Mannerism maniera: •intellectually intricate subjects •highly skilled techniques •art concerned with beauty for its own sake extraordinary virtuosity (the artist is obviously extremely skilled at his craft) Characteristics: •sophisticated, elegant compositions •fearless manipulations or distortions of accepted formal conventions •irrational spatial effects •figures that have elongated proportions •exaggerated poses enigmatic gestures and expressions Mannerism began in Rome and Florence. Grace was elevated and became the ideal—not rationality or naturalism. Jacopo da Pontormo Halberdier 1530s oil on canvas, 92 x 72 cm J. Paul Getty Museum, Los Angeles Jacopo da Pontormo Entombment (The Deposition) 1525-1528 oil on wood Cappella Capponi, Santa Felicità, Florence Jacopo da Pontormo Entombment (The Deposition) 1525-1528 oil on wood Parmigianino Self-Portrait in a Convex Mirror c. 1524 oil on wood Parmigianino Cupid c. 1523-1524 oil on wood Parmigianino Madonna with the Long Neck 1535 oil on wood panel Bronzino Venus, Cupid and Time (Allegory of Lust) 1540-45 oil on wood panel Bronzino Portrait of a Young Man 1540-1545 oil on wood panel