Xilouri/119-130 26-06-07 14:44 ™ÂÏ›‰·119
¶∂ƒπ√¢π∫√ ∆∏™ E§§HNIKH™ KTHNπ∞∆ƒπ∫∏™ ETAIP∂IA™ 2003, 54(2): 119-130
JOURNAL OF THE HELLENIC VETERINARY MEDICAL SOCIETY 2003, 54(2): 119-130
∂›‰Ú·ÛË ˘„ËÏÒÓ ıÂÚÌÔÎÚ·ÛÈÒÓ
ÂÚÈ‚¿ÏÏÔÓÙÔ˜ ÛÙËÓ ·Ó··Ú·ÁˆÁÈ΋ ÈηÓfiÙËÙ· Î·È ÛÙȘ Ê˘ÛÈÔÏÔÁÈΤ˜
·Ú·Ì¤ÙÚÔ˘˜ ÙˆÓ ÎÔÓÈÎÏÔÌËÙ¤ÚˆÓ
ÌÈ·˜ Û˘ÛÙËÌ·ÙÈ΋˜ ÂÎÙÚÔÊ‹˜ ÛÙËÓ
∂ÏÏ¿‰·
•˘ÏÔ‡ÚË-ºÚ·ÁÎÈ·‰¿ÎË ∂.1, ∂. °ÔÏ›‰Ë1,
I. ªÂÓÂÁ¿ÙÔ˜1, Luzi F.2
∂Ú¢ÓËÙÈ΋ ÂÚÁ·Û›·
Original article
Influence of high ambient
temperature on reproductive
performance and physiology of
rabbit does in a commercial
rabbitry in Greece
Xylouri-Frangiadaki E.1, Golidi E.1,
Menegatos I.1, Luzi F.2
¶∂ƒπ§∏æ∏. ∞ÓÙÈΛÌÂÓÔ Ù˘ ·ÚÔ‡Û·˜ ÂÚÁ·Û›·˜ ˘‹ÚÍÂ Ë ÌÂϤÙË ÙˆÓ ·Ó··Ú·ÁˆÁÈÎÒÓ Î·È Ê˘ÛÈÔÏÔÁÈÎÒÓ ·Ú·Ì¤ÙÚˆÓ ÙˆÓ ÎÔÓÈÎÏÔÌËÙ¤ÚˆÓ ˘fi ÙȘ Ê˘ÛÈΤ˜ Û˘Óı‹Î˜ ÂÎÙÚÔÊ‹˜ ÙÔ˘˜ ÛÙËÓ
∂ÏÏ¿‰·, ηٿ ÙË ıÂÚÈÓ‹ (πÔ‡ÏÈÔ˜ 2000-√ÎÙÒ‚ÚÈÔ˜ 2000 Î·È ª¿˚Ô˜
2001-πÔ‡ÓÈÔ˜ 2001) Î·È ¯ÂÈÌÂÚÈÓ‹ (¡Ô¤Ì‚ÚÈÔ˜-∞Ú›ÏÈÔ˜ 2001) ÂÚ›Ô‰Ô (̤ÛË ıÂÚÌÔÎÚ·Û›· ı·Ï¿ÌˆÓ ÂÎÙÚÔÊ‹˜ 19,5ÆC Î·È 12,4ÆC
·ÓÙ›ÛÙÔȯ·). °È· ÙÔ˘˜ ÛÎÔÔ‡˜ Ù˘ ÌÂϤÙ˘ ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈ‹ıËÎ·Ó 809
ÂÓ‹ÏÈη ıËÏ˘Î¿ Î·È 20 ÂÓ‹ÏÈη ·ÚÛÂÓÈο ÎÔ˘Ó¤ÏÈ· ‰È·ÛÙ·˘ÚˆÌ¤Ó·
¡¤·˜ ∑ËÏ·Ó‰›·˜ x ∫·ÏÈÊfiÚÓÈ·˜. √È Ê˘ÛÈÔÏÔÁÈΤ˜ ·Ú¿ÌÂÙÚÔÈ Ô˘
ÌÂÏÂÙ‹ıËÎ·Ó ‹Ù·Ó: ÙÔ Û‡ÓÔÏÔ ÙˆÓ ÁÂÓÓËı¤ÓÙˆÓ ÎÔÓÈÎÏȉ›ˆÓ (˙ˆÓÙ·ÓÒÓ, ÓÂÎÚÒÓ, ıÓËÛÈÁÂÓÒÓ) ·Ó¿ ÎÔÓÈÎÏÔÌËÙ¤Ú·, ÙÔ ‚¿ÚÔ˜ Ù˘ ÙÔÎÂÙÔÔÌ¿‰·˜, ÙÔ Ì¤ÛÔ ·ÙÔÌÈÎfi ‚¿ÚÔ˜ Á¤ÓÓËÛ˘ Î·È Ô ·ÚÈıÌfi˜ ·ÔÁ·Ï·ÎÙÈÛı¤ÓÙˆÓ Î·È ÙÔ ÔÛÔÛÙfi ıÓËÛÈÌfiÙËÙ·˜ ÙˆÓ ıËÏ·˙fiÓÙˆÓ ÎÔÓÈÎÏȉ›ˆÓ Ì ‚¿ÛË ÙÔÓ ·ÚÈıÌfi ÙˆÓ ˙ˆÓÙ·ÓÒÓ ÁÂÓÓËı¤ÓÙˆÓ Î·È ÙˆÓ
˘ÈÔıÂÙËÌ¤ÓˆÓ ·Ó¿ ÙÔÎÂÙÔÔÌ¿‰·. ∂Ï‹ÊıË Ë ıÂÚÌÔÎÚ·Û›· ·¢ı˘Ṳ̂ÓÔ˘ Î·È Ô Ú˘ıÌfi˜ ·Ó·ÓÔÒÓ ÙˆÓ ÎÔÓÈÎÏÔÌËÙ¤ÚˆÓ. ∏ ‰˘ÛÌÂÓ‹˜
Â›‰Ú·ÛË ÙˆÓ ˘„ËÏÒÓ ıÂÚÈÓÒÓ ıÂÚÌÔÎÚ·ÛÈÒÓ ‹Ù·Ó ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈ΋ ÛÙÔ
̤ÁÂıÔ˜ Ù˘ ÙÔÎÂÙÔÔÌ¿‰·˜ ηٿ ÙË Á¤ÓÓËÛË (7,38 Û˘ÓÔÏÈο ÁÂÓÓËı¤ÓÙ· ÙË ıÂÚÈÓ‹ ÂÚ›Ô‰Ô ¤Ó·ÓÙÈ 8,05 ÙË ¯ÂÈÌÂÚÈÓ‹ P<0,001), 6,94
ÁÂÓÓËı¤ÓÙ· ˙ÒÓÙ· ÎÔÓÈÎÏ›‰È· ¤Ó·ÓÙÈ 7,84 ÙË ¯ÂÈÌÂÚÈÓ‹ P<0,001),
0,39 ÓÂÎÚ¿ ¤Ó·ÓÙÈ 0,19 ÙË ¯ÂÈÌÂÚÈÓ‹ ÂÚ›Ô‰Ô P<0,001), 0,05 ıÓËÛÈÁÂÓ‹ ¤Ó·ÓÙÈ 0,02 ÙË ¯ÂÈÌÂÚÈÓ‹ ÂÚ›Ô‰Ô P<0,01), ÛÙÔ Ì¤ÁÂıÔ˜ Ù˘ ÙÔÎÂÙÔÔÌ¿‰·˜ ηٿ ÙÔÓ ·ÔÁ·Ï·ÎÙÈÛÌfi (5,95 ·ÔÁ·Ï·ÎÙÈÛı¤ÓÙ· ÎÔÓÈÎÏ›‰È· ¤Ó·ÓÙÈ 7,06 ÙÔ ¯ÂÈÌÒÓ· P<0,001), ÛÙÔ ÔÛÔÛÙfi ıÓËÛÈÌfiÙËÙ·˜ ηٿ ÙË Á·ÏÔ˘¯›· (16,94% ¤Ó·ÓÙÈ 9,60% ÙÔ ¯ÂÈÌÒÓ· (P<0,001).
∞ÓÙ›ıÂÙ· ÙÔ ‚¿ÚÔ˜ Ù˘ ÙÔÎÂÙÔÔÌ¿‰·˜ Î·È ÙÔ Ì¤ÛÔ ·ÙÔÌÈÎfi ‚¿ÚÔ˜
ÙˆÓ ÎÔÓÈÎÏȉ›ˆÓ ÛÙË Á¤ÓÓËÛË ‰ÂÓ ‰È¤ÊÂÚ·Ó ÛÙ·ÙÈÛÙÈÎÒ˜ ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈο
ÌÂٷ͇ ¯ÂÈÌÂÚÈÓ‹˜ Î·È ıÂÚÈÓ‹˜ ÂÚÈfi‰Ô˘ (461g ¤Ó·ÓÙÈ 466g ÙÔ ¯ÂÈÌÒÓ·, P≥0,05, Î·È 68g ¤Ó·ÓÙÈ 65g ÙÔ ¯ÂÈÌÒÓ·, P≥0,05, ·ÓÙ›ÛÙÔȯ·).
(™ÙȘ ÎÔÓÈÎÏÔÌËÙ¤Ú˜ ηٿ ÙË ıÂÚÈÓ‹ ÂÚ›Ô‰Ô ·Ú·ÙËÚ‹ıËΠÛÙ·-
ABSTRACT. The reproductive performance and physiological
traits of intensively raised does were evaluated under farm conditions
in Greece, during the hot (average farm temperature 19.5ÆC) and
cold period (average farm temperature 12.4ÆC). The size of litter at
birth (6.94 vs. 7.84 alive pups, P≤0.001), the size of litter at weaning
(5.95 vs. 7.06, P≤0.001), the pre-weaning mortality rate (16.94%
vs. 9.60%, P≤0.001, the number of born dead (0.39 vs. 0.19,
P≤0.001) and the number of stillborn (0,05 vs 0,02 P≤0.01) were
significantly affected during the hot period, while litter weight and
individual weight at birth did not seem to differ between hot and
cold period (461 g vs. 466 g (P≤0.05) and 68 vs. 65 g (P≤0.05),
respectively). Rectal temperature of does and respiration rate were
higher in the hot period (39.09ÆC vs. 38.93ÆC (NS) and 128.08
respirations/min vs. 115.37 respirations/min; P≤0.001). The effects
of parity order and animals were also studied revealing that parity
order influenced significantly total born, born alive, stillborn and
weaned rabbits, litter weight and individual weight at birth, as well as
the does’ respiration rate. The interaction between parity and period
was not significant for any of the recorded parameters. In conclusion,
high ambient temperature impaired does’ reproductive and
physiological traits under those conditions, similar to most natural
environmental conditions in Greece.
1
∂ÚÁ·ÛÙ‹ÚÈÔ ∞Ó·ÙÔÌ›·˜ Î·È º˘ÛÈÔÏÔÁ›·˜ ∞ÁÚÔÙÈÎÒÓ ∑ÒˆÓ,
∆Ì‹Ì· ∑ˆÈ΋˜ ¶·Ú·ÁˆÁ‹˜, °ÂˆÔÓÈÎfi ¶·ÓÂÈÛÙ‹ÌÈÔ ∞ıËÓÒÓ,
πÂÚ¿ √‰fi˜ 75, 118 55, ∞ı‹Ó·.
2
Institute of Animal Husbandry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine,
University of Milan, 10, Celoria str. Milan, Italy
1
Agricultural University of Athens, Faculty of Animal Science,
Dep. of Anatomy and Physiology of Farm Animals,
75, Iera Odos str., 118 55, Athens, Greece.
2
Institute of Animal Husbandry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine,
University of Milan, 10, Celoria str. Milan, Italy
HÌÂÚÔÌËÓ›· ˘Ô‚ÔÏ‹˜: 08.04.2003
HÌÂÚÔÌËÓ›· ÂÁÎÚ›Ûˆ˜: 18.06.2003
Submission date: 08.04.2003
Approval date: 18.06.2003
Key words: high ambient temperature, reproductive performance,
rabbit does, Greece
Xilouri/119-130 26-06-07 14:44 ™ÂÏ›‰·120
120
E. •À§√Àƒ∏-ºƒ∞°∫π∞¢∞∫∏, ∂. °√§π¢∏, π. ª∂¡∂°∞∆√™ , LUZI F.
ÙÈÛÙÈο ÌË ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈ΋ ·‡ÍËÛË Ù˘ ıÂÚÌÔÎÚ·Û›·˜ ·¢ı˘Ṳ̂ÓÔ˘
(39,09ÆC ¤Ó·ÓÙÈ 38,93ÆC ÙÔ ¯ÂÈÌÒÓ·), ηıÒ˜ Î·È ÛÙ·ÙÈÛÙÈο ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈ΋ ·‡ÍËÛË ÙÔ˘ ·ÚÈıÌÔ‡ ÙˆÓ ·Ó·ÓÔÒÓ/ÏÂÙfi (128,08 ·Ó·ÓÔ¤˜/ÏÂÙfi ¤Ó·ÓÙÈ 115,37 ·Ó·ÓÔ¤˜/ ÏÂÙfi ÙÔ ¯ÂÈÌÒÓ·, P<0,001). ¶¤Ú· ·fi ÙËÓ Â›‰Ú·ÛË Ù˘ ıÂÚÌÔÎÚ·Û›·˜ ÙÔ˘ ÂÚÈ‚¿ÏÏÔÓÙÔ˜ ÌÂÏÂÙ‹ıËΠÙfiÛÔ Ë Â›‰Ú·ÛË ÙÔ˘ ·ÚÈıÌÔ‡ ÙÔÎÂÙÒÓ ·Ó¿ ÎÔÓÈÎÏÔÌËÙ¤Ú· fiÛÔ Î·È Ë ·ÙÔÌÈÎfiÙËÙ· Ù˘ οı ÎÔÓÈÎÏÔÌËÙ¤Ú·˜ ÛÙȘ ·Ó··Ú·ÁˆÁÈΤ˜ ·Ú·Ì¤ÙÚÔ˘˜. ™ËÌ·ÓÙÈ΋ ‹Ù·Ó Ë Â›‰Ú·ÛË ÙÔ˘ ·ÚÈıÌÔ‡ ÙÔÎÂÙÒÓ ·Ó¿ ÎÔÓÈÎÏÔÌËÙ¤Ú· ÛÙÔ Û‡ÓÔÏÔ ÙˆÓ ÁÂÓÓËı¤ÓÙˆÓ ÎÔÓÈÎÏȉ›ˆÓ,
ÛÙ· ˙ˆÓÙ·Ó¿, ÓÂÎÚ¿ Î·È ·ÔÁ·Ï·ÎÙÈÛı¤ÓÙ· ÎÔÓÈÎÏ›‰È·, ÛÙÔ ‚¿ÚÔ˜
Ù˘ ÙÔÎÂÙÔÔÌ¿‰·˜ ηٿ ÙË Á¤ÓÓËÛË, ÛÙÔ Ì¤ÛÔ ·ÙÔÌÈÎfi ‚¿ÚÔ˜ Á¤ÓÓËÛ˘ ÙˆÓ ÎÔÓÈÎÏȉ›ˆÓ Î·È Ù¤ÏÔ˜ ÛÙÔÓ ·ÚÈıÌfi ·Ó·ÓÔÒÓ/ÏÂÙfi ÙˆÓ
ÎÔÓÈÎÏÔÌËÙ¤ÚˆÓ. ™˘ÌÂÚ·ÛÌ·ÙÈο ‰È·ÈÛÙÒıËÎÂ Ë ·ÚÓËÙÈ΋ Â›‰Ú·ÛË ÙˆÓ ˘„ËÏÒÓ ıÂÚÌÔÎÚ·ÛÈÒÓ ÙÔ˘ ÂÚÈ‚¿ÏÏÔÓÙÔ˜ ÛÙȘ ·Ó··Ú·ÁˆÁÈΤ˜ Î·È Ê˘ÛÈÔÏÔÁÈΤ˜ ·Ú·Ì¤ÙÚÔ˘˜ ÙˆÓ ÎÔÓÈÎÏÔÌËÙ¤ÚˆÓ.
§¤ÍÂȘ ¢ÚÂÙËÚ›·Û˘: ˘„ËϤ˜ ıÂÚÌÔÎڷۛ˜ ÂÚÈ‚¿ÏÏÔÓÙÔ˜, ·Ó··Ú·ÁˆÁÈ΋ ÈηÓfiÙËÙ·, ÎÔÓÈÎÏÔÌËÙ¤Ú˜, ∂ÏÏ¿‰·
∂π™∞°ø°∏
∏ ıÂÚÌÔ-Ô˘‰¤ÙÂÚË ˙ÒÓË ÙˆÓ ÎÔ˘ÓÂÏÈÒÓ ÂÓÙÔ›˙ÂÙ·È ÌÂٷ͇ ÙˆÓ 15ÆC Î·È 25ÆC (Cervera and Carmona, 1998). ∆·
ÎÔ˘Ó¤ÏÈ· Â›Ó·È ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚÔ ·ÓıÂÎÙÈο ÛÙȘ ¯·ÌËϤ˜ ·’ fiÙÈ ÛÙȘ ˘„ËϤ˜ ıÂÚÌÔÎڷۛ˜. ŸÙ·Ó Ë ıÂÚÌÔÎÚ·Û›· ÂÚÈ‚¿ÏÏÔÓÙÔ˜ ˘Âڂ› ÙÔ˘˜ 35ÆC, Ù· ÎÔ˘Ó¤ÏÈ· ˘Ê›ÛÙ·ÓÙ·È Î·Ù¿ÙˆÛË ÏfiÁˆ ıÂÚÌÈ΋˜ ηٷfiÓËÛ˘ (Marai et al., 2002).
™ÎÔfi˜ Ù˘ ·ÚÔ‡Û·˜ ¤Ú¢ӷ˜ Â›Ó·È Ë ÌÂϤÙË Ù˘ Â›‰Ú·Û˘ ÙˆÓ ˘„ËÏÒÓ ıÂÚÌÔÎÚ·ÛÈÒÓ ÂÚÈ‚¿ÏÏÔÓÙÔ˜ Â›
ÙˆÓ ·Ó··Ú·ÁˆÁÈÎÒÓ Î·È ÔÚÈÛÌ¤ÓˆÓ Ê˘ÛÈÔÏÔÁÈÎÒÓ ·Ú·Ì¤ÙÚˆÓ ÙˆÓ ÎÔÓÈÎÏÔÌËÙ¤ÚˆÓ Î·Ù¿ ÙË ‰È¿ÚÎÂÈ· ÂÓfi˜ ¤ÙÔ˘˜ Û ÌÈ· Û˘ÛÙËÌ·ÙÈ΋ ÂÎÙÚÔÊ‹, ‰Â‰Ô̤ÓÔ˘ fiÙÈ ·ÔÙÂÏ› ¤Ó· ·fi Ù· ÛÔ‚·ÚfiÙÂÚ· ÚÔ‚Ï‹Ì·Ù· Ô˘ ·ÓÙÈÌÂÙˆ›˙ÂÈ Ô ·Ú·ÁˆÁfi˜ ÛÙËÓ Ú¿ÍË (Xylouri et al., 2003). ™ÙÔÓ
ÙÔ̤· ·˘Ùfi ‰ÂÓ ˘¿Ú¯Ô˘Ó ‚È‚ÏÈÔÁÚ·ÊÈο ‰Â‰Ô̤ӷ ÁÈ· ÙË
¯ÒÚ· Ì·˜.
À§π∫∞ ∫∞π ª∂£√¢√π
¶ÂÚÈ‚¿ÏÏÔÓ ÂÎÙÚÔÊ‹˜. °È· ÙÔ˘˜ ÛÎÔÔ‡˜ Ù˘ ÌÂϤÙ˘
¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈ‹ıËÎÂ Ô ˙ˆ˚Îfi˜ ÏËı˘ÛÌfi˜ ÌÈ·˜ ÂÌÔÚÈ΋˜ ÂÎÙÚÔÊ‹˜ ÎÔÓ›ÎÏˆÓ Ô˘ ‰Ú‡ÂÈ ÛÙ· ª¤Á·Ú· ∞ÙÙÈ΋˜. ™˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ӷ ·fi ÙÔÓ πÔ‡ÓÈÔ ÙÔ˘ 2000 ̤¯ÚÈ ÙÔÓ πÔ‡ÏÈÔ ÙÔ˘
2001, ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈ‹ıËÎ·Ó Û˘ÓÔÏÈο 809 ıËÏ˘Î¿ Î·È 20 ·ÚÛÂÓÈο ÎÔ˘Ó¤ÏÈ· ¡¤·˜ ∑ËÏ·Ó‰›·˜ x ∫·ÏÈÊfiÚÓÈ·˜. √È ÎÔÓÈÎÏÔÌËÙ¤Ú˜ ÛÙÂÁ¿˙ÔÓÙ·Ó Û ÙÚÂȘ ͯˆÚÈÛÙÔ‡˜ ı·Ï¿ÌÔ˘˜ ÙÔ˘ ȉ›Ô˘ ÎÙÈÚ›Ô˘. ∆· ·ÚÛÂÓÈο ÛÙÂÁ¿˙ÔÓÙ·Ó Û ¤Ó·Ó
¿ÏÏÔ ı¿Ï·ÌÔ ÙÔ˘ ȉ›Ô˘ ÎÙÈÚ›Ô˘. ∏ ÙÂÏÈ΋ ¿¯˘ÓÛË ÁÈÓfiÙ·Ó
Û ¿ÏÏÔ ·ÔÌ·ÎÚ˘Ṳ̂ÓÔ ÎÙ›ÚÈÔ. ∆· ıËÏ˘Î¿ ‰È·ÙËÚ‹ıËηÓ
ÛÂ Û˘ÚÌ¿ÙÈÓÔ˘˜ ÔÚÈ˙fiÓÙÈÔ˘˜ Îψ‚Ô‡˜, ‰È·ÛÙ¿ÛˆÓ
40x70x35 cm, (FLAT DECK) οو ·fi Ê˘ÛÈΤ˜ Û˘Óı‹Î˜
ÂÚÈ‚¿ÏÏÔÓÙÔ˜. ŸÙ·Ó fï˜ Ë ÂÛˆÙÂÚÈ΋ ıÂÚÌÔÎÚ·Û›· ˘ÂÚ¤‚·ÈÓ ÙÔ˘˜ 27ÆC, ÂÊ·ÚÌÔ˙fiÙ·Ó ˘‰ÚÔӤʈÛË Ì ÛÎÔfi ÙË Ì›ˆÛË Ù˘ ıÂÚÌÈ΋˜ ηٷfiÓËÛ˘ ÙˆÓ ˙ÒˆÓ. ∆· ·ÚÛÂÓÈο ‰È·ÙËÚ‹ıËÎ·Ó ÛÂ Û˘ÚÌ¿ÙÈÓÔ˘˜ Îψ‚Ô‡˜, ‰È·ÛÙ¿ÛÂˆÓ 60x60x50cm, οو ·fi ÂÏÂÁ¯fiÌÂÓ˜ Û˘Óı‹Î˜ ıÂÚ-
INTRODUCTION
The "thermoneutral zone" for rabbit is between 1525ÆC (Cervera and Carmona, 1998). Rabbits are much
more tolerant to low temperatures than high temperatures
and above 35ÆC they can no longer regulate their temperature, so heat prostration turns in. It is well known that, as
a result of high ambient temperature, reproduction suffers,
while the body’s temperature and the respiration rate can
be highly affected. The high ambient temperature is one of
the major productive problems in Greek rabbitries
(Xylouri et al., 2003).
The present study was conducted to study some
reproductive and physiological parameters of does, during
one year’s period, in a commercial farm.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Farm and environment. The influence of high ambient
temperature on rabbits was studied in a commercial rabbit
farm 50 km west of Athens, in central Greece.
The farm building was devoid of insulation. Natural
ventilation was used. All animals were kept in the same
building, but in different chambers. The system all in - all
out was not in use. Water spraying was applied, when
internal ambient temperature arose above 27Æ C, to reduce
environmental heat stress.
Based on the recordings of farm ambient temperature
and relative humidity, the whole year was divided in two
sub periods, hot and cold. Since the ambient temperature is
kept high for a prolonged period in Greece, there could not
be an accurate discrimination of four seasons.
Farm ambient temperature and relative humidity were
weekly recorded by a thermohygrograph (Fischer® 425).
The temperature was calibrated, using a psychrometer.
Average, maximum and minimum values of temperature
and relative humidity per month and per period (hot and
cold) are presented in Figures 1 and 2 and Table 1.
Animals. 809 female and 20 male New Zealand White
x California rabbits were used from June 2000 to July 2001.
They were kept indoors, in individual wire cages (for
female in 40x70x35 cm, Flat Deck and for male in 60x60x50
cm) and a 16L: 8D hour schedule was applied. Does were
kept under natural environmental conditions. When
ambient temperature rose over 30ÆC, bucks were kept in
an air-conditioned room at approximately 25ÆC (minimum
20ÆC).
Artificial inseminations with eterospermic semen were
applied weekly from July until September and then, every
two weeks, always 11 days after the parturition. Ovulation
was induced with 0.2 ml of GnRH at the time of insemination, while 20 IU of PMSG had already been injected 72h
prior to insemination. Pregnancy diagnosis was performed
by palpation 2 weeks after insemination. Empty does were
re-inseminated 20 days after the last insemination. Bunnies
were weaned at the age of 35 days old.
¶∂ƒπ√¢π∫√ ∆∏™ E§§∏¡π∫∏™ KTHNπ∞∆ƒπ∫∏™ ETAIPEIA™ 2003, 54(2)
JOURNAL OF THE HELLENIC VETERINARY MEDICAL SOCIETY 2003, 54(2)
Xilouri/119-130 26-06-07 14:44 ™ÂÏ›‰·121
121
XYLOURI-FRANGIADAKI E., GOLIDI E., MENEGATOS I., LUZI F.
¶›Ó·Î·˜ 1. ∏ ̤ÛË, ̤ÁÈÛÙË Î·È ÂÏ¿¯ÈÛÙË ıÂÚÌÔÎÚ·Û›· Î·È Û¯ÂÙÈ΋ ˘ÁÚ·Û›· ÂÎÙÚÔÊ‹˜ ·Ó¿ ıÂÚÈÓ‹ Î·È ¯ÂÈÌÂÚÈÓ‹ ÂÚ›Ô‰Ô.
¶∂ƒπ√¢√™
£∂ƒπ¡∏
(π√À§π√™ 2000 - √∫∆øµƒπ√™ 2000,
ª∞´√™ 2001 - π√À¡π√™ 2001)
Ã∂πª∂ƒπ¡∏
(¡√∂ªµƒπ√™ 2000 - ∞¶ƒπ§π√™ 2001)
£∂ƒª√∫ƒ∞™π∞ ¶∂ƒπµ∞§§√¡∆√™
∂∫∆ƒ√º∏™ (ÆC)
™Ã∂∆π∫∏ À°ƒ∞™π∞ ¶∂ƒπµ∞§§√¡∆√™
∂∫∆ƒ√º∏™ (%)
ª∂™∏
ª∂°π™∆∏
∂§∞Ãπ™∆∏
ª∂™∏
ª∂°π™∆∏
∂§∞Ãπ™∆∏
19.50
35.00
6.00
54.16
96.00
65.00
12.37
22.00
4.50
72.73
98.00
32.00
Table 1. Average, maximum and minimum temperature and relative humidity of two periods during the trial.
PERIOD
FARM AMBIENT TEMPERATURE
(ÆC)
AVERAGE
HOT
(JULY 2000 - OCTOBER 2000,
MAY 2001 - JUNE 2001)
COLD
(¡OVEMBER 2000 - APRIL 2001)
MAXIMUM MINIMUM
FARM AMBIENT RELATIVE
HUMIDITY (%)
AVERAGE
MAXIMUM MINIMUM
19.50
35.00
6.00
54.16
96.00
65.00
12.37
22.00
4.50
72.73
98.00
32.00
ÌÔÎÚ·Û›·˜ (≈25ÆC) ηٿ ÙË ‰È¿ÚÎÂÈ· ÙÔ˘ ı¤ÚÔ˘˜ Ì ¯Ú‹ÛË ÎÏÈÌ·ÙÈÛÌÔ‡. ™ÙÔ˘˜ ı·Ï¿ÌÔ˘˜ ÂÊ·ÚÌÔ˙fiÙ·Ó Ù¯ÓËÙfi˜
·ÂÚÈÛÌfi˜ Ì ˘Ô›ÂÛË ÛÙÔ ‡„Ô˜ ÙÔ˘ ‰·¤‰Ô˘. ∏ ηٷÁÚ·Ê‹ Ù˘ ıÂÚÌÔÎÚ·Û›·˜ Î·È Ù˘ Û¯ÂÙÈ΋˜ ˘ÁÚ·Û›·˜ ÁÈÓfiÙ·Ó Â› 24ˆÚÔ˘ ‚¿Ûˆ˜ ÁÈ· ¤Ó· ¤ÙÔ˜, Ì ÙË ‚Ô‹ıÂÈ· ÂÓfi˜
ıÂÚÌÔ¸ÁÚÔÁÚ¿ÊÔ˘ (Fischer® 425), Ô ÔÔ›Ô˜ Ú˘ıÌÈ˙fiÙ·Ó ÌÂ
„˘¯ÚfiÌÂÙÚÔ.
µ¿ÛÂÈ ÙˆÓ Î·Ù·ÁÚ·ÊÒÓ Ù˘ ıÂÚÌÔÎÚ·Û›·˜ Î·È Ù˘
Û¯ÂÙÈ΋˜ ˘ÁÚ·Û›·˜ Ù˘ ÂÎÙÚÔÊ‹˜ ÙÔ ¯ÚÔÓÈÎfi ‰È¿ÛÙËÌ· Ô˘
¤Ï·‚ ¯ÒÚ· Ë ÌÂϤÙË Ù· ‰Â‰Ô̤ӷ ¯ˆÚ›ÛÙËÎ·Ó Û ‰‡Ô ÂÚÈfi‰Ô˘˜, ÙË ıÂÚÈÓ‹ Î·È ÙË ¯ÂÈÌÂÚÈÓ‹. ¢Â‰Ô̤Ó˘ ‰Â Ù˘ ·Ú·ÙÂٷ̤Ó˘ ‰È¿ÚÎÂÈ·˜ ÙˆÓ ˘„ËÏÒÓ ıÂÚÌÔÎÚ·ÛÈÒÓ ÛÙËÓ
∂ÏÏ¿‰· ‰ÂÓ ı· ‹Ù·Ó ·ÎÚÈ‚‹˜ Ô ‰È·¯ˆÚÈÛÌfi˜ ÙÔ˘ ¤ÙÔ˘˜ ÛÂ
Ù¤ÛÛÂÚȘ ÂÔ¯¤˜.
√È ÙÈ̤˜ Ù˘ ̤Û˘, ̤ÁÈÛÙ˘ Î·È ÂÏ¿¯ÈÛÙ˘ ıÂÚÌÔÎÚ·Û›·˜ Î·È Û¯ÂÙÈ΋˜ ˘ÁÚ·Û›·˜ ·Ó¿ Ì‹Ó· Î·È ·Ó¿ ÂÔ¯‹ (ıÂÚÈÓ‹ – ¯ÂÈÌÂÚÈÓ‹) ·ÚÔ˘ÛÈ¿˙ÔÓÙ·È ÛÙ· ¢È·ÁÚ¿ÌÌ·Ù· 1 ηÈ
2, ηıÒ˜ Î·È ÛÙÔÓ ¶›Ó·Î· 1.
∏ ·ÔÌ¿ÎÚ˘ÓÛË Ù˘ ÎfiÚÔ˘ Î·È ÙˆÓ Ô‡ÚˆÓ ·fi ÙÔ˘˜
ı·Ï¿ÌÔ˘˜ ÁÈÓfiÙ·Ó ¯ÂÈÚˆÓ·ÎÙÈο Û ‚‰ÔÌ·‰È·›· ‚¿ÛË.
∑ˆ˚Îfi ˘ÏÈÎfi- ¯ÂÈÚÈÛÌÔ›-‰È·ÙÚÔÊ‹. ∆· ÎÚÈÙ‹ÚÈ· ¤Ó·Ú͢ Ù˘ ·Ó··Ú·ÁˆÁÈ΋˜ ‰Ú·ÛÙËÚÈfiÙËÙ·˜ ÙˆÓ ÎÔÓÈÎÏÔÌËÙ¤ÚˆÓ ‹Ù·Ó: ·) ˙ÒÓ ‚¿ÚÔ˜, ÌÂÁ·Ï‡ÙÂÚÔ ÙˆÓ 3.200 g ηÈ
‚) ËÏÈΛ· ÙÔ˘Ï¿¯ÈÛÙÔÓ ÙÂÛÛ¿ÚˆÓ ÌËÓÒÓ. √È ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈÎfiÙÂÚÔÈ ‰Â ÏfiÁÔÈ ·ÔÌ¿ÎÚ˘ÓÛ‹˜ ÙÔ˘˜ ‹Ù·Ó: ·) ·ÔÙ˘¯›· Û‡ÏÏ˄˘ ÌÂÙ¿ ·fi ÙÚÂȘ Û˘Ó¯›˜ Ù¯ÓËÙ¤˜ ÛÂÚÌ·ÙÂÁ¯‡ÛÂȘ
(∆™), ‚) ·ÚÈıÌfi˜ ÙÔÎÂÙÒÓ ÌÂÁ·Ï‡ÙÂÚÔ˜ ·fi 12, Á) ·Á·Ï·Í›·, ‰) η΋ ÌËÙÚÈ΋ Û˘ÌÂÚÈÊÔÚ¿ Î·È Â) Ì·ÛÙ›Ùȉ·.
∂Ê·ÚÌÔ˙fiÙ·Ó ∆™ Ì ÂÙÂÚÔÛÂÚÌÈÎfi Û¤ÚÌ· Ì ‚‰Ô-
All animals were fed ad libitum, using a commercial diet
with protein content, ranging from 15.9% to 16.6%, lipid
from 2.4% to 3.7% and fibre from 15.4% to 16.4%. Water
was also provided ad libitum.
Recordings. The recorded parameters, related to
reproductive performance of the does, were: total born
(No), born alive (No), stillborn (No), born weak (No), litter
weight at birth (g), weaned rabbits (based on the number
of born alive rabbits) (No) and pre-weaning mortality (%).
Females, whose litters were checked at weaning, were part
of the group from which measurements of litters at birth
had been taken. However, the number of observations
between the two groups differs, because some does and
litters were missing at the weaning control, while some
observations were made randomly to a limited, but a
representative number of litters. Besides, the animals were
under the farmer’s management and the possibility of
further interference was limited. The rectal temperature
(ÆC) and the respiration rate of a small number of does
(respirations/min) were checked simultaneously with their
litters within 48h after delivery. Respirations were
measured subjectively by observation.
Statistical analysis. The collected data were submitted
to multiple variable analyses of variance by Stat graphics.
plus! Version 2.1 (1996), using period (hot and cold), parity
order (1st-2nd, 3rd-4th, 5th-6th, 7th-8th and ≥9th parity)
and animals as the main effects.
Data were assigned to the hot or cold period, according
to the date that parturition had taken place.
¶∂ƒπ√¢π∫√ ∆∏™ E§§∏¡π∫∏™ KTHNπ∞∆ƒπ∫∏™ ETAIPEIA™ 2003, 54(2)
JOURNAL OF THE HELLENIC VETERINARY MEDICAL SOCIETY 2003, 54(2)
Xilouri/119-130 26-06-07 14:44 ™ÂÏ›‰·122
122
E. •À§√Àƒ∏-ºƒ∞°∫π∞¢∞∫∏, ∂. °√§π¢∏, π. ª∂¡∂°∞∆√™ , LUZI F.
Ì·‰È·›· Û˘¯ÓfiÙËÙ· ·fi ÙÔÓ πÔ‡ÏÈÔ Ì¤¯ÚÈ ÙÔ ™Â٤̂ÚÈÔ
Î·È Ì ‰ÂηÂÓı‹ÌÂÚË ÙÔ˘˜ ˘fiÏÔÈÔ˘˜ Ì‹Ó˜, ¿ÓÙ· fï˜ 11 Ë̤Ú˜ ÌÂÙ¿ ÙÔÓ ÙÔÎÂÙfi, ÒÛÙ ÙÔ ‰È¿ÛÙËÌ· Â·Ó·ÁÔÓÈÌÔÔ›ËÛ˘ Ó· Â›Ó·È 42 Ë̤Ú˜. ∏ ÚfiÎÏËÛË Ù˘ ˆÔı˘Ï·ÎÈÔÚÚËÍ›·˜ ÁÈÓfiÙ·Ó Ì ÙË ¯ÔÚ‹ÁËÛË 0,2ml Ù˘ ·ÂÏ¢ıÂÚˆÙÈ΋˜ ÔÚÌfiÓ˘ ÁÔÓ·‰ÔÙÚfiˆÓ ÔÚÌÔÓÒÓ (Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone, GnRH) ηٿ ÙË ÛÙÈÁÌ‹ Ù˘
ÛÂÚÌ·Ù¤Á¯˘Û˘, ÂÓÒ 72 ÒÚ˜ ÓˆÚ›ÙÂÚ· ›¯·Ó ¯ÔÚËÁËı›
20 IU ›ÂÈ·˜ ÁÔÓ·‰ÔÙÚÔ›Ó˘ (Pregnant Mare Serum
Gonadotrophine, PMSG) (Papantonakis et al., 1996). ∏
‰È¿ÁÓˆÛË Ù˘ ΢ÔÊÔÚ›·˜ ÁÈÓfiÙ·Ó ÎÏÈÓÈο Ì ÎÔÈÏȷ΋ „ËÏ¿ÊËÛË ‰‡Ô ‚‰ÔÌ¿‰Â˜ ÌÂÙ¿ ÙËÓ ÛÂÚÌ·Ù¤Á¯˘ÛË. ™Ù· ·ÚÓËÙÈο ÛÙËÓ ÂÁ΢ÌÔÛ‡ÓË ıËÏ˘Î¿ ÁÈÓfiÙ·Ó Ó¤· ÛÂÚÌ·Ù¤Á¯˘ÛË 20 Ë̤Ú˜ ÌÂÙ¿ ÙËÓ ÚÒÙË. ¢ÈÂÓÂÚÁÔ‡ÓÙ·Ó ˘ÈÔıÂۛ˜
ÂÓÙfi˜ ÙÔ˘ ÚÒÙÔ˘ 24ˆÚÔ˘ ÌÂÙ¿ ÙÔ ¤Ú·˜ ÙˆÓ ÙÔÎÂÙÒÓ, ÌÂ
ÎÚÈÙ‹ÚÈÔ ÙÔÓ ·ÚÈıÌfi ÙˆÓ ÁÂÓÓËı¤ÓÙˆÓ ÎÔÓÈÎÏȉ›ˆÓ ·Ó¿ ÎÔÓÈÎÏÔÌËÙ¤Ú·. ∆Ë ıÂÚÈÓ‹ ÂÚ›Ô‰Ô ÙÔ fiÚÈÔ ·ÚÈıÌÔ‡ ÎÔÓÈÎÏȉ›ˆÓ ·Ó¿ ÎÔÓÈÎÏÔÌËÙ¤Ú· ‹Ù·Ó 7, ÂÓÒ ÙË ¯ÂÈÌÂÚÈÓ‹ 8. ∆·
ÎÔÓÈÎÏ›‰È· ·ÔÁ·Ï·ÎÙ›˙ÔÓÙ·Ó ÛÙËÓ ËÏÈΛ· ÙˆÓ 35 ËÌÂÚÒÓ.
∏ ‰È·ÙÚÔÊ‹ Î·È Ë Î·Ù·Ó¿ÏˆÛË ÓÂÚÔ‡ ·fi fiÏ· Ù· ˙Ò·
ÁÈÓfiÙ·Ó Î·Ù¿ ‚Ô‡ÏËÛË. ∏ ¯ËÌÈ΋ Û‡ÛÙ·ÛË ÙÔ˘ ¯ÔÚËÁÔ‡ÌÂÓÔ˘ ÛÈÙËÚÂÛ›Ô˘ ‹Ù·Ó: 15,9% ̤¯ÚÈ 16,6% ÔÏÈΤ˜ ·˙ˆÙÔ‡¯Â˜ Ô˘Û›Â˜, 2,4% ˆ˜ 3,7% ÏÈ·Ú¤˜ Ô˘Û›Â˜ Î·È ÈÓÒ‰ÂȘ
Ô˘Û›Â˜ ·fi 15,4% ̤¯ÚÈ 16,4%.
∫·Ù·ÁÚ·ÊfiÌÂÓ˜ ·Ú¿ÌÂÙÚÔÈ. ∆· ÛÙÔȯ›· Ù· ÔÔ›·
ηٷÁÚ¿ÊËÎ·Ó ‹Ù·Ó:
1. ∆Ô Û‡ÓÔÏÔ ÙˆÓ ÁÂÓÓËı¤ÓÙˆÓ ÎÔÓÈÎÏȉ›ˆÓ ·Ó¿ ÎÔÓÈÎÏÔÌËÙ¤Ú· (ÙÔ ¿ıÚÔÈÛÌ· ÙˆÓ ˙ˆÓÙ·ÓÒÓ, ÓÂÎÚÒÓ Î·È ıÓËÛÈÁÂÓÒÓ ÎÔÓÈÎÏȉ›ˆÓ ·Ó¿ ÎÔÓÈÎÏÔÌËÙ¤Ú·).
2. ∆· ˙ˆÓÙ·Ó¿ ÁÂÓÓËı¤ÓÙ· ·Ó¿ ÎÔÓÈÎÏÔÌËÙ¤Ú·.
3. ∆· ÓÂÎÚ¿ ÁÂÓÓËı¤ÓÙ· ·Ó¿ ÎÔÓÈÎÏÔÌËÙ¤Ú·.
4. ∆· ıÓËÛÈÁÂÓ‹ ÎÔÓÈÎÏ›‰È· ·Ó¿ ÎÔÓÈÎÏÔÌËÙ¤Ú· (Ì η΋ ۈ̷ÙÈ΋ ‰È¿Ï·ÛË, Û˘ÁÁÂÓ›˜ ·ÓˆÌ·Ï›Â˜ Î.¿.).
5. ∆Ô ‚¿ÚÔ˜ Ù˘ ÙÔÎÂÙÔÔÌ¿‰·˜ ηٿ ÙË Á¤ÓÓËÛË.
6. ∆· ·ÔÁ·Ï·ÎÙÈÛı¤ÓÙ· ÎÔÓÈÎÏ›‰È· ·Ó¿
ÎÔÓÈÎÏÔÌËÙ¤Ú·.
7. ∏ ıÂÚÌÔÎÚ·Û›· ·¢ı˘Ṳ̂ÓÔ˘ Ù˘ ÎÔÓÈÎÏÔÌËÙ¤Ú·˜.
8. √ Ú˘ıÌfi˜ ·Ó·ÓÔÒÓ Ù˘ ÎÔÓÈÎÏÔÌËÙ¤Ú·˜.
ªÂ ‚¿ÛË Ù· ·Ú·¿Óˆ ÛÙÔȯ›· ˘ÔÏÔÁ›ÛÙËÎ·Ó ÂÈϤÔÓ Ù· ÂÍ‹˜:
·. ∆Ô Ì¤ÛÔ ·ÙÔÌÈÎfi ‚¿ÚÔ˜ ÙˆÓ ÎÔÓÈÎÏȉ›ˆÓ ηٿ ÙË
Á¤ÓÓËÛË, fiˆ˜ ˘ÔÏÔÁ›ÛÙËΠ·fi ÙÔ ‚¿ÚÔ˜ Á¤ÓÓËÛ˘ Ù˘
ÙÔÎÂÙÔÔÌ¿‰·˜, ÙÔÓ ·ÚÈıÌfi ÙˆÓ ˙ˆÓÙ·ÓÒÓ Î·È ÙˆÓ ˘ÈÔıÂÙËÌ¤ÓˆÓ ÎÔÓÈÎÏȉ›ˆÓ.
‚. ∆Ô ÔÛÔÛÙfi ıÓËÛÈÌfiÙËÙ·˜ ÙˆÓ ıËÏ·˙fiÓÙˆÓ ÎÔÓÈÎÏȉ›ˆÓ, Ì ‚¿ÛË ÙÔÓ ·ÚÈıÌfi ÙˆÓ ˙ˆÓÙ·ÓÒÓ ÁÂÓÓËı¤ÓÙˆÓ, ÙˆÓ
˘ÈÔıÂÙËÌ¤ÓˆÓ Î·È ÙˆÓ ·ÔÁ·Ï·ÎÙÈṲ̂ӈÓ.
∆· ıËÏ˘Î¿ ÙˆÓ ÔÔ›ˆÓ ÔÈ ÙÔÎÂÙÔÔÌ¿‰Â˜ ÂϤÁ¯ıËηÓ
ÛÙÔÓ ·ÔÁ·Ï·ÎÙÈÛÌfi ·ÔÙÂÏÔ‡Ó ÌÈÎÚfiÙÂÚÔ ÔÛÔÛÙfi ÙˆÓ
ıËÏ˘ÎÒÓ ÙˆÓ ÔÔ›ˆÓ ÔÈ ÙÔÎÂÙÔÔÌ¿‰Â˜ ÂϤÁ¯ıËÎ·Ó Î·Ù¿
ÙË Á¤ÓÓËÛË. ∏ ‰È·ÊÔÚ¿ ·˘Ù‹ ÔÊ›ÏÂÙ·È ÛÙËÓ ·Ô˘Û›· ·ÚÎÂÙÒÓ ıËÏ˘ÎÒÓ Î·Ù¿ ÙÔÓ ¤ÏÂÁ¯Ô ÙÔ˘ ·ÔÁ·Ï·ÎÙÈÛÌÔ‡ (.¯.
ÏfiÁˆ ·ÔÌ¿ÎÚ˘ÓÛ‹˜ ÙÔ˘˜ ‹ ÌÂÙ·ÁÂÓ¤ÛÙÂÚ˘ ˘ÈÔıÂÛ›·˜
ª¤ÛË ıÂÚÌÔÎÚ·Û›· ¤ÙÔ˘˜15,94ÆC
Average temperature of the year 15,94ÆC
ÆC
¢È¿ÁÚ·ÌÌ· 1. ∏ ̤ÛË, ̤ÁÈÛÙË Î·È ÂÏ¿¯ÈÛÙË ıÂÚÌÔÎÚ·Û›· ·Ó¿
Ì‹Ó· ηٿ ÙË ‰È¿ÚÎÂÈ· ÙˆÓ ·Ú·ÙËÚ‹ÛˆÓ.
Figure 1. Average, maximum and minimum temperature per
month, during the trial.
ª¤ÛË Û¯ÂÙÈ΋ ˘ÁÚ·Û›· ÙÔ˘ ¤ÙÔ˘˜ 63,45%
Average relative humidity of the year 63,45%
¢È¿ÁÚ·ÌÌ· 2. ∏ ̤ÛË, ̤ÁÈÛÙË Î·È ÂÏ¿¯ÈÛÙË Û¯ÂÙÈ΋ ˘ÁÚ·Û›·
·Ó¿ Ì‹Ó· ηٿ ÙË ‰È¿ÚÎÂÈ· ÙÔ˘ ÂÈÚ·Ì·ÙÈÛÌÔ‡.
Figure 2. Average, maximum and minimum relative humidity per
month, during the trial.
Classes of two or more successive parity orders were
used, in order to equalize as much as possible the different
number of observations, recorded separately for each
parity order.
The remating interval was not included in the main
effects, due to the underevaluation of its importance at the
beginning of the study and to the incomplete performance
recording by the farmer.
RESULTS
Temperature’s effect. During the hot period, the
number of total born and born alive decreased significantly
(7.38± 0.10 vs 8.05 ± 0.11, P≤0.001), in contrast to the
number of borndead and stillborn, which increased
significantly (0.39± 0.04 vs 0.19± 0.04, P≤0.001 and 0.05±
0.01 vs 0.02± 0.01, P≤0.01 respectively). No influence was
observed on litter weight and mean individual weight at
birth (460.72± 8.79 vs 465.98 ± 34.77, P≥0.05 and
68.19±1,16 vs 64.98± 4.47 ). As a result of the high ambient
temperature, the number of weaned rabbits decreased
(5.95± 0.09 vs 7.06 ± 0.06, P≤0.001), while pre-weaning
mortality increased (16.94 ±1.06 vs 9.6± 0.72, P≤0.001).
Does’ rectal temperature was insignificantly higher in the
hot period (39.09± 0.09 vs 38.93± 0.15, P≥0.05) while
¶∂ƒπ√¢π∫√ ∆∏™ E§§∏¡π∫∏™ KTHNπ∞∆ƒπ∫∏™ ETAIPEIA™ 2003, 54(2)
JOURNAL OF THE HELLENIC VETERINARY MEDICAL SOCIETY 2003, 54(2)
Xilouri/119-130 26-06-07 14:44 ™ÂÏ›‰·123
123
XYLOURI-FRANGIADAKI E., GOLIDI E., MENEGATOS I., LUZI F.
ÙˆÓ ÎÔÓÈÎÏȉ›ˆÓ ÙÔ˘˜). ∆· ˙Ò· ‹Ù·Ó ˘fi ÙË Û˘Ó¯‹ Â›‚ÏÂ„Ë ÙÔ˘ ·Ú·ÁˆÁÔ‡ Î·È Ë ‰˘Ó·ÙfiÙËÙ· Â͈ÙÂÚÈ΋˜ ·Ú¤Ì‚·Û˘ ‹Ù·Ó ÂÚÈÔÚÈṲ̂ÓË.
∏ Ï‹„Ë Ù˘ ıÂÚÌÔÎÚ·Û›·˜ ÙÔ˘ ·¢ı˘Ṳ̂ÓÔ˘ Î·È ÙÔ˘
·Ó·Ó¢ÛÙÈÎÔ‡ Ú˘ıÌÔ‡ ÙˆÓ ÎÔÓÈÎÏÔÌËÙ¤ÚˆÓ ¤ÁÈÓ ٷ˘Ùfi¯ÚÔÓ· Ì ÙÔÓ ¤ÏÂÁ¯Ô ÙˆÓ ÙÔÎÂÙÔÔÌ¿‰ˆÓ ÙÔ˘˜ ÂÓÙfi˜ 48 ˆÚÒÓ ÌÂÙ¿ ÙÔÓ ÙÔÎÂÙfi.
™Ù·ÙÈÛÙÈ΋ ·Ó¿Ï˘ÛË ÙˆÓ ‰Â‰Ô̤ӈÓ. ∆· ‰Â‰Ô̤ӷ
ÙÔ˘ ÂÈÚ¿Ì·ÙÔ˜ ÂÍÂÙ¿ÛıËÎ·Ó ÛÙ·ÙÈÛÙÈο Ì ÙËÓ ·Ó¿Ï˘ÛË
‰È·Î‡Ì·ÓÛ˘ (ANOVA) Î·È ÙËÓ ·Ó¿Ï˘ÛË ·ÏÈÓ‰ÚfiÌËÛ˘
ÙÔ˘ ÛÙ·ÙÈÛÙÈÎÔ‡ ·Î¤ÙÔ˘ STATGRAPHICS Plus, version
4. ø˜ ËÁ¤˜ ·Ú·ÏÏ·ÎÙÈÎfiÙËÙ·˜ ÛÙËÓ ·Ó¿Ï˘ÛË ÙˆÓ ‰Â‰ÔÌ¤ÓˆÓ ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈ‹ıËÎ·Ó Ë ¯ÚÔÓÈ΋ ÂÚ›Ô‰Ô˜ Ô˘ ¤Ï·‚Â
¯ÒÚ· Ô Î¿ı ÙÔÎÂÙfi˜, Ô ·ÚÈıÌfi˜ ÙÔÎÂÙÒÓ ·Ó¿ ÎÔÓÈÎÏÔÌËÙ¤Ú· Î·È Ë ·ÙÔÌÈÎfiÙËÙ· Ù˘ ÎÔÓÈÎÏÔÌËÙ¤Ú·˜.
¶ÚÔÎÂÈ̤ÓÔ˘ Ó· ÌÂÏÂÙËı› Ë Â›‰Ú·ÛË ÙˆÓ ˘„ËÏÒÓ
ıÂÚÌÔÎÚ·ÛÈÒÓ, Ù· ‰Â‰Ô̤ӷ Ù·ÍÈÓÔÌ‹ıËÎ·Ó ¯ÚÔÓÈο ÛÂ
‰‡Ô ÂÍ¿ÌËÓ˜ ÂÚÈfi‰Ô˘˜: £∂ƒπ¡∏ (πÔ‡ÏÈÔ˜ 2000-√ÎÙÒ‚ÚÈÔ˜ 2000 Î·È ª¿˚Ô˜ 2001-πÔ‡ÏÈÔ˜ 2001) Î·È Ã∂πª∂ƒπ¡∏ (¡Ô¤Ì‚ÚÈÔ˜ 2000- ∞Ú›ÏÈÔ˜ 2001).
∏ ÌÂÁ¿ÏË ‰È·Î‡Ì·ÓÛË ÙÔ˘ ·ÚÈıÌÔ‡ ÙÔÎÂÙÒÓ ·Ó¿ ÎÔÓÈÎÏÔÌËÙ¤Ú· ›¯Â ˆ˜ ·ÔÙ¤ÏÂÛÌ· ÙË ‰ËÌÈÔ˘ÚÁ›· ·ÓÈÛÔÌÂÁÂıÒÓ ÎÏ¿ÛÂˆÓ ˙ÒˆÓ Ì ÌÈÎÚfi ·ÚÈıÌfi ·Ú·ÙËÚ‹ÛÂˆÓ Î·Ù¿ ÙË ÛÙ·ÙÈÛÙÈ΋ ÂÂÍÂÚÁ·Û›·. °È· ÙÔ ÏfiÁÔ ·˘Ùfi, ¤ÁÈÓ ÔÌ·‰ÔÔ›ËÛË ÙˆÓ ÙÔÎÂÙÒÓ ·Ó¿ ‰‡Ô ̤¯ÚÈ ÙÔÓ fiÁ‰ÔÔ, ÂÓÒ ÔÈ
ÙÔÎÂÙÔ› ÌÂÁ·Ï‡ÙÂÚÔÈ ‹ ›ÛÔÈ ÙÔ˘ ÂÓ¿ÙÔ˘ Û˘ÌÂÚÈÏ‹ÊıËηÓ
ÛÙËÓ ›‰È· ÔÌ¿‰· (1Ô˜ - 2Ô˜, 3Ô˜ – 4Ô˜, 5Ô˜ – 6Ô˜, 7Ô˜ – 8Ô˜,
9Ô˜ Î·È ¿Óˆ).
∏ ÌÂϤÙË Ù˘ ·ÙÔÌÈÎfiÙËÙ·˜ ÙÔ˘ ˙ÒÔ˘ ‹Ù·Ó ÂÊÈÎÙ‹ ÌfiÓÔ ÁÈ· ÂΛӘ ÙȘ ·Ú·Ì¤ÙÚÔ˘˜ ÛÙȘ Ôԛ˜ ·ÓÙÈÛÙÔÈ¯Ô‡Û·Ó ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚ˜ ·fi Ì›· ÌÂÙÚ‹ÛÂȘ ·Ó¿ ˙ÒÔ.
∆Ô ‰È¿ÛÙËÌ· ·fi ÙËÓ ÚÒÙË Ì¤¯ÚÈ ÙË ‰Â‡ÙÂÚË Ù¯ÓËÙ‹ ÛÂÚÌ·Ù¤Á¯˘ÛË ‰ÂÓ Û˘ÌÂÚÈÏ‹ÊıËΠÛÙȘ ·ÚȘ ÂȉڿÛÂȘ ÏfiÁˆ η΋˜ ·ÍÈÔÏfiÁËÛ˘ Ù˘ ÛËÌ·Û›·˜ ÙÔ˘ ηÈ
ÂÏÏÈÔ‡˜ ÂϤÁ¯Ô˘ ·Ô‰fiÛÂˆÓ ·fi ÙÔÓ ·Ú·ÁˆÁfi.
∞¶√∆∂§∂™ª∞∆∞
∂›‰Ú·ÛË ıÂÚÌÔÎÚ·Û›·˜ (¶›Ó·Î·˜ 2): ∫·Ù¿ ÙË ıÂÚÈÓ‹ ÂÚ›Ô‰Ô ·Ú·ÙËÚ‹ıËΠÛÙ·ÙÈÛÙÈο ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈ΋ Ì›ˆÛË
ÙÔ˘ Û˘ÓÔÏÈÎÔ‡ ·ÚÈıÌÔ‡ ÙˆÓ ÁÂÓÓËı¤ÓÙˆÓ ÎÔÓÈÎÏȉ›ˆÓ
(7,38± 0,10 ¤Ó·ÓÙÈ 8,05 ± 0,11, ª¤ÛË ∆ÈÌ‹ ± ∆˘ÈÎfi
™Ê¿ÏÌ·, P<0,001) Î·È ÙÔ˘ ·ÚÈıÌÔ‡ ÙˆÓ ˙ˆÓÙ·ÓÒÓ ÁÂÓÓËı¤ÓÙˆÓ ÎÔÓÈÎÏȉ›ˆÓ (6,94 ± 0,10 ª¤ÛË ∆ÈÌ‹ ± ∆˘ÈÎfi
™Ê¿ÏÌ· ¤Ó·ÓÙÈ 7,84 ±0,11, ª¤ÛË ∆ÈÌ‹ ± ∆˘ÈÎfi ™Ê¿ÏÌ·,
P<0,001). ∞ÓÙ›ıÂÙ· ÛËÌÂÈÒıËΠ·‡ÍËÛË ÙfiÛÔ ÙˆÓ ÓÂÎÚÒÓ
ηٿ ÙË Á¤ÓÓËÛË (0,39± 0,04 ¤Ó·ÓÙÈ 0,19± 0,04, ª¤ÛË ∆ÈÌ‹ ± ∆˘ÈÎfi ™Ê¿ÏÌ·, P<0,001) fiÛÔ Î·È ÙˆÓ ıÓËÛÈÁÂÓÒÓ
ÎÔÓÈÎÏȉ›ˆÓ (0,05± 0,01 ¤Ó·ÓÙÈ 0,02± 0,01, ª¤ÛË ∆ÈÌ‹ ±
∆˘ÈÎfi ™Ê¿ÏÌ·, P<0,01). ∏ ıÂÚÈÓ‹ ÂÚ›Ô‰Ô˜ ‰ÂÓ Â›¯Â ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈ΋ Â›‰Ú·ÛË ÛÙÔ ‚¿ÚÔ˜ Ù˘ ÙÔÎÂÙÔÔÌ¿‰·˜ ηٿ ÙË
Á¤ÓÓËÛË (460,72g ± 8,79 ¤Ó·ÓÙÈ 465,98g± 34,77 ÙÔ ¯ÂÈÌÒÓ·) Î·È ÛÙÔ Ì¤ÛÔ ·ÙÔÌÈÎfi ‚¿ÚÔ˜ ÙˆÓ ÎÔÓÈÎÏȉ›ˆÓ ηٿ ÙË
Á¤ÓÓËÛË (68,19g± 1,16 ¤Ó·ÓÙÈ 64,98g ± 4,47 ÙÔ ¯ÂÈÌÒÓ·).
∂›Û˘ ηٿ ÙË ıÂÚÈÓ‹ ÂÚ›Ô‰Ô ·ÔÁ·Ï·ÎÙ›ÛıËÎ·Ó ÏÈÁfiÙÂÚ· ÎÔÓÈÎÏ›‰È· (5,95± 0,09 ¤Ó·ÓÙÈ 7,06 ±0,06, ª¤ÛË ∆ÈÌ‹
¶›Ó·Î·˜ 2. ∂›‰Ú·ÛË Ù˘ ıÂÚÈÓ‹˜ Î·È ¯ÂÈÌÂÚÈÓ‹˜ ÂÚÈfi‰Ô˘
ÛÙËÓ ·Ó··Ú·ÁˆÁÈ΋ ÈηÓfiÙËÙ· ÙˆÓ ÎÔÓÈÎÏÔÌËÙ¤ÚˆÓ (̤ÛÔ˜
fiÚÔ˜ ± Ù˘ÈÎfi ÛÊ¿ÏÌ·).
¶ÂÚ›Ô‰Ô˜
Parameters
£ÂÚÈÓ‹ (1)
N
ÃÂÈÌÂÚÈÓ‹ (2)
∂›‰Ú·ÛË Ù˘
ıÂÚÌÔÎÚ·Û›·˜
LSM N
± sem
LSM
±sem
SG
***
™‡ÓÔÏÔ
°ÂÓÓËı¤ÓÙˆÓ
1343
7.38 1352
± 0.10
8.05
± 0.11
°ÂÓÓËı¤ÓÙ·
∑ÒÓÙ·
1343
6.94 1352
± 0.10
7.84
± 0.11
***
1343 0.39
± 0.04
1352
± 0.04
0.19
***
°ÂÓÓËı¤ÓÙ·
ÓÂÎÚ¿
£ÓËÛÈÁÂÓ‹
1343
0.05 1352
± 0.01
0.02
± 0.01
**
µ¿ÚÔ˜ ÙÔÎÂÙÔÔÌ¿‰·˜
ηٿ ÙË Á¤ÓÓËÛË
621
460.72 124
± 8.79
465.98
± 34.77
NS
ª¤ÛÔ ·ÙÔÌÈÎfi
‚¿ÚÔ˜ Á¤ÓÓËÛ˘
617
68.19 124
± 1.16
64.98
± 4.47
NS
∞ÔÁ·Ï·ÎÙÈṲ̂ӷ
·Ó¿ ÙÔÎÂÙÔÔÌ¿‰·
381
5.95 913
± 0.09
7.06
± 0.06
***
£ÓËÛÈÌfiÙËÙ· ÚÔ·ÔÁ·Ï·ÎÙÈÛÌÔ‡ (%)
371
16.94 907
± 1.06
9.60
± 0.72
***
£ÂÚÌÔÎÚ·Û›·
·¢ı˘Ṳ̂ÓÔ˘ (ÆC)
285
39.09 35
± 0.09
38.93
± 0.15
NS
∞Ó·ÓÔ¤˜/min
265
128.08 35
± 1.38
115.37
± 2.91
***
(1) πÔ‡ÏÈÔ˜ 2000 ̤¯ÚÈ √ÎÙÒ‚ÚÈÔ˜ 2000 + ª¿ÈÔ˜ 2001 ̤¯ÚÈ πÔ‡ÓÈÔ 2001.
(2) ¡Ô¤Ì‚ÚÈÔ˜ 2000 ̤¯ÚÈ ∞Ú›ÏÈÔ˜ 2001.
N = ∞ÚÈıÌfi˜ ·Ú·ÙËÚ‹ÛÂˆÓ (·ÚÈıÌfi˜ ÙÔÎÂÙÔÔÌ¿‰ˆÓ ÁÈ· ÙȘ ÚÒÙ˜ 8
·Ú·Ì¤ÙÚÔ˘˜ Î·È ·ÚÈıÌfi˜ ÎÔÓÈÎÏÔÌËÙ¤ÚˆÓ ÁÈ· ÙȘ ‰˘Ô ÙÂÏÂ˘Ù·›Â˜ ·Ú·Ì¤ÙÚÔ˘˜.
LSM : Mean, sem : Standard Error of Mean.
does’ respiration rate was significantly higher (128.08± 1.38
vs 115.37 ± 2.91, P≤0.001) (Table 2).
Effect of parity order. The effect of parity order (Table
3) was significant on the following parameters:
ñ Total born pups: maximum in the class of 3rd-4th
parity (P≤0.05).
ñ Born alive: also maximum in the 3rd-4th parity
(P≤0.01).
ñ Born dead : maximum in the 5th –6th parity
(P≤0.05).
ñ The litter and mean individual weight at birth:
minimum in the class of 1st –2nd parity (P≤0.01 and
P≤0.001).
ñ Weaned rabbits: maximum in the class of parities
≥9th (P≤0.01).
ñ Respiration rate: maximum in the class of 1st –2nd
parity (P≤0.05).
However, stillborn pups, pre-weaning mortality and
¶∂ƒπ√¢π∫√ ∆∏™ E§§∏¡π∫∏™ KTHNπ∞∆ƒπ∫∏™ ETAIPEIA™ 2003, 54(2)
JOURNAL OF THE HELLENIC VETERINARY MEDICAL SOCIETY 2003, 54(2)
Xilouri/119-130 26-06-07 14:44 ™ÂÏ›‰·124
124
E. •À§√Àƒ∏-ºƒ∞°∫π∞¢∞∫∏, ∂. °√§π¢∏, π. ª∂¡∂°∞∆√™ , LUZI F.
± ∆˘ÈÎfi ™Ê¿ÏÌ·, P<0,001), ÌÂÁ·Ï‡ÙÂÚË ıÓËÛÈÌfiÙËÙ·
ÙˆÓ ıËÏ·˙fiÓÙˆÓ ÎÔÓÈÎÏȉ›ˆÓ Ì ÔÛÔÛÙ¿ (16,94 ± 1,06 ¤Ó·ÓÙÈ 9,60± 0,72, P<0,001), ηıÒ˜ Î·È ·‡ÍËÛË ÙÔ˘ ·ÚÈıÌÔ‡ ÙˆÓ ·Ó·ÓÔÒÓ/ÏÂÙfi ÙˆÓ ıËÏ˘ÎÒÓ ÁÂÓÓËÙfiÚˆÓ
(128,08± 1,38 ¤Ó·ÓÙÈ 115,37± 2,91 ·Ó·ÓÔ¤˜/ÏÂÙfi, ª¤ÛË ∆ÈÌ‹ ± ∆˘ÈÎfi ™Ê¿ÏÌ·, P<0,001). H ıÂÚÌÔÎÚ·Û›· ÙÔ˘
·¢ı˘Ṳ̂ÓÔ˘ ÙˆÓ ıËÏ˘ÎÒÓ ÁÂÓÓËÙfiÚˆÓ ‰ÂÓ ‰È·ÊÔÚÔÔÈ‹ıËΠ(39,09ÆC ¤Ó·ÓÙÈ 38,93ÆC).
∂›‰Ú·ÛË ÙÔ˘ ·ÚÈıÌÔ‡ ÙˆÓ ÙÔÎÂÙÒÓ ·Ó¿ ÎÔÓÈÎÏÔÌËÙ¤Ú· (¶›Ó·Î·˜ 3). O ·ÚÈıÌfi˜ ÙˆÓ ÙÔÎÂÙÒÓ ·Ó¿ ÎÔÓÈÎÏÔÌËÙ¤Ú· ›¯Â ÛÙ·ÙÈÛÙÈÎÒ˜ ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈ΋ Â›‰Ú·ÛË ÛÙȘ ÂÍ‹˜
·Ú·Ì¤ÙÚÔ˘˜:
- ™ÙÔ Û‡ÓÔÏÔ ÙˆÓ ÁÂÓÓËı¤ÓÙˆÓ ÎÔÓÈÎÏȉ›ˆÓ Ô˘ ‹Ù·Ó
̤ÁÈÛÙÔ ÛÙËÓ ÎÏ¿ÛË ÙÔ˘ 3Ô˘-4Ô˘ ÙÔÎÂÙÔ‡ (P≤0,05).
- ™Ù· ˙ˆÓÙ·Ó¿ ÁÂÓÓËı¤ÓÙ· ÎÔÓÈÎÏ›‰È· Ô˘ Ô ·ÚÈıÌfi˜
ÙÔ˘˜ ‹Ù·Ó Â›Û˘ ̤ÁÈÛÙÔ˜ ÛÙËÓ ÎÏ¿ÛË ÙÔ˘ 3Ô˘-4Ô˘ ÙÔÎÂÙÔ‡ (P≤0,01).
- ™Ù· ÓÂÎÚ¿ ÁÂÓÓËı¤ÓÙ· Ô˘ ‹Ù·Ó ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚ· ÛÙÔÓ
5Ô-6Ô ÙÔÎÂÙfi (P≤0,05).
- ™ÙÔ ‚¿ÚÔ˜ Ù˘ ÙÔÎÂÙÔÔÌ¿‰·˜ ηٿ ÙË Á¤ÓÓËÛË Î·È ÛÙÔ
̤ÛÔ ·ÙÔÌÈÎfi ‚¿ÚÔ˜ ÙˆÓ ÎÔÓÈÎÏȉ›ˆÓ ηٿ ÙË Á¤ÓÓËÛË Ù·
ÔÔ›· ‹Ù·Ó ̤ÁÈÛÙ· ÛÙËÓ ÎÏ¿ÛË ÙˆÓ ‰‡Ô ÚÒÙˆÓ ÙÔÎÂÙÒÓ
(P≤0,05).
- ™ÙÔÓ ·ÚÈıÌfi ÙˆÓ ·ÔÁ·Ï·ÎÙÈÛı¤ÓÙˆÓ ÎÔÓÈÎÏȉ›ˆÓ
Ô˘ Ô Ì¤ÁÈÛÙÔ˜ ‹Ù·Ó ÛÙËÓ ÎÏ¿ÛË ÙÔ˘ 9Ô˘ Î·È ¿Óˆ ÙÔÎÂÙÒÓ
(P≤0,01).
- ™ÙÔÓ ·ÚÈıÌfi ·Ó·ÓÔÒÓ/ÏÂÙfi ÙˆÓ ÎÔÓÈÎÏÔÌËÙ¤ÚˆÓ Ô˘
‹Ù·Ó ̤ÁÈÛÙÔ˜ ÛÙËÓ ÎÏ¿ÛË ÙÔ˘ 1Ô˘-2Ô˘ ÙÔÎÂÙÔ‡ (P≤0,05).
∞ÓÙ›ıÂÙ·, Ô ·ÚÈıÌfi˜ ÙˆÓ ÙÔÎÂÙÒÓ ·Ó¿ ÎÔÓÈÎÏÔÌËÙ¤Ú·
‰ÂÓ Â¤‰Ú·Û ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈο ÛÙ· ıÓËÛÈÁÂÓ‹ ÎÔÓÈÎÏ›‰È·, ÛÙËÓ
ıÓËÛÈÌfiÙËÙ· ÙˆÓ ıËÏ·˙fiÓÙˆÓ. ∏ ıÂÚÌÔÎÚ·Û›· ÙÔ˘ ·¢ı˘Ṳ̂ÓÔ˘ ÙˆÓ ÎÔÓÈÎÏÔÌËÙ¤ÚˆÓ ‰ÂÓ ÂËÚ¿ÛÙËÎÂ.
∞ÏÏËÏÂ›‰Ú·ÛË ÌÂٷ͇ ·ÚÈıÌÔ‡ ÙÔÎÂÙÒÓ ·Ó¿ ÎÔÓÈÎÏÔÌËÙ¤Ú· Î·È ÂÍ·ÌËÓÈ·›·˜ ÂÚÈfi‰Ô˘: Ë ·ÏÏËÏÂ›‰Ú·ÛË
·˘Ù‹ ‰ÂÓ ‹Ù·Ó ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈ΋ ÁÈ· fiϘ ÙȘ ·Ú·Ì¤ÙÚÔ˘˜ Ô˘ ÂÍÂÙ¿ÛıËÎ·Ó (¶›Ó·Î·˜ 4).
∂›‰Ú·ÛË Ù˘ ·ÙÔÌÈÎfiÙËÙ·˜ ÙˆÓ ˙ÒˆÓ. ∏ Â›‰Ú·ÛË
Ù˘ ȉÈÔÛ˘ÁÎÚ·Û›·˜ ÙˆÓ ˙ÒˆÓ ‹Ù·Ó ÛÙ·ÙÈÛÙÈÎÒ˜ ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈ΋ ÁÈ· fiϘ ÙȘ ·Ú·Ì¤ÙÚÔ˘˜ (P≤0,01 ‹ P≤0,001), ÂÎÙfi˜
·fi ÙÔ ‚¿ÚÔ˜ Ù˘ ÙÔÎÂÙÔÔÌ¿‰·˜ ÛÙË Á¤ÓÓËÛË.
™À∑∏∆∏™∏
√È ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚ˜ ·fi ÙȘ ·Ú·Ì¤ÙÚÔ˘˜ Ô˘ ηٷÁÚ¿ÊËÎ·Ó ¤¯Ô˘Ó ·ÔÙÂϤÛÂÈ ·ÓÙÈΛÌÂÓÔ ÌÂϤÙ˘ ·ÚÎÂÙÒÓ Í¤ÓˆÓ ÂÚ¢ÓËÙÒÓ Ì ·ÚfiÌÔÈ· ‹ ‰È·ÊÔÚÂÙÈο ·ÔÙÂϤÛÌ·Ù·
ˆ˜ ÚÔ˜ ÙËÓ Â›‰Ú·ÛË ÙˆÓ ˘„ËÏÒÓ ıÂÚÌÔÎÚ·ÛÈÒÓ Î·È ÙÔ˘
Ï‹ıÔ˘˜ ÙˆÓ ÙÔÎÂÙÒÓ ·Ó¿ Ì¿Ó·.
ñ ∂›‰Ú·ÛË Ù˘ ıÂÚÈÓ‹˜ Î·È ¯ÂÈÌÂÚÈÓ‹˜ ÂÚÈfi‰Ô˘
ŸÛÔÓ ·ÊÔÚ¿ ÛÙÔ Û‡ÓÔÏÔ ÙˆÓ ÁÂÓÓËı¤ÓÙˆÓ ‹Ù·Ó ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈο ÌÈÎÚfiÙÂÚÔ ÙÔ ı¤ÚÔ˜. ∞Ó¿ÏÔÁË Ì›ˆÛË ‰È·ÈÛÙÒıËΠ۠ٯÓËÙ¿ ˘„ËϤ˜ ıÂÚÌÔÎڷۛ˜ (Simplicio et al.,
1988) ‹ ˘fi ÙȘ Ê˘ÛÈΤ˜ ηÏÔηÈÚÈÓ¤˜ Û˘Óı‹Î˜ (Marai et
al., 1996). ∞ÓÙ›ıÂÙ·, Û ·Ó¿ÏÔÁË ÌÂϤÙË Ë Ì›ˆÛË ‰ÂÓ ‹Ù·Ó
Table 2. Effect of hot and cold period on rabbit does’
reproductive performance and physiological status (least square
means ± mean standard error).
PERIOD
Parameters
HOT (1)
COLD (2)
N
LSM
± sem
N
Effect of
temperature
LSM
±sem
SG
***
Total
Born (No.)
1343
7.38
± 0.10
1352
8.05
± 0.11
Born
Alive (No.)
1343
6.94
± 0.10
1352
7.84
± 0.11
***
1343
± 0.04
0.39
1352
± 0.04
0.19
***
Born dead (No.)
Stillborn
(No.)
1343
0.05
± 0.01
1352
0.02
± 0.01
**
Litter weight
at birth (g)
621
460.72
± 8.79
124
465.98
± 34.77
NS
Mean individual
weight at birth (g)
617
68.19
± 1.16
124
64.98
± 4.47
NS
Weaned per litter
(No.)
381
5.95
± 0.09
913
7.06
± 0.06
***
Pre-weaning
Mortality (%)
371
16.94
± 1.06
907
9.60
± 0.72
***
Rectal
Temperature (ÆC)
285
39.09
± 0.09
35
38.93
± 0.15
NS
128.08
± 1.38
35
115.37
± 2.91
***
Respiration Rate
265
(Respirations/ minute)
(1) July 2000 to October 2000 + May 2001 to June 2001.
(2) November 2000 to April 2001.
N = Number of observations (number of litters for the first 8
parameters and number of does for the last two parameters).
LSM : Mean, sem : Standard Error of Mean
does’ rectal temperature were not significantly affected by
the parity order (P≥0.05).
Parity* and period (hot-cold) interaction. This interaction was insignificant for all of the recorded parameters
(Table 4).
Animals’ effect. This was not significant on the litter
weight at birth (P≥0.05), in contrast to all the other
parameters related to the litter (P≤0.001 or P≤0.01)
(Table 4).
DISCUSSION
Simplicio et al. (1988) and Marai et al. (1996) observed
a similar reduction in the number of total born rabbits,
during the hot period. This reduction, however, was not
significant, according to Marai et al. (2000). The reduced
number of born alive rabbits, due to the high ambient
temperatures, was also reported by Simplicio et al. (1988)
and Cervera and Carmona (1998). The increase in the
number of stillborn rabbits, during the summery period was
¶∂ƒπ√¢π∫√ ∆∏™ E§§∏¡π∫∏™ KTHNπ∞∆ƒπ∫∏™ ETAIPEIA™ 2003, 54(2)
JOURNAL OF THE HELLENIC VETERINARY MEDICAL SOCIETY 2003, 54(2)
Xilouri/119-130 26-06-07 14:44 ™ÂÏ›‰·125
125
XYLOURI-FRANGIADAKI E., GOLIDI E., MENEGATOS I., LUZI F.
¶›Ó·Î·˜ 3. ∂›‰Ú·ÛË ÙÔ˘ ·ÚÈıÌÔ‡ ÙˆÓ ÙÔÎÂÙÒÓ ÛÙËÓ ·Ó··Ú·ÁˆÁÈ΋ ÈηÓfiÙËÙ· ÙˆÓ ÎÔÓÈÎÏÔÌËÙ¤ÚˆÓ (̤ÛÔ˜ fiÚÔ˜ ± Ù˘ÈÎfi ÛÊ¿ÏÌ·).
∞ÚÈıÌfi˜ ÙÔÎÂÙÔ‡
1Ô˜ – 2Ô˜
3Ô˜ – 4Ô˜
5Ô˜ – 6Ô˜
7Ô˜ – 8Ô˜
≥9Ô˜
∂›‰Ú·ÛË ÙÔ˘
·ÚÈıÌÔ‡ ÙÔÎÂÙÔ‡
¶·Ú¿ÌÂÙÚÔÈ
N
LSM
± sem
N
LSM
± sem
N
LSM
± sem
N
LSM
± sem
N
LSM
± sem
SG
™‡ÓÔÏÔ
ÁÂÓÓËı¤ÓÙˆÓ
558
7.72ab
± 0.18
665
8.02c
± 0.14
514
7.53a
± 0.17
485
7.88c
± 0.18
473
7.42a
± 0.19
*
™‡ÓÔÏÔ
ÁÂÓÓËı¤ÓÙˆÓ ˙ÒÓÙˆÓ
558
7.28ab
± 0.16
665
7.74d
± 0.14
514
7.08a
± 0.15
485
7.60bc
± 0.18
473
7.25ab
± 0.19
**
™‡ÓÔÏÔ
ÁÂÓÓËı¤ÓÙˆÓ ÓÂÎÚÒÓ
558
0.39a
± 0.06
665
0.25b
± 0.05
514
0.42a
± 0.06
485
0.25b
± 0.06
473
0.16b
± 0.07
*
£ÓËÛÈÁÂÓ‹
(No.)
558
0.05
± 0.01
665
0.02
± 0.01
514
0.04
± 0.01
485
0.03
± 0.01
473
0.01
± 0.02
NS
µ¿ÚÔ˜ ÙÔÎÂÙÔÔÌ¿‰·˜
ηٿ ÙË Á¤ÓÓËÛË (g)
273
384.96a
± 17.92
194
399.70a
± 20.97
60
495.19b
± 41.73
156
497.01b
± 29.83
62
614.89c
± 78.41
**
ª¤ÛÔ ·ÙÔÌÈÎfi ‚¿ÚÔ˜
ηٿ ÙË Á¤ÓÓËÛË (g)
273
53.16a
± 2.41
194
56.62b
± 2.70
60
72.57c
± 5.36
155
70.65c
± 3.87
59
79.93d
± 10.10
***
∞ÔÁ·Ï·ÎÙÈÛı¤ÓÙ· ·Ó¿
ÙÔÎÂÙÔÔÌ¿‰· (No.)
201
6.70c
± 0.13
302
6.36b
± 0.11
307
6.10a
± 0.13
212
6.63c
± 0.12
272
6.73c
± 0.15
**
£ÓËÛÈÌfiÙËÙ· ÚÔ·ÔÁ·Ï·ÎÙÈÛÌÔ‡ (%)
199
11.02
± 1.56
297
15.05
± 1.29
302
16.33
± 1.62
210
12.41
± 1.46
270
11.55
± 1.79
NS
£ÂÚÌÔÎÚ·Û›·
·¢ı˘Ṳ̂ÓÔ˘ (ÆC)
93
38.77
± 0.20
108
38.93
± 0.08
42
38.94
± 0.11
74
38.97
± s0.11em
3
39.43
± 0.35
NS
∞Ó·Óo¤˜/ÏÂÙfi
86
131.08b
± 3.88
101
118.24a
± 1.52
42
121.43a
± 2.04
67
118.71a
± 2.04
4
119.17a
± 6.26
*
N = ∞ƒπ£ª√™ ¶∞ƒ∞∆∏ƒ∏™∂ø¡ ( ∞ƒπ£ª√™ ∆√∫∂∆√√ª∞¢ø¡ °π∞ ∆π™ ¶ƒø∆∂™ 8 ¶∞ƒ∞ª∂∆ƒ√À™ ∫∞π ∞ƒπ£ª√™
∫√¡π∫§√ª∏∆∂ƒø¡ °π∞ ∆π™ ∆∂§∂À∆∞π∂™ ¢À√ ¶∞ƒ∞ª∂∆ƒ√À™).
LSM : Mean, sem : Standard Error of Mean.
ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈ΋ (Marai et al., 2000).
ªÂ›ˆÛË ÙÔ˘ ·ÚÈıÌÔ‡ ÙˆÓ ÎÔÓÈÎÏȉ›ˆÓ Ô˘ ÁÂÓÓ‹ıËηÓ
˙ˆÓÙ·Ó¿ ·Ú·ÙËÚ‹ıËÎÂ, Â›Û˘, ηٿ ÙËÓ Ù¯ÓËÙ‹ ıÂÚÌÈ΋
ηٷfiÓËÛË ÛÙÔ˘˜ 30ÆC (Simplicio et al., 1988).
∆· ÓÂÎÚ¿ ÎÔÓÈÎÏ›‰È· ‹Ù·Ó ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈÎÒ˜ ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚ·
ÙÔ Î·ÏÔη›ÚÈ, fiÓÙ·˜ ÛÂ Û˘Ìʈӛ· Ì ÙËÓ ·˘ÍË̤ÓË ıÓËÛÈÌfiÙËÙ· ηٿ ÙË Á¤ÓÓËÛË Ô˘ ¤¯ÂÈ ·Ú·ÙËÚËı› ·fi ͤÓÔ˘˜
ÂÚ¢ÓËÙ¤˜ (Simplicio et al., 1988, Marai et al., 2000).
∏ Â›‰Ú·ÛË Ù˘ ıÂÚÈÓ‹˜ Î·È ¯ÂÈÌÂÚÈÓ‹˜ ÂÚÈfi‰Ô˘ ÛÙ·
ıÓËÛÈÁÂÓ‹ ÎÔÓÈÎÏ›‰È· ·‰›¯ıË ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈ΋, ·Ó Î·È ‰ÂÓ ¤¯Ô˘Ó ‚ÚÂı› ·ÓÙ›ÛÙÔȯ· ‰Â‰Ô̤ӷ ÁÈ· ÙË Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ÓË
·Ú¿ÌÂÙÚÔ ÛÙË ‰ÈÂıÓ‹ ‚È‚ÏÈÔÁÚ·Ê›·.
∏ Â›‰Ú·ÛË ÙˆÓ ˘„ËÏÒÓ ıÂÚÌÔÎÚ·ÛÈÒÓ ÙÔ˘ ηÏÔηÈÚÈÔ‡ ‰ÂÓ ‚Ú¤ıËΠӷ ÂËÚ¿˙ÂÈ ÙÔ ‚¿ÚÔ˜ Ù˘ ÙÔÎÂÙÔÔÌ¿‰·˜ ηٿ ÙË Á¤ÓÓËÛË Î·È ÙÔ Ì¤ÛÔ ·ÙÔÌÈÎfi ‚¿ÚÔ˜ οı ÎÔÓÈÎÏȉ›Ô˘. ∞ÓÙ›ıÂÙ· Ô Simplicio et al. (1988) ‚Ú‹Î·Ó fiÙÈ ÙÔ
‚¿ÚÔ˜ Ù˘ ÙÔÎÂÙÔÔÌ¿‰·˜ ÌÂÈÒıËΠfiÙ·Ó Ë ıÂÚÌÔÎÚ·Û›·
‹Ù·Ó 30ÆC. ¶Èı·ÓfiÓ Ë ·Ú¿ÌÂÙÚÔ˜ ·˘Ù‹ Ô˘ ‚Ú¤ıËΠ¯·ÌËÏ‹ Ó· ÔÊ›ÏÂÙ·È ÛÙË ÌÂȈ̤ÓË Î·Ù·Ó¿ÏˆÛË ÙÚÔÊ‹˜ ·fi ÙËÓ ÎÔÓÈÎÏÔÌËÙ¤Ú· (Marai et al., 1996, Marai et al.,
2000). ∏ ·ÓٛʷÛË ·˘Ù‹ ›Ûˆ˜ ÔÊ›ÏÂÙ·È ÛÙÔ ÌÈÎÚfiÙÂÚÔ ·-
demonstrated by other researchers too (Simplicio et al.
1988 and Marai et al. 2000). The negative influence of the
high ambient temperature was not significant on litter
weight and mean individual weight at birth. According to
other researchers, does’ receptivity was reduced under high
temperatures (Simplicio et al. 1988, Cervera and Carmona
1998), the duration of pregnancy increased or decreased
(Marai et al., 2000) and the interval between two
consecutive parturitions increased from 48 to 54 days
(Simplicio et al., 1988).
The suppression of does’ reproductive performance is
due to the direct and indirect effect of the high ambient
temperature. Due to the direct effect of the high temperature, does’ body temperature elevated and the respiratory frequency increased (Fayez et al., 1994a). The indirect
effect is demonstrated mainly by the reduction in the feed
intake of the does (Cervera and Carmona, 1998), which
inversely affects does’ live gain weight (Simplicio et al.,
1988) and reduces milk production (Szendrõ et al., 1999).
The litter is also directly and indirectly affected by the
high ambient temperature. Rabbit embryos become less
sensitive to heat stress as gestation advances (Thatcher and
¶∂ƒπ√¢π∫√ ∆∏™ E§§∏¡π∫∏™ KTHNπ∞∆ƒπ∫∏™ ETAIPEIA™ 2003, 54(2)
JOURNAL OF THE HELLENIC VETERINARY MEDICAL SOCIETY 2003, 54(2)
Xilouri/119-130 26-06-07 14:44 ™ÂÏ›‰·126
126
E. •À§√Àƒ∏-ºƒ∞°∫π∞¢∞∫∏, ∂. °√§π¢∏, π. ª∂¡∂°∞∆√™ , LUZI F.
Table 3. Effect of parity order on does’ reproductive performance and physiological status (least square means ± mean standard error).
PARITY ORDER
1ST – 2ND
3RD – 4TH
5TH – 6TH
7TH – 8TH
≥9TH
Effect of
parity order
Parameters
N
LSM
± sem
N
LSM
± sem
N
LSM
± sem
N
LSM
± sem
N
LSM
± sem
SG
Total
Born (No.)
558
7.72ab
± 0.18
665
8.02c
± 0.14
514
7.53a
± 0.17
485
7.88c
± 0.18
473
7.42a
± 0.19
*
Born
Alive (No.)
558
7.28ab
± 0.16
665
7.74d
± 0.14
514
7.08a
± 0.15
485
7.60bc
± 0.18
473
7.25ab
± 0.19
**
Borndead
(No.)
558
0.39a
± 0.06
665
0.25b
± 0.05
514
0.42a
± 0.06
485
0.25b
± 0.06
473
0.16b
± 0.07
*
Stillborn
Weak (No.)
558
0.05
± 0.01
665
0.02
± 0.01
514
0.04
± 0.01
485
0.03
± 0.01
473
0.01
± 0.02
NS
Litter weight
at birth (g)
273
384.96a
± 17.92
194
399.70a
± 20.97
60
495.19b
± 41.73
156
497.01b
± 29.83
62
614.89c
± 78.41
**
Mean individual
weight at birth (g)
273
53.16a
± 2.41
194
56.62b
± 2.70
60
72.57c
± 5.36
155
70.65c
± 3.87
59
79.93d
± 10.10
***
Weaned per litter
(No.)
201
6.70c
± 0.13
302
6.36b
± 0.11
307
6.10a
± 0.13
212
6.63c
± 0.12
272
6.73c
± 0.15
**
Pre-weaning
Mortality (%)
199
11.02
± 1.56
297
15.05
± 1.29
302
16.33
± 1.62
210
12.41
± 1.46
270
11.55
± 1.79
NS
Rectal
Temperature (ÆC)
93
38.77
± 0.20
108
38.93
± 0.08
42
38.94
± 0.11
74
38.97
± s0.11em
3
39.43
± 0.35
NS
Respiration Rate
(Respirations/ min)
86
131.08b
± 3.88
101
118.24a
± 1.52
42
121.43a
± 2.04
67
118.71a
± 2.04
4
119.17a
± 6.26
*
N = NUMBER OF OBSERVATIONS (NUMBER OF LITTERS FOR THE FIRST 8 PARAMETERS AND NUMBER OF DOES FOR THE LAST
TWO PARAMETERS).
LSM : Mean, sem : Standard Error of Mean.
ÚÈıÌfi ÌÂÙÚ‹ÛÂˆÓ Î·Ù¿ ÙË ¯ÂÈÌÂÚÈÓ‹ ÂÚ›Ô‰Ô Û ۇÁÎÚÈÛË
Ì ÙË ıÂÚÈÓ‹ ηٿ ÙË ‰È¿ÚÎÂÈ· Ù˘ ·ÚÔ‡Û·˜ ÌÂϤÙ˘.
Àfi ÙËÓ Â›‰Ú·ÛË ÙˆÓ ˘„ËÏÒÓ Î·ÏÔηÈÚÈÓÒÓ ıÂÚÌÔÎÚ·ÛÈÒÓ ÌÂÈÒıËÎÂ Ô ·ÚÈıÌfi˜ ÙˆÓ ·ÔÁ·Ï·ÎÙÈÛı¤ÓÙˆÓ ÎÔÓÈÎÏȉ›ˆÓ, οÙÈ Ô˘ ‰È·ÈÛÙÒıËÎÂ Î·È Û ·Ó¿ÏÔÁË ¤Ú¢ӷ
·fi ÙÔ˘˜ Simplicio Î·È Û˘Ó. (1988b) (Simplicio et al.,
1988b). AÓÙ›ıÂÙ·, Û ¿ÏÏË ÌÂϤÙË Ë Ì›ˆÛË ÙˆÓ ·ÔÁ·Ï·ÎÙÈÛı¤ÓÙˆÓ ÎÔÓÈÎÏȉ›ˆÓ ‰ÂÓ ‚Ú¤ıËΠÛÙ·ÙÈÛÙÈÎÒ˜ ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈ΋ (Carmona et al., 1994). ∆· ÏÈÁfiÙÂÚ· ·ÔÁ·Ï·ÎÙÈÛı¤ÓÙ· ÎÔÓÈÎÏ›‰È· Èı·ÓfiÓ Ó· ‹Ù·Ó ·ÔÙ¤ÏÂÛÌ· ÙÔ˘ ÌÈÎÚfiÙÂÚÔ˘ ·ÚÈıÌÔ‡ ÙˆÓ ˙ˆÓÙ·ÓÒÓ ÁÂÓÓËı¤ÓÙˆÓ ÙÔ Î·ÏÔη›ÚÈ, fiˆ˜ ‚Ú‹Î·Ó Î·È ¿ÏÏÔÈ ÂÚ¢ÓËÙ¤˜ (Cervera and
Carmona, 1999) Î·È Ù˘ ıÂÚÌÈ΋˜ ηٷfiÓËÛ˘ Ù˘ ÙÔÎÂÙÔÔÌ¿‰·˜ Î·È fi¯È ÙˆÓ ˘ÈÔıÂÛÈÒÓ, ·ÊÔ‡ Ë ‰È·ÊÔÚ¿ ÙÔ˘ ÂÓfi˜ ÎÔÓÈÎÏȉ›Ô˘ ÌÂٷ͇ Ù˘ ¯ÂÈÌÂÚÈÓ‹˜ Î·È Ù˘ ηÏÔηÈÚÈÓ‹˜ ÂÚÈfi‰Ô˘ ‰È·ÙËÚ‹ıËÎÂ Î·È ÛÙȘ ˘ÈÔıÂۛ˜ (ÂÙ·ÌÂÏ›˜
ÔÌ¿‰Â˜ ÙÔ Î·ÏÔη›ÚÈ Î·È ÔÎÙ·ÌÂÏ›˜ ÙÔ ¯ÂÈÌÒÓ·).
H ıÓËÛÈÌfiÙËÙ· ÙˆÓ ÎÔÓÈÎÏȉ›ˆÓ ηٿ ÙÔ ıËÏ·ÛÌfi ‹Ù·Ó
˘„ËÏfiÙÂÚË Î·Ù¿ ÙË ıÂÚÈÓ‹ ÂÚ›Ô‰Ô Î·È Ì ·˘Ùfi Û˘ÌʈÓÔ‡Ó Î·È ¿ÏÏÔÈ ÂÚ¢ÓËÙ¤˜ (Marai et al. 1996, Marai et al.
2000), ÂÓ·ÚÌÔÓÈ˙fiÌÂÓË ¤ÙÛÈ Ì ٷ ·ÔÙÂϤÛÌ·Ù· ÎÈ ¿ÏψÓ
ÌÂÏÂÙÒÓ (Marai et al. 1996, Marai et al. 2000). ∏ ·‡ÍËÛË
Hansen, 1993). However, the harmful effect of the heat is
mostly a consequence of impairment in the maternal physiology (Yeates et al., 1975) and the reduced feed intake by
the does (Simplicio et al. 1988, Marai et al., 1996, Cervera
and Carmona, 1998). An explanation could be found in the
field study of Maertens and De Groote (1990). They
observed a significantly reduced feed intake during a heat
stress period that impaired the milk production of females.
The direct effect of heat stress on the newborn rabbits
results in a lower metabolic activity (Marai et al., 2000),
while the indirect effect comes through the reduced milk
production, observed in high temperatures (Marai et al.
1996, Marai et al. 2000).
Apart from the temperature effect, the effect of parity
order was found to be significant for several parameters.
While in the present study, total born and born alive rabbits
were maximum in the class of 3rd-4th parity, other
researchers report that it happens in the 1st (Lavara et al.,
2000) or in the 2nd-3rd parity (Szendrõ Zs., 2000). Stillborn
rabbits were maximum the class of 5th –6th parity, while
Szendrõ Zs. (2000) mentions that mortality at birth
becomes greater as parity increases. It should be noted that
¶∂ƒπ√¢π∫√ ∆∏™ E§§∏¡π∫∏™ KTHNπ∞∆ƒπ∫∏™ ETAIPEIA™ 2003, 54(2)
JOURNAL OF THE HELLENIC VETERINARY MEDICAL SOCIETY 2003, 54(2)
Xilouri/119-130 26-06-07 14:44 ™ÂÏ›‰·127
127
XYLOURI-FRANGIADAKI E., GOLIDI E., MENEGATOS I., LUZI F.
·˘Ù‹ Èı·ÓÒ˜ ·Ô‰›‰ÂÙ·È ÛÙË ÌÂȈ̤ÓË Á·Ï·ÎÙÔ·Ú·ÁˆÁ‹ (Marai et al. 1996, Marai et al. 2000), ηıÒ˜ Î·È ÛÙËÓ
¿ÌÂÛË Î·Ù·fiÓËÛË Î·È ÙË ¯·ÌËÏ‹ ÌÂÙ·‚ÔÏÈ΋ ‰Ú·ÛÙËÚÈfiÙËÙ· Ù˘ ÙÔÎÂÙÔÔÌ¿‰·˜ (Marai et al., 1996). ∂ÓÙÔ‡ÙÔȘ,
·Ó·Ê¤ÚÂÙ·È fiÙÈ Ë ıÂÚÌÈ΋ ηٷfiÓËÛË ÛÙÔ˘˜ 30ÆC ‰ÂÓ
ÚÔοÏÂÛ ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈ΋ ÙÒÛË ÛÙËÓ ÔÛfiÙËÙ· Ù˘ ηٷӷÏÈÛÎfiÌÂÓ˘ ÙÚÔÊ‹˜ ·fi Ù· ıËÏ¿˙ÔÓÙ· ÎÔÓÈÎÏ›‰È· (Szendrõ
et al., 1999).
H ·Ú·ÙËÚÔ‡ÌÂÓË ·‡ÍËÛË Ù˘ ıÂÚÌÔÎÚ·Û›·˜ ÙÔ˘ ·¢ı˘Ṳ̂ÓÔ˘ Î·È ÙÔ˘ ·ÚÈıÌÔ‡ ÙˆÓ ·Ó·ÓÔÒÓ/ÏÂÙfi ÙˆÓ
ıËÏ˘ÎÒÓ ÁÂÓÓËÙfiÚˆÓ ÙÔ Î·ÏÔη›ÚÈ ‹Ù·Ó Ê˘ÛÈÔÏÔÁÈ΋. ∆·
·ÔÙÂϤÛÌ·Ù· ·˘Ù¿ Â›Ó·È Û‡Ìʈӷ Ì ÂΛӷ ·ÚfiÌÔȈÓ
ÂÚ¢ÓÒÓ (Fayez et al. 1994a, Marai et al. 1996).
ñ ∂›‰Ú·ÛË ÙÔ˘ ·ÚÈıÌÔ‡ ÙˆÓ ÙÔÎÂÙÒÓ ·Ó¿ ÎÔÓÈÎÏÔÌËÙ¤Ú·
√ Û˘ÓÔÏÈÎfi˜ ·ÚÈıÌfi˜ ÙˆÓ ÁÂÓÓËı¤ÓÙˆÓ ÎÔÓÈÎÏȉ›ˆÓ
ηıÒ˜ Î·È ÙˆÓ ˙ˆÓÙ·ÓÒÓ ÁÂÓÓËı¤ÓÙˆÓ ÂÌÊ·Ó›ÛÙËΠÌÂÁ·Ï‡ÙÂÚÔ˜ ÛÙÔÓ 3Ô-4Ô ÙÔÎÂÙfi. ™Â ·Ó¿ÏÔÁ˜ fï˜ ÌÂϤÙ˜
·Ó·Ê¤ÚÂÙ·È fiÙÈ ÙÔ Ì¤ÁÈÛÙÔ Ì¤ÁÂıÔ˜ ·Ó·Ì¤ÓÂÙ·È ÛÙÔ 2Ô ‹
3Ô ÙÔÎÂÙfi (Szendrõ Zs., 2000) ‹ ÛÙÔÓ 1Ô ÙÔÎÂÙfi (Lavara et
al., 2000). £· Ú¤ÂÈ Ó· ÏËÊı› ˘fi„Ë fiÙÈ Ë ¯ÚfiÓÈ· ¯ÔÚ‹ÁËÛË Ù˘ ›ÂÈ·˜ ÁÔÓ·‰ÔÙÚÔ›Ó˘ ÔÚÌfiÓ˘ (PMSG) ‰‡Ó·Ù·È Ó· ÂËÚ¿ÛÂÈ ÙÔ Ì¤ÁÂıÔ˜ Ù˘ ÙÔÎÂÙÔÔÌ¿‰·˜, ·ÊÔ‡
¤¯ÂÈ ‰È·ÈÛÙˆı› Ë ·‡ÍËÛË Ù˘ ÔÏ˘‰˘Ì›·˜ ̤¯ÚÈ ÙËÓ 3Ë
‰È·‰Ô¯È΋ Ù˘ ¯ÔÚ‹ÁËÛË (Theau-Clement M., 1998). ™ÙË
Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈ̤ÓË ÌÂϤÙË, Ô ÌÂÁ·Ï‡ÙÂÚÔ˜ ·ÚÈıÌfi˜ ÓÂÎÚÒÓ ÎÔÓÈÎÏȉ›ˆÓ ÛËÌÂÈÒıËΠÛÙÔ˘˜ ‰‡Ô ÚÒÙÔ˘˜ ÙÔÎÂÙÔ‡˜
(Theau-Clement M., 1998). ∞˘Ùfi ηٿ ÙË Û˘ÁÁڷʤ· Èı·ÓÒ˜ ÔÊÂÈÏfiÙ·Ó ÛÙȘ ·˘ÍË̤Ó˜ ·Ó¿ÁΘ ·Ó¿Ù˘Í˘,
΢ÔÊÔÚ›·˜ Î·È Á·Ï·ÎÙÔ·Ú·ÁˆÁ‹˜ ÙˆÓ ÎÔÓÈÎÏÔÌËÙ¤ÚˆÓ
ηٿ ÙÔ˘˜ ÚÒÙÔ˘˜ ÙÔÎÂÙÔ‡˜. ∞ÎfiÌ·, ÛÙËÓ ÚÒÙË Á·Ï·ÎÙÈ΋ ÂÚ›Ô‰Ô Â›Ó·È ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈ΋ Ë Ì›ˆÛË ÙˆÓ ·ÔıÂÌ¿ÙˆÓ
ÙÔ˘ ÌËÙÚÈÎÔ‡ ÔÚÁ·ÓÈÛÌÔ‡ Û ϛÔ˜ Î·È ÂÓ¤ÚÁÂÈ·. ™˘¯Ó¿ Ë
·ÓÂ·Ú΋˜ ‰È·ÙÚÔÊ‹, ·ÏÏ¿ Î·È Ë ÂÚÈÔÚÈṲ̂ÓË ÈηÓfiÙËÙ· ηٷӿψÛ˘ Ù˘ ÙÚÔÊ‹˜ Û˘Ì‚¿ÏÏÔ˘Ó ÛÙË ÌÂȈ̤ÓË ·Ó··Ú·ÁˆÁÈ΋ ·fi‰ÔÛË ÙˆÓ Ó·ÚÒÓ ÎÔÓÈÎÏÔÌËÙ¤ÚˆÓ Î·Ù¿ ÙÔÓ ÚÒÙÔ ÙÔ˘˜ ÙÔÎÂÙfi (Rommers et al., 1999).
√ ·ÚÈıÌfi˜ ÙˆÓ ıÓËÛÈÁÂÓÒÓ ÎÔÓÈÎÏȉ›ˆÓ ‰È·ÈÛÙÒıËΠfiÙÈ ‰Â ÌÂÙ·‚Ï‹ıËΠ·Ó¿ÏÔÁ· Ì ÙËÓ ·‡ÍËÛË ÙÔ˘ Ï‹ıÔ˘˜ ÙˆÓ ÙÔÎÂÙÒÓ ·Ó¿ ÎÔÓÈÎÏÔÌËÙ¤Ú·. ∏ ·Ú¿ÌÂÙÚÔ˜ ·˘Ù‹ ‰ÂÓ Î·Ù·ÁÚ¿ÊËΠ۠·ÚfiÌÔȘ ¤Ú¢Ó˜.
To ÌÈÎÚfiÙÂÚÔ ‚¿ÚÔ˜ Ù˘ ÙÔÎÂÙÔÔÌ¿‰·˜ ηٿ ÙË Á¤ÓÓËÛË ÛËÌÂÈÒıËΠÛÙÔÓ 1Ô-2Ô ÙÔÎÂÙfi. √È Rommers Î·È Û˘Ó.
(1999) ·Ó¿ÊÂÚ·Ó fiÙÈ ÙÔ ÂÏ¿¯ÈÛÙÔ ·ÙÔÌÈÎfi ‚¿ÚÔ˜ Á¤ÓÓËÛ˘
ÙˆÓ ÎÔÓÈÎÏȉ›ˆÓ ·Ú·ÙËÚ‹ıËΠÛÙÔÓ ÚÒÙÔ ÙÔÎÂÙfi, ÂÓÒ
ÛÙË ·ÚÔ‡Û· ÌÂϤÙË ·Ú·ÙËÚ‹ıËΠfiÙÈ ÂÍ·ÎÔÏÔ˘ı› Ó·
·Ú·Ì¤ÓÂÈ ¯·ÌËÏfi Î·È Î·Ù¿ ÙÔ 2Ô ÙÔÎÂÙfi. OÈ ·˘ÍË̤Ó˜
·Ó¿ÁΘ ÙˆÓ ıËÏ˘ÎÒÓ Î·Ù¿ ÙËÓ ¤Ó·ÚÍË Ù˘ ·Ó··Ú·ÁˆÁÈ΋˜ ÙÔ˘˜ ‰Ú·ÛÙËÚÈfiÙËÙ·˜ Î·È Ë ·ÓÂ·Ú΋˜ Î¿Ï˘„‹ ÙÔ˘˜
ÂÓ‰¤¯ÂÙ·È Ó· ÂÚÈÔÚ›˙Ô˘Ó ÙËÓ ·ÚÔ¯‹ ÙˆÓ ıÚÂÙÈÎÒÓ Û˘ÛÙ·ÙÈÎÒÓ ÛÙ· ¤Ì‚Ú˘·, ÌÂ Û˘Ó¤ÂÈ· ÙÔ ¯·ÌËÏfi ·ÙÔÌÈÎfi ‚¿ÚÔ˜ ηٿ ÙË Á¤ÓÓËÛË (Rommers et al., 1999).
¶·Ú¿ÏÏËÏ·, ÛÙÔ˘˜ ‰‡Ô ÚÒÙÔ˘˜ ÙÔÎÂÙÔ‡˜ ·ÓÙÈÛÙÔȯԇÛÂ Ô ÌÂÁ·Ï‡ÙÂÚÔ˜ ·ÚÈıÌfi˜ ·ÔÁ·Ï·ÎÙÈÛı¤ÓÙˆÓ ÎÔÓÈÎÏȉ›ˆÓ, ·Ó Î·È ·Ó·Ê¤ÚÂÙ·È fiÙÈ ÛÙÔÓ 1Ô ÙÔÎÂÙfi Ë Á·Ï·-
¶›Ó·Î·˜ 4. ∂›‰Ú·ÛË Ù˘ ıÂÚÈÓ‹˜-¯ÂÈÌÂÚÈÓ‹˜ ÂÚÈfi‰Ô˘, ÙÔ˘ ·ÚÈıÌÔ‡ ÙˆÓ ÙÔÎÂÙÒÓ Î·È Ù˘ ·ÏÏËÏÂ›‰Ú·Û˘ ÌÂٷ͇ ÙÔ˘˜ ÛÙËÓ
·Ó··Ú·ÁˆÁÈ΋ ÈηÓfiÙËÙ· ÙˆÓ ÎÔÓÈÎÏÔÌËÙ¤ÚˆÓ.
∫Àƒπ∞ ∂¶π¢ƒ∞™∏
¶ÂÚ›Ô‰Ô˜ ∞ÚÈıÌfi˜
∞§§∏§∂¶π¢ƒ∞™∏
(£ÂÚÈÓ‹ - ÙÔÎÂÙÔ‡ ∑Ò·
∞ƒπ£ªOY
ÃÂÈÌÂÚÈÓ‹) (1Ô˜-2Ô˜,
∆√∫∂∆√À
3Ô˜-4Ô˜,
£∂ƒπ¡∏™ 5Ô˜-6Ô˜,
Ã∂πª∂ƒπ¡∏™
7Ô˜-8Ô˜,
¶∂ƒπ√¢√À
≥9Ô˜)
™‡ÓÔÏÔ ÁÂÓÓËı¤ÓÙˆÓ
°ÂÓÓËı¤ÓÙ· ˙ÒÓÙ·
°ÂÓÓËı¤ÓÙ· ÓÂÎÚ¿
£ÓËÛÈÁÂÓ‹
µ¿ÚÔ˜ ÙÔÎÂÙÔÔÌ¿‰·˜
ηٿ ÙË Á¤ÓÓËÛË
ª¤ÛÔ ·ÙÔÌÈÎfi ‚¿ÚÔ˜
ηٿ ÙË Á¤ÓÓËÛË
∞ÔÁ·Ï·ÎÙÈṲ̂ӷ
£ÓËÛÈÌfiÙËÙ· ÚÔ·ÔÁ·Ï·ÎÙÈÛÌÔ‡
£ÂÚÌÔÎÚ·Û›·
·¢ı˘Ṳ̂ÓÔ˘
∞Ó·ÓÔ¤˜/ÏÂÙfi
SG
SG
SG
SG
***
***
***
**
*
**
*
NS
***
***
***
***
NS
NS
NS
NS
NS
**
NS
NS
NS
***
***
**
**
***
NS
NS
***
NS
*
NS
***
-
NS
NS
***
*
-
NS
PMSG injection might have influenced the above
parameters, since an increase of prolificacy followed by
higher birth mortality has already been observed during its
use (Theau-Clement M., 1998). The minimum litter weight
and individual weight at birth were observed in the 1st –2nd
parity, slightly differing from the data of Rommers et al.
(1999), where the minimum values coincided with the 1st
parity. The lower birth weight of rabbits, born at the first
parturition, is due to the fact that does have not finished
their own body growth and because feed intake of the does
is lower than thereafter (Rommers et al., 1999). The
number of weaned rabbits was high in the first two parities,
almost equal to that of the parities ≥9th, despite the fact
that the milk production at the first parturition is low and
increases afterwards (Rommers et al., 1999).
Reproductive rate was not checked in the present study.
However, it should be taken into account in future similar
researches, since it may have contributed to the modulation
of the above results.
As confirmed by other studies, the high ambient
temperature had a depressing effect on the physiological
status and reproductive performance of rabbit does. These
results suggest that the high ambient temperature should
be considered as a factor impairing rabbit reproductive
ability and thus researchers should address its amelioration
through environmental, nutritional or genetic techniques.
¶∂ƒπ√¢π∫√ ∆∏™ E§§∏¡π∫∏™ KTHNπ∞∆ƒπ∫∏™ ETAIPEIA™ 2003, 54(2)
JOURNAL OF THE HELLENIC VETERINARY MEDICAL SOCIETY 2003, 54(2)
Xilouri/119-130 26-06-07 14:44 ™ÂÏ›‰·128
128
E. •À§√Àƒ∏-ºƒ∞°∫π∞¢∞∫∏, ∂. °√§π¢∏, π. ª∂¡∂°∞∆√™ , LUZI F.
ÎÙÔ·Ú·ÁˆÁ‹ ‹Ù·Ó ÌÈÎÚfiÙÂÚË ·’ fiÙÈ ÛÙÔ˘˜ ÂfiÌÂÓÔ˘˜
(Rommers et al., 1999).
∏ ıÓËÛÈÌfiÙËÙ· ÙˆÓ ıËÏ·˙fiÓÙˆÓ ÎÔÓÈÎÏȉ›ˆÓ ‰ÂÓ ÂËÚ¿ÛÙËΠ·fi ÙËÓ ·‡ÍËÛË ÙÔ˘ ·ÚÈıÌÔ‡ ÙÔÎÂÙÒÓ ·Ó¿ ÎÔÓÈÎÏÔÌËÙ¤Ú·. ŸÛÔÓ ·ÊÔÚ¿ ÙË ıÂÚÌÔÎÚ·Û›· ÙÔ˘ ÛÒÌ·ÙÔ˜ ηÈ
ÙÔÓ ·ÚÈıÌfi ÙˆÓ ·Ó·ÓÔÒÓ/ÏÂÙfi ÙˆÓ ÎÔÓÈÎÏÔÌËÙ¤ÚˆÓ ‰ÂÓ
‚Ú¤ıËÎ·Ó ·ÓÙ›ÛÙÔȯ· ÛÙÔȯ›· ÛÙË ‰ÈÂıÓ‹ ‚È‚ÏÈÔÁÚ·Ê›·.
ñ ∂›‰Ú·ÛË Ù˘ ·ÙÔÌÈÎfiÙËÙ·˜ ÙˆÓ ˙ÒˆÓ
∏ Â›‰Ú·ÛË ÙÔ˘ ·Ú¿ÁÔÓÙ· ·˘ÙÔ‡ ‹Ù·Ó ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈ΋ ÛÂ
fiϘ ۯ‰fiÓ ÙȘ ÂÍÂÙ·˙fiÌÂÓ˜ ·Ú·Ì¤ÙÚÔ˘˜, ¯ˆÚ›˜ fï˜
Ó· ¤¯ÂÈ ÌÂÏÂÙËı› Û ·ÚfiÌÔȘ ÌÂϤÙ˜. ™ÙË ‰ÈÂıÓ‹ ‚È‚ÏÈÔÁÚ·Ê›· ‰ÂÓ ·Ó·Ê¤ÚÔÓÙ·È ÛÙÔȯ›· ÁÈ· ÙËÓ Â›‰Ú·ÛË
Ù˘ ·ÙÔÌÈÎfiÙËÙ·˜.
√ Ì˯·ÓÈÛÌfi˜ Ù˘ Â›‰Ú·Û˘ ÙˆÓ ˘„ËÏÒÓ ıÂÚÌÔÎÚ·ÛÈÒÓ ÙÔ˘ ÂÚÈ‚¿ÏÏÔÓÙÔ˜ ÛÙË Ê˘ÛÈÔÏÔÁ›· Î·È ÙËÓ ·Ó··Ú·ÁˆÁÈ΋ ÈηÓfiÙËÙ· ÙˆÓ ÎÔÓÈÎÏÔÌËÙ¤ÚˆÓ (Cervera and
Carmona, 1998, Xylouri et al., 1999, 2001, 2002, 2003) ÌÔÚ› Ó· ‰È·¯ˆÚÈÛÙ› Û ¿ÌÂÛÔ Î·È ¤ÌÌÂÛÔ.
∏ ¿ÌÂÛË ·fiÎÚÈÛË ÙˆÓ ıËÏ˘ÎÒÓ ÎÔÓ›ÎÏˆÓ ÛÙȘ ˘„ËϤ˜ ıÂÚÌÔÎڷۛ˜ ÂΉËÏÒıËΠ̠¿ÓÔ‰Ô Ù˘ ıÂÚÌÔÎÚ·Û›·˜ ÙÔ˘ ÛÒÌ·ÙÔ˜ Î·È ÙÔ˘ ·ÚÈıÌÔ‡ ÙˆÓ ·Ó·ÓÔÒÓ/ÏÂÙfi.
Œ¯ÂÈ ÂȂ‚·Èˆı› fiÙÈ Û ıÂÚÌÔÎڷۛ˜ ÌÂÁ·Ï‡ÙÂÚ˜ ÙˆÓ
35ÆC, ÔÈ ÎfiÓÈÎÏÔÈ ‚Ú›ÛÎÔÓÙ·È Û ηٿÙˆÛË Î·È ·ÚÔ˘ÛÈ¿˙Ô˘Ó ¤ÓÙÔÓË Ù·¯‡ÓÔÈ·. ∂Âȉ‹, ÏÔÈfiÓ, ÔÈ È‰ÚˆÙÔÔÈÔ› ·‰¤Ó˜ ÙÔ˘˜ ‰ÂÓ Â›Ó·È ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁÈÎÔ› Î·È ÙÔ ÙÚ›¯ˆÌ¿ ÙÔ˘˜
ÂÌÔ‰›˙ÂÈ ÙËÓ ·ÒÏÂÈ· ıÂÚÌfiÙËÙ·˜, ÂÓÂÚÁÔÔÈÔ‡ÓÙ·È ¿ÏÏÔÈ
ıÂÚÌÔÚÚ˘ıÌÈÛÙÈÎÔ› Ì˯·ÓÈÛÌÔ› Ô˘ ‰··ÓÔ‡Ó ·ÚÎÂÙ‹ ÂÓ¤ÚÁÂÈ·, .¯. Ù·¯‡ÓÔÈ· Ì ·ÔÙ¤ÏÂÛÌ· ÙËÓ ÂÍ¿ÙÌÈÛË ÓÂÚÔ‡ ·fi ÙȘ ·Ó·Ó¢ÛÙÈΤ˜ Ô‰Ô‡˜. ŒÙÛÈ, ÌÂÈÒÓÂÙ·È Ë ‰È·ı¤ÛÈÌË ÂÓ¤ÚÁÂÈ· ÚÔ˜ οı ·Ú·ÁˆÁÈ΋ ηÙ‡ı˘ÓÛË
(Fayez et al., 1994a).
√È ¤ÌÌÂÛ˜ ÂÈÙÒÛÂȘ Ù˘ ıÂÚÌÈ΋˜ ηٷfiÓËÛ˘ ÙˆÓ
ÎÔÓÈÎÏÔÌËÙ¤ÚˆÓ ·Ô‰›‰ÔÓÙ·È Î˘Ú›ˆ˜ ÛÙË ÌÂȈ̤ÓË Î·Ù·Ó¿ÏˆÛË ÙÚÔÊ‹˜, Ì ·ÔÙ¤ÏÂÛÌ· ÙËÓ Î·Î‹ ۈ̷ÙÈ΋ ÙÔ˘˜
ηٿÛÙ·ÛË Î·È ÙË ¯·ÌËÏ‹ ÙÔ˘˜ ·Ô‰ÔÙÈÎfiÙËÙ· (Simplicio et
al., 1988b, Cervera and Carmona, 1999). ª›· ÂÍ‹ÁËÛË ı·
ÌÔÚÔ‡Û ӷ ‰Ôı› ·fi ÙË ÌÂϤÙË Û Â›Â‰Ô ÂÎÙÚÔÊ‹˜
ÙˆÓ Maertens Î·È De Groote (1990), fiÔ˘ ·Ú·ÙËÚ‹ıËÎÂ
ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈ΋ Ì›ˆÛË Ù˘ ηٷӿψÛ˘ ÙÚÔÊ‹˜ ÙˆÓ ÎÔÓÈÎÏÔÌËÙ¤ÚˆÓ Î·Ù¿ ÙË ‰È¿ÚÎÂÈ· ıÂÚÌÈ΋˜ ηٷfiÓËÛ˘. ∆Ô ÁÂÁÔÓfi˜ ·˘Ùfi ›¯Â ˆ˜ ·ÔÙ¤ÏÂÛÌ· ÙË Ì›ˆÛË Ù˘ Á·Ï·ÎÙÔ·Ú·ÁˆÁ‹˜ (Maertens and De Groote, 1990).
ŸÛÔÓ ·ÊÔÚ¿ ÛÙËÓ ÙÔÎÂÙÔÔÌ¿‰·, ˘fiÎÂÈÙ·È Î·È ·˘Ù‹
ÛÙËÓ ¿ÌÂÛË Î·È ¤ÌÌÂÛË Â›‰Ú·ÛË ÙˆÓ ˘„ËÏÒÓ ıÂÚÌÔÎÚ·ÛÈÒÓ. ∫·Ù¿ Ù· ÚÒÙ· ÛÙ¿‰È· Ù˘ ÂÌ‚Ú˘˚΋˜ ÙÔ˘˜ ˙ˆ‹˜, Ù·
ÎÔÓÈÎÏ›‰È· Â›Ó·È È‰È·›ÙÂÚ· ¢·›ÛıËÙ· Û ·˘Ù¤˜ (Thatcher
and ∏ansen, 1993). ª¤¯ÚÈ Ó· ÁÂÓÓËıÔ‡Ó ÂËÚ¿˙ÔÓÙ·È ¤ÌÌÂÛ· ·fi ÙË ÌÂȈ̤ÓË Î·Ù·Ó¿ÏˆÛË ÙÚÔÊ‹˜ Ù˘ ÎÔÓÈÎÏÔÌËÙ¤Ú·˜ (Simplicio et al. 1988b, Marai et al. 1996, Cervera
and Carmona 1999) Î·È ·fi ÙË ıÂÚÌÈ΋ ηٷfiÓËÛ‹ Ù˘
(Yeates et al., 1975). ªÂÙ¿ Ë ıÂÚÌÈ΋ ηٷfiÓËÛË Âȉڿ
¿ÌÂÛ· Û ·˘Ù¿, ÌÂÈÒÓÔÓÙ·˜ ÙË ÌÂÙ·‚ÔÏÈ΋ ÙÔ˘˜ ‰Ú·ÛÙËÚÈfiÙËÙ· (Marai et al., 2000) Î·È ¤ÌÌÂÛ·, ÂÍ·ÈÙ›·˜ Ù˘ ÙÒÛ˘ Ù˘ Á·Ï·ÎÙÔ·Ú·ÁˆÁ‹˜ Ù˘ ÌËÙ¤Ú·˜ ÙÔ˘˜ (Marai et al.
1996, Marai et al. 2000).
Table 4. Effects of period, parity order, parity * period
interaction and animals on rabbit does’ reproductive
performance and physiological status.
MAIN EFFECTS
PERIOD
PARITY
PARITY *
(HOT AND ORDER ANIMALS PERIOD
COLD)
(1ST-2ND,
interaction
3RD-4TH,
5TH-6TH,
7TH-8TH,
≥9TH)
Total Born
Born Alive
Born dead
Stillborn
Litter weight
at birth
Mean individual
weight at birth
Weaned
Pre-weaning
Mortality
Rectal
Temperature
Respiration
Rate
SG
SG
SG
SG
***
***
***
**
*
**
*
NS
***
***
***
***
NS
NS
NS
NS
NS
**
NS
NS
NS
***
***
**
**
***
NS
NS
***
*
***
NS
NS
NS
-
NS
***
*
-
NS
A cooling system could increase the number of live births
and permit a reasonable productivity during the hot period
(Crimella et al., 1994). Cool drinking water could be used to
reduce does’ rectal temperature and respiration rate (Fayez
et al., 1994b), while some results suggest that the response
of does to high temperatures was poor when fed on a lowenergy diet, but was improved when a high-energy diet was
available (Cervera and Carmona, 1998). It was also reported
that treatment of does with zinc, copper, calcium or magnesium supplements, during the summer, decreased preweaning mortality and increased litter weight (Marai et al.,
2000). The selection of thermo tolerant strains could be
based on body temperature rank classification (Finzi et al.,
1988).
Acknowledgements: The above research was financed
by the: Sixth Session of the joint Greek - Italian Committee
for the Scientific and Technological Co-operation concerning the project: "HOT CLIMATE INFLUENCE ON
RABBIT REPRODUCTION AND EXPERIMENTAL
USE OF FROZEN SEMEN", 1999-2001. ❏
¶∂ƒπ√¢π∫√ ∆∏™ E§§∏¡π∫∏™ KTHNπ∞∆ƒπ∫∏™ ETAIPEIA™ 2003, 54(2)
JOURNAL OF THE HELLENIC VETERINARY MEDICAL SOCIETY 2003, 54(2)
Xilouri/119-130 26-06-07 14:44 ™ÂÏ›‰·129
129
XYLOURI-FRANGIADAKI E., GOLIDI E., MENEGATOS I., LUZI F.
™˘ÓÂÒ˜, ÔÈ ˘„ËϤ˜ ıÂÚÌÔÎڷۛ˜ Ô˘ ·Ú·ÙËÚÔ‡ÓÙ·È
ÙËÓ Î·ÏÔηÈÚÈÓ‹ ÂÚ›Ô‰Ô ÛÙËÓ ∂ÏÏ¿‰·, ÂÎÙfi˜ Ù˘ ηٷfiÓËÛ˘ Ô˘ ÚÔηÏÔ‡Ó ÛÙ· ˙Ò· ·fi ÏÂ˘Ú¿˜ ¢˙ˆ›·˜
(Xylouri et al., 2001), Û˘ÓÈÛÙÔ‡Ó Î·È ·Ó·ÛÙ·ÏÙÈÎfi ·Ú¿ÁÔÓÙ· ÛÙȘ ·Ú·ÁˆÁÈΤ˜ ·Ô‰fiÛÂȘ ÙˆÓ ÎÔÓ›ÎÏˆÓ Î·È ÂÈ‚¿ÏÏÔ˘Ó ÙËÓ ÂÚ·ÈÙ¤Úˆ Û˘ÛÙËÌ·ÙÈ΋ ¤Ú¢ӷ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ ·ÓÙÈÌÂÙÒÈÛ‹ ÙÔ˘˜.
√ Crimella Î·È Û˘Ó. (1994) ·Ó·Ê¤ÚÂÈ fiÙÈ Ë Ú‡ıÌÈÛË Ù˘
ıÂÚÌÔÎÚ·Û›·˜ ÙˆÓ ı·Ï¿ÌˆÓ ÙÔ Î·ÏÔη›ÚÈ Û ·ÓÂÎÙ¿ Â›‰· ·fi Ù· ˙Ò· ›¯Â ˆ˜ ·ÔÙ¤ÏÂÛÌ· ÙË ‚ÂÏÙ›ˆÛË ÙÔ˘ ·ÚÈıÌÔ‡ ÙˆÓ ˙ˆÓÙ·ÓÒÓ ÁÂÓÓËı¤ÓÙˆÓ ÎÔÓÈÎÏȉ›ˆÓ. ™ÙËÓ ∞›Á˘ÙÔ, Ë ¯ÔÚ‹ÁËÛË ÎÚ‡Ô˘ ÓÂÚÔ‡ ÙÔ Î·ÏÔη›ÚÈ ÛÙÔ˘˜ ÎÔÓ›ÎÏÔ˘˜ ›¯Â ˆ˜ ·ÔÙ¤ÏÂÛÌ· ÙË Ì›ˆÛË Ù˘ ıÂÚÌÔÎÚ·Û›·˜
ÙÔ˘ ·¢ı˘Ṳ̂ÓÔ˘ Î·È ÙÔ˘ ·ÚÈıÌÔ‡ ÙˆÓ ·Ó·ÓÔÒÓ/ÏÂÙfi.
(Fayez et al., 1994b). √ ÙÚfiÔ˜ ‰Ú¿Û˘ ÔÊ›ÏÂÙ·È, ·ÊÂÓfi˜
ÛÙËÓ ·‡ÍËÛË Ù˘ ‰˘Ó·ÙfiÙËÙ·˜ ÂÍ¿ÙÌÈÛ˘ Ù˘ Ï·Óı¿ÓÔ˘Û·˜
ıÂÚÌfiÙËÙ·˜ Î·È ·ÊÂÙ¤ÚÔ˘ Û ÎÂÓÙÚÈ΋ ‰Ú¿ÛË ÛÙ· ΤÓÙÚ·
ıÂÚÌÔÚÚ‡ıÌÈÛ˘ ÙÔ˘ ˘Ôı·Ï¿ÌÔ˘ (Fayez et al., 1994b). ∆·
·ÔÙÂϤÛÌ·Ù· ÔÚÈÛÌ¤ÓˆÓ ÌÂÏÂÙÒÓ ˘Ô‰ÂÈÎÓ‡Ô˘Ó fiÙÈ ÔÈ
ÎÔÓÈÎÏÔÌËÙ¤Ú˜ ·ÓÙ·ÔÎÚ›ÓÔÓÙ·È Î·Ï‡ÙÂÚ· ÛÙȘ ˘„ËϤ˜
ıÂÚÌÔÎڷۛ˜, fiÙ·Ó ‰È·ÙÚ¤ÊÔÓÙ·È Ì ÛÈÙËÚ¤ÛÈÔ ·˘ÍË̤ÓÔ˘ ÂÓÂÚÁÂÈ·ÎÔ‡ ÂÚȯÔ̤ÓÔ˘ (Cervera and Carmona,
1998). ∏ Û˘ÌÏËڈ̷ÙÈ΋ ¯ÔÚ‹ÁËÛË ÔÍÂȉ›Ô˘ ÙÔ˘ „¢‰·ÚÁ‡ÚÔ˘, ıÂÈ˚ÎÔ‡ ¯·ÏÎÔ‡, ÔÍÂȉ›Ô˘ ÙÔ˘ ·Û‚ÂÛÙ›Ô˘ ‹ ıÂÈ˚ÎÔ‡ Ì·ÁÓËÛ›Ô˘ Û ıËÏ˘Î¿ ˘fi ÙȘ ηÏÔηÈÚÈÓ¤˜ Û˘Óı‹Î˜ Ù˘ ∞ÈÁ‡ÙÔ˘ η٤ÏËÍ Û ·‡ÍËÛË ÙÔ˘ ‚¿ÚÔ˘˜ Á¤ÓÓËÛ˘ Ù˘ ÙÔÎÂÙÔÔÌ¿‰·˜ Î·È Ì›ˆÛË Ù˘ ıÓËÛÈÌfiÙËÙ·˜ ηٿ
ÙÔ ıËÏ·ÛÌfi (Marai et al., 2000). ŒÙÛÈ, Ë ÂÈÏÔÁ‹ ˆ˜ ÚÔ˜
ÙËÓ ·‡ÍËÛË Ù˘ ÚÔÛ·ÚÌÔÁ‹˜ Û ıÂÚÌÔ·ÓıÂÎÙÈÎfiÙËÙ·, ÛÂ
Û˘Ó‰˘·ÛÌfi Ì ηٿÏÏËÏË ÙÚÔÔÔ›ËÛË ÙˆÓ ÛÈÙËÚÂÛ›ˆÓ
ÌÔÚ› Ó· Ô‰ËÁ‹ÛÂÈ Û ·‡ÍËÛË Ù˘ ·Ú·ÁˆÁ‹˜, ·ÎfiÌË Î·È
οو ·fi ÙȘ ‰˘ÛÌÂÓ›˜ Û˘Óı‹Î˜ ÙˆÓ ˘„ËÏÒÓ ıÂÚÌÔÎÚ·ÛÈÒÓ ÙÔ˘ ÂÚÈ‚¿ÏÏÔÓÙÔ˜ (Finzi et al., 1988).
∞fi ÙËÓ ÂÚÁ·Û›· ·˘Ù‹, Û˘ÌÂÚ·›ÓÂÙ·È fiÙÈ Ë Â›‰Ú·ÛË
ÙˆÓ ıÂÚÌÔÎÚ·ÛÈÒÓ Ù˘ ıÂÚÈÓ‹˜ ÂÚÈfi‰Ô˘ (ª¿ÈÔ˜-√ÎÙÒ‚ÚÈÔ˜) ÛÙËÓ ∂ÏÏ¿‰· ›¯Â ˆ˜ ·ÔÙ¤ÏÂÛÌ· ÙË Ì›ˆÛË ÙÔ˘ Û˘ÓÔÏÈÎÔ‡ ·ÚÈıÌÔ‡ ÙˆÓ ÁÂÓÓËı¤ÓÙˆÓ Î·È ÙˆÓ ˙ÒÓÙˆÓ ÁÂÓÓËı¤ÓÙˆÓ, ÂÚ›Ô˘ ηٿ ¤Ó· ÎÔÓÈÎÏ›‰ÈÔ ·Ó¿ ÙÔÎÂÙÔÔÌ¿‰·,
ηıÒ˜ Î·È ÙËÓ ·‡ÍËÛË ÙÔ˘ ·ÚÈıÌÔ‡ ÙˆÓ ÓÂÎÚÒÓ ÁÂÓÓËı¤ÓÙˆÓ Î·È ÙˆÓ ıÓËÛÈÁÂÓÒÓ. ∆Ô ‚¿ÚÔ˜ ÙˆÓ ÎÔÓÈÎÏȉ›ˆÓ ηٿ ÙË Á¤ÓÓËÛË ‰ÂÓ ·ÚÔ˘Û›·Û ‰È·ÊÔÚ¿ ÌÂٷ͇ ÙˆÓ ‰‡Ô
ÂÚÈfi‰ˆÓ ÂÓÒ Ë ıÓËÛÈÌfiÙËÙ· ηٿ ÙÔ˘˜ ·ÔÁ·Ï·ÎÙÈÛÌÔ‡˜
Ù˘ ıÂÚÈÓ‹˜ ÂÚÈfi‰Ô˘ ·˘Í‹ıËÎÂ, Ì ·ÔÙ¤ÏÂÛÌ· Ó· ÌÂȈı› Ô ·ÚÈıÌfi˜ ÙˆÓ ·ÔÁ·Ï·ÎÙÈÛı¤ÓÙˆÓ Î·Ù¿ ÙËÓ ÂÚ›Ô‰Ô
·˘Ù‹. ∏ ıÂÚÌÔÎÚ·Û›· ÙÔ˘ ·¢ı˘Ṳ̂ÓÔ˘ ‰ÂÓ ‰È¤ÊÂÚ ÌÂٷ͇ ÙˆÓ ‰‡Ô ÂÚÈfi‰ˆÓ, ‰È¤ÊÂÚ fï˜ ÛËÌ·ÓÙÈο Ô ·ÚÈıÌfi˜ ÙˆÓ ·Ó·ÓÔÒÓ.
∂˘¯·ÚÈÛٛ˜: ¶ÚÔ˜ ÙË °°∂∆ ÁÈ· ÙË ¯ÚËÌ·ÙÔ‰fiÙËÛË Ù˘
·ÚÔ‡Û·˜ ¤Ú¢ӷ˜ ÛÙ· Ï·›ÛÈ· ÙÔ˘ ‰ÈÌÂÚÔ‡˜ ÚÔÁÚ¿ÌÌ·ÙÔ˜ ∂ÏÏ¿‰Ô˜ – πÙ·Ï›·˜ Ì ٛÙÏÔ: "Hot climate influence
on rabbit reproduction and experimental use of frozen
semen", 1999-2001.
¶ÚÔ˜ ÙÔ˘˜ ȉÈÔÎً٘ Ù˘ ÂÎÙÚÔÊ‹˜, fiÔ˘ ¤Ï·‚ ¯ÒÚ·
Ë ¤Ú¢ӷ ÁÈ· ÙËÓ Â˘ÁÂÓÈ΋ ·Ú·¯ÒÚËÛË ÙˆÓ ÛÙÔȯ›ˆÓ. ❏
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