.
uZvelesi qarTuli xorblebis genetikur masalas, rogorc daavadebebisadmi yvelaze amtans, msoflioSi cnobili seleqcionerebi didi xania iyeneben da maTi meSveobiT axal-axal, erTmaneTze ukeTes, xorblis
jiSebs qmnian.
„firma lomTagoras“ damfuZnebeli, soflis meurneobis mecnierebis
doqtori kaxa laSxi, rogorc Cans am sanergeSi sxva energiiT imuxteba
da, bunebiT sityvaZunwi, cdilobs, xorblis Zvel Tu axal jiSebze rac
SeiZleba meti mogiyves.
4
axali agraruli saqarTvelo
— aq
q msof
ms lios
s TiTq
qm
mis
s yvela rer
gionSi gamoyvanili 50 sxvadasxva
jiSis xorbalia daTesili, — miyveba batoni kaxa da sanerges maTvalierebinebs — zogs patara nakveTze vcdiT, zogsac ufro did
nakveTze vTesavT, vamravlebT.
xorblis yvela jiSs erTnair fons
vuqmniT, wyals, sakvebs erTnairad
vaZlevT, rom yvelas Tanabrad
ganviTarebis saSualeba mieces,
maT wlebis ganmavlobaSi vakvirdebiT da vcdiT. xorblis jiSebs,
romlebic TiTqmis msoflios yvela kuTxidan mogvdis, erTmaneTs
vajibrebT, Cven pirobebSi romeli
ukeT gamoavlens Tavs.
„firma lomTagora“ xorblis
sanergeSi icavs da amravlebs uZveles qarTuli xorblis jiSebs.
aq erTmaneTis gverdiTaa „Celta
zanduri“, „gvawa zanduri“, „maxa“,
„dolis puri“, „dika“ da sxva. sakივნისი, 2013
ფერმერი ფართო პლანით
maod didi farTobi uWiravs „maxobelas“, es erTgvari danamatia,
romelic dRes saerTod ar gamoiyeneba, magram saocar gemosa da
surnels aZlevs purs. swored „maxobelas“ surneli axsovs ufros
Taobas, roca ixseneben: ToneSi
rom puri cxveboda, mTels ubanSi
puris surneli trialebdao.
kaxa laSxi sruliad axalgazrda iyo, roca meurneobas Caudga saTaveSi. mamis gardacvalebis
Semdeg misi saqmis gagrZelebas
Seudga. maSin Zalian rTuli dro
iyo saqarTveloSi: ganukiTxaoba, samoqalaqo omi, ukontrolo
SeiaraRebuli formirebebis parpaSi. mokled axalgazrda fermeris Tavze, rom ityvian, dolabi ar
datrialebula, Torem yvelanairi
sirTule gadaitana, magram gauZlo da meurneoba SeinarCuna, samsaxuridan erTi kacic ar gauSvia,
SeZlebisdagvarad yvelas mxarSi
amoudga da daexmara.
gasuli saukunis miwuruls qveyana sruli ekonomikuri kolafsis winaSe idga; puri Znelad iSovneboda.
— gaxsovT, bunebrivia, rogori
rTul dro iyo qveyanaSi — meubneba
kaxa laSxi — xalxi puris rigSi aTenebda. maSin gadavwyvite xorblis
warmoeba gamezarda. vicodi, rom
karg mosavals xarisxiani Teslis
gareSe ver moviyvandi, es institutidan mamaoCvenosaviT mqonda TavSi CabeWdili, magram bevri mcdelobis miuxedavad, xorblis kargi
Tesli qveyanaSi ver viSove. ai, maSin gadavwyvite, Teslis warmoeba
me TviTon damewyo. ra Tqma unda,
Tavidan realurad warmodgenili
ar mqonda, ra rTul saqmes vkidebdi xels. rom mcodnoda, SeiZleba
arc gameriska, magram raxan specialistebi moviwvie da saqmes SevudeqiT, gavjiutdi da ukan aRar davixie. Tavidan TiTqmis enTuziazmze
vmuSaobdiT yvelani, Zalian Wirda,
magram pirvel Sedegi rom miviReT
da sakuTari saTesle masala SevqmeniT, aman stimuli gagviaskeca.
Semdeg ucxoelebi dagvexmarnen,
marcvleulis axali jiSebis mwarmoebeli saerTaSoriso organizaciebi — „simiti“ (CIMMYT), „ikarda“(ICARDA). saTesle masalebis
pirvelad nimuSebs dRemde isini
gvawvdian, radgan nulovani seleqcia arc maSin iyo did doneze CvenTan, dRes xom saerTod yvelaferi
ganadgurebulia. ZirTadi wyaro
iseve saerTaSoriso organizaciივნისი, 2013
ebia. mTeli msoflios mecnierebi
visac gamohyavs axali jiSebi Cveni
regionisTvis im masalas gvigzavnian, rasac wlebis ganmavlobaSi
vcdiT da aseulobiT egzemplaridan varCevT saukeTesoebs, sabolood maTgan SeiZleba erTi davitovoT, romelic yvelaze kargad
Seegua Cvens pirobebs, klimats.
mere wlebis ganmavlobaSi vmuSaobT imaze, rom am jiSidan gamoviyvanoT super elituri, elituri,
pirveli da meore Taobis uxvmosavliani formebi da gavamravloT
fermerebisTvis gadasacemad.
dRes ukve xorbal — „lomTagoras“ Svidi jiSi gvaqvs daregistrirebuli, 10 jiSs wleuls davaregistrirebT.
aseve seriozulad vmuSaobT simindis hibriduli jiSebis gamoyvanaze. am saqmes simindis seleqcioneri batoni zurab jinjixaZe
xelmZRvanelobs. ukve oTxi uxvmosavliani simindis hibriduli
jiSebi: „lomTagora-1“, „lomTagora-2“, „lomTagora-3“, „lomTagora-4“ daregistrirebuli, ramdenime axla registrirdeba da male miviRebT saavtoro uflebas.
ase rom, dRes ukve xelSesaxebi Sedegebi gvaqvs da SegviZlia
vTqvaT, rom xorblisa da simindis
meTesleobaSi garkveul warmatebebs vaRwevT da Tu moTxovna iqneba, erT-or weliwadSi qveyanas
qarTuli xorblisa da simindis
dRes meTesleoba CvenTvis momgebiani saqme ar aris, magram ar
vCerdebiT, radgan migvaCnia, rom
qveyanaSi adgilobrivi Tesli unda iwarmoebodes. sxvagvarad SeuZlebelia, Cven ufleba ar gvaqvs
momaval Taobebs davukargoT is,
rac Cven winaprebs SeuqmniaT da
maT marTlac xorblis bevri unikaluri, msoflioSi cnobili jiSebi aqvT Seqmnili, romelTa didi
nawili Cvens sanergeSic inaxeba.
saxelmwifo Cveni saqmisadmi
aqamde maincdamainc didi interess ar iCenda. simindis da xorblis Tesli ucxoeTidan Semohqonda (amas ra Sedegic mohyva, yvelam
vnaxeT a.s.). dRes Cveni saqmisadmi
interesi izrdeba, adgilobriv
Teslze moTxovna Cndeba. marTalia, saxelmwifo daxmarebis procesi bolo xans cudad ganviTarda, Teslis da sasoflo sameurneo
saqonlis nacvlad zogierTebma,
sxva ram iyides, magram aqtiuroba mainc SeimCneva. fermerebs imedi gauCndaT, daiwyes Zieba, rogor
SeiZleba ukeTesi Sedegis miReba.
am SemTxvevaSi maT ukve Cvennairi
kompania sWirdebaT, vinc daexmareba, urCevs, ra rogor gaakeTon.
xorblis da simindis meTesleobaSi CvenTan cnobili mecnier-seleqcionerebi moRvaweoben; zurab
jinjixaZe, irakli rexviaSvili,
agroteqnikosi zaur juluxiZe.
swored uSualod maTgan iReben
uxvmosavliani saTesle masaliT
uzrunvelvyofT. SegviZlia xmamaRla vTqvaT, rom Cveni xorblisa da simindis saTesle masalebs
verc xarisxiT da, miTumetes verc
fasiT, ucxoeTidan Semotanili
Tesli konkurencias ver gauwevs.
piriqiT, Cvens mier gamoyvanili jiSebi garemo pirobebisadmi
adaptirebulia da uxv, xarisxian
produqcias iZleva.
konsultaciebs fermerebi da am
rekomendaciebis Sesrulebis SemTxvevaSi, Sedegsac aRweven.
soflis meurneoba zusti dagegmarebis dargia, ryevebs ver
egueba. fermeri Tu partizaniviT
mindorSi ar xar Casafrebuli,
mudmivad Tvals ar adevneb procesebs, maSinve problemebi Cndeba. TiToeuli dRe mniSvnelovania,
rogorc ki zereled moekidebi,
axali agraruli saqarTvelo
5
ფერმერი ფართო პლანით
aam yanaSi heqtarze sul
mcire 8 tona xorbals
m
aaviRebT.
saqarTveloSi dRevandeli
teqnologiebiT
d
xorblis saSualo mosavlianobas 3-4 tonamde
gazrda SesaZlebelia.
g
TurqeTs,
magaliTad,
T
heqtarze saSualo 4.1 t.
h
xorbali mohyavs. italias — 4.2, amerikas — 2,9,
l
rusebs —1.8, Cven — 1.2-1.3
r
tona. uaxloes wlebSi
t
Cven SegviZlia mezoblebs vajoboT, radgan aq
l
es potenciali devs.
e
maSinve TviTonac zereled mogeqceva. soflis meurneobaSi winaswar dagegmvasa da analizs, Zalian
didi mniSvneloba aqvs.
Cven am konkretuli nakveTis,
minimum, aTi welis istorias vicnobT, viciT aTi wlis winaT ra
eTesa da rogori mosavali miviReT. Zvelmodur azrovnebaSi nu
CamomarTmevT, magram komunistebiviT Cvenc xuTwliani gegmebiT
vmuSaobT, viTvaliswinebT garemo
pirobebs, teqnikur da teqnologiur siaxleebs, daSvebuli xarvezis, kulturaTa monacvleobas. niadagi cocxali organizmia,
iseve iRleba, ziandeba, avaddeba,
rogorc cocxali arseba, amitom
gafrTxileba unda. gaufrTxildebi, TviTonac gagifrTxildeba.
gaxsovT SarSan da SarSanwin SiraqSi mavneblebma waiRes mTeli
xorbali. ratom gamravlda ase masobrivad mavnebeli SiraqSi da ar
gamravlda CvenTan. imitom rom iq
xorbali gadaqceulia monokulturad, rac iwvevs mavneblebisa da
daavadebebis keris gaCenas, maTTvis sasaTbure pirobebis Seqmnas.
zogma fermerma es icis, umetesobam — ara, Tumca xSirad pirobebs
ekonomika, siduxWire karnaxobs
kacs.
— dRes avlens survils saxelmwifo, rom daxmareba gauwios meTesleobis dargis ganviTarebas
qveyanaSi?
— viTareba arsebulTan SedarebiT, rasakvirvelia, Secvlilia.
axla seriozulad gvexmarebian,
saxelmwifo programaSi CaverTeT;
Cven sakmarisi genetikuri masala
gvaqvs, magram maTi gadamuSaveba da
evrostandartze miyvana gviWirs,
radgan amas specialuri agregatebi sWirdeba. saxelmwifo axla
mniSvnelovnad gvexmareba. swored
iafi sesxiT vakeTebT Teslis gadasamuSavebel sawarmos da 2000 tona
marcvleulis Sesanax Tanamedrove
teqnologiebiT aRWurvil sasawyobe meurneobas, rac ufro Tavisuflad moqmedebis SesaZleblobas
mogvcems. Cven ukve im donis genetikuri resursi dagvigrovda, rom
SegviZlia konkurencia gavuwioT
evropas. aziis qveynebSi gamoyvanili jiSebi, Cven jiSebTan dResac
axlos ver modis. gaaCnia rogori
survili da mizani eqneba qveyanas.
Tu moTxovna gaCndeba, Cven SegviZlia swrafad gadaverToT amaze da
adgilzeve didi raodenobis Tesli davamzadoT, SevqmnaT pirveladi resursi da gasamravleblad,
pirveli da meore Taobis saTesle
masalis dasamzadeblad beneficiar fermerebs gadavceT. ase rom
Tu survili gaCnda, momavali wlisaTvis qveyanas eqneba sakmarisi sakuTari maRali xarisxis Tesli da
misi SeZena ucxoeTSi, rac Zalian
Zviri Rirs, aRar mouwevs.
— sawarmos mSenebloba ukve mimdinareobs, marcvlis Sesanaxi sasawyobe meurneobis gamarTva am
sezonisTvis moeswreba?
— kontraqtebi ukve gaformebuli gvaqvs, viyenebT germanul teqnologias, germaniaSi, „petkusis“
(PETKUS) qarxanaSi ukve viyavi,
danadgarebi SevarCieT. amjerad
gaTvlebi xorbalze da simindze
gvaqvs. sawarmo sezonisTvis mzad
iqneba.
amis garda ukve vaSenebT marcvleulis Sesanax meurneobas,
romelic mTlianad Tanamedrove
teqnologiebiT aRiWurveba da igi
2-3000 tona marcvlis Senaxva-damuSavebas SeZlebs. regionSi momuSave fermerebs wlevandeli sezonidanve mivcemT SesaZleblobas
moweuli mosavali garantirebulad daabinaon. am regionisTvis es
Zalian aqtualuri sakiTxia, radgan aq aseTi ram ar arsebobs. is rac
aris gasuli saukunis 50-70-ian
wlebSia aSenebuli da faqtobrivad veranair standarts veRar pasuxobs. Cven gvaqvs marcvleulis
saSrobi, rac saSualebas gvaZlevs
marcvleuli fermerebs maTTvis
misaRebi pirobiT adgilze gavuSroT da SevunaxoT. vfiqrobT, es
regionSi marcvleulis warmoebis
gazrdas Seuwyobs xels.
— vici, rom Tqven marto am ganxriT ar muSaobT, gyavT cxvaric,
Zneli ar aris maTi SeTavseba da am
saqmis warmatebiT gaZRola?
soflis meurneobaSi saqmianoba CvenTan gansakuTrebiT did
riskebs ukavSirdeba, amitom aris
— batono kaxa, rogor arCevT uxvmosavlian jiSebs, ras niSnavs „stabilurad mosavliani“ formebi?
— uxvmosavlian saTesle masalis formebs didi xnis manZilze
vakvirdebiT. Tu mosavliani weliwadia, cxadia igi karg Sedegs mogcems, magram kargma jiSma mousavlian welsac stabiluri mosavali
unda mogces, es aris ganmsazRvreli faqtori.
stabilur mosavalSi — 3-5 tonas
vgulisxmobT, maRal mosavalSi ki
— 7-8 tonas. ai, axla rom vuyurebT,
6
axali agraruli saqarTvelo
ივნისი, 2013
ფერმერი ფართო პლანით
saWiro diversifikacia, rom fermeri erT kulturaze, an dargze
ar iyos damokidebuli, radgan
mousavliani wlis SemTxvevaSi Tu
mxolod memarcvleobas misdevs,
SeiZleba saerTod xelcarieli
darCes. amitom, vcdilobT erT
kulturaze, erT sferoze ar viyoT damokidebuli.
mecxvareoba saqarTveloSi dRes
momgebiani ar aris, radgan infrastruqtura ar arsebobs. cxvris Senaxvas didi Sroma da mudmivi yuradReba unda. sxva profesiis adamianma rom SeiTavsos es saqmianoba
ar gamova, igi sxva saqmesTan ver
SeTavsdeba. cxvars vparsavT imitom, rom unda gaiparsos. zogjer
matyls vyriT kidec, radgan ver
vyidiT. ucxoeTSi ver gagvaqvs,
karantinia, gadaumuSaveblad ar
gagatanineben, CvenTan ki matylis
gadasamuSavebeli sawarmo aRar
arsebobs, mokled problemebi erTmaneTzea akinZuli. bolo wlebSi
qveyanaSi mefrinveleobam daiwyo
ganviTareba, ramac marcvleulze moTxovnilebac gazarda da mis
warmoebas stimuli misca. dRes es
dargic kriziss ganicdis da Tu
gaCerda, maSin marcvlis warmoebasac azri ekargeba, rac jaWvur
reaqcias gamoiwvevs da yvelaferi
daiSleba. amitom aris saxelmwifos mxridan swori analizis gakeTeba saWiro, aucilebelia am dargebisadmi yuradReba da zrunva.
CvenTan ki ra xdeba, soflis meurneobis produqciis warmoeba
gadasaxadebisgan ganTavisuflebulia, magram kvercxis warmoeba
dRg-Ti ibegreba. magaliTad, me
vawarmoeb marcvals da dRg-Ti ar
vibegrebi. amitom, aseT viTarebaSi mefrinveleebs Cemgan marcvlis
yidva sulac ar epitnaveba, radgan
dRg-s ver CaiTvlis, amitom urCevnia, ucxoeTidan Semotanili
dRg-Ti dabegrili marcvali iyidos. es xarvezi Tu ar gasworda,
mefrinveleoba gaCerdeba, rac sabolood qveyanaSi marcvlis warmoebasac gaaCerebs.
saubarSi gvariani manZili gaviareT, soflis meurneobaSi problemebi uamravia, am wlebis ganmavlobaSi TiTqmis araferi keTdeboda, amitomac vawydebiT amden
sirTuleso — meubneba batoni kaxa.
Cven win gadayviTlebuli yanaa gadaSlili, vatyob aqeT specialurad wamomiyvana, aseTi ram jer saqarTveloSi, arc aRmosavleTSi da
arc dasavleTSi, ar minaxavs.
ივნისი, 2013
rogorc amboben, rafsi jer
didi raodenobiT aravis mouyvania. arada, es didebuli zeTovani
kulturaa, romelic didi raodenobiT sakvebad vargis cxims Seicavs. rafsi evropaSi erT-erTi
wamyvani da momgebiani kultura,
romlis naTesi farTobebi sul
ufro izrdeba.
mecnierebi miiCneven, rom uaxloes-20-30 weliwadSi biosawvavi energiis ualternativo wyaro gaxdeba
da is sxva saxis energomatareblebs
Secvlis. rafsi ki biosawvavis misaRebad saukeTeso nedleulia. ai,
TvalsaCino magaliTi, rogor gegmavs profesionali
fermeri meurneobis momavals. SeuZlebelia aseTi
adamianebis mimarT
keTilganwyobiT ar
ganimsWvalo, radgan swored aseTi
adamianebi aZleven
biZgs progress da
qveyanaSi dovlaTs
qmnian.
— SarSanac davTese, magram amindebi daudga cudi da ar amovida
— mixsnis kaxa — ar
moveSvi, mTeli evropa rafsiTaa gadayviTlebuli,
Zalian magari kulturaa. gansakuTrebiT saqarTvelosTvis.
wleulsac
davTese, mTlianad
20 heqtari uWiravs. aq ramdenime
hibridia. karg mosavals velodebi, nawils dizelis dasamzadeblad
gamoviyeneb. meurneobaSive gvinda
SevqmnaT Cvenive avtonomia, saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi SevqmnaT Cvenive sawvavis baza, vawarmooT sakvebi
zeTic. gadamuSavebis Semdeg rafsis narCeni Sroti, romelic 36%
cilebs Seicavs, mecxoveleobaSi
saukeTeso sakvebia, faqtobrivad
unarCeno warmoebaa. rac mTavaria,
igi ufro gvalvaamtani mcenarea,
vidre xorbali an romelime marcvleuli, amasTan saukeTeso monacvle kulturaa xorblisaTvis.
amitom SiraqSi, an kaxeTis sxva regionSi, rogorc giTxari, xorbali
monokulturad rom ar gadaiqces,
rafsisa da xorblis monacvleoba,
saukeTeso Sedegs gamoiRbs.
asea, fermeri mudmiv ZiebaSia,
sxvagvarad ver gadarCeba. saqarTveloSi sawvavi, pesticidebi,
sxva saSualebebi, rac soflis
meurneobis produqciis warmoebisTvis aris saWiro, Zalian Zviria. maT SesaZenad uzarmazari
Tanxebi gvexarjeba, amitom gadavwyviteT, Cven TviTon vawarmooT biosawvavi, davamzadoT
sakvebi zeTi.
— eseigi fermeroba momgebiani
saqme dRevandel saqarTveloSi ar
aris?
— Tu Cven saqmianobas gavaanalizebT, davTvliT xarjs, im energias rasac SedegSi vdebT, momgebiani
ar aris. gaweuli Sromis Sesatyvis
mogebamde rom mivideT, jer kidev
dro gvWirdeba.
meurneobaSi mudmivad 56 kaci
Sromobs, xelfass iRebs; sezonze,
adre gazafxulidan gvian Semodgomamde kidev 100 kacamde vasaqmebT. es SeiZleba didi cifri ar
aris, magram iseTi meurneobisTvis, rogoric Cven varT, arc cotaa. imedi gvaqvs ganviTardebiT,
amis Tqmis sababs qveyanaSi dawyebuli procesebi maZlevs, met samuSao adgilebs SevqmniT, ganviTardebiT da mogebazec maSin SegveZleba laparaki.
SoTa maWaraSvili
axali agraruli saqarTvelo
7
საქა რთ ველ ოს ფ
საქართველოს
ფერმერთა
ერ მერ თა ა
ასოციაცია
სოციაცია
Tu soflis meurneobis aRorZineba gvinda,
mcire da saSualo fermerebs unda davexmaroT!
merebs risi gakeTeba SeuZliaT,
amitom fermerebTan, individualur Tu fizikur pirebTan vaformebT
memorandumebs, vxvdebiT
im mewarmeebs, vinc eqsportiTaa
dainteresebuli. vcdilobT, SevkriboT yvela informacia da Semdeg gavaanalizoT, risi gakeTeba
SegviZlia, rom erTiani ZalisxmeviT Tanamedrove bazrisaTvis
srulyofili, konkurentunariani
produqcia SevqmnaT.
saqarTvelos fermerTa asociacia, marTalia, didi xani ar aris, rac
daarsda, magram misma damfuZnebelma, qalbatonma nino zambaxiZem ukve karga xania qalisTvis rTul da, TiTqos, uCveulo profesias, fermerobas mihyo xeli. igi dRes samcxe-javaxeTSi mecxoveleobis fermis,
rZis gadammuSavebeli qarxnis, pirutyvis sakvebis mwarmoebeli qarxnis,
vaSlis baRebis, saxnav-saTesi miwebis, Tevzsarewi meurneobis da xelovnuri tbis mepatronea, romelsac TviTon patronobs da uvlis. is,
rasac ninom dRemde miaRwia, miTumetes im pirobebSi, roca sofelsa da
soflis meurneobas aravin arad agdebda, ioli ar iyo. rTul pirobebs
gauZlo, am xnis ganmavlobaSi, rogorc adgilobriv, aseve Tbilisidan
Casul bevr msxvil Tu wvril mewarmesa da fermers xvdeboda, esaubreboda, xedavda, rom problemebi yvelas erTnairi hqonda: miwis gadasaxadi, irigacia, stiqiasTan brZolis samsaxuris gaumarTaoba Tu sxva. xedavda, rom saWiro iyo am problemebTan erToblivi SeWideba, Zalebisa
da Zalisxmevis gaerTianeba, amitomac gadawyvita, Seeqmna organizacia,
romelic politikisgan Sors iqneboda, magram fermerebis problemebs
xelisuflebamde miitanda da maT am sirTuleebis gadalaxvaSi daexmareboda. ase Seiqmna fermerTa asociacia, romlis Tavmjdomare nino
zambaxiZe gaxlavT. igi dRes Cveni stumaria.
— nino, dRes saqarTveloSi bevri arasamTavrobo organizaciiaa,
maT Soris iseTebic, romlebic agrarul sferoSi muSaoben, ra mizans isaxavs asociacia, vin arian
Tqveni wevrebi, riT gansxvavdebiT
sxvebisgan?
— Cveni asociacia yvela kategoriis 700-mde fermers aerTianebs,
eseni arian rogorc msxvili, aseve — wvrili fermerebi: mexileebi,
mecxoveleebi, mebaReebi, mecitruseebi, mekartofileebi da sxvebi. organizaciis daarsebisTanave
oTxi mimarTulebiT vmuSaobT, es
aris: fermerebis advokatireba,
iafi resursebis xelmisawvdomo-
8
axali agraruli saqarTvelo
ba, ganaTleba da soflis meurneobis produqtebis gadammuSavebeli
sruli sawarmoo jaWvis Seqmnis
xelSewyoba.
— iafi resursebis xelmisawvdomobis saqme Zalian rTuladaa, es
ara marto sabanko seqtorisganaa
gamowveuli, aramed TviT donorebTan urTierTobebidanac. SarSan, adgilze arsebuli resursebze dayrdnobiT, avad Tu kargad,
3600 soflis pasportizacia gavakeTeT, erTiani baza CamovayalibeT. Gvinda, SevqmnaT uwyveti
sawarmoo jaWvi fermers, mwarmoebels, Sualedur rgols da myidvels Soris. gvsurs vicodeT, fer-
— sakmaod Sromatevadi samuSaoa,
rogor axerxebT, praqtikul femerobas saorganizacio saqmianobac
SeuTavsoT?
— marTalia, Zalian rTuli da
mZime samuSaoa. roca mekiTxebian,
Cemi TvalTaxedviT, ra dro sWirdeba soflis meurneobis ganviTarebas, vpasuxob, — 9 Tvidan 18
wlamde meTqi, anu 9 Tve Casaxvidan
dabadebamde, 18 weli — ganviTarebas, rom damoukideblad iarsebos.
es procesi Zalian nela midis, mZime reJimSi gviwevs muSaoba. iolia
myidvelTan xelSekrulebis gaformeba, magram rTulia, roca ar
ici, ras da ra raodenobis produqcias miawvdi. anu modis adamiani geubneba, rom unda esa Tu is
produqti, Sen ki ver ukonkreteb,
ra raodenobis produqciis miwodeba SegiZlia, ar ici rogori da
ra raodenobis mosavali iqneba,
winaswar ver gegmav, radgan amaSi
uamravi faqtori giSlis xels. import-eqsportis dalageba ki ara,
Cvens pirobebSi erTi dRis prognozis gakeTebas ver SeZleb. vfiqrob, am mxriv kooperirebis Sesaxeb kanonma bevri ram unda daareguliros da gaamartivos, samomavlo gegmebi gasaTvleli gaxados.
— Tqveni asociacia Tu iRebs am
kanonproeqtis SemuSavebaSi monawileobas, ra donezea kanonproeqti damuSavebuli?
— kanonproeqti Cvenamde Zalian
gvian movida. sul ramdenime dRis
winaT saparlamento komitetidan gvTxoves, meore mosmenisTvis
ივნისი, 2013
საქართ ველოს ფ
საქართველოს
ფერმერთა
ერმერთ ა ას
ასოციაცია
ოცი აცია
mogvawodeT Tqveni SeniSvnebio.
ratom meore mosmenisTvis, roca
SeiZleboda Tavidanve CarTuli
vyofiliyaviT am kanonis SemuSavebaSi?! manamde me Zalian bevr organizacias Sevxvdi da davinteresdi
Tu iRebdnen monawileobas, magram
aravin yofila CarTuli. Tu fermerTa asociacia, mcire da saSualo biznesis ganviTarebis asociacia, saqarTvelos savaWro palata
ar iRebs am kanonis SeqmnaSi monawileobas, aba vin qmnis am kanons,
marto iuristebi da finansitebi?!
mesmis, rom maT unda daadginon kanonebi, magram es Zalian specifiuri sferoa da aq momuSave adamianebis azric xom unda gaiTvaliswinon?! am kanonproeqtis irgvliv
bevri SekiTxva Cndeba, da vfiqrob,
iq momuSave adamians unda hkiTxon
azri, gaiziaron maTi SeniSvnebi.
iuristi da finansisti sxvagavarad uyurebs am sakiTxs, fermeri
ki — sxvagvarad, imitom rom Tavad
mwarmoebeli unda moergos am kanons da ara is iuristi an finansisti. me ukve gavugzavne Cveni asociaciis wevr fermerebs proeqti,
rom TavianTi mosazrebebi da SeniSvnebi momawodon, Zalian bevri
ram aris iq dasaxvewi, SevkribavT
am informacias da gavugzavniT
parlamanets. cota gviania, magram
mainc win gadadgmuli nabijia da
meore mosmenisTvis iqneb gaiTvaliswinon Cveni rekomendaciebi. am
kanonma xeli unda Seuwyos bazebis
Seqmnas, da meore-produqciis erTiani xarisxis miRebas, yvelaferi
erToblivi iqneba da gvecodineba,
ra raodenobis mosavali gvaqvs.
qveyanaSi ar arsebobs warmoebuli
produqciis aranairi statistikuri aRricxva da arc is, ama Tu
im produqtze eqsport-importis
wili ramdenia. survili maqvs kooperirebis iseTi kanoni SevqmnaT,
romelic am problemebis daregulirebasi dagvexmareba.
daaxloebiT, 300 000 laris aqtivi aqvs Cadebuli. es Cveulebrivi
ambavia, magram arseboben msxvili
fermerebi, romlebic ver axerxeben sesxis miRebas, radgan bankebi
sakmaod mZime moTxovnebs uyeneben.
maTic mesmis, banki iZleva sakuTar saxsrebs, da subsidias iRebs
saxelmwifosgan, Tumca igi banks
garantad ar udgeba. es sistema dasaxvewia. xom SeiZleba, sxvadasxva
bankma erTi da igive teritoriaze
erTi da igive warmoeba daafinansos, rogor gauZlebs amas bazari?
vin akeTebs amis analizsa da koordinacias? Tu midis es informacia
saministromde, maSin vin mijnavs,
ra dafinansdes da ra ara? esec ar
aris gamWvirvale da bolomde dalagebuli. amboben, 300 organizaciam Tu individualurma fermerma miiRo sesxi, ki batono, magram
ratom ar xdeba amis gasajaroeba?
me gavagzavne werili da moviTxove, momeciT informacia, vin aris
es xalxi, gamWvirvale gaxdes es
procesi. Tu mewarmem aiRo sesxi, ese igi qveyana viTardeba, amas
mivesalmebiT, magram gviTxariT,
vin aris es xalxi, xom ar SeiZleba
mxolod cifrebiT laparaki?guSin soflis meurneobis marTvis
saagentom mogvawoda informacia
im mewarmeebis Tu fizikuri pirebis Sesaxeb vinc agro sesxi aiRo.
es ar qmnis klimats agraruli
saqtoris ganviTarebaSi. Rvinis
warmoeba saqarTveloSi yovelTvis viTardeboda. Tu gvinda soflis meurneobis dargis aRorZineba, mcire da saSulo fermerebs
unda davudgeT gverdiT, da ara
mxolod 3 Tu 4 monstrze gavTvaloT programebi.
— yvelaze mTavari problema,
rac gamoikveTa fermerebTan urTierTobisas, ra aris?
— pirveli aris is rom, maT ar
aqvT iafi finansuri resursi. roca araferi keTdeboda, moTxovnac ar iyo, rogorc ki pirveli
nabiji gadaidga, moTxovna da molodini imxela gaCnda, rom procesebi umarTavi gaxda. igive iTqmis
am sasoflo-sameurneo baraTebis
sistemasTan dakavSirebiT. qveyanas ar hyofnis sasoflo-sameurneo meqanizacia! dapirebiT ki
gvpirdebodnen, rom yvelaferi
unda daxnuliyo. ki batono, raRac farTobebi daixna, magram ar
Catarebula niadagis analizi, im
adamianma ki, visac baraTi hqonda
da naxevari heqtari qva-RorRiani farTobi moxna, es meqanizacia
mTlianad mwyobridan gamoiyvana.
dRes rom mixvideT meqanizaciis
centrebSi traqtorebis umetesoba gafuWebulia. da meorec — 900
erTeuli traqtori 9 regionisTvis, Zalian cotaa. xalxs rigSi
dgoma mouwiaT da Sesabamisad agrovadebmac gadaiwia, axla roca
ukve ivnisSi mosavlis aReba unda
daiwyos, xalxs farTobebi daxnulic ar aqvs.
rogorc ki es baraTebisa da
iafi sesxebis programa daiwyo, maSinve vTqvi, soflis meurneoba
damokidebulia klimatze, gvalvaSi vloculobT rom wvima movides da wvimaSi — piriqiT. amitom
es daxnul daTesil farTobebze
gaweuli amxela Sroma wyalSi rom
— nino, rogor afasebT iafi sesxis programas, Cans xelSesaxebi
Sedegi? asociacia Tu exmareba
Tqvens fermerebs iafi sesxis aRebaSi?
— Cveni asociaciis wevri fermerebidan, jerjerobiT, mxolod
erTma miiRo 60 000 laris odenobis sesxi, ris uzrunvelyofaSic,
ივნისი, 2013
axali agraruli saqarTvelo
9
საქა რთ ველ ოს ფ
საქართველოს
ფერმერთა
ერ მერ თა ა
ასოციაცია
სოციაცია
ar Cayriliyo, aucilebeli iyo
sarwyavi sistemebis mowesrigeba,
setyvis sawinaagmdego RonisZiebebis gatareba...
— ramdenadac vici, setyvis sawinaagmdego danadgarebis dayenebas
mTavroba gegmavda...
— qveyanaSi zogadad soflis meurneobis ganviTarebis strategia, kvleva, baza, dargebs Soris
koordinacia ar arsebobs. samcxe
javaxeTSi irigaciaze 19 milionia daxarjuli da sairigacio sistemebi ar arsebobs. yvela mosul
xelisufals ganviTarebis Tavisi
gegma gaaCnia, Sesabamisad fermeric am qartexilSi imis mixedviT
lavirebs, ra moswons mTavrobas.
da marto fermeri ki ara, donori,
ucxouri organizacia da kidev
sxva bevri. Cven yvela erTpirovnul gadawyvetilebaze varT damokidebuli, erT gundze, romelic
mudmivad icvleba da Sesabamisad
araferic ar keTdeba. qveyanaSi
yvelaze didi problema saqmisadmi sistemuri midgomis arqonaa.
— nino, fermeris konkretuli
problemis gadaWras rogor axerxebT?
— vaxerxeb imdenad, rom dRes am
xelisuflebasTan problemebze
saubari gaxsnilad SeiZleba, meorea ukve ramdenad swrafad gvardeba esa Tu is problema. Tumca,
dRes ukmayofilo namdvilad ar
varT. roca fermers rame uWirs,
saministrosTan Sexvedris problema ar gvaqvs, avad Tu kargad
maTTan amis koordinacias vaxerxebT. Zalian gviWirs miwis ijariT
aRebis sakiTxTan dakavSirebuli
problemis mogvareba, sanam qveyana raime strategias ar dadebs, es
procesi SeCerebulia.
— Tqveni dakvirvebiT, romelia
ufro prioritetuli dargi? saxelmwifos aqvs am mimarTebiT Camoyalibebuli pozicia?
— Zalian aqtualuria mecxoveleoba. undaT, prioritetuli gaxadon mefrinveleoba, mebocvreoba, mebostneoba. Rvino da Txili
Zalian aqtualuria da viTardeba. marcvleul kulturebze didi
moTxovnaa, rom sakvebi baza Seiqmnas da mecxoveleoba ganviTardes.
— rogor muSaobs Tanamedrove
fermeri, ramdenad xelmisawvdomia
maTTvis saWiro uaxlesi informa-
cia, rogor xdeba fermerebs Soris koordinacia?
— es asociaciis erT erTi mimarTulebaa. Cven gvsurs, yvela
regionSi Seiqmnas asociaciebi,
rolebic daexmarebian fermerebs
ganaTlebis miRebaSi, axali informaciis miwodebaSi. Cven ukve
gvaqvs molaparakebebi iusaidTan
da evrokavSirTan, romlebic donorebis mxardaWeriT treiningebs Caatareben. vfiqrobT, yvela
regionSi gakeTdes Tanamedrove
teqnologiebiT aRWurvili sademonstracio nakveTebi. Zalian Znelia fermeri daajero ararsebul
kvlevaSi. mogexsenebaT, qveyanas
kadrebisa da resursebis didi deficiti aqvs da donorebis mxardaWeriT Cven namdvilad gavakeTebT
am sademonstracio nakveTebs,
sadac warmodgenili iqneba Tanamedrove teqnologiebi. am procesSi studentebsac CavrTavT,
raTa procesi ufro dinamiuri
da praqtikuli gaxdes. es sakmaod
Sromatevadi samuSaoa, magram gasakeTebelia da amas did yuradRebas vuTmobT.
esaubra mariam lebaniZe
ევ რიკა!
ევრიკა!
universaluri wylis tumbo ,,ireksoni~ aseTi ram gvqondes da ar viyenebdeT, dauSvebelia!
globaluri daTbobis fonze, dedamiwaze, ganskuTrebiT
samxreTis regionebSi soflis meurneoba TiTqmis mTlianad sarwyav wyalzea damokidebuli. am problemis winaSe
dgas saqarTveloc, romlis sasoflo-sameurneo savargulebis didi nawili sarwyavi wylis gareSe mosavals ver
iZleva. amis dasturia is, rom bolo aTwleulebis ganmavlobaSi sarwyavi sistemebis moSlis gamo aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi aTasobiT heqtari savarguli gaudabnovda da
gamouyenebeli gaxda. saqarTveloSi wlebis ganmavlobaSi
meqanikuri wesiT stacionaluri Tu gadasatani satumbi
sadgurebis meSveobiT aTasobiT heqtarze meti farTobi
irwyveboda. dRes amis mesamedic ar irwyveba. amitom, vfiqrob, am viTarebaSi, roca saqarTvelos soflis meurneoba
savargulebis gasarwyavianobis mwvave problemis winaSe
dgas, uaRresad aqtualuria qarTveli specialistebis mier Seqmnili axali hidravlikuri tumbo „ireksoni”, romelic, rogorc avtori, ioseb narCemaSvili gvixsnis, dRemde
cnobil yvela saxis tumboebisagan Zireulad gansxvavdeba
da Zalian efeqtiania.
10
axali agraruli saqarTvelo
ივნისი, 2013
ევრიკა!
— tumbos mTavari upiratesoba sxva, nebismieri saxis tumboebTan SedarebiT gaxlavT is, rom mas, imisTvis rom imuSaos da sasurveli raodenobis wyali
metad did simaRleze atumbos, aranairi damatebiTi
energia ar sWirdeba.
baton ioseb narCemaSvilis ganmartebiT — tumboSi wylis nawili energiad gardaiqmneba da igi
wylis amotumbvas avtomaturad iwyebs, im moculobiT da simZlavriT, rogori moTxovnac momxmarebels aqvs.
„ireksonis” damontaJeba pirdapir mdinareze
(mdinaris mdebareobidan gamomdinare) yovelgvari
hidravlikuri nagebobebis mowyobis gareSec SeiZleba.
— batono ioseb, ra principiT muSaobs Tqveni tumboebi?
— wylis tumbo „ireksoni” dReisaTvis cnobil yvela tumboebs Soris umartivesi, ekologiuri, ekonomiuri da naklebad Sromatevadia. masSi ar gamoiyeneba ZviradRirebuli cveTagamZle feradi liTonebi,
mas SeuZlia imuSaos dRe da Rame, zamTar — zafxul,
ar abinZurebs garemos.
2010 wels sxvadasxva diametris mkvebavi miliT
ramdenime saxeobis wylis tumbo „ireksoni“ gamocada. aRniSnuli tumbo damzadebulia hidravlikuri
taranis meTodze, magram igi arsebuli hidravlikuri taranis nairsaxeobebisgan rac dRes praqtikaSi
arsebobs, rogorc warmadobiT, ase teqnikuri aRWurvilobiT, Zireulad gansxvavdeba.
tumbos warmadoba ZiriTadad damokidebulia mkvebavi milis diametrze (d), dawnevaze (h) da wylis awevis simaRleze (H). aqedan gamomdinare xelsayreli
pirobebis dros tumbos warmadoba iqneba:
saderivacio
milis diametri
maqsimaluri
minimaluri
d = 100 mm.
1,5-dan 3l-mde/wm.
3l-mde wm.
0,07-dan 0,14l/wm.
0,14l wm.
d = 200 mm.
5-dan 10l-mde/wm.
10l-mde wm.
0,2-dan 0,4l/wm.
0,4l wm.
d = 300 mm.
11-dan 22l-mde/wm.
22l-mde wm.
0,6-dan 1,2l/wm.
1,2l wm.
d = 400 mm.
20-dan 40l-mde/wm.
40l-mde wm.
0,8-dan 1,6l/wm.
1,6l wm.
d = 500 mm.
31-dan 62l-mde/wm.
62l-mde wm.
1,5-dan 3l/wm.
3l wm.
Cvens xelT arsebuli informaciiT hidravlikuri
taranis nairsaxeobebis maqsimaluri warmadoba wamSi
1 litrs ar aRemateba.
teqnikuri aRWurvilobis mixedviT Tu vimsjelebT, taranis sarqvelebi ZiriTadad ZviradRirebuli swrafadcveTadi feradi liTonebiT mzaddeba.
taranze misawodebeli wyali unda gatardes specialurad mowyobil saleqarebSi, vinaidan mcire nawilakebis moxvedrac ki sarqvelebSi taranis moqmedebas aCerebs.
tumbo „ireksons“ ar sWirdeba araviTari ZviradRirebuli cveTadi feradi liTonebi, mas SeuZlia miiRos da gaataros Zalze mRvrie wyali, magaliTad iseTi rogoric wyaldidobebis dros mdinareebSi warmoiqmneba. eqsploataciis dros tumbos
ar sWirdeba specialurad momzadebuli momsaxuივნისი, 2013
r per
p rs
n li, ara
r na
n iri
r saw
s wvav-sa
s po
p xi
x ma
m sa
s lebi.
b
re
sona
normaluri eqsploataciis pirobebSi mas SeuZlia
Seusveneblad imuSaos.
2010 wlidan dRemde 100; 200 da 300 mm. diametris
mkvebavmiliani tumboebi, romlebSic sxvadasxva dawnevaze (qanobze) 0,45; 2,0 da 5,5 metrze gamoicada, sadac wylis awevis simaRle — 7,5; 18 da 40 metri iyo,
tumboebma Seuferxeblad imuSava da dakisrebul
amocanas warmatebiT gaarTva Tavi.
— interesdebian fermerebi, soflis meurneobis
saministro, Zviri jdeba maTi damzadeba da montaJi?
— 2010 wlis maisSi sagarejos raionis sofel saakaZeSi saCveneblad erTi tumbo davamontaJeT, romlis mkvebavi milis diametri 100mm-ia. tumbos dasamzadeblad da dasamontaJeblad gamoviyeneT: erTi 40 m. sigrZis 250 mm-iani diametris liTonis mili
(doneTa sxvaobis, dawnevis, Sesaqmnelad. amisTvis
SeiZleba gamoviyenoT nebismieri masaliT damzadebuli mili an sulac gavWraT arxi), 2,5 m. simaRlis
500 mm-iani diametris liTonis vertikaluri mili,
(SesaZlebelia gamoviyenoT aseTive an didi diametris sxva masaliT damzadebuli WurWeli), 22 m. sigrZis 100 mm-iani diametris liTonis horizontaluri
mili (tumbos mkvebavi mili; samontaJo samuSaoebze
dakavebuli iyo erTi amwe da 6 kaci inJinris CaTvliT; amasTan erTad winaswar Catarda kvleviTi (sainJinro-geodezia) da saproeqto samuSaoebi. mTlianad tumbos dasaproeqteblad, dasamzadeblad da
dasamontaJeblad gaweulma xarjTaRricxvam daaxloebiT 5800 lari Seadgina.
am tumbos sxvadasxva simaRleze dRe-RameSi saSualod 130 tona (kuburi metri) wylis miewodeba SeuZlia.
axali agraruli saqarTvelo
11
ევ რიკ ა!
ევრიკა!
ba. am tumbos mier Semdgom aTi wlis ganmavlobaSi
miwodebuli wylis Rirebuleba nulis toli gaxdeba. danadgaris eqspluataciis vada 20 wels aRemateba.
qvemoT warmogidgenT sxvadasxva simZlavris tumbo „iriksonis“ damzadebis xarjTaRricxvas, raSic
Sedis: TviT tumbos fasi, tumbos damontaJebisaTvis
adgil-mdebareobis SerCevis, doneTa sxvaobis (qanobis) da wylis awevis simaRlis dadgenis mizniT teritoriis nivelirebis, xelSekrulebiT gaTvaliswinebuli sagarantio periodSi (saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi)
momsaxurebisa da konsultaciebis Rirebuleba.
Tu gaviTvalis
sw
winebT
n b imas,
m s rom
r m tum
mb
bos
s dRe da Rame, zamTar-zafxul gauCereblad, damatebiTi momsaxurebis gareSe SeuZlia muSaoba, TveSi 3900 tona
wylis amotumbva SeuZlia. erTi heqtris mosarwyavad
(miSvebiT) normiT 800t. wyalia gaTvaliswinebuli.
e.i am erT patara tumbos TveSi 5 anu yovel 6 dReSi 1
heqtris morwyva SeuZlia (1 ha-s mosarwyavad normiT
gaTvaliswinebulia 10 — 20 dRe), es saukeTeso maCvenebelia!
morwyvis sezonze anu 4 TveSi Sesabamisad momxmarebels miewoda 15600t. wyali. Tu danarCen dros
gamoviyenebT, anu tumbo imuSavebs dRe da Rame,
zamTar-zafxul, maSin weliwadSi igi 1,5 heqtar teritorias — 2 metri siRrmis xelovnur tbas Seavsebs. xelovnuri tba ki sarwyavi wylis rezervuaris garda Tevzis mosaSenebladac gamoiyeneba, rac
fermerisTvis damatebiTi Semosavlis wyaro gaxdeba.
sofel saakaZeSi damontaJebulma tumbom 2010-da
2012 wlebSi fermas, 140 000 tona wyali miewoda. 1
tona miwodebuli wylis Rirebulebam — 5800 : 140
000 = 0.04 lari (4 TeTri) Seadgina. saremonto-saeqspluatacio xarji weliwadSi 200 lars ar aRemate-
100 mm mkvebavi miliT
1900-0 lari
200 mm mkvebavi miliT
2600-0 lari
300 mm mkvebavi miliT
3600-0 lari
SeniSvna: tumbos RirebulebaSi ar Sedis mkvebavi milis Rirebuleba, radgan mkvebavi milis sigrZe damokidebulia dawnevaze (qanobis sidideze). aqedan gamomdinare milis Rirebulebac damokidebulia mis
sigrZeze. 400 da 500 mm. mkvebavi miliT tumboebis
damzadeba moxdeba Tu damkveTi moiTxovs anu, Tu didi raodenobis wyalia saWiro.
batoni ioseb narCemaSvili saintereso biografiis kacia. bevrjer gacruebia imedi. meti raRa unda
daemarTos adamians, afxazeTSi sakuTari saxl-kari
daatovebines da iZulebuli gaxades Tavidan daewyo
cxovreba. ar gatyda. gatyda ki arada da sakuTar qveyanaze zrunva ar Seuwyvetia. is rac batonma ioseb
narCemaSvilma Seqmna, qveynis monapovaria. vuyureb
da aRfrTovanebas ver vmalav. rogor SeiZleba es ar
gamoiyenos qveyanam. saqarTvelos soflis meurneobis saministro dRes uamrav fuls xarjavs sarwyavi
arxebis aRdgenaze, rac udavod misasalmebelia, magram es saqme rom uyuradRebodaa, dasanania.
batoni ioseb narCemaSvili ai, ukve ramdeni weliwadia yru kedels awydeba. arada, marTlac gaugebaria,
roca eleqtroenergia, sawvavi ase Zviri Rirs, ranairad SeiZleba ar gamoiyeno danadgari, romelic, faqtobrivad, ufasod muSaobs da Zvirfas produqcias
(sarwyav wyals) muqTad gaZlevs?!
vfiqrob, am TemiT soflis meurneobis saministro
unda dainteresdes, Caataros eqspertiza da Tu Cven
marTlebi varT da ,iriksoni“ marTlac aseTi universaluri mowyobilobaa, mis danergvas xeli Seuwyos.
PS. TqvenTvis ki vinc dainteresdiT am siaxliT, aqve gTavazobT baton ioseb narCemaSvilis telefons,
daukavSirdiT, merwmuneT, sarwyavi wylis problema
Tqven aRarasodes SegeqmnebaT!
ilia malaciZe
gancxadeba
saswrafod iyideba 30 Zroxaze gaTvlili mecxoveleobis ferma xaSuris raionis sofel oZisSi, suramidan 5 kilometrSi, saerTo farTi 1600 kv. m. da Senoba- nageboba - 280 kv. m. fasi 25000 $.. tel. 593100073.
12
axali agraruli saqarTvelo
ივნისი, 2013
ყველა სიახლე
vaSlis baRisaTvis niadagis momzadeba
vaSlis baRis momavali mosavlianoba damo kidebu lia ad gilis SerCevaze, niadagis tipze, da nia da gis mom zadebaze vaSlis xis Camoyalibebamde.
ni a dagis saTanadod momzadeba Zalian mniSvnelovania, vinaidan gavlenas axdens xis zrda sa da
siZliereze baRis mTeli arsebobis manZil ze. nia da gis saTanadod momzadebas araerTi dadebiTi
Se degi aqvs, maT Soris: fesvis ukeT ganviTa reba,
ni a dagis drenirebis gaumjobeseba da wylis dagubebis Sem cireba, wylis SeRwevis gaumjo beseba,
ni a dagSi ar sebuli sakvebi nivTierebebis ukeTesad gamo yeneba, daavadebebisadmi ufro ma Ra li
mdgrado ba, xilis ufro didi zoma, gazrdili mosav liano ba da gazrdili ekonomiku ri gamoyenebis
xangZ livo ba.
axali vaSlis baRebi ar unda gaSendes niadagze,
sadac ukanaskneli 3 wlis ganmavlobaSi vaSlis baRi
iyo gaSenebuli. vaSlis xeebis xelaxla dargvam iseT
adgilas, sadac cota xnis win izrdeboda vaSlis xeebi SeiZleba gamoiwvios susti zrda vaSlis xelaxla
dargvasTan dakavSirebuli daavadebis gamo. vaSlis
xelaxla dargvasTan dakavSirebuli daavadeba ukavSirdeba baRis niadagebSi nematodebis da sxva mikroorganizmebis dagrovebas, romlebis mimarT Camoyalibebuli xeebi SeiZleba mdgradi ar aRmoCndnen da
axlad dargul xeebs ki SesaZloa problemebi Seuqmnas.
niadagis struqtura
vaSli yvelaze ukeT saSualo struqturis teqsturis lamian Tixnar niadagebze izrdeba. Tumca,
saTanado drenirebis pirobebSi, man SeiZleba mZime struqturis Tixovan niadagebze ufro kargad
ixaros. msubuq qviSian niadagebs, rogorc wesi, axasiaTebT wylis da sakvebi nivTierebebis nakleboba,
rac amcirebs xis siZlieres. qviani niadagebi abrkolebs fesvis gadgmas da xeebi cudad magrdeba. rogorc wesi, qviSian an qvian niadagebze saWiroa sarebiT an sxva saSualebiT gamagreba.
an adreul Semodgomaze, momaval wels xeebis dasargavad mosamzadeblad.
sarevelebis winaaRmdeg brZola
baRis gasaSenebeli adgilidan xeebis dargvamde
unda moaciloT yvela sarevela, gansakuTrebiT mravalwlovani balaxebi. es SeiZleba ganxorcieldes
kultivaciiT, xeliT mocilebiT, an saTanado herbicidebis gamoyenebiT.
niadagis siRrme
miuxedavad imisa, rom vaSlis xeebis fesvebis umravlesoba niadagis zeda 60sm-sSi eqceva, xis damagrebis da tenis SewovisTvis sasargeblo ufro Rrma
damuSaveba, romlebic iZleva fesvebis 1,2 metramde
formirebis SesaZleblobas. vaSlisTvis saukeTeso
niadagia kargi drenirebis sistemis mqone Tixiani niadagi, romlis siRrme sul mcire 90-idan 120 sm-mde
unda iyos .
niadagis drenirebis sistemis gaumjobeseba
niadagis saTanado drenirebis sistema SeiZleba
vaSlis baRis xangrZlivobis ganmapirobebeli erTerTi yvelaze mniSvnelovani faqtoria. drenirebis
cudi sistemis mqone niadagebSi dargul xeebs fesvebi mxolod niadagis zedapirul SreSi aqvT. dasustebuli, zedapirul fesvTa sistemis mqone xeebi ara
myaria da ufro aramdgradia gvalvis da fesvebis daavadebebisadmi.
xeebis dargvamde momavali baRis teritoraze unda amoiRoT sacdeli ormoebi, raTa dadgindes qveniadagSi drenirebis pirobebi. vaSlis xeebi ar unda
dairgas iseT adgilas, sadac Zlieri wvimis Semdeg
wyali erT saaTze meti xnis ganmavlobaSi gubdeba.
amas garda, Tu gazafxulze wyali gubdeba niadagis
zedapiris 1 metris siRrmeze ramdenime kviris gan-
nakveTis momzadeba dargvamde
vaSlis baRis gasaSeneblad adgili unda SeirCes
wina wels. adgilis mosamzadeblad da kultivaciisTvis aucilebeli yvela meTodis ganxorcielebas,
niadagis analizis safuZvelze, saTanado dro sWirdeba. miwis momzadebis saTanado meTodebi moicavs
niadagis dawretis sistemis gaumjobesebas, pH-is
donis Secvlas, niadagSi sakvebi nivTierebebis da
organuli nivTierebebis damatebas, da mravalwlovani sarevelebis winaaRmdeg brZolas. saWiroa wina
mosavlis Sedegad darCenili yvela narCenis gatana.
niadagi unda moixnas da damuSavdes gvian zafxulSi
ივნისი, 2013
axali agraruli saqarTvelo
13
ყველა სიახლე
organuli nivTierebebis damateba
m loba
mav
b Si,
S sa
s vara
r udod, ase
s Ti nak
n veTi ar
r gamod
m geba
b
vaSlis baRisTvis.
niadagis simkvrivis Semcireba
niadagis simkvrive abrkolebs xis fesvTa sistemis zrdas, Sesabamisad, xis mier wylis da niadagSi
arsebuli sakvebi nivTierebebis Sewovis unars. Tu
vaSlis baRisTvis gansazRvruli teritoriis niadagSi aris wyalSeuRwevi Sre, maSin mniSvnelovania
vaSlis xeebis dargvis wina wels gvian zafxulSi an
Semodgomaze Catardes zeda Sris gaRrmaveba. vaSlis xeebi ar unda dairgas iseT niadagze, romelsac cudi drenirebis sistemis mqone Tixnari Sre
aqvs.
zeda Sris gaRrmaveba sruldeba safxvierebliT
(„CizeliT“), an saxnisiT ori mimarTulebiT damuSavebiT, nakveTze arsebuli ortStainis dasaSlelad.
instrumentis sigrZe unda iyos sakmarisad Rrma imisTvis, rom SeaRwios ortStainis SreSi. Cveulebriv,
safxviereblebis SeRwevis siRrme sul mcire 60 sm-ia.
wylis Sekavebis unari
wylis kargad Sekavebis unaris mqone niadagSi teni
da wylis maragi SenarCundeba, romlebiTac vaSlis
xe mSral periodSi isazrdoebs. sazogadod, rac ufro wvrilia niadagis struqtura miT ufro didi iqneba misi wylis Sekavebis unari. mZime Tixian niadags
SeuZlia sakuTari wonis 30-idan 35%-mde wylis saxiT
Sekaveba, msxvil qviSovan niadagSi ki wylis wona SeiZleba wonis 10%-s ar aRematebodes. wylis moculoba, romelic niadags SeuZlia Seikavos, cnobilia
rogorc nakveTis wylis Sekavebis unariT. nakveTis
wylis Sekavebis unaris mniSvnelovnad Secvla kultivaciis romelime xerxiT SeuZlebelia, Tumca organuli nivTierebebis damateba odnav zrdis niadagis wylis Sekavebis unars.
zafxulis cxel periodSi damwifebuli vaSlis baRi TveSi iyenebs sul mcire 200 sm. wyals. iseT adgilebSi, sadac SezRudulia sairigacio wyali, Tu niadags SeuZlia 240 sm. wylis Sekaveba, xeebi morwyvis
gareSe 4-idan 5 kviramde gaZleben.
14
axali agraruli saqarTvelo
xis saukeTesod zrdisTvis vaSlis baRis niadagi
mdidari unda iyos organuli nivTierebebiT. saukeTeso SemTxvevaSi niadagi unda Seicavdes, daaxloebiT, 3%±1% organul nivTierebebs. organuli nivTierebebis Semcvelobis maRali donis SenarCunebis
mniSvnelobis ugulebelyofa ar SeiZleba. niadagSi
arsebuli organuli nivTierebebi aumjobeseben niadagis struqturas, zrdian sakvebi nivTierebebis
Semcvelobas, da xels uwyoben mineralebis gamotutvisgan dacvas. organuli nivTierebeis arseboba
aseve aumjobesebs niadagis wylis Sekavebis unars.
saTanado organuli nivTierebebi moicavs nakelTan
Sereul Calas, niadagSi gareul safar kulturebs,
anu komposts. msxvili teqsturiani kompostis an nakelis moyra ufro iolia, Tu gacriT, an orkapiT an
bariT dafxvniT da moayriT.
niadagis mier garkveuli sakvebi nivTierebebis
SenarCunebis unari dakavSirebulia organuli nivTierebebis SemcvelobasTan. kaTionebis mimocvlis
unari (CEC), anu niadagis mier kaTionebis (dadebiTad damuxtuli nawilakebi) SenarCunebis unari
Zlier aris damokidebuli organuli nivTierebis
moculobaze, aseve niadagis nawilakebis zomaze.
organuli nivTiereba, Tixis nawilakebTan erTad
Seicavs ZiriTadad uaryofiTad damuxtul nawilakebs, romlebic izidavs kaTionebs. dadebiTad damuxtuli nawilakebis Semcveli sakvebi nivTierebebi, rogoricaa amoniumis azoti (NH4-N), kaliumi
(K), kalciumi (Ca), da magniumi (Mg) ewebebian uaryofiTad damuxtul niadagis nawilakebs. am movlenas
kaTionebis mimocvlas uwodeben, ris Sedegadac niadagi mcenareTa sakvebi nivTierebebis rezervuari
xdeba.
xis dargvamde organuli nivTierebebis dabali Semcvelobis mqone niadags heqtarze 30-idan 50
tonamde organuli nivTiereba (gamomwvari nakeli,
komposti) unda daematos. organuli nivTierebebi
unda gaiSalos mTel baRSi, raTa niadagebis wylis
Sekavebis unari da gaumjobesdes niadagis struqtura, drenirebis sistema, da niadagis aeracia ga-
ივნისი, 2013
ყველა სიახლე
Sedegebs viRebT feris indikatorebis da lakmusis qaRaldis meTodebis gamoyenebis SemTxvevaSi,
Tumca niadagis pH-is donis miaxloebiT gansazRvrisTvis am ukanaskneli meTodebis gamoyenebac SeiZleba.
niadagis pH-is gansazRvrisTvis 1 wili niadagi unda Seerios 1 wil gamoxdil/deionizebul wyalTan,
romlis pH neitraluria — 7. niadagi: wyalxsnari unda SeinjRres daaxloebiT 1 wuTis ganmavlobaSi, Semdeg daidgas dasaleqad sul mcire 30 wuTiT, narevSi
pH-is eleqtrodis moTavsebamde. narevis pH-is maCvenebeli niadagis pH-ia.
niadagis pH-is
-is Secvla
izar
z rdos.
s n
niadagSi
S ar
rs
sebu
b li mik
m ro
r or
rganiz
n zm
mebis
b s
mier organuli nivTierebis daSlisTvis saWiro iqneba damatebiTi azoti, Tu organuli nivTierebebis wyaro ar aris parkosani mcenare. gamoumwvari
nakelis gamoyenebis SemTxvevaSi is unda daiyaros
Semodgomaze, gazafxulze dargvamde. gamomwvari
nakelis moyra nebismier dros SeiZleba. saukeTeso SemTxvevaSi organuli nivTiereba msubuqad unda
gaerios niadagSi da vaSlis Zirs pirdapir ar unda
exebodes.
SesaZlebelia niadagis pH-is gazrda kirqvis damatebiT, an Semcireba — elementaruli gogirdis damatebiT. aRniSnuli nivTierebebis damateba xeebis
Cargvamde sul mcire ramdenime Tvis ganmavlobaSi
unda warimarTos.
niadagis pH
niadagis pH-s mniSvnelovan gavlenas axdens fesvebisTvis sakvebi nivTierebebis miwodebaze, aseve,
vaSlis xis siZliereze. vaSlis xisTvis optimaluri
pH-ia 6.5±0.5 mTliani fesvTa zonisTvis. niadagis am
pH-is zRvrebidan mniSvnelovani gadaxra uaryofiTad aisaxeba xis siZliereze, vinaidan im formiT xes
naklebi sakvebi nivTierebebi miewodeba, romliTac
fesvTa sistemas SeuZlia Sewova. niadagis optimaluri pH Seqmnis garemos, romelSic SesaZlebeli iqneba
vaSlis fesvTa sistemis mier arsebuli mineralebis
saTanadod Sewova.
vaSlis baRisTvis gansazRvrul teritoriaze unda Semowmdes niadagSi pH-is done ramdenime adgilas, xeebis dargvamde. nimuSebi unda aiRoT tipiuri zeda Sridan (zeda 20sm) da qveSridan (30-60sm
siRrme).
Tu pH-is done zeda SreSi an qveSreebSi 6.0-ze naklebia an 7.0-ze maRalia, analizis Sedegebis Sesabamisad niadagis pH-is Sesacvlelad saWiroa wvrilad
damsxrveuli kirqvis (CaCO3) an elementaruli gogordis (S) damateba. niadagis pH-is Sesworeba sakvebi nivTierebis marTvis erT-erTi yvelaze efeqturi
meTodia vaSlis baRis nayofierebis gaumjobesebisTvis. niadagis pH-is Sesworeba unda Catardes dargvamde. nergebis Cargvis Semdeg niadagis pH-is Secvla Zalian rTulia.
niadagis pH-is
-is gansazRvra
niadagis pH-is gansazRvra martivia portatiuli pH-is sazomiT, romelsac aqvs eleqtrodi, romelic specialurad aris SemuSavebuli wyalbadis
ionebis koncentraciis gasazomad. nakleb zust
ივნისი, 2013
axali agraruli saqarTvelo
15
ყველა სიახლე
ni adagis pH-is donis SecvlisTvis saWiro kirq vis an go gir dis raodenoba ganisazRvreba imiT,
Tu ram denad wvrilmarcvlovania niadagi, da rogoria niadagis bu feruli unari. marcvle bis maRa li rao deno ba (60-100) mianiSnebs, rom sa Wiroa
wvrilad dam sx vreu li kirqva an gogirdi, ro melic swrafad Seva reaqciaSi da Secvlis ni a da gis
pH-s. niadagis buferuli unari — esaa CEC-is da
ni a dagSi ar sebuli organu li nivTierebebis mocu lo bis fun qcia. CEC ganisazRvreba ni a dagSi
Ti xis Sem c velo biT da Tixis tipiT. Tixis ma Rali Sem c velo bis mqone niadagebi, gansakuT rebiT
Se kum S va-gaber vis unaris mqone niadags, eqneba
uf ro maRali buferuli unari, iseT niada gebTan
Se darebiT, rom lebSic Tixis Semcveloba da balia. organuli nivTierebebiT mdidari niadagebis
bu feruli unari ufro maRali iqneba orga nuli
niv Tierebebis dabali Semcvelobis mqone nia dageb Tan SedarebiT. pH-is donis erTidaigive cvlile bis misaRwevad maRali bu feruli unaris mqo ne
ni a dagebSi saWiroa ufro meti kirqvis an go girdis damateba, vidre SedarebiT dabali buferuli
una ris mqo ne niadagebSi.
saqarTveloSi zogierT niadagSi tutovani pH-ia
da mniSvnelovnad aRemateba vaSlis mosayvanad rekomendebul optimalur pH-s. pH-is donis optimalur zRvrebamde Sesamcireblad dargvamde ramdenime TviT adre niadagis zeda Sreze, sul mcire 20
sm-is siRrmeze, unda daiyaros wvrilmarcvlovani
gogirdi. niadagis modifikacia dargvamde gacilebiT iolia vidre dargvis Semdeg niadagis pH-is
Secvla. niadagis zedapirze gogirdis granulebis
moyriT Semcirebs niadagis mxolod zeda ramdenime sm-is pH done. Tumca, droTa ganmavlobaSi pH-is
Semcireba etapobrivad daiwyeba niadagis qveSreebSic.
qvemoT mocemul cxrilSi naCvenebia wvrilmarcvlovani gogirdis raodenoba, romelic aucilebelia
sxvadasxva teqsturis niadagis pH-is 6.5-mde Sesamcireblad.
gogirdis raodenoba (metruli tona erT heqtarze)
niadagis teqstura
qviSa
qviSnari
cximovani Tixa
lamovani Tixa
cximovani Tixnari
pH 8.5 - 6.5
2.9
2.3
2.0
1.6
1.2
pH 7.5 - 6.5
2.2
1.8
1.4
1.1
0.7
saqarTveloSi mJaviani niadagebis SemTxvevaSi,
romelTa pH 6.0-ze dabalia, aucilebeli iqneba niadagis pH-is gazrda 6.5 ±0-mde, 0.5-iT fesvTa zonaSi, vaSlis xis optimaluri zrdisTvis. es miiRweva baRSi, dasargav teritoriaze xeebis dargvamde
sul mcire ramdenime TviT adre kiris (CaCO3), dolomitiani kirqvis [CaMg(CO3)2], an Camqrali kiris
(CaOH2) SetaniT. dasamatebeli kirqvis raodenoba
damokidebulia niadagis pH-ze, CEC-sa, da organu-
16
axali agraruli saqarTvelo
li nivTierebis %-ze. qvemoT mocemul cxrilSi naCvenebia wvrilmarcvlovani kirqvis saWiro raodenoba sxvadasxva teqsturis niadagebis pH-is 6.5-mde
gasazrdelad.
kirqva (metruli tona erT heqtarze)
niadagis teqstura
qviSa
qviSnari
cximovani Tixa
lamovani Tixa
cximovani Tixnari
pH 4.5 - 6.5
2.8
5.3
7.5
8.7
10.5
pH 5.5 - 6.5
1.5
3.3
4.3
5.0
5.7
niadagis nayofiereba
vaSlis xis Camoyalibebamde dasamatebeli calkeuli sakvebi elementebis konkretuli raodenobebi unda ganisazRvros niadagis analizis Sedegebis safuZvelze. Tu niadagis analizis Sedegad
gamovlinda garkveuli elementebis nakleboba, xis
Camoyalibebamde saWiroa niadagSi am sakvebi nivTierebebis damateba da Sereva. vaSlis baRis niadagis nayofiereba saSualo zRvrebSi unda iyos. dabalnayofieri niadagebis SemTxvevaSi Semcirdeba
xis siZliere da mosavlianoba. metismetd noyieri
niadagebis SemTxvevaSi ki moxdeba Warbi mcenareulobis zrda.
sakvebi nivTierebebis arseboba
niadagis pH-Tan
-Tan kavSirSi
sakveb elementebs, romlebic didi raodenobiT
esaWiroebaT mcenareebs uwodeben makroelementebs,
romlebic moicavs azots (N), fosfors (P), kaliums
(K), kalciums (Ca), magniums (Mg), da gogirds (S). mcire raodenobiT saWiro sakveb elementebs uwodeben
mikroelementebs, romelTa Sorisaa rkina (Fe), manganumi (Mn), bori (Bo), cinki (Zn), spilenZi (Cu) da molibdeni (Mo).
mikroelementebis da makroelementebis arsebobaze gavlenas axdens niadagis pH. rodesac niadagi
susti an saSualo tutovania, (pH 7.5-8.5) izrdeba
makroelementebis SeTvisebis unari (garda fosforisa) da mcirdeba molibdenis done. P, Fe, Mn,
Zn, B, da Cu SeTviseba, rac uaryofiTad aisaxeba
xis zrdaze.
mJa vian nia da gebSi mikro elementebis SeT vi sebis
una ri iz r deba, gar da Mo da Bo-isa. P-s opti maluri mo culo bisTvis (fesvebis mier Sesa wo vad) ni ada gis pH unda iyos 6,0-7,0-is far glebSi. Tu ni adagis pH do ne 6,0-ze naklebia P war moqmnis uxs nar
na er Tebs rkiniT da aluminiT. Tu pH 7,5-ze maRalia fosfo ri war moqmnis uxsnar na er Tebs kalciumiT.
sazogadod, sakvebi nivTierebebis deficitis Tavidan acileba SesaZlebelia niadagis pH-is 6,0-idan
7,0-mde pirobebSi, im SemTxvevaSi, Tu niadagis mineralebi da organuli nivTierebebi Seicavs aucilebel sakveb nivTierebebs.
ივნისი, 2013
niadagis marilianoba
gajerebuli niadagidan aRebul wyalSi marilis
koncentraciiT (ewodeba najeri eqstraqti) ganisazRvreba niadagis marilianoba. Tu es wyali Seicavs 3 gramze nakleb marils erT litrze, maSin
niadagi iTvleba umarilod. Tu najer eqstraqtSi
marilis koncentracia 12 gramze metia erT litrze, niadagi aris Zlier mariliani. qvemoT mocemul
cxrilSi gansazRvrulia niadagis marilianobis xarisxi marilis koncentraciis mixedviT najer eqstraqtebSi
niadagis
marilianobis
xarisxi
umarilo
odnav mariliani
saS. mariliani
Zlier mariliani
niadag. wyl. maril. koncentr.
(najeri eqstr) marilis
koncentracia niadagis wyalSi
grami litrze milimoli sm-ze
0-3
0-4.5
3-6
4.5-9
6-12
9-18
>12
>18
vaSlis xe kargad ar izrdeba saSualo an Zlier marilian niadagebze. vaSlis zrdisTvis saukeTesoa
umarilo niadagebi, Tumca xe itans mcired marilian niadagebsac. marilis arseboba niadagSi amcirebs
im wylis siCqares da raodenobas, romlis Sewovac
fesvebs SeuZliaT niadagidan. amas garda, zogierTi
marilebi, maRali koncentraciiT arsebobis SemTxvevaSi toqsikuria vaSlis xeebisTvis.
rigebs Soris niadagis damuSaveba
xeebis rigebs Soris rekomendebuli ar aris rigebis gawmendviTi damuSaveba, vinaidan is arRvevs
niadagis struqturas zrdis ra niadagis simWidrovesa da erozias. amas garda, qmnis idealur kvals
farTofoTlovani mravalwlovani da erTwlovani
sarevelebis CamoyalibebisTvis, rac SeiZleba gaxdes mwerebisa da daavadebebis rezervuari. rigebs
S r
s un
nda Se
S iq
qmn
s ba
b laxis
x s sa
s fari,
r da xe
x ebis
b s qveS
q S
So
ris
mnas
ar unda iyos mcenareuloba. rigebs Soris balaxis
dabali safaris gazrda xels SeuSlis niadagis erozias, gamoiwvevs niadagSi organuli nivTierebebis
damatebas, gaaumjobesebs niadagis struqturas da
tenis SenarCunebis unars, warmoqmnis moWidebas
teqnikisTvis, da SesaZlebelia moizidos sasargeblo mwerebi. gamocdilebam aCvena, rom efeqturia
axlad momzadebuli gazoni neli zrdis mqone safari mcenareulobiT, romelic ar moiTxovs xSirad
gakreWvas. isini xaroben dabali noyierebis mqone
niadagebSi, cud savegetacio pirobebSi, datvirTuli moZraobis pirobebSi, da sakmarisad mWidrod
izrdeba, rac SesaZlebels xdis sarevelebis gamodevnas.
xis rigebs Soris SesaZlebelia agreTve balaxis sxva tipis safaris gamoyeneba — maRali wivana
(Kentucky-31 cultivar). is swarafad yalibdeba da gamZle safari mcenarea, Tumca xSir gakreWas moiTxovs
savegetacio periodis ganmavlobaSi.
saqarTveloSi balaxis Teslis dasargavad idealuri droa agvistos Sua periodidan seqtembris
gTxovT, TqvenTvis saintereso Temebze SekiTxvebi
da rekomendaciebi mogvawodoT sainformacio
furcelze, regionis mixedviT miTiTebul misamarTze.
pasuxebi ixileT Jurnal „axali agraruli saqarTvelos” momdevno nomerSi:
saxeli, gvari
misamarTi
tel.:
el. fosta
ყველა სიახლე
damatebiT N-iT amdidreben, misi gamoyofa prognozirebadi ar aris. amas garda, parkosnebi SeiZleba
warmoadgendnen garkveuli virusuli daavadebebis
rezervuars.
vaSlis rigebSi niadagis marTva
dasawyi
s w sam
s mde, xis
x s dar
rgvis
s wlis
w s wi
w na
n wels.
w s mom
m mdevno
n
saukeTeso droa martis Sua periodidan maisis dasawyisamde. balaxis Tesli unda moifantos sarevelebisgan gawmendil moxnul niadagze 20-40kg erT
heqtarze. balaxis Tesli ar unda daifaros niadagiT. amas garda, heqtarze unda daiyaros 20-40kg N,
niadagze zemodan, rigebs Soris balaxis safaris Camoyalibebis periodSi.
Tu balaxis safari iTeseba imave wlis gazafxulze,
rodesac vaSlis xe unda dairgas, neli zrdis mqone
balaxi kargad ver gaumklavdeba sarevelebs pirveli
savegetacio periodis ganmavlobaSi. saWiroa sarevelebis aqtiurobis Semcireba gakreWviT, vidre maTi simaRle 15-20 sm-s miaRwevs. balaxis Tesls SeiZleba Seerios Svria, 5kg heqtarze, rac xels Seuwyobs
balaxis safaris Camoyalibebas da xels SeuSlis naidagis erozias. samyuras, Cveulebrivi ionjas, an sxva
parkosnebis damateba ar aris rekomendebuli vaSlis
rigebs Soris. miuxedavad imisa, rom parkosnebi baRs
vaSlis xeebis qveS ubanze nargavebi ar unda iyos.
idealur SemTxvevaSi es sivrce unda daifaros
mulCiT, xis nafotebis, Calis, an kompostis saxiT.
vaSlis xis qveS vegetaciis arsebobis SemTxvevaSi
es nargavebi xes arTmeven wyals da sakveb nivTierebebs. ramac SesaZloa Seamciros xis siZliere da mosavlianoba. xeebis rigebs Soris nargaobisgan Tavisufali zoli xis saburvelis kidemde unda grZeldebodes. sigane unda ganisazRvros baRis gaSenebis
adreul etapze, da ar unda Semcirdes axlad darguli xeebisTvis.
xis Stamis qveS vegetaciis kontrolisTvis ZiriTadi meTodia herbicidebis gamoyeneba. herbicidebi, rogorc wesi, warmoadgenen yvelaze xarjTefeqtian xerxs xis qveS vegetaciis kontrolisTvis.
Tumca, axalgazrda xe SeiZleba Zalian mgrZnobiare
iyos garkveuli herbicidebis mimarT, da herbicidebis Sefrqvevam mwvane qerqsa an foTlebze SeiZleba
gaaCeros zrda an gamoiwvios xis daRupva.
yvelaze mniSvnelovani periodi xeebis sarevelebisgan dacvis kuTxiT iwyeba ayvavilebidan da grZeldeba furclebis gacvenidan 30 dRis ganmavlobaSi.
niadagis mulCirebam SeiZleba xeli Seuwyos sarevelebis zrdis daTrgunvas, tenianobis maRali donis
SenarCunebas, da gazrdili organuli nivTierebebis
Semcvelobas. Tumca, mulCi imavdroulad idealuri
saarsebo garemoa Tagvebis, kurdRlebis, da virTxebisTvis, romlebic SeiZleba ikvebebodnen xis Stambelze da fesvebiT.
gagrZeleba Semdeg nomerSi
NEO-s Tbilisis ofisi:
Tbilisi, ramiSvilis q. 6a.
tel: (+995 32) 225 05 61/ 71/81
faqsi: (+995 32) 225 05 41
[email protected]
NEO-s goris ofisi:
gori, i.evdoSvilis q. 30
tel: (+995 0 370) 27 84 00
[email protected]
NEO-s duSeTis ofisi:
duSeTi, daviT aRmaSenebelis q. 52
tel: (+995 0 346) 22 11 28
[email protected]
NEO-s zugdidis ofisi:
zugdidi, Tbilisis q. 19
tel: (+995 0 415) 22 19 20
[email protected]
NEO-s onis ofisi:
oni, vaxtang VI q. 120
tel: (+995 595) 677 047
[email protected]
კვლე ვა
კვლევა
mar wy vis fes ti va li
25 maiss zugdidSi marwyvis festivali Catarda, romlis organizatorebi aSS saerTaSoriso saagentos USAID-is
-is mier dafinansebuli axali
ekonomikuri SesaZleblobebis iniciativa (NEO)
(
) da qarTveli fermerebi gaxldnen. NEO oTxwliani programaa, romlis mizani, soflis ekonomikuri ganviTarebis komponentis farglebSi, SinameurneobaTa warmoebis saSualo maCveneblis stabiluri zrda, axali teqnologiebisa da
praqtikis danergva SerCeul sawarmoo jaWvebSi, ojaxebisaTvis Semosavlis diferencirebuli wyaroebis gamovlena da SerCeul municipalitetebSi grZelvadiani dasaqmebis SesaZleblobebis Seqmnaa. proeqti
oTx regions moicavs: Sida qarTlis, mcxeTa-mTianeTis, samegrelo-zemo svaneTisa da raWa-leCxumis da qvemo savaneTis regionebi.
samegrelos regioni ekonomikuri ganviTarebis axal SesaZleblobas iZleva, misi klimaturi pirobebi arasezonuri kulturebis Ria
gruntSi moyvanis karg saSualebas
iZleva, Tumca es resursi dRemde
ar iyo gamoyenebuli, swored am
proeqtis farglebSi aTi fermeri
SeirCa da Semodgomidan Ria gruntSi marwyvis warmoeba daiwyo.
festivalze marwyvi yvelanairi
saxiT iyo warmodgenili — marwyvi SokoladiTa da qoqosis fantelebiT, marwyvi kremiT, marwyvi
xaWos kremiTa da marwyvis torti
da sxva.
eduard Sermadini — teqnologi
rogorc iciT, proeqti USAID-ma
daafinansa da oTxi regioni moicva, SevecadeT im gamowvevebisTvis
gvepasuxa, rac konkretul regions hqonda. samegreloSi erT-erTi mimarTuleba xil-kenkrovani
kulturebis warmoeba gamoikveTa,
amitom SevarCieT 10 fermeri da
Sesabamisad sademonstracio nakveTebi, jamSi 2,5 ha, da gasuli wlis
seqtemberSi Ria gruntSi marwyvis
warmoeba daviwyeT. aprilSi ukve
mosavlis aReba daiwyo, sakmaod
kargi mosavali miviReT da karg
fasSiac iyideba.
im fermerebis bazaze, vinc am
proeqtSi iyo CarTuli, Seiqmna
asociacia, romelmac 10 aTasamde espanuri jiSis nergi Semoitana. aqve sofel kaxaTSi kenkrovani
kulturebis: mayvlis, Jolosa da
marwyvis sanerge gavakeTeT, saidanac nebismier msurvels SesaZlebloba eqneba nergebi waiRos.
samegrelos regioni Tavisi bunebrivi pirobebidan gamomdinare
SesaZleblobas gvaZlevs saTburebSi gauTboblad bostneulic
ივნისი, 2013
moviyvanoT.amitom Cven mxari davuWireT im 11 fermers, romlebsac Tanamedrove tipis saTburebi
aqvT da salaTis, kitris da marwyvis warmoebis proeqtebi warmoadgines.
nana fifia — xilkenkrovan kulturaTa ganviTarebis asociaciis
Tavmjdomare
— rogorc ki am proeqtis Sesaxeb SevityveT, me da Cemma megobarma gadavwyvite marwyvis warmoeba
dagvewyo. sofel CxoriaSi 1700kv.m
farTobze „san andreasis“, „fortunasa“ da „festivalis“ jiSis 6
aTasi Ziri marwyvi davrgeT. erTi
wuTiT ar mifiqria, rom biznesi
Cagvivardeboda, amiT davamtkiceT, rom samegreloSic SeiZleba
marwyvis moyvana. CamovayalibeT
asociaciac, romelic 10 fermers
aerTianebs, vcdilobT, erTmaneTs
gverdiT davudgeT da gundurad
vimuSaoT, ojaxis wevrebic mexmarebian, magram ZiriTadad me da Cemi megobari vmuSaobT. vTvli, rom
es mainc qalis saqmea.
— gasaRebis mxrivac aranairi
problema ar Segvqmnia, adgilze
modian da Tavad miaqvT, fasi 3 laridan iwyeba. marwyvis warmoebis
sezoni mais-dekembers moicavs.
— asociaciis CamoyalibebisTanave gadavwyviteT gazafxulze
marwyvis festivali Cagvetarebina, vfiqrob, dRes yvelaferma
kargad Caiara, Zalian kmayofili
var, ar megona Tu amdeni xalxi movidoda.
stivalze
z me
m futkre
r ebic
b
fes
iyvnen warmodgenilni da stumrebs
TavianTi nawarmiT umaspinZldebodnen.
lela ezugbaia — walenjixis
raioni, sofeli uJava
— organizatorebma dagvpatiJes da CamovediT, rom Cveni nawarmi gveCvenebina. Cven arc ise didi
warmoeba gvaqvs, sul 35 futkris
ojaxi gvyavs da weliwadSi 1-1.5
tona Tafls viRebT. es sakmaod
Sromatevadi saqmea da amitom bevri Tavs aridebs, Tan gasaRebis
problema gvaqvs, arada nebismieri saxis Tafli, es iqneba akaciis,
wablis Tu maisis Tafli, janmrTelobisTvis Zalian sasargebloa.
Tuki gasaRebis problema mogvardeba, yvelas vurCev am saqmiT dainteresdes, radgan sakmaod Semosavliani biznesia.
im dRes zugdidSi lamazi dResaswauli moewyo, festivalma uamrav stumars umaspinZla mTeli
saqarTvelodan. rogorc organizatorebma gviTxres, marwyvis
festivali yovel weliwads gaimarTeba zugdidSi da igi ufro
mravalferovani programebsa da
siaxleebs SesTavazebs stumrebs.
mariam lebaniZe
P.S. winamdebare statiebis gamocema SesaZlebeli gaxda amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis
saerTaSoriso ganviTarebis saagentos (USAID
(USAID)) mier gaweuli daxmarebis Sedegad. dokumenti
SemuSavebulia USAID/NEO proeqtis mier da misi Sexedulebebis gaTvaliswinebiT. statiebi
ar gamoxatavs amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis saerTaSoriso ganviTarebis saagentosa da
amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis mTavrobis mosazrebebs.
axali agraruli saqarTvelo
19
აგრა რული განათლება
აგრარული
განათ ლება
codnis amaRleba soflis meurneobis
ganviTarebis ZiriTadi pirobaa
miuxe
m
x davad imi
m sa,
s rom
r m sa
s qar
q rTvelo uZ
Zvelesi
s agrar
luri qveyanaa, dRes is msoflios mowinave agrarul
qveynebs konkurentunariani produqciis warmoebis
mxriv mniSvnelovnad CamorCeba. gasuli saukunis
90-iani wlebis Semdeg soflis meurneobis politika radikalurad Seicvala. meurneobriobis mravalformianobam mZlavri meurneobebis daSla gamoiwvia.
miwebis arasworma privatizaciam da danawevrebam
isedac mcire miwiani qveynis saxnav-saTesi farTobebis gamoyenebis koeficienti Seamcira. sagrZnoblad
daeca mosavlianoba da produqciis xarisxi. ganadgurda arsebuli materialur-teqnikuri baza. paralelurad gamoCndnen adamianebi, romlebmac xalxisaTvis gankuTvnili miwebi, finansebi, teqnika da
sxva resursebi xelSi Caigdes. mosaxleobam dakarga
soflis maxloblad arsebuli saZovrebis da tyeebis
sargeblobis ufleba. gaRaribda soflis mosaxleoba. Sromisunarianma kontigentma datova sofeli da
qalaqs miaSura.
saqarTvelos dRevandeli xelisufleba soflis mosaxleobis mdgomareobis gaumjobesebas, erTjeradi
daxmarebebiT, sesxebiT, baraTebiT, teqnikiT, sawvaviT da a.S. cdilobs, magram am RonisZiebebis gatareba
ar aris sakmarisi soflis mosaxleobis keTildReobisaTvis. msoflios gamocdileba gviCvenebs, rom ganviTarebadi qveynebis soflis meurneobis aRorZineba
SesaZlebelia mxolod kompleqsuri RonisZiebebis
erTdrouli CatarebiT. amisaTvis saWiroa soflis meurneobis ganviTarebis saxelmwifo politikis damuSaveba da misi etapobrivi ganxorcieleba.
soflis meurneobis sakiTxebze mosaxleobaSi
codnis amaRleba saxelmwifo agraluri politikis
erT-erTi Semadgeneli nawili unda iyos. dReisaTvis axalgazdoba mowyvetilia sofels, sofeli darCa xandazmuli da moxuci adamianebis anabara. pirvel
rigSi axalgazrdebi unda daubrundnen sofels, amisaTvis saWiroa sofelSi gaumjobesdes infrastruq-
20
axali agraruli saqarTvelo
tura da socialuri pirobebi. unda moxdes axalgazrdobis daintereseba soflis problemebiT da maTi
codnis amaRleba soflis meurneobis sakiTxebSi.
gasul periodSi, ganaTlebis sistemaSi Catarebuli reformebis dros daSvebul iqna miutevebeli
Secdomebi; nacvlad imisa, rom gaeZlierebinaT sasoflo-sameurneo mimarTulebis institutebi da
kolejebi, moxda maTi likvidacia, nawili SeuerTes
ufro mZlavr da prestiJul universitetebs. axalgazrdobam dakarga interesi iseTi profesiebisadmi rogoricaa: agronomia, soflis meurneobis meqanizacia, eleqtrifikacia, melioracia, produqtTa
teqnologia da sxva. Cveni azriT, soflis meurneoba
saqarTvelos ekonomikis xerxemalia,amdenad misi meorexarisxovan saqmianobad gadayvana, didi Secdomaa
da qveynis dakninebis gzaa.
dRevandeli xelisuflebis mier soflis meurneoba
aRiarebulia erT-erT prioritetul dargad.es faqtori Zalian dagvianebulia, magram naTqvamia: sjobs
gvian, vidre arasdros. rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT soflis meurneobis ganviTarebis erT-erTi ganmsazRvreli faqtori soflis meurneobaSi dasaqmebuli adamianebis codnis done, maTi kvalifikaciaa, vinaidan mxolod mcodne adamians SeuZlia axali teqnologiebis
da sxva siaxleebis aTviseba-gamoyeneba.
saqarTveloSi pirvel rigSi unda Seiqmnas, sasoflo-sameurneo sakiTxebSi codnis gavrcelebis efeqtiani sistema. msoflios ganviTarebad qveynebSi arsebobs aseTi sistemis muSaobis sakmao gamocdileba
da Sesabamisi literatura. 2005 wels fao-s kadrebis
momzadebis da codnis gamavrcelebeli ganyofilebis
mier gamoqveynebulia naSromi Temaze "codnis gavrceleba soflis meurneobis sakiTxebze". am naSromSi
mocemulia codnis gavrcelebis ZiriTadi koncefciebi, saxelmwifo principebi da qmedebebi, romlebic
ar warmoadgenen Teoriuli an mecnieruli kvlevis
Sedegebs, aramed praqtikuli saqmianobis mravalwlian gamocdilebas da dakvirvebebs eyrdnoba.
codnis gavrceleba soflis meurneobis sakiTxebze warmoadgens farTo diapazonis problemas da misi
yvela aspeqtis ganxilva mokle statiaSi, praqtikulad SeuZlebelia, magram SevecdebiT ganvixiloT am
problemis ZiriTadi aspeqtebi. codnis gavrcelebis
sistema msoflios rogorc mowinave, ise ganviTarebad qveynebSi axal formebs Rebulobs, rac dakavSrebulia msoflioSi mimdinare globalizaciis, decentarlizaciis, privatizaciis da demokratizaciis
procesebTan. msoflios masStabiT igrZnoba sasursaTo problemis Seqmnis saSiSroeba. am procesebis
Tavidan acilebaSi gansakuTrebuli roli ekuTvnis
codnis gavrcelebis sistemas, romlis srulyofaSi monawileoba unda miiRos rogorc samTavrobo da
arasamTavrobo struqturebma, aseve sasoflo-sameurneo universitetebma, kolejebma, fermerulma
asociaciebma, sainformacio-sakonsultacio centrebma da sxva.
ივნისი, 2013
აგრარული გან
განათლება
ათლე ბა
soflis meurneobis sakiTxebze codnis gamavrcelebeli organizaciebis ZiriTad funqcias warmoadgens soflis mosaxleobas (mamakacebs, qalebs, axalgazrdebs), araformaluri saxiT miawodos codna da
gauziaros gamocdileba. Sinaarsobrivad codnis
gavrceldeba warmoadgens swavlebis process, romelic xorcieldeba ganaTlebis oficialuri sistemis
CarCos gareT da soflis mosaxleobis keTildReobis gaumjobesebas emsaxureba.
Tu gadavxedavT istorias, gagvaxsendeba sabWoTa
kavSiris dros arsebuli sazogadoebrivi organizaciebi: sazogadoeba "codna" , samecniero-teqnikuri
sazogadoeba da sxvebi, romlebic mosaxleobaSi ZiriTadad sxvadasxva sferoSi codnis gavrcelebas
emsaxurebodnen. es organizaciebi amJamad ar funqcionireben, rac mosaxleobaSi codnis gavrcelebis
procesze uaryofiTad aisaxeba.
codnis gavrcelebasTan dakavSirebuli samuSaoebi
warmoadgnen sakamarisad rTul amocanebs. es procesebi komfortul kabinetebsa da laboratoriebSi ar
mimdinareobs, aramed is unda ganxorcieldes rTul
sayofacxovrebo da klimatur pirobebSi. praqtikulad am samuSaoebis Catareba ufro rTulia, vidre
muSaoba universitetebSi, samecniero kvleviT dawesebulebebSi da sagamocdo sadgurebSi. saqarTveloSi soflis meurneobis da zogadad soflis problemebze codnis gavrceleba miuxedavad mTavrobis
mier gatarebuli nawilobrivi RonisZiebebisa, ar
aris sakmarisi da jerjerobiT ganixileba rogorc
meorexarisxovani saqmianoba.
mimdinare wels soflis meurneobis saministros
mier ganxorcielda meqanizatorTa gadamzadeba,
rac udaod wingadadgmuli nabijia, magram amgavari
erTjeradi aqciebi sakmarisi ar aris soflis mosaxleobis kvalifikaciis da codnis amaRlebisTvis.
saWiroa mudmivad funqionirebadi organizaciebi,
romlebic winaswar momzadebuli programebis da Sesabamisi materialuri bazis gamoyenebiT ganaxorcieleben codnis gavrcelebas mosaxleobaSi.
samecniero kvleviT dawesebulebis TanamSromlebi, aseve calkeuli gamomgoneblebi da racionalizatorebi darwmunebuli arian imaSi, rom maT mier damuSavebul siaxleebs maSinve gamoiyeneben fermerebi
TavianT saqmianobaSi. ra Tqma unda es ase ar aris. es
rom ase iyos, maSin asobiT gamogoneba da teqnologiebi, romlebic ganixileba samecniero konferenciebze ar iqneboda miviwyebuli da Taroebze dalagebuli, yovelgvari yuradRebis gareSe. imisaTvis
rom fermerebma gamoiyenon axali teqnologiebi da
teqnika, maT unda gaiaron rTuli gza samecniero
klveviTi institutebidan fermerTa mindvrebamde
da plantaciebamde. siaxleebi fermerebamde unda
mivides yovelgvari Teoriebis gaangariSebis da teqnikuri terminologiis gareSe, raTa isini praqtikulad darwmundnen maT upiratesobaSi. es SesaZlebelia savele pirobebSi sademonstracio Cvenebebis saSualebiT. amis garda fermeri unda darwmundes maT
efeqtianobaSi (maRalmosavlianoba, xarisxi, riskis
nakleboba da a. S.) am procesis ganxorcielebis Semdeg fermers unda miewodos aucilebeli codna axali teqnologiis gamoyenebisTvis. fermerma TviTon
unda SeZlos axali teqnologiis dadebiTi da uaryofiTi mxareebis Sefaseba da gadawyvetilebis miReba.
ივნისი, 2013
zemoT aRniSnuli umartivesi sqema warmoadgens im
proceduras, romelic unda Caataros codnis gamavrcelebeli sistemis TanamSromlebma. magram Tu qveyanaSi ar aris codnis gamavrcelebeli specialuri
jgufebi, maSin es samuSaoebi unda Caataron TviTon
siaxlis avtorebma. rogorc praqtika gviCvenebs aseTi procedurebis Catareba avtorebis mier umetes
SemTxvevaSi ver xerxdeba. adre arsebul samecniero
kvleviT institutebSi funqcionirebda axali teqnologiebis da teqnikis gamocdis da danergvis ganyofilebebi, romelTa daniSnuleba iyo, siaxleebis
reklamireba da momxmarebeblebisaTvis saTanado
codnis miwodeba. aseTi samsaxurebi amJamad arsebul
institutebSi ar funqcionirebs.
dRes, rodesac saqarTveloSi soflis meurneobis saministros da sxva kerZo organizaciebs Semoaqvs Tanamedrove teqnika. traqtorebi, kombainebi,
sasoflo-sameurneo agregatebi, saTesle masalebi,
Sxam-qimikatebi da sxva. saWiroa soflis mosaxleobas, fermerebs umokles droSi miewodos Sesabamisi
codna, maTi eqsploataciis da efeqtiani gamoyenebis Sesaxeb. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevebSi sargeblianobis
nacvlad mosalodnelia moxdes sapirispiro movlena, rac daazaralebs soflis mosaxleobas da negatiurad aisaxeba qveynis ekononikaze.
zemoaRniSnulidan gamomdinare saqarTveloSi aucilebelia Camoyalibdes soflis meurneobis da zogadad soflis sakiTxebze codnis gamavrcelebeli stabiluri sistema, romelSic CarTuli iqneba, rogorc
saxelmwifo ise kerZo struqturebi. romlebsac unda
gaaCndeT didi gamocdileba da codna. aRWurvilni
unda iyvnen farTo teqnikuri SesaZleblobebiT da
resusrsebiT. nebismieri saxelmwifo investiciebi,
romlebic mimarTuli iqneba codnis gamavrcelebel
sistemis Camoyalibebaze, qveyanas aunazRaurdeba
moklevadian an grZelvadian periodSi.
nugzar ebanoiZe
teqnikis mecnierebis doqtori,
a. wereTlis saxelmwifo universitetis
profesori, emeritusi
axali agraruli saqarTvelo
21
ინფორმა ცია
ინფორმაცია
TbilisSi Rvinisa da alkoholuri sasmelebis me-6
saerTaSoriso gamofena - WINEXPO GEORGIA 2013 gaimarTa
TbilisSi 7-9 ivniss Rvinis erovnuli saagentosa da
sagamofeno centris „eqspo jorjias“ organizebiTa da
soflis meurneobis saministros, asociacia qarTuli
Rvinisa da saqarTvelos kulturisa da ZeglTa dacvis
saministros mxardaWeriT „Rvinisa da alkoholuri sasmelebis saerTaSoriso gamofena Catarda.
„Rvini
n sa
s da alkoho
h luri
r sas
s sm
melebis
b s sa
s er
rTaSo
S ri
r so
s
gamofena saqarTveloSi yovelwliurad imarTeba. sasiamovnoa, rom wels gansakuTrebiT bevri ucxoeli stumari Camovida qarTuli Rvinis gasacnobad. sxvadasxva
qveynis Rvinis eqspertebi, specialistebi da Jurnalistebi adgilze gaecnen xarisxiani qarTuli Rvinis mravalferovnebas da kulturas.
RonisZiebaSi 60-ze meti sxvadasxva kompania monawileobs. saukeTeso qarTul RvinosTan erTad sxvadasxva
regionebidan warmodgenili iyo qarTuli tradiciebiT
damzadebuli yveli, adgilobrivi rewvis unikaluri nimuSebi, Rvinis aqsesuarebi da sxva.
gamofenaze Rvinisa da alkoholuri sasmelebis mwarmoebeli msxvili qarTuli kompaniebis gverdiT stumrebs
sakuTari produqcia warudgines mcire da ojaxuri marnebis mflobelebma. damTvalierebels saSualeba hqonda
gacnoboda da daegemovnebina boTlisa da qvevris qarTuli Rvinoebis mravalferovneba.
WinExpo Georgia 2013-Si monawile kompaniebs saSualeba
eqnebaT Sexvedrebi gamarTon baierebTan, saerTaSoriso
sadistribucio kompaniebis warmomadgenlebTan, somelieebTan, Rvinis eqspertebTan, sastumroebisa da restornebis warmomadgenlebTan. specialurad gamofenaze
daswrebis mizniT, saqarTvelos estumreba somelieTa da
JurnalistTa jgufi ruseTidan.
gamofenis farglebSi Rvinis msoflio organizaciis (IV)
standartebiT, gaimarTa konkursi, romlis Jiuris SemadgenlobaSic iyvnen qarTveli da ucxoeli saerTaSoriso
eqspertebi, magistrebi da Rvinis specialistebi.
WinExpo Georgia 2013-is paralelurad gaimarTa qvevris Rvinis me-2 saerTaSoriso simpoziumi, romelsac
40-mde ucxoeli stumari — qvevris Rvinis eqspertebi,
distributorebi da Jurnalistebi daeswrnen. simpoziumis farglebSi Catarda Rvinis master klasebi da Rvinis turebi kaxeTis regionSi.
კან ონ მდებ ლები
კანონმდებლები
parlamentSi sasoflo-sameurneo miwebis
ucxoelebze miyidvis SeCerebis Taobaze msjeloben
saqarTvelos parlamentSi wardgenilia kanonproeqti, romelic 2017
wlis 1 ianvramde ucxoel moqalaqeebze sasoflo-sameurneo miwebis miyidvis SeCerebas iTvaliswinebs.
kanonproeqtis avtorebi arian parlamentos agrarul sakiTxTa komitetis Tavmjdomare gigla agulaSvili respublikuri partiidan
da deputati zurab tyemalaZe mrewvelTa partiidan.
sasoflo-sameurneo daniSnulebis miwis sakuTrebis Sesaxeb kanonSi
cvlilebis proeqti gamodis iniciativiT, rom 2017 wlamde SeCerdes im
muxlis moqmedeba, romelic ucxoel
moqalaqeebs
sasoflo-sameurneo
daniSnulebis miwebis SeZenis uflebas aniWebs.
kanonproeqtis Tanaxmad, SeCereba
ar unda Seexos im miwebs, romlebic
ukve ucxoeli moqalaqeebis mflobelobaSia.
kanonproeqtis damtkicebis SemTx-
22
axali agraruli saqarTvelo
vevaSi, mTavrobas daevaleba miwis kadastris gaumjobeseba da eqvs TveSi
„sasoflo-sameurneo
daniSnulebis
miwis sakuTrebis Sesaxeb erTiani saxelmwifo politikis SemuSaveba miwis
resursebis racionalurad gamoyenebisa da dacvis mizniT“.
damtkicebis SemTxvevaSi, kanonproeqti SeaCerebs saqarTvelos
soflis meurneobis seqtorSi investiciebis ganxorcielebis mzard
interess, rasac 2012 wlidan hqonda
adgili ZiriTadad indoeli fermerebis mxridan. gavrcelebuli informaciiT, bolo erTi wlis ganmavlobasi 2 000-ze meti indoeli fermeri, ZiriTadad arc ise Zvirma, nayofierma miwam da biurokratiuli
procedurebis naklebobam moizida
saqar
s
q rTveloSi,
S Zi
Z ri
r Tadad mis
m s aRmom
savleT nawilSi, aq miwis nakveTebis
yidva da dasaxleba gadaawyvetina.
kanonproeqtis ganmartebiT baraTSi weria: „dRevandeli mdgomareobiT,
arsebobs miwebis araracionalurad
ივნისი, 2013
კან ონ მდე ბლე ბი
კანონმდებლე
gasxvisebis realuri safrTxe, ramac SeiZleba uaryofiTi zegavlena
moaxdinos saxelmwifos ekonomikur
usafrTxoebaze, garemosa dacvasa da
qveynis uSiSroebaze, aseve SesaZloa,
mniSvnelovnad daazaralos soflis
adgilobrivi mcxovreblebi“.
saqarTveloSi soflad mosaxleobis 46.8%-s cxovrobs, qveynis mSp-Si
ki soflis meurneobis wili 10%-ze
naklebia.
cota xnis winaT evrokavSiris dafinansebiT wardgenil angariSSi,
romelic saqarTvelos soflis meurneobis sferos exeba, naTqvamia,
rom qveynis sasoflo-sameurneo SesaZleblobebi susti, xolo warmoeba „ukiduresad dabalia“.
„qveyanaSi siRaribis maRali donis gaxangrZlvebis erT-erTi mizezi saqarTvelos soflis meurneobis CamorCeniloba da ganuviTareblobaa, ramac savargulebis saerTo raodenoba 43%-iT Seamcira. aseve Semcirda erT heqtarze
sasoflo-sameurneo produqtebis
warmoebis moculobac. Tumca qveyanaSi soflis meurneobas kvlav gansakuTrebuli roli ekisreba, imis
miuxedavad, rom mSp-Si agraruli
seqtoris wili Semcirda, am seqtorSi dasaqmebulTa Soris 95% wvrili
fermeria, romlebsac, Cveulebriv,
1.2 ha miwis nakveTi da 2 Zroxa hyavT.
miCneulia, rom aseTi ojaxebi miekuTvnebian saarsebo saSualebebis
mqoneTa an nawiloebriv mqoneTa kategorias“, — naTqvamia angariSSi.
2013 wels soflis meurneobisa da
soflis ganviTarebisTvis evrokavSirma 40 milioni evros Rirebulebis
samwliani evropis samezoblo programa daiwyo, romelic miznad saqarTveloSi sakvebis warmoebas da soflad siRaribis daZlevas isaxavs.
საწა რმო
საწარმო
sapartnioro fondma qarTul sabanko seqtorTan da kerZo investorTan TanamSromlobis Sedegad soflis meurneobis dargSi pirveli masStaburi proeqti daasrula.
Ro ris xor cis baz ari eko lo gi u ri
pro duq ci iT Se iv se ba
kom
mp
pan
nia „geo agros“
r s“ Svi
S lobi
b li
kompaniis — Sps „kalandas“ mier warmodgenili proeqtis ganxorcieleba 2011 wlis bolos daiwyo da misma
srulma sainvesticio Rirebulebam
10 mln aSS dolari Seadgina. kompleqsis mSenebloba 2012 wlis ivnisSi
daiwyo, romlis dafinansebaSi monawileoba sapartnioro fondma, „saqarTvelos bankma“ da kerZo investorebma miiRes.
meRoreobis fermis sawarmoo kompleqsis proeqti da teqnologiuri
aRWurviloba germanulma kompania
„Big Dutchman”-ma moawoda, sanaSene
maRalproduqtiuli Rorebis mowodeba ki britanulma kompania ACMCma uzrunvelyo.
kompania „kalandas“ meRoreobis
ferma, romlis sawarmoo farTobi
13 heqtars Seadgens, TeTriwyaros
raionis sofel kodas mimdebare teritoriazea ganlagebuli.
meRoreobis fermis sawarmoo kompleqsis simZlavre pirvel etapze weliwadSi 110 kg. cocxali wona
16000 erTeuli Rori iqneba. kompleqsi Sedgeba 7 sawarmoo Senobis,
kombinirebuli sakvebis qarxnis da
sasaklaosagan.
sawarmos dasawyisSi kompania „Big
Dutchman”-i marTavs, sadac deda
Rorebis ganayofierebis programa
ukve dawyebulia da pirvel maRalxarisxovan produqcias „kalanda“
bazars wleuls dekemberSi SesTavaივნისი, 2013
zebs.
Zlavre
z
bs Tavidan
n sim
s mZ
r kvira
r Si
S 300
Roris warmadobiT ganisazRvreba.
2014 wels, srul sawarmoo simZlavreze gadasvlis Semdgom, es maCvenebeli gaormagdeba.
sapartnioro fondis aRmasrulebeli direqtoris irakli kovzanaZis ganmartebiT, soflis meurneobaSi sapartnioro fondis
monawileobiT
ganxorcielebuli es proeqti unikaluria da igi
saxelmwifos, sabanko seqtoris da
mewarmeTa TanamSromlobis pirveli
warmatebuli magaliTia.
am proeqts gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba aqvs, radgan misi amocanaa
qarTuli bazrisTvis maRalteqnologiuri sruli ciklis Sedegad
warmoebuli ekologiurad sufTa
produqciis SeTavazeba. darwmunebuli var, „kalandas“ Roris xorci
bazarze gamoCenisTanave daimsaxurebs momxmareblis yuradRebas.
sapartnioro fondis mizania kerZo investiciebis mxardaWera da
finansuri investirebis ganxorcieleba iq, sadac saxelmwifos prioritetebi gaaCnia. erT-erTi aseTi
mimarTuleba ki swored soflis meurneobaa. fondSi, , am etapzec ganxilvis stadiaSia soflis meurneobis ramdenime masStaburi proeqti,
romelTa sainvesticio mxardaWeris
Taobaze sazogadoebas male vacnobebT“ - ganacxada irakli kovzanaZem.
cno
bis
saTvis:
neobis
n b
s sof
s lis
s me
m ur
rn
b s
seqtorSi warmodgenil im proeqtebs, romelTa saerTo sainvesticio moculoba minimum 5 milioni
laria, fondi kapitalis 50%-iT
afinansebs. saxalxo meurneobis sxva
seqtorebSi es niSnuli minimum 30
mln laria.
ss „sapartnioro fondi“ 2011 wels
Camoyalibda. fondis aqciebi mTlianad (100%) saxelmwifo sakuTrebaa
da misi kapitali 2,3 miliard lars
Seadgens, aqtivebi ki 5 miliard lars
aWarbebs. ss „sapartnioro fondis“
mizani energetikis soflis meurneobis, uZravi qonebis, infrastruqturisa da warmoebis sferoSi investiciebis mxardaWeraa. fondis sameTvalyureo sabWo Sedgeba premier-ministris (Tavmjdomare), ekonomikisa
da mdgradi ganviTarebis, energetikisa da bunebrivi resursebis, finansTa da iusticiis ministrebisa
da kerZo seqtoris warmomadgenlebisgan. fondis dafinansebis wyaroa
subordinirebuli/konvertirebadi
sesxebi da fondis kapitali. fondis
funqciebia stabiluri grZelvadiani finansireba, riskebis ganawileba
investorTan da komerciuli bankebidan an/da saerTaSoriso safinanso institutebidan proeqtebisTvis
finansebis mozidvis axali SesaZleblobebis gamonaxva.
saqinformi
axali agraruli saqarTvelo
23
ბიომეურ ნე
ბიომეურნე
Jurnali `axali agraruli saqarTvelo~ gTavazobT rubrikas _
”biomeurne”, romelsac biologiur meurneobaTa asociacia
`elkanas~ specialistebi amzadeben.
va zis tki pa
( E RI OP H YES VI TIS NAL. )
vazis tkipa mevenaxeobis yvela regionSi gavrcelebuli monofagia da azianebs mxolod vazs _ kvirtebis, foTlebisa da ylortebis wuwvniT. es mavnebeli Zlier mcire zomis _ mdedri 0,160, xolo _ mamri
0,140 mm sigrZisaa.
am saxeobis tkipebi zamTars ZiriTadad vazis kvirtebis qerclis
qveS atareben. mozamTreobidan tkipa adre gazafxulze, vazis kvirtebis gaSlis periodSi gamodis, ris
Semdegac igi Tavsdeba axalgazrda
foTlebze da iwyebs maT dazianebas.
amis Semdeg foTlis zeda mxareze
Cndeba amoburculi Rududoebi, xolo foTlis qveda mxares, SeRunul
adgilebSi ki warmoiqmneba moTeTro, qeCiseburi bususiani adgilebi.
Tu venaxSi tkipa masobrivadaa modebuli, maSin xSirad isini sayvavile
kvirtebze da norC ylortebzec saxldebian da azianeben maT. amis Semdgomad zogjer kvirti veRar viTardeba da iRupeba, xolo vazi da misi
ylortebi ki sustad viTardeba. Tu
vazis tkipa am dros Zlieradaa vazze modebuli, aseT dros Zlier dazianebuli foTlebi xmeba da cviva.
vazis tkipas mier gamowveuli qeCis
msgavsi warmonaqmni Seburculi adgilebi foTlis qveda mxareze Tavdapirvelad mcire zomisaa, xolo
Semdeg izrdeba da xSirad foTlis
qveda mxares mTlianad faravs. zeda
mxridan ki foToli mTlianad Rududoebadaa qceuli. tkipebi foTlis qveda mxareze, SeRunul adgilebSi cxovroben, viTardebian da
sezonis (zafxulis) ganmavlobaSi
daaxloebiT aT Taobas iZlevian.
24
axali agraruli saqarTvelo
vazis tkipas gavrcelebas xels
uwyobs sakarantino RonisZiebebis
darRveva, sargav-samynobi masalebis ukontrolo gamoyenebiT. mis
gavrcelebas aseve didad uwyobs
xels qaric, romelsac tkipasagan
dazianebuli da Camocvenili vazis
foTlebi, romlebzec saxloben
tkipebi sakmaod Sors gadaaqvs.
brZolis RinisZiebebi:
sargav-samynobi masalis mkacri
kontroli;
vazis tkipasagan dazianebuli
foTlebisa da ylortebis mokrefa, mogroveba da dawva;
adre gazafxulze, kvirtebis
gabervis periodSi (kvirtis gaskdodmamde) vazis varjisa da gansakuTrebiT kvirtebis, Sesafrqvevi
gogirdiT damuSaveba.
Sesafrqvevi gogirdis nacvlad
SesaZlebelia koloiduri gogirdis xsnaris gamoyenebac, rac gacilebiT efeqturi xerxia.
bolo periodSi bazarze gamoCnda Tanamedrove da sakmaod
efeqturi axali biopreparatebi:
Tioviti (Thiovit jet) da kumulusi
(Kumulus DF), romelTa gamoyenebasac ukve warmatebiT mimarTaven
saqarTvelos didi Tu mcire mevenaxeebi. orive preparati ZiriTadad nacris sawinaaRmdegod gamo-
iyeneba, Tumca maTi moqmedeba vazis tkipas winaaRmdegac sakmaod
efeqturia, romeli informaciac
da dozebic amave preparatebis instruqciaSia mocemuli.
gasaTvaliswinebelia!
vazis tkipas winaaRmdeg pirveli
wamloba unda Catardes mxolod
maSin, rodesac adre gazafxulze
kvirti iwyebs gabervas, anu im periodSi, sanam moxdeba kvirtis gaskdoma. rodesac kvirti gaskdeba
amis Semdgom, an sulac amave periodSi, wamlobis Catarebas efeqti
TiTqmis ara aqvs. tkipas winaaRmdeg vazis Semdgomi, specialuri,
calke wamlobis Catareba saWiro
ar aris, radgan biovenaxebSi nacris winaaRmdeg Catarebuli wamlobebi vazis tkipas winaaRmdegac
sruliad sakmarisia.
wyaro:
„entomologia“ (nawili meore).
prof. ir. baTiaSvilis saerTo redaqciiT. Tbilisi, 1962.
„kaxeTSi gavrcelebuli vazis
mavneblebi da maTTan brZola“.
i. rusiaSvili. Tbilisi, 1963.
giorgi barisaSvili
„elkanas“ mrCeveli mevenaxeobameRvineobis dargSi
ივნისი, 2013
ბიომეურნე
,,Sinauri~ saSualebebi xexilis
mavneblebis winaaRmdeg
mavneblebi xexilis baRs did zians ayeneben — azianeben foTlebs,
yvavils, fesvebs, kvirtebs da sxv. Sesabamisad, mosavlis xarisxi da
raodenoba mcirdeba. mavneblebTan brZolis meTodebi mravalgvaria, magram Tu Tqven saRi da xarisxiani produqtis miReba gsurT,
sasurvelia Tavi SeikavoT baRis qimiuri preparatebiT damuSavebisagan. aba rogor aviciloT Tavidan mavneblebiT baRis dazianeba?
mivmarToT e.w. „Sinaur“ saSualebebs, meTodebs, romelsac Cveni
winaprebi iyenebdnen da dRes aqtiurad mimarTaven biomeurneebi.
zogierT mcenares aqvs inseqticiduri da fungiciduri Tvisebebi
da maTi naxarSebi da nayenebi SeiZleba gamoviyenoT sxvadasxva mavneblebis winaaRmdeg sabrZolvelad.
gTavazobT ramdenime maTgans:
abzinda
abzinda yvelasaTvis cnobili sarevela mcenarea, romelic mravlad
moipoveba tyis mimdebare mindvrebze, baRSi, gzis pirebze. misi nayeni
da naxarSi gamoiyeneba vaSlis nayofWamias matlebis, bugrebis, ablabudiani tkipas winaaRmdeg.
damzadebis wesi:
- 1 kg. gamSral abzindas daasxiT
2 litramde wyali da aduReT 1015 wT. naxarSi gaacieT, gawureT
da SeavseT wyliT 10 litramde.
misi moqmedebis gasaZliereblad
naxarSs SegiZliaT daumatoT 1-1.3
kg. qaTmis skintli. Serevamde skintli, mcireoden wyalTan erTad,
1-2 dRe gaaCereT, Semdeg gadawureT da SeurieT abzindis naxarSs.
Sesxureba unda moxdes orjer, 7
dRiani intervaliT.
- 700-800 gr. wvrilad daWrili
nedli abzinda moaTavseT vedroSi da daasxiT civi wyali, ise, rom
vedro mTlianad Seivsos. gaaCereT 24 sT. da Semdeg aduReT 30
wT. miRebuli naxarSi gaacieT, gadawureT, ganazaveT wyliT (1:1) da
SeasxureT mcenares.
lencofa
lencofa Sxamiani mcenarea. mis
naxarSs iyeneben bugrebis, ablabudiani tkipas, baRlinjoebis winaaRmdeg. misi Segroveba
xdeba mcenaris yvavilobis win.
mogrovili lencofa kargad unda
gaaSroT (SeiZleba Tokze Camokidebuli gamWol qarSi). gauSroblad misi Senaxva didxans ar SeiZleba - Caxurdeba da aqtivobas
dakargavs.
damzadebis wesi:
- 2,5 kg. axladmokrefili an 3 kg.
gamSrali mcenare wvrilad daWeriT, daasxiT mcire raodenobis
wyali da dabal cecxlze aduReT
2-3 sT-is ganmavlobaSi. Semdeg naივნისი, 2013
x rS
w reT,
r
S avseT
s
w
xar
Si gawu
Se
wyliT
10
l-mde. gamoyenebis win naxarSs daumateT 30-40 gr. saponi. naxarSiT
mcenare ramdenimejer unda SeasxuroT mavneblis gamoCenamde da
mis Semdeg.
Sxama
Sxama Zlier Sxamiani mcenarea.
xexilis baRSi vaSlis nayofWamias, CrCilis, alublis xerxias da
sxva mavneblebis winaaRmdeg iyeneben rogor mis naxarSs, ise nayensac.
Sxamas agroveben SemodgomiT an
gazafxulze. mcenares fesvebianad aSroben CrdilSi an qargamWol SenobaSi.
damzadebis wesi:
- naxarSis dasamzadeblad 2-4 kg.
masas daumateT cotaodeni wyali
da aduReT 2-3 sT. Semdeg gaacieT,
gawureT da wyliT 10 l-mde SeavseT.
nayenis dasamzadeblad 1 kg.
nedl an 250 gr. mSral masas daasxiT 10 l. wyali, daayovneT 24-48
sT, gawureT da gamoiyeneT.
goCa wereTeli
„elkanas“ mrCeveli mexileobis
dargSi
axali agraruli saqarTvelo
25
საკვე ბწა რმოებ ა
საკვებწარმოება
mravalwlovani sakvebi balaxebis roli
da mniSvneloba mecxoveleobaSi
mecxoveleobis srulfasovani sakvebiT uzrunvelyofaSi saxnavi miwebidan miRebuli sakvebis xvedriTi
wili dablob da mTiswina regionebSi sakvebis saerTo
balansSi maRalia. iq, sadac bunebriv saTib-saZovrebs
Zalze mcire farTobi uWiravs, mindvrad sakvebwarmoebis ZiriTadi wyaro mravalwlovani sakvebi balaxebis
naTesebia. imis gamo, rom xSirad ugulebelyofilia
maTi movla-moyvanis elementaruli agrowesebi (cudad damuSavebul farTobSi Tesva uxarisxod tardeba, TiTqmis yovelTvis irRveva Tesvis optimaluri
vadebi, farTobi ar irwyveba, ar SeaqvT mineraluri
da organuli sasuqebi, umetes SemTxvevaSi balaxebis
naTesi meCxeri da sarevelebiT dafarulia, mosavlis aReba dagvianebiT da uyairaTod xdeba), balaxebis mosavali Zalze dabalia da uxarisxo. TavisTavad
cxadia, rom aseTi dabali agroteqnologiis Sedegad
didi deficitiT warmoebs maRali xarisxis Tivisa da
senaJis damzadeba. sakvebis balansSi didia nayidi da
dabalyuaTiani namjisa da Calis xvedriTi wili, rac
mecxoveleobis produqtiulobis Semcirebas, produqciis gaZvirebas da ararentabelobas iwvevs.
aRniSnuli mdgomareobis gamo fermeruli mecxoveleoba, rogorc moculobiT, ise biologiuri
srulfasovnebis TvalsazrisiT sakvebis did danakliss ganicdis.
bunebriv saTib-saZovrebs msoflioSi 3 mlrd. heqtaramde farTobi uWiravs, xolo saxnavi farTobis
raodenoba orjer ufro naklebia da 1,5 mlrd ha-s
Seadgens. dReisaTvis msoflioSi 6 miliardze meti
adamiani cxovrobs, saSualod erT sulze 0,5 ha bunebrivi sakvebi savarguli da 0,25 ha saxnavi miwa modis. es maCveneblebi saqarTveloSi (5 mln. mosaxleze
gadaangariSebiT) saSualod 0,38 ha bunebriv sakveb
savarguls da 0,15 ha saxnavs Seadgens. saqarTvelosaTvis miwis fondis movla, misi potencialis gamov-
26
axali agraruli saqarTvelo
lena da srulyofilad gamoyeneba sakvebwarmoebis
gadidebis mTavari rezervia. swored amaSi unda veZioT mecxoveleobisaTvis sakvebi bazis mkveTrad gaumjobesebis gza da SesaZleblobebi.
naTesi sakvebi balaxebi pirutyvis sakvebiT uzrunvelyofis umniSvnelovanes wyaros warmoadgens. isini pirutyvis sakvebad uSualod nedli saxiT, Tivad,
silosad, senaJad da Tivis fqvilis dasamzadeblad
gamoiyeneba. mravalwlovani balaxebis gamoyenebiT
kulturuli saTibebi da saZovrebi iqmneba.
sakvebi balaxebi biologiuri Taviseburebebis,
Tesva-moyvanisa da daniSnulebis mixedviT or ZiriTad jgufad iyofa: parkosnebi da marcvlovnebi.
orive jgufSi warmodgenilia mravalwlovani da erTwlovani mcenareebi. maTi Tesva rogorc sufTad,
aseve narevebis saxiTac SeiZleba.
produqtiuli pirutyvis kvebis racionis cilebiT
gamdidrebis mizniT didi sawarmoo mniSvneloba aqvs
balaxebis narevad Tesvas. igi sufTa naTesebTan SedarebiT maRal da myar mosavals iZleva, radganac
srulad da warmatebiT iyenebs sinaTles, siTbos,
tens da sakveb nivTierebebs.
mravalwlovani balaxebi aumjobesebs niadagis fizikur, qimiur da biologiur Tvisebebs, organuli nivTierebebiT amdidreben niadags, mZlavri fesvTa sistemiT
amagrebs niadags da xels uSlis eroziuli movlenebis
ganviTarebas, aumjobesebs damlaSebuli niadagebis
Tvisebebs da xels uwyobs maT ganmarilebas.
mravalwlovani sakvebi balaxebis Rero erTi weliwadi cocxlobs, magram erTwlovani balaxebisagan
gansxvavebiT, mTavari Reros fuZeSi (im adgilas, sadac Rero fesvs uerTdeba), romelic morfologiurad mcenaris fesvis yels warmoadgens, momdevno
wels isev warmoiqmneba axali ylortebi. mravalwlovani balaxebis am Tvisebas vegetatiuri ganaxleba
ewodeba. es Tviseba (mravalwlovanoba) fesvis yeliივნისი, 2013
საკვებწარმოება
sa da maszed moTavsebuli kvirtebis sicocxlisunarianobazea damokidebuli.
mravalwlovan parkosnebs aRmocenebisas lebnebi
miwis zeviT amoaqvT, mcenaris fesvis yelic miwis zeviTaa, amitom is amindis uaryofiT gavlenas, temperaturis meryeobas, qarebis moqmedebas, gamoSrobas
da sxva advilad ganicdis. 2-3 wyvili namdvili foTlis ganviTarebis fazaSi, fesvis mTavari Rero mokldeba da mcenaris fesvis yeli niadagis zedapirs
uaxlovdeba, xolo SemdgomSi niadagSi 2-3 sm siRrmeze, zogjer ufro Rrmadac Cadis, ris gamoc mcenare
mavne meteorologiuri pirobebis (yinva, gvalva da
sxva) mimarT gamZle xdeba.
mravalwlovani parkosani balaxebi, fesvebze ganviTarebuli koJris baqteriebis saSualebiT, haeris
azots SeboWavs (fiqsacia) da niadags azotiT amdidrebs. magaliTad, ionja erT heqtarze 250 kg. azots
agrovebs. aqedan 100 kg. fesvebTan erTad rCeba niadagSi. amis garda parkosnebis fesvTa sistema Rrmad
Cadis niadagSi da qveda fenebidan iTvisebs sakveb nivTierebebs. dadgenilia, rom mcenaris wonis 25-50% misi fesvebi Seadgens. mosavlis aRebis Semdeg niadagSi
rCeba mcenareTa narCenebis iseTive raodenoba, rac
miwiszeda nawilebis mosavlis saxiT iqna miRebuli.
mravalwlovan marcvlovan balaxebs Zlieri bartyoba da vegetatiuri ganaxlebis didi unari axasiaTebs. isini uxvad datotvil funjisebur fesvTa
sistemas inviTareben, romelic umTavresad saxnav
fenaSia moTavsebuli da niadagis zeda, saxnavi fenis
struqturas aumjobesebs. mravalwlovani marcvlovnebi ufro uZlebs yinvebs da parkosani balaxebis dazianebis SemTxvevaSi uzrunvelyofen normalur mosavals.
mravalwlovani cdebiTa da praqtikuli gamocdilebiT dadgenilia mravalwlovani balaxebis narevad Tesvis upiratesoba, sufTa naTesTan SedarebiT.
mravalwlovani marcvlovani balaxebi mosavlianobiT parkosnebs ver aRemateba, kvebiTi TvisebebiT da
niadagze zemoqmedebis TvalsazrisiT, mravalwlovan parkosan balaxebs aseve mniSvnelovnad CamorCeba. marcvlovani balaxebi cilebis Sesaqmnelad
iTvisebs niadagis azots, xolo parkosnebi niadags
azotiT amdidrebs, amasTanave mTavarRerZiani fesvTa sistemis meSveobiT niadagis Rrma fenidan iTvisebs sakveb elementebs. aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom mravalwlovani sakvebi balaxebis umetesoba xangrZlivi
sicocxlisunarianobiT da araxelsayreli garemo
pirobebis mimarT gamZleobiT (siTbos naklebi raodenobiT kmayofildebian) xasiaTdeba. swored aRniSnulis gaTvaliswinebiT farTod dainerga marcvlovani da parkosani balaxebis narevis formiT Tesva. am
gziT mwvane masisa da Tivis ufro meti da myari mosavlis miRebaa SesaZlebeli.
naTesi sakvebi balaxebi yvelaze efeqtianad sakveb
kulturaTa Soris gamoiyeneba. maTgan maRali kvebiTi Rirebulebis balaxis fqvili, Tiva, saukeTeso
saZovari da mwvane sakvebi miiReba. maRalyuaTiani da
vitaminebiT mdidari Tiva cxovelTa zrda-ganviTarebasa da produqtiulobaze dadebiTad moqmedebs.
ივნისი, 2013
naTesi marcvlovnebis fesvebi niadagSi 100-150 sm.
siRrmeze Cadis, zogierTi saxeobis (ufxo Svriela, maRali kolindari, kapueta) fesvebi niadagSi 200 sm-ze
met siRrmes aRwevs. mravalwlovani parkosnebi ki kidev
ufro Rrmad fesviandeba, vidre marcvlovani balaxebi. marcvlovnebisa da parkosnebis fesvebis 50-70%
ganlagebulia niadagis zedapiris 20-30 sm siRrmeze.
naTesi balaxnarevebis Zovnadoba da gamoyenebis
procenti maRalia, vidre sufTa naTesis. marcvlovani da parkosani balaxebis narevebi ufro gamZlea
araxelsayreli pirobebisadmi da ukeTesad ebrZvis
sarevelebs. balaxnarSi parkosnebis gameCxerebisas
Tavisufal adgilebs ikavebs ufro gamZle da xangrZlivi sicocxlisunariani marcvlovnebi. marcvlovani da parkosani balaxebis araTanabari ganviTarebis
gamo balaxnarevebSi Tesvisas TiToeuli maTganisaTvis SedarebiT sasurveli pirobebi niadagis tenisa
da sakvebi nivTierebebis gamoyenebis TvalsazrisiT,
iqmneba rac uzrunvelyofs Tivis maRali mosavlis
miRebas, gaTibvisa da gaZovebis Semdeg balaxnaris
karg wamozrdas. rTuli balaxnarevebi wlebis mixedviT (sami da meti weli) iZleva ufro stabilur da maRal mosavals, vidre martivi balaxnarevebi.
balaxnarevebis (marcvlovan-parkosani) Srobisas
parkosnebis (samyura, ionja) foTlebis sruli SenarCuneba xdeba, maSin rodesac parkosnebis calke naTesiT miRebuli balaxis masis Srobisas foTlebis didi
danakargi aRiniSneba. balaxnarevebis Tesvisas sagrZnoblad umjobesdeba niadagis fizikur-qimiuri Semadgenloba, izrdeba niadagis dakordebis procesi.
bunebrivi pirobebis gaTvaliswinebiT balaxnarevebis Semadgenloba sxvadasxvagvaria. narevSi Seaqvs
adgilobrivi pirobebisaTvis yvelaze mosavliani
da maRali kvebiTi Rirebulebis balaxebi. balaxebis
saxeobaTa SerCevisas gaTvaliswinebuli unda iqnas
maTi damokidebuleba niadagis, wylis reJimis, sakvebi nivTierebebis da sxvaTa mimarT. magaliTad marcvlovnebi azotis mimarT momTxovni arian, amitom
isini kargad izrdeba azotiT mdidar niadagebze.
parkosnebi kargad izrdeba fosforisa da kaliumis
Semcvel niadagebze. saSualo tenianobis niadagebze
kargad izrdeba mdelos wivana, ufxo Svriela, mdelos Tivaqasra, saTiTura, wiTeli da TeTri samyura.
axali agraruli saqarTvelo
27
საკვე ბწა რმოებ ა
საკვებწარმოება
maRali tenianobis pirobebSi kargad izrdeba mdelos timoTela, mdelos melakuda, TeTri namikrefia, vardisferi samyura da sxva.
xangrZlivi gamoyenebis saTibebisaTvis mizanSewonilia daiTesos fesuriani maRlari balaxebi, xolo
saZovruli gamoyenebis SemTxvevaSi umjobesia daiTesos dablari, Zovebis amtani balaxebi. saerTod
balaxnarevebis Tesvisas aucilebelia SerCeuli iqnas Tanabari vegetaciis mqone mcenareebi, imisaTvis
rom miviRoT maRali mosavali da gamoviyenoT meore
naTibis miRebis SesaZlebloba.
xangrZlivi sargeblobis mravalwlovani saZovrebis Sesaqmnelad mizanSewonilia balaxnarevebSi Setanili iqnes parkosnebis 20-30%, maRlari- marcvlovnebi 20%-mde, dablari- marcvlovnebi 50-60%.
saZovris tipis balaxnarevebSi Setanili unda iqnes sxvadasxva vadebSi mwifadi balaxebi (saadreo,
saSualo, sagviano), romlebic gaZovebis Semdeg karg
aqvits iZleva. Zovebis amtan balaxebad iTvleba: saZovris koindari, saTiTura, yviTeli ionja, TeTri
samyura, kurdRlisfrCxila da sxva. saZovrul balaxnarevebSi Setanili unda iqnes agreTve maRlari
marcvlovnebi, isini swrafad izrdeba da saSualebas
aZlebs maTi safaris qveS gaizardos da gamagrdes
dablari balaxebi. maRlari marcvlovnebi daTesvis
welsve iZleva mwvane masis karg mosavals.
cnobilia, rom rac metia mcenaris miwiszeda nawilebi (Rero-foTlebi), miT meti fesvebi grovdeba
niadagSi. imisaTvis, rom mcenarem Seqmnas Rero-foTlebis didi masa mas esaWiroeba Zlieri fesvTa sistema, xolo fesvebis didi masis Sesaqmnelad saWiroa
niadagSi fesvis mcenareuli qsovilis warmosaqmneli organuli nivTierebis arseboba. mravawlovani
balaxebisagan Tivis maRali mosavlis miReba niSnavs,
rom mosavlis miRebasTan erTad niadagSi grovdeba
azoti (saSualod 1 kg yovel centner Tivaze), fosfori, kaliumi, kalciumi da mcenarisTvis saWiro
sxva sakvebi nivTiereba.
mravalwlovani balaxebis Tesva warmoebs safari
kulturebis qveS da usafarod-sufTad. usafarod
Tesva, sarwyav niadagebze, zafxulSi an adre SemodgomiT, winamorbedi kulturebis mier niadagis ganTavisuflebisTanave swrafad xdeba im angariSiT,
rom naTesidan dazamTrebamde miviRoT erTi naTibi.
safarqveS daTesili balaxebi pirvel wels sustad
viTardeba da mcire mosavals iZleva, magram amiT Cven
vigebT erT savegetacio wels, safari kulturis mosavlis aRebis Semdeg mcenare swrafad viTardeba da
imave wels iZleva 1-2 naTibs.mravalwlovani balaxebis
Tesva SesaZlebelia adre SemodgomiT an sagazafxulo
kulturebis safarqveS. aseve SesaZlebelia balaxebis
SeTesva gazafxulze simindSi, romlis aRebis Semdeg
is kargad izrdeba da wlis bolomde 1-2 naTibs iZleva,
xolo momdevno wels ukve srulad iTibeba (4-5-jer).
mravalwlovani balaxebisaTvis niadagis damuSaveba damokidebulia Tesvis wesebsa da vadebze. Tu
balaxebi iTeseba gazafxulze niadagi unda moixnas
mzralad, winsaxvleniani guTniT 22-25 sm siRrmeze.
SevitanoT organuli da mineraluri sasuqebi.adre
gazafxulze xnuls farcxaven, xolo Tesvis win atareben kultivacias farcxviT.
balaxebis zafxulSi an adre SemodgomiT Tesvisas,
niadagis ZiriTadi damuSaveba warmoebs winamorbedi
kulturisgan niadagis ganTavisuflebisTanave. xnuli
Tu beltiania, kargad unda daiSalos diskebiani farcxebiT, moswordes misi zedapiri kultivatoriT da
kbilebiani farcxiT, rogorc wesi Tesvis win da Tesvis
Semdgom xdeba motkepna sagoravebiani satkepnelaTi,
rac uzrunvelyofs balaxebis Teslis Tanabar siRrmeze CaTesvas da mis karg Sexebas niadagis nawilakebTan.
safari kulturebis qveS balaxebis Tesva mimdinareobs ZiriTadi kulturis gardigardmo. Tu Tesva erT
agregatSi sruldeba, maSin balaxebs Tesaven ZiriTadi
kulturis mwkrivebs Soris.cal-calke Tesvis dros,
umjobesia jer daiTesos safari mcenare (xorbali, qeri) da naTesis motkepnis Semdeg daiTesos balaxebi.
naTesi balaxebis pirveli gaTibva mizanSewonilia
Catardes niadagis zedapiridan 5-6 sm simaRleze. am
SemTxvevaSi mniSvnelovnad mcirdeba danakargebi da
xelsayreli pirobebi iqmneba wamonazardis ganviTarebisaTvis.
gamoyenebuli literatura:
- g. aglaZe “sakvebwarmoeba” (sakvebis warmoebis teqnologia da saZovruli meurneoba). Tbilisi. 2010.
- i. sarjvelaZe, k. beriZe “mindvrad sakvebwarmoeba”. Tbilisi. 2008.
- i. sarjvelaZe,j. jinWaraZe “sakvebwarmoeba agronomiis safuZvlebiT” (kulturaTa movla-moyvanis
teqnologia). Tbilisi. 2012.
- j.jinWaraZe “naTesbalaxiani saTibebis Seqmnisa
da gamoyenebis zogierTi sakiTxebi”. fermerTa biblioTeka. N15. Tbilisi. 2003.
- Н.Третьякова. Основыагрономии, Москва.2006.
ioseb sarjvelaZe
ekologiur mecnierebaTa akademiis akademikosi,
sof. meur. mecn. doqt. prof, agraruli universitetis mecxoveleobisa da sakvebwarmoebis institutis mTavari mecn. TanamSromeli.
jemal jinWaraZe
soflis meurneobis mecnierebaTa doqtori,
profesori.
28
axali agraruli saqarTvelo
ივნისი, 2013
პრობლე მი ს არ
პრობლემის
არსი
სი
kver cxis biz nes i saqarTveloSi
mefrinveleobis produqtebi msoflioSi yvelaze iaf, biologiurad
srulfasovan da ekologiurad sufTa sakveb produqtebad miiCneva,
romlebic yvela eTnikuri da religiuri adamianisaTvis misaRebia. dedamiwis mosaxleoba male 10 miliards miaRwevs. ubralo gamoTvliT,
amdeni adamianis gamosakvebad sakvebi produqtebis sul mcire 3-jer
gazrda iqneba saWiro. amJamad ZiriTadi aqcenti, iseTi sakvebi produqtebis warmoebaze keTdeba, romlebic proteins uxvad Seicavs. erT-erT
aseT produqtad frinvelis xorci da kvercxi miiCneva. mefrinveleobaSi 2-jer naklebi sakvebi da Sroma ixarjeba, vidre mesaqonleobasa da
meRoreobaSi, amitomac ukanasknel 10 weliwadSi msoflioSi kvercxis
warmoeba orjer gaizarda, xolo xorcis — 5,2-jer. kvercxis moxmarebam ki erT sul mosaxleze msoflioSi 142 cali Seadgina. yvelaze met
kvercxs holandia (633 cali) moixmars, Semdeg modis iaponia — 317, belgia — 314, aSS — 303, CexeTi — 300, ruseTi — 230. saqarTveloSi es maCvenebeli 110 cals ar aWarbebs. msoflioSi amJamad 997 miliardi cali, anu
59,0 mln. tona kvercxi iwarmoeba. frinvelis xorcis warmoeba ki 87 mil.
tonas aRwevs. msoflio saSualod erT sulze 13kg. qaTmis xorcs moixmars, aSS — 65,4kg., brazilia — 48,5kg., saqarTvelo — 3,1 kilograms.
amJamad, msoflioSi cxoveluri
cilis deficitia. sul 70 mln. tona cxoveluri cila iwarmoeba. weliwadSi erT sul mosaxleze 10 kg.
modis, e.i. — dReSi 30gr. erT kacze yvelaze meti cxoveluri cila
okeaneTSi (160gr.) iwarmoeba; Semdegia samxreT amerika — 90gr. da
evropa — 60gr. mecnieruli gaangariSebiT, erT heqtar naTesze yvelaze met cilas indauris xorcis
da rZis warmoeba uzrunvelyofs.
Semdeg modis kvercxi da broilerebi. Tu erT cal kvercxSi 12,7%
cilas viangariSebT, maSin msoflioSi marto kvercxidan 7.5 milion tona cilas vawarmoebT, xolo
frinvelis xorcidan — 15.3 mil.
tonas (frinvelis xorcSi cila
17,6%-ia). rogorc vxedavT, saqarTvelo mefrinveleobis produqtebis warmoebis doniT msoflios mniSvnelovnad CamorCeba. Cven
qveyanaSi mekvercxuli sawarmoebis saerTo simZlavre 2 mln. frTa
kvercxmdebelia da 500 mln. cali
kvercxi iwarmoeba. qveyanaSi mekvercxuli mimarTulebis sawarmoebia: sagarejo, patarZeuli, savaneTi, kumisi, dila, algeTi da sxva
awarmoeben sasursaTo kvercxs da
bazris udides nawils ikaveben.
amitomac sasursaTo kvercxis imივნისი, 2013
porti, ukanasknel periodamde,
TiTqmis ar gvqonda, Tu ar CavTvliT, kvercxproduqtebs (kvercxis
fxvnils), romelic kulinariaSi
da pur-funTuSeulis warmoebaSi
gamoiyeneba. marTalia, kvercxis
importi axla Semcirebulia, magram kvercxmdebeli frinvelis
misaRebi hibriduli sadedleebi
mTlianad importirebulia, rac
mniSvnelovnad zrdis kvercxis
TviTRirebulebas da Sesabamisad
mis — fass. qveyanaSi SemuSavebuli
ar aris dieturi kvercxis standarti, ris gamoc mwarmoebeli
Tavisi Sexedulebisamebr awesebs
fass. dadgenilia, rom kvercxis
dieturobas misi siaxle gansazRvravs. dieturi kvercxi dadebidan 6 dRes ar unda aRematebodes,
Tumca CvenSi warmoebul arcerT
kvercxs dadebis TariRi ar aweria.
aseve TviTneburad kvercxs aweren
0 xarisxs, rac bunebaSi ar arsebobs da umaRles fasSi hyidian.
iqmneba gaurkveveli asociaciebi, romlebic mxolod mwarmoeblebiTa da amasTan araspecialistebiTaa dakompleqtebuli. rogorc
Cans, aseTi asociaciebi TavianTi
SexedulebebiT muSaoben da savaraudod, monopoliebsac qmnian.
kidev ufro cudi mdgomareobaa
mexorcul mefrinveleobaSi, rasac saqarTvelos bazris mxolod
20 %-mde ukavia, romelsac konkurencias uwevs, sazRvargareTidan
Semotanili frinvelis xorci, ZiriTadad qaTmis barklebi romlebic gacilebiT iafia, vidre adgilobrivi produqcia. mosaxleoba
dabali msyidvelunarianobis gamo,
iZulebulia iafi, magram uxarisxo
produqti SeiZinos. gansakuTrebiT cudi mdgomareobaa zafxulis
TveebSi, roca gaZnelebulia xorcis realizacia. amis gamo, frinvelis xorcs savaWro obieqtebis
daxlebze, xangZlivad arasaTanado pirobebSi inaxeba, rac naklavSi
mikroorganizmebis ganviTarebas
iwvevs, romlebic gamoyofen fermentebs da xorcSi arsebuli nivTierebebis daSlas iwvevs, rac amcirebs maT kvebiT Rirebulebas da
adamianis janmrTelobas safrTxes
uqmnis. gansakuTrebiT saSiSia Semotanili gayinuli xorci, radgan
xangZlivad Senaxvis mizniT, zogjer igi emulgatorebs Seicavs,
romlebic mas vizualur saxes
unarCunebs, magram sakmarisia, aRniSnuli produqti, ramdenjerme
galRves da Semdeg isev gaiyinos,
rom mas mTlianad exsneba damcavi meqanizmi. aqedan gamomdinare,
axali agraruli saqarTvelo
29
პრობლემ ის არსი
პრობლემის
aucilebelia adgilobrivi warmoebis gafarToeba da sakuTari bazris aTviseba, rac Tavidan agvacilebs mefrinveleobis produqtebis imports da mosaxleobas axali,
ekologiurad sufTa produqtebiT uzrunvelyofs.
amJamad saqarTveloSi kvercxis biznesTan dakavSirebiT didi
aJiotaJia atexili. kvercxis importiorebze arakvalificiuri,
antireklama keTdeba, TiTqos Semotanilia mutanti qaTmebis kvercxi, romlebic dReSi 10-15 cal
kvercxs deben, rac sruli uvicobaa. erTi cali kvercxis warmoqmnas 24 saaTi sWirdeba, amitomac qaTami dReSi mxolod 1 cal kvercxs
debs. Cven aseT sisuleleze ki ar
unda vidavoT, aramed unda davumtkicoT momxmarebels, rom
Semotanili kvercxi, Sori manZilidan transportirebisas Zveldeba, wydeba xalazebi, ris gamoc
yviTri da cila erTmaneTSi ireva,
mimdinareobs kvercxis gamoSroba
da swrafi bioqimiuri procesebi.
axaldadebul kvercxs, cilaSi arsebuli lizocimis meSveobiT, baqteriociduli Tviseba aqvs, rac
mikroorganizmebis ganviTarebas
uSlis xels. roca kvercxi Zveldeba lizocimis inaqtivacia swrafad mimdinareobs, icvleba misi
fiziko-qimiuri Tvisebebi da masSi
mikroorganizmebi iolad aRweven.
saqarTveloSi kvercxis Senaxvis
vadebi da pirobebi marto importirebul kvercxze ki ara, adgilobriv warmoebul produqciazec darRveulia, radgan masze
kvercxis dadebis TariRi aRniSnuli ar aris, rac ase aucilebelia dieturi kvercxisaTvis.
yovlad gaumarTlebelia, qveyanaSi kvercxis importis daSveba,
radgan Cven sawarmoebs kvercxis
warmoebis udidesi potenciali
aqvT. TiTqmis yvela mekvercxul
sawarmoSi frinvelis Senaxvis uaxlesi kompiuteruli marTvis teqnologiebia danergili, Semoyvanilia maRalproduqtiuli hibriduli da ara genmodificirebuli
frinveli (rogorc amas zogierTebi avrceleben). araviTari hormonaluri preparatebi frinvelis
kvebisaTvis ar gamoiyeneba. amJamad
arsebuli mekvercxuli sawarmoebis simZlavre srulad uzrunvelyofs bazris moTxovnilebas. maS,
raSia saqme, ratom dagvWirda kvercxis importi? vfiqrob, amis mizezi zogierTi arakeTilsindisieri
mewarmea, romelic sazRvargareT
iafad yidulobs kvercxs, adebs
Tavis Stamps da Zvirad hyidis, rac
mraval keTilsindisier mewarmes
azaralebs. yovelive amis aRmofxvra martivad SeiZleba. yvela sawarmoSi unda Catardes monitoringi
da dadgindes arsebuli simZlavridan gamomdinare, ramdeni kvercxis warmoeba SeuZlia TiToeul
sawarmos da ramden kvercxs awvdis
bazars. Tu Cveni sawarmoebi sakuTar bazars uzrunvelyofen, maSin
risTvis unda SemovitanoT kvercxi? magram aq aris meore problemac, adgilobrivi produqcia Semotanilze yovelTvis Zviria. aq
ki gamosavali saxelmwifoebrivi
politikaa. saxelmwifo verafriT
exmareba mewarmeebs sainkubacio
kvercxiT uzrunvelyofaSi, saqarTveloSi ar funqcionirebs
arcerTi reproduqtori, romelic sawarmoebs hibriduli sain-
kubacio kvercxiT moamaragebda,
mewarmeebi ar sargebloben liberaluri gadasaxadebiT, maSin rodesac soflis meurneobis yvela
produqcia mogebis gadasaxadidan
da dRg-sgan gaTavisuflebulia,
nuTu es dargi ar ekuTvnis soflis
meurneobas? saxelmwifos xelSewyobis pirobebSi, SesaZlebelia, erTi 50000 simZlavris Telavis mekvercxuli reproduqtoris
aRdgena, sadac SenarCunebulia
Senoba-nagebobebi, teqnika. germaneli investoris mier SeZenilia
da damontaJebulia uaxlesi teqnologiuri mowyobilobebi, magram sawarmo, rogorc reproduqtori, dRemde ar funqcionirebs.
ara da, aRniSnuli reproduqtori
Tavidan agvacilebda sazRvargareTidan erTdRiani wiwilebis Semoyvanas da produqciis TviTRirebulebas Seamcirebda. amasTan,
aucilebelia, sabaJoze dawesdes
kontroli, raTa saqarTveloSi
mxolod broilerebis misaRebad
sainkubacio kvercxi Semovides.
xolo sasursaTo kvercxis Semotana sastikad aikrZalos.
male sruli datvirTviT amuSavdeba martyofis mexorculi
reproduqtori, romelic mniSvnelovnad Seamcirebs sainkubacio
kvercxis importsac. fermerebisaTvis xelis Sewyoba am dargis
aRorZinebis aucilebeli pirobaa.
msoflios mraval qveyanaSi saxelmwifo, fermerebisaTvis subsidiebs gamohyofs da miRebul
produqciaze fassac TviTon aregulirebs, amasTan saWiroa frinvelis sakvebis dasamzadeblad Semotanil ingredientebze sagadasaxado SeRavaTebi dawesdes, raTa
sakvebis fasi Semcirdes.
mefrinveleobis
produqciis
warmoeba metad rTuli saqmea da
maRal kvalifikacias moiTxovs.
fermerebis saqmianobaSi xSiri Careva, maSin rodesac saxelmwifo
mas arafriT exmareba, zianis momtania. amitom saWiroa davicavT
Cveni mewarmeebi, gadavarCenT gakotrebisagan, mosaxleobas ki
axal, ekologiurad sufTa produqts mivawvdiT.
roza nozaZe
agraruli universitetis
sruli profesori.
30
axali agraruli saqarTvelo
ივნისი, 2013
მეცხვარეო ბა
მეცხვარეობა
saqarTvelos mecxoveleobaSi mecxvareobas mniSvnelovani adgili uWiravs.
sxvadasxva arqeologiuri gaTxrebi, uZvelesi Zeglebis bareliefebze gamokveTili cxvris figurebi da sxva imis
dasturia, rom qarTveli kaci mecxvareobis ganviTarebas odiTganve did yuradRebas uTmobda. uZvelesi droidan
saqarTveloSi mecxvareobis ganviTarebis maRal doneze metyvelebs isic,
rom evropasa da sxva qveynebSi Cvengan
maRalxarisxiani matyli gahqondaT da
amasTan erTad adgilobrivi cxvris gasaumjobeseblad erkemlebsac yidulobdnen.
batknis xorcis warmoebis uwyveti
rezervi saqarTveloSi
bunebrivi da geografiuli pirobebidan gamomdinare, saqarTvelos sxvadasxva zonaSi istoriulad
mecxvareobis gaZRolis sami tipis sistema Camoyalibda:
1. momTabare — eqstensiuri, romelic mTlianad
zamTrisa da zafxulis (alpuri) saZovrebis sezonur
gamoyenebaze da am ori regionis damakavSirebel,
cxvris gadasareki trasebis gardamaval saZovrebzea
damyarebuli;
2. stacionaruli — zamTarSi baguri kveba da
zafxulSi raionSi mdebare alpur mdeloebSi Zoveba;
3. sakarmidamo-samomxmareblo — rodesac cxvari
ZiriTadad soflis gasadevarze Zovs.
momTabare mecxvareoba qveynis im raionebSia ganviTarebuli, romlebic cxvars didi kavkasionis
saZovrebze aZoveben. cxvris Senaxvis am sistemas
qarTl-kaxeTsa da mcxeTa-mTianeTSi gavrcelebuli,
muxlmagari TuSuri jiSis cxvari miesadageba. stacionarul mecxvareobas misdeven mesxeT-javaxeTSi
(mcire kavkasionze), sadac saxorce-samatylo jiSis
cxvrebs amravleben, xolo sakarmidamo-samomxmareblo mecxvareoba dasavleT saqarTvelos mTagorian raionebSia ganviTarebuli, aq ki imeruli jiSis
cxvaria momravlebuli.
imis gamo, rom saqarTveloSi zamTrisa da zafxulis saZovrebs Soris disproporcia didia (zafxulis saZovrebi 3-4 jer aRemateba zamTrisas), gamosazamTrebeli cxvris suladoba maqsimalurad unda
Semcirdes. es faris struqturaSi nerbebis xvedriTi
wilis gazrdiT SeiZleba ganxorcieldes: momTabare
mecxvareobaSi 75%-mde, xolo stacionarulSi da sakarmidamo-samomxmarebloSi ki 80%-mde da metad.
mecxvareobidan warmoebuli produqciis TviTRirebulebis SemcirebaSi erTi nerbidan miRebuli produqciis raodenobas mniSvnelovani adgili
uWiravs, misi gazrda ki mravalnayofierebis, xSirივნისი, 2013
nayofierebis da adreulobis xarjze SeiZleba. ase
magaliTad, sxavdasxva jiSis cxvari erTi wlis ganmavlobaSi 1,2,3 da zogjer 4 batkansac ki gvaZlevs.
mravalnayofieri da mcirenayofieri cxvrebi arsebobisaTvis garkveuli raodenobis sakvebs xarjaven,
magram imisda mixedviT, Tu ramden batkans gazrdian TiToeuli kilogrami xorcis sawarmoeblad, es
sidide mkveTrad aris gansxvavebuli; magaliTad, 1
kg. batknis xorcis warmoebaze (cocxali masiT) weliwadSi ixarjeba: erTi batknis gazrdaze — 21,5kg.
sakvebi erTeuli, ori batknisa — 15,7kg. sakvebi erTeuli, anu 27%-iT naklebi, sami batknisa — 14,2kg.,
anu 34%-iT naklebi, oTxi batknis gazrdaze — 13,4kg.
sakvebi erTeuli, anu 38%-iT naklebi.
rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, dasavleT saqarTveloSi
odiTganvea Camoyalibebuli mecxvareobis gaZRolis
sakarmidamo-samomxmareblo sistema. aq gavrcelebulia Zveli qarTuli jiSis pirdapiri STamomavali
— imeruli cxvari, romelic sxva jiSis cxvrebidan
iseTi unikaluri biologiuri TvisebebiT gamoirCeva, rogorebicaa adreuloba, mravalnayofiereba
da poliestruloba. amJamad, imeruli cxvari mosaxleobis pirad damxmare meurneobaSia moSenebuli. aq
TiToeul ojaxs 1-10 suli cxvari hyavs, romelic ubnis sxva cxvrebTan erTad soflis gasadevarze Zovs.
saseleqcio muSaoba mxolod da mxolod dabali aRwarmoebis unaris mqone nerbebis gamowunebaSi gamoixateba: glexi iwunebs im cxvars, romelsac 11-16 Tvis
asakSi batkani ar hyavs da imasac, romelic weliwadSi
orjer ar doldeba da TiToeul dadolebaze 2 batkanze naklebs igebs.
cxvris moSeneba axlo naTesauria. mwiri kvebis pirobebSi swrafi aRwar-moebis Tvisebebis mixedviT,
mizanmimarTuli xalxuri seleqciis Sedegad, imeruli cxvari mcire wonis, magram aRwarmoebis didi
unaris mqone jiSad Camoyalibda. nerbebis cocxali
axali agraruli saqarTvelo
31
მეც ხვა რეობა
მეცხვარეობა
m sa
ma
s 28-30
28 30 kilogra
r mia,
m
er
rkem
mlebi
b sa
s ki 32-35
32 35 kilogrami.
imeruli cxvris xorcs sxva cxvris xorcisagan
gansxvavebiT, ar axasiaTebs xorcisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli specifikuri gemo da suni. is nazi da saukeTeso aromatis mqonea. marTalia es jiSi ar xasiaTdeba cocxali masis da naklavis didi woniT, magram
samagierod, rogorc amas m. rCeuliSvili aRniSnavs,
imeruli cxvris xorcis wliuri sarealizacio produqcia 51kg-s aRemateba (m. S. batknis xorcisa 40kg)
maSin, r desac TuSur cxvarSi es maCvenebeli 25kg-s
ar aRemateba. misive gaangariSebiT, wlis dasawyisSi
erTi suli zrdasruli deda-cxvrisagan SeiZleba 3-5
batkani miviRoT, maSin rodesac TuSuri cxvrisagan
saSualod erTi batkani miiReba.
sayuradReboa, rom 6 Tvis asakSi imeruli cxvris
cocxali masa zrdasruli cxvris 72%-s aRwevs da
gamravlebisTvis sruliad momwifebulia. 12 Tvis
Toxli zrdasruli nerbis 94%-s iwonis, rac mis uCveulod did adreulobaze migvaniSnebs.
jiSis gansakuTrebul Tvisebas warmoadgens uwyveti gamravlebis unari, dadolebidan ramodenime
dReSi nerbvaze modis wlis nebismier dros, riTac
mkveTrad gansxvavdeba sxva jiSebidan. amasTan erTad, 11-14 Tvis asakSi is ukve 2 an 3 da xSirad met batkans igebs da weliwadSi orjer doldeba. am Tvisebebis gamo imerul cxvars swrafi brunva axasiaTebs.
cxvris xorcis warmoebis gazrdisa da TviTRirebulebis Semcirebis erT-erTi ZiriTadi faqtoria
cxvris swrafi brunva da mravalnayofiereba. dadgenilia, rom erTi nerbidan 2 batknis gamozrdis SemTxvevaSi, TiToeuli kilogrami cocxali masis namatis
misaRebad 50%-iT naklebi sakvebi ixarjeba, vidre
erTi batknis gamozrdisas. amitom, mTel msoflioSi
farTo masStabiT mimdinareobs muSaoba cxvris nayofierebis asamaRleblad.
imeruli cxvris produqtiulobis gadidebis
RonisZiebebi da rekomendaciebi
gasuli saukunis 20-iani wlebidan dRemde saqarTveloSi araerTi nabiji gadaidga endemuri jiSis
cxvrebis dacvasa da srulyofisaTvis. qarTuli ji-
32
axali agraruli saqarTvelo
Sis cxvrebis Seswavlas safuZveli Cauyara n. ioselianma, Semdeg ki am sakiTxebze muSaobdnen prof. i.
jandieli, m. rCeuliSvili da sxv.
1977-78 ww m. rCeuliSvilis xelmZRvanelobiT Catarda imeruli cxvris eqspediciuri gamokvlevebi dasavleT saqarTvelos Terjolis, zestafonis,
saCxeris, xaragaulis, WiaTuris, wyaltubos, xonis,
vanis, lentexis da cageris raionebSi perspeqtiuli populaciebis gamovlenis mizniT da daisaxa jiSis srulyofis da momravlebis RonisZiebebi. Camoyalibda jiSsaSenebi da sanaSene fermebi miwis farTobiTa da materialur-teqnikuri baziT. SemuSavda
imeruli cxvris individualuri baraTebi, sadac
gaTvaliswinebuli iyo swrafi brunvis mqone cxvrisaTvis saWiro yvela maCvenebeli. magram, sxvadasxva
mizezis gamo sakiTxi bolomde ver iqna miyvanili.
sabazro ekonomikur urTierTobaze gardamavali
periodis siZneleebma daRi daasva sanaSene-saseleqcio muSaobas saqarTveloSi. araswori iyo soflis
meurneobis sanaSene saqmis departamentis gauqmeba,
ramac sabolood moSala sanaSene-saseleqcio muSaoba mecxoveleobaSi.
imeruli jiSis cxvarze sanaSene-saseleqcio muSaobis Sesaxeb specialur literaturaSi dRemde garkveuli masala moipoveba. arsebuli da Cveni damuSavebuli masalebis safuZvelze SevimuSaveT imeruli
jiSis cxvris gaumjobesebis saseleqcio-sanaSene
RonisZiebebi.
Cvens mier me-20 saukunis bolos Catarebulma eqspediciurma gamokvlevebma gviCvena, rom imeruli
cxvris metnaklebad tipiuri suladoba SenarCunebulia Terjolis, saCxeris da WuiaTuris raionebSi,
sadac saerTo raodenobis 65-70% xalasjiSianad SeiZleba CaiTvalos. maT ZiriTadad SernarCunebuli
aqvT jiSisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli unikaluri sameurneo-biologiuri Tvisebebi da produqtiuloba.
dasavleT saqarTveloSi imeruli cxvris moSenebisa da srulyofisaTvis saWiroa jiSsaSenis aRdgena Terjolis raionSi, romlis gankargulebaSi unda
gadaeces saTanado miwis farTobi da sanaSene fermebi. upirveles amocanas warmoadgens iseTi reproduqtoris Seqmna, sadac moSenebuli iqneba tipiuri
imeruli jiSis TeTrmatyliani, adremwifadi, poliestruli da mravalnayofieri cxvari.
sanaSene fermebisaTvis tipiuri imeruli cxvris
SeZenis sirTule mdgomareobs imaSi, rom ukanaskneli aTeuli wlebis manZilze avtotransportis raodenobis zrdasTan erTad, metad imata qveynis aRmosavleT raionebidan da sxva mezobeli qveynebidan
didi tanis, magram monoestruli da mcirenayofieri
jiSis erkemlebis Semoyvanam. am gziT iqmneba sxadasxvagvari hibridebi, rac metad aqveiTebs imeruli
cxvris im Zvirfas biologiur Tvisebebs, riTac is
fasobs.
imeruli cxvris moSeneba-momravleba da Semdgomi srulyofa mraval genetikur, seleqciur, movlapatronobis, kvebisa da namatis gamozrdis sakiTxebs
Seicavs da sami ZiriTadi etapiT Semoifargleba:
1. ZiriTadi sanaSene reproduqtoris Seqmna;
ივნისი, 2013
მეცხვარეობა
2. maRali donis seleqcia xazobrivi da ojaxobrivi
moSenebiT;
3. imeruli cxvris gavrcelebis zonaSi masobrivi
seleqcia genofondis dacvisa da srulyofis mizniT
xalasjiSiani cxvris masivebis momravleba.
imeruli cxvris ZiriTadi reproduqtoris normaluri funqcionirebi-saTvis unda SeirCes teritoria, romelic uzrunvelyofs 100 nerbs, 200 batkans
da 100 sul suqebaze dayenebul cxvars bunebrivi da
kulturuli saZovriT, xolo zamTrisaTvis wvniani da nawilobriv uxeSi sakvebiT. agreTve Sesyidul
unda iqnas koncentrati da uxeSi sakvebi. mwvane konveieri adgilze unda daigegmos nakveTis reliefis,
niadagis da sxva pirobebis gaTvaliswinebiT.
reproduqtorisaTvis cxvari Sesyiduli unda iqnas adgilobrivi mosaxleobisagan. gansakuTrebuli
yuradReba unda mieqces SesaZeni suladobis SerCevas. cnobilia, rom glexi sanaSened ar itovebs iseT
cxvars, romelic erT batkans igebs da amitom bazarze upiratesad mas yidis, aseTebi ki usistemo metizaciis Sedegad, am bolo dros bevria, amitom Toxlis SeZenaa saWiro im glexisagan, romelsac mravalnayofieri cxvrebi hyavs. ukeTesia, rom SeZenil iqnas Toxli 12-16 Tvis asakSi, romelmac tyupi an meti
batkani moigo.
mravalnayofieri Toxlis SeZena Tavisi namatiT
ori biologiuri Tvisebis: adreulobisa da mravalnayofierebis garantias iZleva. rogorc wesi, Tu
cxvarma pirvel dadolebaze tyupi an meti batkani
moigo, is SemdegSic mravalnayofieri iqneba. amasTan, Tu Toxlma Semodgomaze moigo, es mis poliestrulobazedac miuTiTebs. amgvarad, Semodgomaze
Sesyiduli Toxli, romelsac 12-16 Tvis asakSi ukve 2
da meti batkani hyavs, imeruli cxvris generaciuli
funqciis yvela ZiriTadi niSanTvisebiT xasiaTdeba,
romelic memkvidreobiT gadaecema STamomavlobas.
reproduqtorSi sanaSened datovebuli cxvari
unda xasiaTdebodes imeruli jiSis yvela tipiuri
niSniT: TeTri feriT, naxevraduxeSi matyliT, damaxasiaTebeli garegnobiT, magari konstituciiT da
SeZlebisdagvarad maRali produqtiulobiT (matylis sigrZiT da SebusulobiT, cocxali masiT, merZeulobiT da sxva). amis gaTvaliswinebiT unda Seiqmnas
sami xazi: 1 — mravalnayofieri, 2 — poliestruli da
3 — malmwifadi. aucilebelia Camoyalibdes ojaxic
(xazebis analogiiT).
moSeneba unda moxdes mxolod viwronaTesauri. 3-4
Taobis Semdeg xdeba xazTa Soris Sejvareba. yvela
xazis erkemali unda gamoicados STamomavlobis mixedviT reproduqtoris nerbebTan SewyvilebiT. nawili erkemlebisa droebiT unda gadaeces imeruli
cxvris gavrcelebis calkeuli ubnebis mosaxleobas
Tavisi kuTvnili cxvris gasanerbad. mkveTrad gamaumjobesebeli erkemlebi gamoyenebuli iqneba reproduqtorSi samuSaod.
sanaSened nerbebi da erkemlebi reproduqtorSi
darCebian 4-5 wlis asakamde. doli iwarmoebs ZiriTadad or sezonSi (gazafxuli, Semodgoma). yvela cxvari, romelic ver daakmayofilebs moTxovnilebas gaივნისი, 2013
moiwuneba. gamonaklisi iqneba mxolod is individebi,
romlebsac romelime niSanTviseba mkveTrad eqneba
gamoxatuli. aseTi cxovelebi droebiT darCebian
xazisTvis damaxasiaTebeli Tvisebis gaZlierebis
mizniT. magaliTad, Tu cxvari ar aris poliestruli,
magram sistematurad igebs 3-4 batkans, darCeba mravalnayofier xazSi, an ojaxSi da Sewyvildeba malmwifadi da warmoSobiT poliestruli xazis erkemliT.
imeruli cxvris gavrcelebis arealSi masobrivi seleqcia amJamad did winaaRmdegobasTanaa dakavSirebuli. individualur seqtorSi gavrcelebuli yvela
ubnis cxvari erT saZovarze Zovs. am garemoebis gamo,
romelime glexis mier, sxva jiSis erkemlis SemoyvaniT saSiSroeba iqmneba ubnis cxvrebis mTlianad gadajiSebisa. aRsaniSnavia isic, rom yvela sqesobrivi da
asakobrivi cxvris suladoba erTad Zovs da nerbvaze
mosul cxvars nerbavs STamomavlobis xarisxze Seumowmebeli mamali Toxlebi da erkemlebi.
imeruli cxvris gavrcelebis raionebSi mizanmimarTuli masobrivi seleqciis warmoeba SesaZlebeli
iqneba mas Semdeg, rodesac Camoyalibdeba srulyofili jiSsaSeni da fermeruli meurneobebi. jiSsaSeni SeimuSavebs RonisZiebaTa kompleqss, romelic
xels Seuwyobs imeruli cxvris unikaluri Tvisebebis aRdgena-ganmtkicebas da SesaZlebels gaxdis
sanaSene mozardis produqtiulobis gazrdis gziT
batknis xorcis uwyveti warmoebis rezervs saqarTveloSi.
saqarTvelos agraruli universitetis mixeil
rCeuliSvilis mecxoveleobis biologiuri safuZvlebis instituti, soflis meurneobis mecnierebaTa
doqtori, gela maWaraSvili
koba nacvalaZe
saqarTvelos agraruli universitetis
mixeil rCeuliSvilis mecxoveleobis biologiuri
safuZvlebis instituti, soflis meurneobis
mecnierebaTa doqtori
axali agraruli saqarTvelo
33
ვე ტერინა რია
ვეტერინარია
verterinaroba rTuli profesiaa,
veterinaria urTulesi dargia
r — Tu saswavlo procesi
ri
S sabamisi specialobebis,
Se
p
prog
ramebis da meTodebis
m xedviT ar mimdinareobs,
mi
a iswavleba is sagnebi, rac
ar
v terinar eqims sWirdeba,
ve
l mazi Senoba da Tanamedla
r ve teqnikiT aRWurvili
ro
l boratoriebi Tavis dala
niSnulebas da funqcias
k gavs. rogorc vici, axakar
l saswavlo programebidan
li
v terinarisTvis umniSvneve
l vanesi
lo
mimarTulebebi
a saerTod amoRebulia, an
an
S vecilia, amitom, mimaCSek
veterianaria, erTi SexedviT, TiTqos, nia, rom am 3-4 wlian periCveulebrivi, Tumca, mainc araCveulebri- odSi darCenili specialovi dargia, romelsac mosaxleobis usafr- bebi, rac unda gaZlierebulad iswavlebodes, absoTxoebis TvalsazrisiT qveynisTvis fasluturad warmoudgenelia,
daudebeli mniSvneloba aqvs. am dargis
studenti ase mcire droSi
ganviTarebis done, erTgvarad, qveynis civeterinaris rTul profevilurobis maCvenebelicaa.
sias daeuflos da maTgan
dRes Cveni Jurnali qveynis mTavar srulyofili veterinari dadges. ai
veterinars, saqarTvelos soflis es aris ZiriTadi problema da ara
meurneobis saministros sursaTis is, vis ra interesebi aqvs, vin ra fesaagentos ufrosis moadgiles mi- riT SeReba agraruli universitexeil soxaZes maspinZlobs. saubars tis kedlebi Tu rogori linoliumi
qveyanaSi veterinariaSi arsebuli agia derefanSi.
— samwuxarod, Cvens mosaxleobas
mdgomareobiT viwyebT da bunebrivad ibadeba kiTxva, rogor aris qve- saTanadod gaazrebuli ar aqvs, Tu
yanaSi veterinarTa momzadebis do- rogor aris veterinarze damokidene, akamyofilebs Tu ara qarTuli buli Cveni janmrTeloba da usafveterinaruli skola dRevandelo- rTxoeba. umetesoba fiqrobs, rom
bis moTxovnebs. sakiTxi, viciT rom veterinari Zroxis eqimia da meti
aqtualuria, batoni mixeilisTvis araferi, Tumca. arc es aris patara
es Zalze mtkivneuli Tema aRmoCnda. saqme, magram modiT Cveni bina kargad
arc gagvkvirebia, radgan is profe- davaTvalieroT da is nivTebi, rac
sionali veterinaria, ganaTleba da veterinaris kontrolis arealSia
praqtika ucxoeTSi aqvs miRebuli moqceuli, saxlidan gamovitanoT da
da kargad icis kargi veterianaris vnaxoT ra dagvrCeba binaSi. maS ase:
fasica da movaleobis simZimec. ag- macivridan gamoviRoT xorci, kverrarul universitetTan dakavSi- cxi, rZis nawarmi, Tevzeuloba, Zexverebuli vnebaTaRelva, arcTu didi uli, konservebi, zRvis produqtebi,
xniT, Camcxralia da, bunebrivia, Semdeg gadavideT saZinebelSi aviqveynis mTavar veterinars, es sa- RoT baliSi, muTaqa, leibi da sabani,
Tu matylisaa, karadidan gamovalakiTxi awuxebs.
— zoovetis, agrarul universi- goT Salisa da tyavis nawarmi, fextetTan SeerTebas dadebiTi mxarec sacmelebi, avalagoT tyavis aveji,
aqvs da — uaryofiTic, magram axla jagrisebi da vnaxoT ra dagvrCeba.
samwuxarod, sazogadoebas es karam sakiTxze nu SevCerdebiT, samomavlod gadavdoT — meubneba batoni gad ar aqvs gacnobierebuli, rogor
mixeili, mTavari swavlebis xaris- mniSvnelovania veterinaris Sroma,
xia, ra ganaTlebas aZlevs saswav- rom produqti, rasac mivirTmevT,
lebeli students — emociurad mix- nivTebi, romelsac yoveldRiurad visnis respublikis mTavari veterina- yenebT, usafrTxo da uvnebeli iyos!
34
axali agraruli saqarTvelo
— batono mixeil, Tqven marTlac
damafiqreblad dagvixasiaTeT veterinaris roli. gvyavs ki saTanadod momzadebuli da sakmarisi raodenobis veterinarebi, rom marTlac
daculi iyos usafrTxoeba?
— veterinarebis mxriv qveyanaSi
urTulesi mdgomareobaa. samwuxarod, soflad veterinarebis 80 procenti 40 welsaa gadacilebuli. rac
imaze mianiSnebs, rom wlebis ganmavlobaSi dargi arapoupularuli iyo
da degradacias ganicdida.
— ram gamoiwvia aseTi Cavardna?
— dargi ar iyo mimzidveli, specialists ar hqonda dasaqmebis
perspeqtiva, Semosavali; isinic ki
vinc Tavis droze daamTavres veterinaruli saswavlebeli, versad
saqmdebodnen, radgan saxelmwifos
mxridan gauazrebeli da gulgrili
damokidebulebis gamo veterinaruli dargi saerTod moiSala, amitom
specialistebi iZulebuli gaxdnen
profesia SeecvalaT. es erT-erTi
ZiriTadi mizezia imis, rom dRes veterinarebis mwvave naklebobaa qveyanaSi.
— arsebuli veterinarebis kvalifikacia Tu kontroldeba, vin amowmebs maT profesionalizms?
— es procesic dasaregulirebelia, cxovelTa jandacvis msoflio
organizacia gvTxovs rom SevqmnaT
calke organo, e. w. veterinaruli palata, romelic yvelanair veterinarul saqmianobas uxelmZRvanelebs.
es iqneba damoukidebeli arasamTavrobo organizacia, romelsac eqneba
sertifikatebis gacemis da CamorTmevis ufleba, samecniero daskvnebidan gamomdinare saswavlo kurkulumebis Sedgena, warmatebuli veterinarebis dajildoeba da sxva.
ai, magaliTad dRes ramdenime
werili gvidevs saagentoSi, sadac
mianiSneben rom arakvalificirebulobis gamo veterinarma dauSva
Secdoma, ver gaakeTa ise, rogorc
saWiro iyo da gvTxoven reagirebas.
Cven aranairi RonisZiebis gatareba
ar SegviZlia. sakmaod didi vakuumia
Seqmnili. CvenTan Tu kacma erTxel
miiRo veterinaris diplomi, is mTeli cxovreba veterinaria, magram,
realurad es ase ar aris. ucxoeTSi
yovel xuT weliwadSi erTxel xdeba
ივნისი, 2013
ვეტერი ნარია
ვეტერინარია
veterinaris gadamzadeba-testireba. gamocdebis Cabarebis Semdeg Tu
isini veterinarebad muSaoben, licenzia ugrZeldebaT. CvenTan jer
arc veterinarTa licenzirebis sistema ar arsebobs.
— veterinarebis momzadebis rogori praqtikaa ucxoeTSi, ar SeiZleba Cvenc viswavloT maTgan?
— xSirad am mxriv orientirad viyeneb baltiisa da balkaneTis qveynebis
gamocdilebas, romlebmac mokle
droSi SeZles maRali donis miRweva.
maT danergili aqvT aseTi sistema:
veterinarebi romlebic muSaoben,
gadian testirebas da aaxleben serTifikats, muSaobis gamocdilebis
armqone, diplomiani veterinarebi,
ise ver miiReben licenzias Tu 1-1.5
Tviani kursebi ar gaiares da salicenzio gamocdebi ar Caabares. es
saWiroa imisTvis, rom veterinaria,
iseve rogorc sxva dargebi, Zalian
swrafad viTardeba da Tanamedrove
teqnologiebis dauflebas, mudmivi
momzadeba sWirdeba.
evropis umetes qveynebSi veterinaris diplomisa da licenziis misaRebad studentebi 9-10 wlian saswavlo kurssa da praqtikul mecadineobebs gadian.
— ramdeni veterinari unda iyos
qveyanaSi, rogoria standarti?
— kargi gamocdileba gvaqvs sabWoTa praqtikidan, iq bevri iseTi praqtika iyo, romlis gamoyenebac aucilebelia. im dros am saqmeSi didi
Sroma iyo Cadebuli, veterinaruli
mecniereba Tavis sityvas ambobda da
dargi sakmaod ganviTarebuli iyo.
amitom viyenebT im gamocdilebas
da vamatebT axals.
adre qveyanaSi 480 veterinaruli
ubani iyo, yvela ubanze reliefis
da cxovelTa raodenobis mixedviT
3-4 veterinari muSaobda, amas emateboda saxelmwifo veterinarebi,
romlebic akontrolebdnen bazrebs
da laboratoriebs, ase rom moqmedi
veterinarebis ricxvi 4000-4500 Seadgenda.
dRes mxolod saxelmwifo seqtorSi dasaqmebul veterinarTa ricxvi,
aq ar vgulisxmob laboratoriebSi
momuSave veterinarebs, 110 kacia,
amas emateba sasaklaoze mimagrebuli veterinarebi, romlebsac gansazRvruli funqcia aqvT. Tu cifrebs erTmaneTs SeadarebT, daskvnis
gakeTeba ar gaWirdeba.
daT treiningebi, aris baza, razedac
Cven dargs ganvaviTarebT. rac Seexeba gaaxalgazrdavebas, es procesi agvianebs. dRes im studentebs, romlebic veterinarul fakultets amTavreben, survili aqvT imuSaon qalaqSi
da iyvnen egzotikuri, e.w. araproduqtiuli cxovelebis, ZaRlebis,
katebis eqimebi, dasaqmdnen bazrebSi
an, ukeTes SemTxvevaSi, laboratoriebSi. samwuxarod, soflis mosaxleoba am specialobiT, faqtobrivad ar
interesdeba. magaliTad SarSan misaReb gamocdebze pirvel specialobad veterinaria mxolod erTma abiturientma daasaxela. anu mxolod
erT axalgazrdas surda veterinari gamxdariyo. es imis maniSnebelia,
rom dargi ukidures dReSia, magram
vimedovneb, sanam erTi adamiani mainc interesdeba am saqmiT, situaciis gamosworeba SesaZlebelia. imedi
gvaqvs, male movaxerxebT dargis reabilitacias da mis mniSvnelobasac
ufro meti adamiani gaiTavisebs.
— aseT realobaSi rogoria veterinaruli foni qveyanaSi?
— daavadebis mxriv veterinaruli
foni Zalian mZimea. es logikuric
aris, radgan saxelmwifo kontroli TiTqmis ar arsebobda, magram
katastrofuli viTareba ar gvaqvs,
adamianTa sikvdilianoba mxolod
amitom ar aris didi, veterinarebi, romlebic SemorCa raionebSi,
erTmaneTis daxmarebiT, kolegialobiT, megobrobiT Zalian bevrs
saqmes akeTeben. cofiani cxovelis
gamoCenis, dakbenis SemTxvevis gamovlenis dros, veterinars kanoni
avalebs, samkilometrian zonaSi Caataros vaqcinacia, unda acras yvela amTvisebeli cxoveli: ZaRli da
kata... arada raionSi erTi an, ukeTes SemTxvevaSi, ori veterinaria,
rogor warmogidgeniaT, rogor moaxerxebs erTi an ori veterinari am
saqmes gaswvdes. amitom Zalian xSirad veterinarebs uwevT daxmareba
sTxovon mezobel raionsa Tu so-
felSi momuSave kolegebs da aseTi
daxmarebiT gavidnen fons. Aamitom,
zogierT Cinovniks iseTi warmodgenac ki Seeqmna, saqmes Tu erTi-ori
veterinari arTmevs Tavs, raRa saWiroa maTi raodenobis zrda? imas ki
aRar iTvaliswinebs, ra Zalisxmevad
ujdeba erT adamians amxela saqmis
keTeba. Cven xom viciT, ris xarjze
xerxdeba es. Rom ara wminda wylis
veterinaruli Sinagani pasuxismgebloba, maT yvelaze kargad ician, ra
Sedegebic SeiZleba moitanos umoqmedobam, imas ver SeZlebdnen, rasac
dRemde isini akeTebdnen.
— romeli daavadebebia ufro gavrcelebuli, romel ubanzea yvelaze rTuli mdgomareoba?
— jilexi, bruceliozi, pasterelozi. rac Seexeba Turquls aq saxelmwifos swori gezi aqvs aRebuli,
yovelwliurad orjeradad vcriT
cxovelebs. es programa minimum sami weli gagrZeldeba, rasac kvlav
saxelmwifo daafinansebs. acrebze
cxovelTa identifikacia-pasprotizaciis procesic mibmulia.
rac Seexeba jilexis kerebs, rasac
Cven „manifestur kerebs“ veZaxiT,
vaxorcielebT vaqcinacias, raTa
daavadebis SemTxveva ar ganmeordes.
jilexze vaqcinacia sakmaod kargad
moqmedebs. maRali xarisxis vaqcina saqarTveloSi, baqteriofagSi
mzaddeba da sakmaod iafic Rirs,
amitom kargi iqneba, Tu mosaxleoba
ar daelodeba Cvens misvlas da sakuTar Sinaur cxovelebze zrunvas weliwadSi 15-20 wuTs dauTmobs, garkveul wil pasuxismgeblobas aiRebs
maT janmrTelobasa da sakuTari
ojaxis usafrTxoebis dacvaze da
cxovelebs im ZiriTad daavadebebze
acrian, rac im periodisTvis da im
arealisTvis aris damaxasiaTebeli.
jilexi Zalian mZime, xSirad momakvdinebeli daavadebaa. bruceliozi
adamians ar klavs, magram organizmSi iseT simptomebs utovebs, rac
adamians mTeli cxovreba gahyveba,
— rogorc vici, male yvela sofels eyoleba veterinari...
— es sakmaod grZeli procesia, ramdenime saerTaSoriso organizaciis:
FAO, UUSDA, SBA, DTRA, evrokavSiris da sxvebis daxmarebiT regionebSi SemorCenil veterinarebs Cautarივნისი, 2013
axali agraruli saqarTvelo
35
ვე ტერინა რია
ვეტერინარია
s mw
sam
wuxa
x rod
r
mrav
mr ladaa ise
s Ti e.w
w zoz
onozuri daavdebebi, romelic cxovelidan adamianze gadadis da mZime
Sedegebic moaqvs.
— cofis gavrcelebis mxriv rogori viTarebaa qveyanaSi?
— cofis mxrivac cudi mdgomareobaa. samwuxarod, adamianis gardacvalebis SemTxvevebic gvqonda. aqac
Cveni moqalaqeebis Segnebis da daxmarebis imedi gvaqvs, Cven, ra Tqma
unda, ar vapirebT gaCerebas da vgegmavT, rogorc Sinauri, aseve gareuli cxovelebis vaqcinacias. Sinaur cxovelebSi es samuSao wleuls,
Semodgomidan, an ukidures SemTxvevaSi, momavali wlis gazafxulze
daiwyeba. Sedegebi Zalian mZimea,
SarSan cofis 135 SemTxveva gvqonda da wleuls ukve — 20 gamovlineba gvaqvs. Zalian mZimdeba viTareba.
amitom aucilebelia mosaxleobis
aqtiuroba, sakuTar Sinaur cxovelTa vaqcinacia. yvelam, visac Sinauri
cxoveli, ZaRli da kata hyavs, unda
acras, es gansakuTrebiT saWiroa iq
sadac gareuli cxovelebi: mgeli,
tura, mela (eseni daavadebis matareblebi da yvelaze saSiSi gadamtanebia), sakmaod axlos arian dasaxlebul punqtebTan.
— suraTi arcTu damamSvidebelia.
Cvens samzareuloSi savaWro obieqtebidan, vgulisxmob bazrebs, gare
vaWrobas, Tu gnebavT, maRaziebsac
daavadebuli cxovelis xorci an
sxva produqti ar moxvdes, daculebi varT?
— saagentos pirdapiri movaleobaa, rom sursaTis sarealizacio
punqtebSi adamianisTvis safrTxis
Semcveli sursaTi ar moxvdes. metsac getyviT, Cven male produqtebis
etiketirebasa da xarisxis gakontrolebasac SevZlebT, rac imas niSnavs, rom rac aweria etiketze, miTiTebuli produqtis SigTavsic imis
identuri iyos, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi kanonmdebloba, metad mkacr
zomebs iTvaliswinebs.
rac Seexeba xorcproduqtebiT
vaWrobas, rogorc iciT, zogierT
regionSi yasbebTan Seiqmna garkveuli problema, magaliTad: quTaisSi,
36
axali agraruli saqarTvelo
kaxeTSi ramdenime adgilze, baTumSic iyo mcire gaugebroba. yvelam
unda gaigos da icodes, rom xorci,
romelic ar aris dakluli sasaklaoze da iyideba quCaSi, gamoricxuli
ar aris iyos, damxrCvali, mkvdari,
miwidan amoTxrili, daavadebuli
da a.S., rac adamianis janmrTelobas
pirdapir safrTxes uqmnis.
saxlSi saqonlis dakvlis dros
adamians veterinaris gareSe, SeiZleba gaeparos jilexiani xorci,
rac sul ramodenime dRis win dafiqsirda kaxeTis erT-erT sofelSi, rodesac 8 adamianis hospitalizireba gaxda saWiro, amitom aris
sasaklaoebis mowyoba aucilebeli.
im adgilze ki sadac es cxoveli daikla, jilexis gamomwvevi sporebi
daaxloebiT 100 weli rCeba miwaSi
da SeiZleba aTwleulebis Semdeg
iCinos Tavi, amitom adamians im adgilidan gadasaxleba uwevs. Samwuxarod aseT mniSvnelovan sakiTxs,
Cveni mosaxleobis nawili yuradRebas ar aqcevs.
Cven Zalian bevr dros vxarjavT
politikaze laparakiT, informaciis miRebiT, yoveldRe, yvela arxze aris amaze sja-basi, ToqSouebi,
magram Cveni janmrTeloba, samwuxarod, meorexarisxovan saqmed
gvaqvs dayenebuli, amaze aravin arsad ar laparakobs, amitomac, sazogadoebac mSvidadaa, raxan aravin
arafers ambobs, e.i. saqme kargadaa.
damijereT, gacilebiT meti unda
vicodeT… unda vicodeT, ras vyidulobT, sad vyidulobT, xorci
iyideba mtverSi, quCaSi, xis daxlze, romelic ar mowmdeba, arada xe
yvelaze saSiSia, SeiZleba im dros,
roca Tqven yidulobT, is xorci ar
aris daavadebuli, magram erT dros,
Tundac SarSan, SarSanwin iq ido da
daiWra daavadebuli xorci, CaTvaleT, rom im daxlze nadebi xorcic
daavadebulia da safrTxeSi igdebT
Tavs. xe Zalian didxans, inaxavs daavadebas. amitom, elementaruli
normebis dacvaa saWiro. mosaxleoba unda gafrTxildes da produqti
registrirebul savaWro obieqtebSi SeiZinos, sadac sanitaruli normebi daculia.
— cxovelTa registriacia-pasportizeba, ra mizans isaxavs?
— registracia-identificireba
sursaTis uvneblobis nawilia. daavadebebis kontrolis garda, pirutyvis yvela mepatrones es saSualebas miscems Tavisuflad gayidos
rZis produqtebi, miiyvanos saqoneli dasaklavad sasaklaoze da a.S.
Tu saqoneli ar aris, „dabirkuli“
registraciis niSani ar aqvs, eseigi
is ar aris acrili, ar kontrolde-
ba da am saqonlisgan miRebuli produqtis realizacia dauSvebelia.
registracia, sayuris-birkis gakeTeba cxovelTa mepatroneebisTvis araviTari damatebiTi xarji ar
aris, piriqiT, raxan saqonels yurze
niSani adevs, es imas niSnavs rom cxoveli aris veterinaris zedamxedvelobis qveS, aris acrili, damuSavebuli da misgan miRebuli produqti
uvnebelia.
— veterinaruli medikamentebiT rogor aris uzrunvelyofili
qveyana, aris sakmarisi saSualebebi im daavadebis profilaqtikisa
da mkurnalobisTvis, rac qveyanaSi
gvxvdeba?
— saqarTveloSi ramdenime ZiriTadi kompaniaa, romlebic sxvadasxva saxis medikamentebis imports
eweva. veterinaruli medikamentebi
qveyanaSic iwarmoeba, ase rom bazarze medikamentebis problema ar aris.
bazarze sakmaod jansaRi konkurenciaa.
rac Seexeba vet-afTiaqebis da medikamentebis kontrols, samwuxarod, es aqamde ar xorcieldeboda.
es procesic male daiwyeba, saagentoSi specialuri sammarTvelo iqmneba, romelic am kuTxiT imuSavebs.
gveqneba rogorc gegmiuri, ise daugegmavi Semowmebebi, sadac vecdebiT
yvela vet afTiaqi, yvela samkurnalo obieqti, sadac cxovelebs emsaxurebian, gakontroldes. vet-medikamentebi CvenTan registrirdeba da
amis Semdeg maTi realizaciac Cveni
kontrolis qveS moeqceva.
— Tu zrunavs saagento mosaxleobis informirebaze, mosaxleobis veterinaruli kulturis amaRlebaze,
raTa maT visac cxovelebTan xSiri
urTierToba uxdeba, Tavi mainc daicvas da droulad SeniSnos is simptomebi, rac zogierT saSiS daavadebas axasiaTebs. am mimarTebiT muSaoba ar Sedis saagentos movaleobaSi?
— es yvelaze didi problemaa. saerTod ki mosaxleobas dakarguli
aqvs ndoba, Tundac, aviRoT yuris
dabirkva, aTasi kiTxva warmoiSva:
raxan am cxovels niSans daadeben,
albaT raRacas gadamaxdevineben,
problema Semeqmneba, veRar gavyidi,
amitom zogma saqoneli gadamala.
ndobis aRdgenaa Cveni mTavari mizani. Cveni veterinarebi am mimarTebiTac imuSaveben. es sakmaod mZime da
rTuli procesia, magram vecdebiT,
mosaxleobam imis garda rom informacia miiRos, pasuxismgeblobac igrZnos, iswavlos, cota TviTonac
gadaixados, rom misi cxoveli janmrTeli iyos, xolo produqti - uvnebeli.
nestan guguSvili
ივნისი, 2013
ბიოპრეპარატები
organo-mineraluri huminuri
sasuqebi maTi momzadeba da efeqturoba
mravalmxrivi kvlevis safeZvelze didi xania dadgenilia, rom organuli nivTierebebi, nakeli, torfi, kompostebi, mcenareuli narCenebi niadags marto
sakvebi elementebiT ki ar amdidreben, aramed isini
sxvadasxva qimiurad da fiziologiurad aqtiur nivTierebebis, metabolitebis, vitaminebis da xsnadi
formiT huminis mJavis wyarod iTvleba. es ki iwvevs
mcenaris fesvTa sistemis gaaqtiurebas, mcenares
amaragebs sakvebi elementebiT, niadagSi zrdis mikroorganizmebis moqmedebas, daavadebis mimarT mcenaris mdgradobas aZlierebs. zrdis yinvagamZleobas. awesrigebs niadagSi fizikur Tvisebebs haeracias, tentevadobas da sxva.
organuli sasuqebis efeqtianobaze bevri gamokvlevebi arsebobs. m.m kononova (1951, 1963, 1965)
i.v. tiurini 91937) kavsmani (19370 a.n sokolovski
(1934) i.p krakovi (1931) g.s goZiaSvili 1949) a,d menaRaraSvili (1949) m.k daraselia91956) g.i goleTiani (1958) m.l. bziava (1967) m.v gabisonia (1951) da
sxvebi.
saqarveloSi organuli sasuqebidan gareul sasuqebSi ZiriTadad gamoiyeneboda nakeli. nakelis
efeqtianobaze, aseve mwvane sasuqebis organul sasuqebad gamoyenebaze bevri kvlevebia Catarebuli.
magram aRniSnuli sasuqebis gamoyenebis areali
SezRudulia saqarTveloSi mecxoveleobis ganuviTareblobis da sxvadasxva kulturebis biologiuri Tvisebebis gamo. torfis, rogorc organuli
sasuqad gamoyenebaze gamokvlevebi gasul saukuneSi daiwyo. i.s rozanovi (1939) miuTiTebda sufTa
torfis gamoyenebis dabal efeqtianobaze, amitom
upiratesoba torf-kompostebis gamoyenebas mieniWa.
1949 wels a.d menaRariSvilma SeimuSava torf-nakeliani kompostis receptura da misi gamoyeneba daiwyo. misi efeqtianoba gacilebiT maRali iyo vidre
sufTa torfis, aseve maRali iyo torf-kompostis,
„ceo-torfis“ da sxva kompostebis efeqtianoba.
citrusebis, vazis erTwliani da sxva mravalwliani
kulturebisaTvis.
organo-mineraluri kompostebidan erT-erT prespeqtiul sasuqad huminuri sasuqebi iTvleba. humunurad ki iseTi sasuqebi iTvleba, romlebic Seicavs
huminis mJavas, wyalxsnad marilebs. esenia: Na-is,
K-is da amonimis humatebi, romlebic mcenareebSi
fermentalur sistemas aZliereben, mcenaris organizmis zrdasa da ganviTarebaze moqmedeben rogorc
stimuliatorebi.
ივნისი, 2013
Semadgenlobis mixedviT humunuri sasuqebi or
jgufad iyofa:
kompleqsuri organo-mineraluri sasuqebi, romlebic huminis mJavas wyalxsnad formasTan erTad
Seicaven mineralur sakveb elementebs — humafoss
da humafoskas.
zrdis stimulatori, romelic Seicavs mxolod
xsnad humins mJavas da mcire raodenobiT gamoiyeneba. rac Seexeba kaliumis natriums, amoniumis humatebs isini gamoiyeneba mSrali saxiT, rogorc Cveulebrivi sasuqebi, agreTve xsnad mdgonareobaSi —
foTlovani kvebis dros.
huminuri sasuqebis warmoeba gasuli saukuneebis
30-ian wlebSi daiwyo s.s dragunovi (1936). igi qvanaxSirs da torfs amiakis da orTofosformJavas nareviT amuSavebda. huminuri sasuqebis warmoebas da mis
efeqtianobas gamokvlevebi miuZRvna l.a xristevam
(1957, 1962 w).
maRalxarisxiani huminuri sasuqebi unda Seicavdes
0,2%-ze met wyalSi xsnad huminis mJavas, 1%-ze met
azots da fosfors. PH-is areali 7,2-7,6 farglebSia.
PH-is Semcireba an gazrda huminis mJavis sxvadasxva
xarisxiT xsnadobis gamo sasurveli ar aris.
humatebi torfis xis, naxSiris, qvanaxSiris, damuSavebiT natriumis an kaliumis tutiT mzaddeba.
axali agraruli saqarTvelo
37
ბიოპრეპარატები
saqarTveloSi torfis adgilobrivi nedleulis
gamoyenebiT SesaZlebelia damzaddes maRali xarisxis mqone humino-organuli sasuqebi. Catarebuli
analizebiT irkveva, rom foTis torfSi huminis mJavis Semcveloba 33%-ia (f.S. WanuyvaZe 1970).
organo mineraluri humunuri sasuqebis momzadebisas gansakuTrebuli yuradReba unda mieqces torfis
teninanobas. gamokvlevebiT (f.S. WanuyvaZe 1970) dadgenilia, rom humunis mJavis maRali xsnadoba torfis
50-60% tenianobisas miiRweva. radgan PH-7.2-8-mde
unda iyos, amitom natriumis tutis raodenoba PH-is
gaTvaliswinebiT formulis Sesabamisad iTvleba
torfis.
organo-mineraluri huminuri sasuqebis momzadebisas zemoT CamoTvlili komponentebis garda
fosformJavas nacvlad adgilobrivi fosforovani sasuqebis gamoyeneba SeiZleba kerZod godognis
fosforitebi. adam beriZis gamokvlevebiT godognis fosforitebis Sesaxeb kvlevebi jer kidev gasuli saukunis 60-70-iani wlebSia dawyebuli. amis
miuxedavad igi dResac gamouyenebelia, amitom sasurvelia soflis meurneobis saministrom kvlevebis Casatareblad sqecialuri programa SeimuSaos.
huminur-organuli sasuqebis damzadeba ar moiTxovs did danaxarjebs igi adgilobrivi nedleulis bazaze mzaddeba da misi gamoyeneba yvela niadagze da yvela kulturaze Zalian efeqtiania.
r. takiZe
mecnierebaTa doqtori, centr „anaseulis“ direqtori
f. WanuyvaZe
sof. meurneobis mecnierebaTa doqtori centr
„anaseuli“ direqtoris moadgile
ჩვ ენი დროის გმირები
ჩვენი
გმი რები
invalidis etlidan traqtorze
gia gvalia WiaTuris raionis sofel gezrulis mkvdria. igi erT-erTi imaTgania, visac bunebam gansakuTrebuli gansacdeli mouvlina.
ubeduri SemTxvevis gamo gias orive
fexi mohkveTes, magram mas far-xmali ar dauyria. gia invalidis etlSi jdomas ar Seurigda da urTules
profesias, meqanizatorobas daubrunda, muxluxoebin traqtor
DT-75-is saWes miujda da muSaobas
Seudga. rogorc ityvian, traqtormac, romelic Tavad giam gadaiyvana xeliT marTvaze usityvod gaugo patrons da giac zemo imereTis
mTagoriani ferdobebis xvna-Tesvas Seudga. gia gvalia Tavs sofel
gezrulSi da WiaTuris raionSi sa-
38
axali agraruli saqarTvelo
Wiro kacia, yvelaze rTul nakveTebis dasamuSaveblad, sadac Cveulebriv Tvlebian traqtors uWirs,
axlo Tu Sorbebeli mezoblebi gia
gvalias eZaxian dasaxmareblad.
wleuls igi soflis meurneobis
ganviTarebis fondis xvna-Tesvis
programaSic CaerTo da WiaTuris
raionis soflebSi: gezrulSi, zeda
bereTisasa da meCxeTurSi 60 hetari farTobi daamuSava.
gia gvalias hyavs meuRle, 4 Svili da 3 SviliSvili, visTviac igi
msoflioSi yvelaze Zlieri, mamaci
da sayvareli babuaa.
roland darbaiZe
amxanagoba „roliko 2008“-is
Tavmjdomare.
gTavazobT Tbilis agrarul
bazrebze arsebul ZiriTadi
sasoflo-sameurneo
produqtebis fasebs.
xorbali kg. _ 50 TeTri;
mWadis fqvili kg. _ 2 lari;
RerRili kg. _ 2 lari;
simindi marcvali sasursaTe
kg. _ 1 lari;
safuraJe kg. _ 45-50 TeTri;
kitri kg. _ 0,8-1 lari;
pomidori _ 1,8-2,5 lari;
saadreo kartofili kg. _
0.8-1 lari;
yveli imeriuli kg. _ 6-7 lari;
sulguni kg. _ 11-12 lari;
kombosto kg. _ 1 lari;
Warxali kg. _ 1 lari;
stafilo kg. _ 1.5 lari;
marwyvi kg. _ 2-2-5 lari;
TuTa kg. _ 2-3 lari;
vaSli kg. _ 1-3 lari;
bali kg. _ 2.5-3,5 lari;
xorci saqonlis _ 9-10 lari;
xorci Roris _ 10-12 lari;
xorci cxvris kg. _ 12-14
lari;
goWi kg. _ 10 lari;
indauri _ 60-80 lari;
dedali _ 15-20 lari;
kurdReli _ 20-25 lari;
baWiebi _ 6-10 lari;
ixvi _ 18-25 lari;
cicrebi (wyvili) _ 50 lari.
ივნისი, 2013