Università degli Studi di Cagliari
Facoltà di Farmacia
Corso di Laurea in Farmacia
Corso di Laurea in Chimica e Tecnologie Farmaceutiche
Lingua inglese
Anno accademico 2011/2012, secondo semestre
Ventesima lezione
Dott. Rino Bosso
[email protected]
AVVISI - 1
Chi di voi non lo avesse ancora fatto si ricordi di inviarmi
per email la giustificazione delle assenze dalle lezioni:
chi non raggiunge almeno il 70% delle presenze non potrà
sostenere la prova il 30 maggio. Le giustificazioni devono
essere inviate entro, e non oltre, il 23 maggio.
Per le assenze dovute ad un esame, basta una semplice
mail a [email protected]. Dopo la conclusione delle
lezioni, pubblicherò l’elenco dei frequentanti.
Per le assenze dovute a motivi di salute bisogna allegare
anche il certificato medico.
AVVISI - 2
Si avvisano gli studenti che le iscrizioni alla prova
d’idoneità del 30 maggio 2012 sono già aperte e
saranno chiuse il 27 maggio.
L’iscrizione avviene online su ESSE3 per gli studenti
iscritti al primo e al secondo anno.
Gli studenti iscritti al quinto anno e ai corsi singoli
devono inviare una mail a [email protected]
entro e non oltre il 27 maggio per iscriversi alla
prova.
Pharmaceuticals and medicines - 1
During the fifteenth lecture, we had a look at
the
document
“Pharmaceuticals
and
medicines”. If you have not downloaded the
document yet, you can do so by clicking on the
following link:
http://people.unica.it/rinobosso/2012/05/09/in
glese-ctf-e-farmacia-materiali-xv-lezione/
Pharmaceuticals and medicines - 2
Pharmaceuticals or pharmaceutical drugs, aka* medicines,
are chemical substances whose molecules have a proven
pharmacological activity. These are used in the treatment or
alleviation (therapy) and prevention (prophylaxis) of diseases
(objectively diagnosable problems, related to specific parts of
the body, or systemic conditions with symptoms) and illnesses
(subjective: by “feeling ill” we mean that we feel some sort of
discomfort or pain, but specific symptoms are not always
present).
*abbreviation for “also known as” (anche dette, anche note
come…)
Pharmaceuticals and medicines - 3
If on the one hand we have learned/learnt* how
humans can benefit from using drugs by, for
example, relieving aches and pains (by using pain
killers), on the other hand drugs can cause the socalled side-effects or adverse effects, which are
negative consequences of taking a drug (such as
diarrhea, headache, stomach ache, skin rash, etc.).
* Note that the verb “to learn” has two past
participle forms.
Pharmaceutical compounds
Pharmaceutical compounds can be divided into
drug substances also referred to as active
pharmaceutical
ingredients
(APIs)
and
excipients.
APIs
APIs exert their desired pharmacological effect by
interacting with specific biological targets. In
modern pharmacy, APIs are rarely administrated to
patients in their pure form. Normally they are
combined with excipients via one or more
processing steps to produce a dosage form. The
primary goal in transforming an API into a dosage
form is to facilitate delivery of that API to the
biological target. The delivery of an API to a
biological target is commonly referred to as drug
delivery.
Excipients
Excipients are pharmacologically inert materials
that are combined with APIs to aid their
processing into dosage forms (e.g. tablets,
injections and ointments) and to facilitate API
administration to patients.
Dosage forms
Dosage forms include the following:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Tablets;
Ointments;
Suppositories;
Injections.
Drug delivery
In order to get the active pharmaceutical ingredient to the site
of action, there are several dosage forms, also referred to as
“drug-delivery systems” and “finished drug product”.
An ideal dosage form should reliably deliver the specified level
of drug substance, to the specified biological target, for the
specified duration. It should minimize exposure of the drug
substance to other receptors that might result in the patient
experiencing adverse effects. The inconvenience or discomfort
associated with administering a dosage form should not
outweigh its therapeutic benefits. For example, a patient may
be willing to have an analgesic drug administered via
intravenous infusion to treat severe pain but this form of
treatment may not be tolerated to treat a minor headache,
despite its effectiveness.
Routes of administration
English
Italiano
Description
Otic
Auricolare
to the ear
Ophthalmic
Oftalmico
to the eye
Nasal
Nasale
to the nose
Oral
Orale
to or by way of the mouth
Sublingual
Sublinguale
beneath the tongue
Rectal
Rettale
to the rectum
Topical
Topico
to the outer surface of the
body
Subcutaneous
Sottocutaneo
beneath the skin
Intravenous
Endovenoso
within a vein
Intramuscular
Intramuscolare
within a muscle
Intrapulmonary
Intrapolmonare
within the lungs or bronchi
Course book:
Unit 6
Course book:
Unit 14