£ÂˆÚËÙÈΤ˜ ∞fi„ÂȘ
2 (1), 2004
49
∏ æÀÃ√¶∞£√§√°π∫∏ ∂ƒª∏¡∂π∞ ∆∏™ ¢π∂°∂ƒ™∏™
Εσαγιάν Γκάρο
¢È‰¿ÎÙˆÚ ¢ËÌÔÎÚ›ÙÂÈÔ˘ ¶·ÓÂÈÛÙËÌ›Ô˘ £Ú¿Î˘
™ÙËÓ ·ÚÔ‡Û· ÂÚÁ·Û›· ÚÔÛÂÁÁ›˙Ô˘Ì ÙËÓ „˘¯Ô·ıÔÏÔÁÈ΋ ÌÂϤÙË Ù˘ ‰È¤ÁÂÚÛ˘ Ì ÁÓÒÌÔÓ· ÙË ‰È·ÊÔÚ¿ ÌÂٷ͇ ÙˆÓ ÂÓÓÔÈÒÓ
“ηٷÓÔÒ” Î·È “ÂÚÌËÓ‡ˆ” ÛÙÔ „˘¯Ô·ıÔÏÔÁÈÎfi ‰›Ô. ∏ ‰È¿ÎÚÈÛË ·˘Ù‹ - Ë ÔÔ›· ÔÊ›ÏÂÙ·È ÂÓ ÔÏÏÔ›˜ ÛÙË ÛΤ„Ë ÙÔ˘ ÁÂÚÌ·ÓÔ‡ „˘¯Ô·ıÔÏfiÁÔ˘ K. Jaspers - ·ÓÙÏ› ÙÔ ÂӉȷʤÚÔÓ Ù˘ ·fi ÙÔ ÁÂÁÔÓfi˜ fiÙÈ Ô‰ËÁ› ÛÙË ‰È·ÊÔÚÔÔ›ËÛË ÌÂٷ͇ ÙˆÓ ÂÓÓÔÈÒÓ „˘¯Ô·ıÔÏÔÁÈ΋ ÂÍ‹ÁËÛË Î·È ·ÈÙÈÔÏÔÁÈ΋ ÁÓÒÛË ÙÔ˘ „˘¯Ô·ıÔÏÔÁÈÎÔ‡ Ê·ÈÓÔ̤ÓÔ˘ Ë ÔÔ›· ηٷϋÁÂÈ Ì ÙË ÛÂÈÚ¿ Ù˘ ηÈ
ÛÙË ‰È·ÊÔÚÔÔ›ËÛË ÌÂٷ͇ ÂÚÌËÓ›·˜ Î·È ·ÈÙÈÔÏÔÁ›·˜. Àfi ÙÔ Êˆ˜ ·˘ÙÒÓ ÙˆÓ ‰Â‰Ô̤ӈÓ, ÔÈ ‰ÈÂÁÂÚÙÈΤ˜ ÂΉËÏÒÛÂȘ ‰È·ÎÚ›ÓÔÓÙ·È Û ηٷÓÔËÙ¤˜ Î·È .¯. Ë ‰È¤ÁÂÚÛË ÙÔ˘ „˘¯Ô·ıËÙÈÎÔ‡, Î·È ·Î·Ù·ÓfiËÙ˜ fiˆ˜ ·˘Ù¤˜ ηٿ ÙË ‰È¿ÚÎÂÈ· ·Ú·ÏËÚËÙÈÎÒÓ
ηٷÛÙ¿ÛˆÓ. ™ÙȘ ÙÂÏÂ˘Ù·›Â˜, Ë „˘¯Ô·ıÔÏÔÁÈ΋ ÚÔÛ¤ÁÁÈÛË Á›ÓÂÙ·È ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚÔ ˘fi ÙÔ Ú›ÛÌ· Ù˘ ÂÚÌËÓ›·˜ Î·È fi¯È ÙfiÛÔ
Ù˘ ηٷÓfiËÛ˘. ∂ÓÙ¿ÛÛÔ˘Ì Û Í¯ˆÚÈÛÙ‹ ηÙËÁÔÚ›· ÙȘ ‰ÈÂÁ¤ÚÛÂȘ ÂΛӘ ÙˆÓ ÔÔ›ˆÓ Ë ÂÍ‹ÁËÛË ıÂÌÂÏÈÒÓÂÙ·È Û ÌÈ· ·ÓÙÈÎÂÈÌÂÓÈ΋ ·ÈÙÈÔÏÔÁÈ΋ ÁÓÒÛË .¯. ÔÈ ‰ÈÂÁÂÚÙÈΤ˜ ÂΉËÏÒÛÂȘ ÙˆÓ Ó¢ÚÔÏÔÁÈÎÒÓ ÓÔÛËÌ¿ÙˆÓ.
§¤ÍÂȘ ¢ÚËÙËÚ›Ô˘: „˘¯Ô·ıÔÏÔÁ›·, ÂÚÌËÓ‡ˆ, ηٷÓÔÒ, ÁÓˆÚ›˙ˆ, ‰È¤ÁÂÚÛË.
∏ ‰È¤ÁÂÚÛË ˆ˜ ·Ô‰ÈÔÚÁ¿ÓˆÛË ÙˆÓ „˘¯ÔÎÈÓËÙÈÎÒÓ ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁÈÒÓ ·ÔÙÂÏ› ̤ÚÔ˜ Ù˘ ÎÏÈÓÈ΋˜ Î·È Î·Ùã Â¤ÎÙ·ÛË Ù˘
„˘¯Ô·ıÔÏÔÁÈ΋˜ ÌÂϤÙ˘ Ù˘ ÔÔ›·˜ ÛÙfi¯Ô˜ Â›Ó·È Ë Û‡ÏÏË„Ë – ηٷÓfiËÛË ÙÔ˘ Û˘ÓfiÏÔ˘ Ù˘ ·ıÔÏÔÁÈ΋˜ „˘¯È΋˜
ηٿÛÙ·Û˘ Ô˘ ‚ÈÒÓÂÈ ÂÓ ÚÔÎÂÈ̤ӈ Ô ·ÛıÂÓ‹˜. ∂› ·Ú·‰Â›ÁÌ·ÙÈ, ‰ÂÓ ÌÔÚԇ̠ӷ ÚÔÛÂÁÁ›˙Ô˘Ì ÙË ‚Ȉ̷ÙÈ΋
ÂÌÂÈÚ›· ÙÔ˘ Ì·ÓÈ·ÎÔ‡ ¯ˆÚ›˜ Ó· Ï·Ì‚¿ÓÔ˘Ì ˘’ fi„ÈÓ ÙË
ÌÔÚÊ‹ Ù˘ ‰È¤ÁÂÚÛ˘ Ô˘ ÙÔÓ Û˘Óԉ‡ÂÈ, Ô‡Ù ӷ ·Ú·ÙËÚԇ̠¤Ó· Û¯È˙ÔÊÚÂÓ‹ ‰È·¯ˆÚ›˙ÔÓÙ·˜ ·fi ÙËÓ „˘¯È΋ ÙÔ˘
˙ˆ‹ – ‰ËÏ·‰‹ ·fi ÙË ‰È·Û·ÛÙÈ΋ ÙÔ˘ ‰È·Ù·Ú·¯‹ – ÙȘ ‰ÈÂÁÂÚÙÈΤ˜ ÙÔ˘ ÂΉËÏÒÛÂȘ.
™ã ·˘Ù¤˜ ÙȘ ÂÚÈÙÒÛÂȘ, fiˆ˜ ÂÈÛËÌ·›ÓÂÈ Ô ∏.∂y1, ÔÈ ‰ÈÂÁÂÚÙÈΤ˜ ÂΉËÏÒÛÂȘ Û˘Ó‰¤ÔÓÙ·È ¿ÌÂÛ· Ì ÙËÓ Ô˘Û›· ÙÔ˘ ›‰ÈÔ˘
ÙÔ˘ „˘¯Ô·ıÔÏÔÁÈÎÔ‡ Ê·ÈÓÔ̤ÓÔ˘ ÂÓÒ Û ¿ÏϘ , ÔÈ ‰ÈÂÁ¤ÚÛÂȘ Û˘ÓÈÛÙÔ‡Ó ÌÂÌÔӈ̤Ó˜ ÂÎÊ¿ÓÛÂȘ, fi„ÂȘ ı· ϤÁ·ÌÂ, ÔÈ
Ôԛ˜ Â›Ó·È ·ÔÌ·ÎÚ˘Ṳ̂Ó˜ ·fi ÙÔÓ ˘Ú‹Ó· ÙÔ˘ „˘¯Ô·ıÔÏÔÁÈÎÔ‡ ÁÂÁÔÓfiÙÔ˜ ÁÈ· Ó· ÙȘ ·Ô‰›‰Ô˘Ì ÌÂÁ¿ÏË ÛËÌÂÈÔÏÔÁÈ΋ ·Í›·. ÕÏÏË „˘¯Ô·ıÔÏÔÁÈ΋ ÛËÌ·Û›· Î·È ÛÔ˘‰·ÈfiÙËÙ·
¤¯ÂÈ Â› ·Ú·‰Â›ÁÌ·ÙÈ Ë ‰È¤ÁÂÚÛË ÙÔ˘ Ì·ÓÈ·ÎÔ‡ Î·È ¿ÏÏË ·˘Ù‹
ÙÔ˘ „˘¯Ô·ıËÙÈÎÔ‡.
Ορισµός της έννοιας ψυχοπαθολογία
∞˜ ÌÔ˘ ÂÈÙÚ·› fï˜ ÛÙÔ ÛËÌÂ›Ô ·˘Ùfi ¤Ó· Û‡ÓÙÔÌÔ Û¯fiÏÈÔ ÁÈ· ÙȘ ¤ÓÓÔȘ Ù˘ „˘¯Ô·ıÔÏÔÁ›·˜ Î·È Ù˘ ÂÚÌËÓ›·˜.
∂Èı˘ÌÒ ·˘Ùfi ÙÔ Û¯fiÏÈÔ ÁÈ· Ó· ·Ó·‰Â›Íˆ ÙȘ ÛËÌ·ÛÈÔÏÔÁÈΤ˜
‰˘ÛÎÔϛ˜ Ô˘ ·˘Ù¤˜ ÔÈ ¤ÓÓÔȘ ÂÌÂÚȤ¯Ô˘Ó, ÛËÌ·ÛÈÔÏÔÁÈΤ˜
‰˘ÛÎÔϛ˜ ÔÈ Ôԛ˜ Â›Ó·È È‰È·›ÙÂÚ· ÔÈ˘ Û fiÛÔ˘˜ ·Û¯ÔÏÔ‡ÓÙ·È Ì ÙËÓ ÂÈÛÙ‹ÌË Ù˘ „˘¯È·ÙÚÈ΋˜.
√ fiÚÔ˜ «„˘¯Ô·ıÔÏÔÁ›·» Â›Ó·È ‰ÈÊÔÚÔ‡ÌÂÓÔ˜. ªÔÚ› Ó·
˘Ô‰ËÏÒÓÂÈ Ù·˘Ùfi¯ÚÔÓ· Î·È ÙËÓ „˘¯È΋ ‰È·Ù·Ú·¯‹, ‰ËÏ·‰‹ ÙÔ
·ıÔÏÔÁÈÎfi „˘¯ÈÎfi Ê·ÈÓfiÌÂÓÔ, Î·È ÙËÓ ÂÈÛÙ‹ÌË Ô˘ ÙËÓ
ÌÂÏÂÙ¿. ∏ ‰ÈÏ‹ ·˘Ù‹ ÛËÌ·Û›· ÚÔ·ÙÂÈ ·fi ÙËÓ ÚÔԉ¢ÙÈ΋ Ù¿ÛË Ù˘ ÂÈÛÙ‹Ì˘ Ù˘ „˘¯Ô·ıÔÏÔÁ›·˜ fi¯È ÌfiÓÔ Ó· ÂÚÈÁÚ¿„ÂÈ ÙÔ ·ıÔÏÔÁÈÎfi „˘¯ÈÎfi Ê·ÈÓfiÌÂÓÔ ·ÏÏ¿ Â›Û˘ Î·È Ó·
ÚÔÛ‰ÈÔÚ›ÛÂÈ ÙË Ê‡ÛË ÙÔ˘, ÙÔ˘˜ Ì˯·ÓÈÛÌÔ‡˜ ÙÔ˘ Î·È ÙȘ ·Èٛ˜
ÙÔ˘. ∂›Ó·È ¿ÏψÛÙ Ì ÙËÓ ÙÂÏÂ˘Ù·›· ·˘Ù‹ ÛËÌ·Û›· Ô˘ Ô fiÚÔ˜
«„˘¯Ô·ıÔÏÔÁ›·» ¯ÚËÛÈÌÔÔÈÂ›Ù·È Û˘Ó‹ıˆ˜ ÛÙȘ ̤Ú˜ Ì·˜.
™‡Ìʈӷ Ì· ÙÔ˘˜ Lanteri – Laura Î·È Bouttier2 ÚÔÙ›ÓÔ˘ÌÂ
ÙÚÂȘ ÛË̷ۛ˜ ÛÙËÓ ¤ÓÓÔÈ· „˘¯Ô·ıÔÏÔÁ›·:
ñ ÂÚÈÁÚ·Ê‹ Ù˘ ÂÌÂÈÚ›·˜ Ô˘ ‚ÈÒÓÂÈ Ô „˘¯È·ÙÚÈÎfi˜ ·ÛıÂÓ‹˜
ñ ηٷÁÚ·Ê‹ Ù˘ ÛËÌÂÈÔÏÔÁ›·˜ (ÌÂϤÙË ÙˆÓ ÛËÌ›ˆÓ) ÙˆÓ
„˘¯Ô·ıÔÏÔÁÈÎÒÓ Ê·ÈÓÔÌ¤ÓˆÓ Â‰Ò Ë „˘¯Ô·ıÔÏÔÁ›·
Û˘Ì›ÙÂÈ Ì ÙËÓ ÎÏÈÓÈ΋ „˘¯È·ÙÚÈ΋ (¿ÌÂÛË ·Ú·Ù‹ÚËÛË ÙˆÓ
ÂΉËÏÒÛÂˆÓ Ù˘ „˘¯È΋˜ ·Ûı¤ÓÂÈ·˜)
ñ ΢ڛ·Ú¯Â˜ ÂÂÍËÁËÌ·ÙÈΤ˜ ıˆÚËÙÈΤ˜ ·fi„ÂȘ ÙˆÓ „˘¯Ô·ıÔÏÔÁÈÎÒÓ Ê·ÈÓÔ̤ӈÓ.
∆ιάκριση µεταξύ των όρων κατανοώ, γνωρίζω,
ερµηνεύω
™Â fiÙÈ ·ÊÔÚ¿ ÙËÓ ¤ÓÓÔÈ· Ù˘ ÂÚÌËÓ›·˜, ıˆÚÒ fiÙÈ ·Í›˙ÂÈ
Ó· ·Ó·ÊÂÚıԇ̠ÂÓ Û˘ÓÙÔÌ›· ÛÙËÓ ÚÔÛ¤ÁÁÈÛË (ηÙã Â¤ÎÙ·ÛÈÓ Î·È ÛÙË ‰È¿ÎÚÈÛË) Ô˘ οÓÂÈ Ô Jaspers3 ÙˆÓ fiÚˆÓ Î·Ù·ÓÔÒ, ÁÓˆÚ›˙ˆ, ÂÚÌËÓ‡ˆ. √ Jaspers ÂÈÛËÌ·›ÓÂÈ fiÙÈ ÔÈ Î·Ù·ÛÙ¿ÛÂȘ Ù˘ „˘¯‹˜ ¤¯Ô˘Ó ÌÈ· ÛÙ·ÙÈ΋ Î·È ÌÈ· ‰˘Ó·ÌÈ΋ ÌÔÚÊ‹.
∂› ·Ú·‰Â›ÁÌ·ÙÈ Ë ÔÚÁ‹ Î·È Ë ˙‹ÏÈ· (·Ó·Ê¤ÚÔÌ·È Ûã ·˘Ù¤˜
ÁÈ·Ù› ÌÔÚ› Ó· Û¯ÂÙ›˙ÔÓÙ·È Ì ÙÔ Ê·ÈÓfiÌÂÓÔ Ù˘ ‰È¤ÁÂÚÛ˘
Ô˘ Â‰Ò ÌÂÏÂÙ¿ÌÂ) Â›Ó·È È‰È·›ÙÂÚ˜ „˘¯ÈΤ˜ ηٷÛÙ¿ÛÂȘ ÔÈ
Ôԛ˜ ÂÎÊÚ¿˙Ô˘Ó ÙÔ „˘¯ÈÎfi ‚›ˆÌ· ÛÙË ÛÙ·ÙÈ΋ ÙÔ˘ ÌÔÚÊ‹
‰ËÏ·‰‹ ÂÎÊÚ¿˙Ô˘Ó ·˘Ùfi Ô˘ ‚ÈÒÓÂÈ ÂΛÓË ÙË ÛÙÈÁÌ‹ ÙÔ ¿ÙÔÌÔ
(·˘Ùfi Â›Ó·È Î·È ÙÔ ·ÓÙÈΛÌÂÓÔ ÌÂϤÙ˘ Ù˘ Ê·ÈÓÔÌÂÓÔÏÔÁ›·˜).
∏ „˘¯‹ fï˜ ‚Ú›ÛÎÂÙ·È Ù·˘Ùfi¯ÚÔÓ· Î·È Û ΛÓËÛË, „˘¯Èο Ê·ÈÓfiÌÂÓ· ‰È·‰¤¯ÔÓÙ·È ÙÔ ¤Ó· ÙÔ ¿ÏÏÔ. Ë Î·Ù·ÓfiËÛË ·˘Ù‹˜
Ù˘ ·ÏÏËÏÔ˘¯›·˜ ÔÓÔÌ¿˙ÂÙ·È ÁÂÓÂÙÈ΋ ηٷÓfiËÛË (Û ·ÓÙȉȷÛÙÔÏ‹ Ì ÙËÓ ÚÔËÁÔ‡ÌÂÓË ÂÚ›ÙˆÛË Ô˘ ·ÔηÏÂ›Ù·È ÛÙ·ÙÈ΋ ηٷÓfiËÛË) .¯. ηٷÓÔÒ fiÙÈ ·˘Ùfi˜ Ô˘ ‰¤¯ÂÙ·È Â›ıÂÛË
ı˘ÌÒÓÂÈ ‹ fiÙÈ Ô ··ÙË̤ÓÔ˜ Û‡˙˘ÁÔ˜ Á›ÓÂÙ·È ˙ËÏfiÙ˘Ô˜. ∞˘Ù‹
Ë ÁÂÓÂÙÈ΋ ηٷÓfiËÛË Ô˘ ÔÓÔÌ¿˙ÂÙ·È Î·È „˘¯ÔÏÔÁÈ΋ ÂÍ‹ÁËÛË ÁÚ‹ÁÔÚ· ·ÁÁ›˙ÂÈ Ù· fiÚÈ· Ù˘ ÛÙËÓ „˘¯Ô·ıÔÏÔÁ›·. ™ÙÔ
‰›Ô Ù˘ ÙÂÏÂ˘Ù·›·˜ ÂÌÊ·Ó›˙ÔÓÙ·È Ó¤· „˘¯Èο Ê·ÈÓfiÌÂÓ· ÌÂ
¤Ó· ·Î·Ù·ÓfiËÙÔ ÙÚfiÔ. ∞˘Ùfi Û˘Ì‚·›ÓÂÈ .¯. Ì ÙÔÓ ˙ËÏfiÙ˘Ô
Û‡˙˘ÁÔ Ô˘ ¯ˆÚ›˜ ·ÓÙÈÎÂÈÌÂÓÈο Ë Û‡ÓÙÚÔÊfi˜ ÙÔ˘ Ó· ÙÔ˘ ‰›ÓÂÈ
·ÊÔṲ́˜ ÁÈ· Ó· ‰ÈηÈÔÏÔÁ› ¤Ó· Ù¤ÙÔÈÔ Û˘Ó·›ÛıËÌ· ÂÓÙÔ‡ÙÔȘ
·˘Ùfi˜ Â›Ó·È ˙ËÏfiÙ˘Ô˜ (·Ú·ÓÔ˚Îfi ·Ú·Ï‹ÚËÌ·). √ ∫. Jaspers
ÂÈÛËÌ·›ÓÂÈ fiÙÈ ·˘Ù¤˜ ÔÈ ÂÚÈÙÒÛÂȘ ·ÔÙÂÏÔ‡Ó ÙÔ ‚·ÛÈÎfi
˘Ú‹Ó· Ù˘ „˘¯È·ÙÚÈ΋˜. ∂‰Ò Ë Î·Ù·ÓfiËÛË ·ÔÙ˘Á¯¿ÓÂÈ, ÂÓÒ
ÛÙË ı¤ÛË Ù˘ ‰ÂÓ ˘¿Ú¯ÂÈ Ë ÁÓÒÛË Î¿ÔÈ·˜ Ê˘ÛÈ΋˜ ‰È·‰Èηۛ·˜ (fiˆ˜ ÛÙËÓ ÂÚ›ÙˆÛË ÙÔ˘ ·ÏÎÔÔÏÈÎÔ‡ ˙ËÏÔÙ˘ÈÎÔ‡
·Ú·ÏËÚ‹Ì·ÙÔ˜). ™' ·˘Ù‹Ó ÙËÓ ÂÚ›ÙˆÛË ÁÈ· Ó· ÂÍËÁ‹ÛÔ˘ÌÂ
50
∏ æÀÃ√¶∞£√§√°π∫∏ ∂ƒª∏¡∂π∞ ∆∏™ ¢π∂°∂ƒ™∏™
ÙËÓ ·ÏÏËÏÔ˘¯›· ÙˆÓ „˘¯ÈÎÒÓ Ê·ÈÓÔÌ¤ÓˆÓ ¯ÚÂÈ·˙fiÌ·ÛÙ ÌÈ·
ıˆڛ· (Ë ÔÔ›· ·Ó··ÚÈÛÙ¿ ÙÔ˘ ÎÚ˘ÊÔ‡˜ ‰ÂÛÌÔ‡˜ ÌÂٷ͇ ÙˆÓ
„˘¯ÈÎÒÓ ÁÂÁÔÓfiÙˆÓ).
∏ ÛÙ·ÙÈ΋ Î·È ÁÂÓÂÙÈ΋ ηٷÓfiËÛË Â›Ó·È ·ÓÂÍ¿ÚÙËÙ˜ ·fi
οı ıˆڛ· Î·È ·ÊÔÚÔ‡Ó ÙËÓ „˘¯È΋ ˙ˆ‹ fiˆ˜ ·˘Ù‹ ‚ÈÒÓÂÙ·È Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÈο. ∞˘Ù¤˜ ·Û¯ÔÏÔ‡ÓÙ·È Ì ٷ ¿ÌÂÛ· ‰Â‰Ô̤ӷ Ù˘
Û˘Ó›‰ËÛ˘. ∏ ·ÈÙÈÔÏÔÁÈ΋ ÂÍ‹ÁËÛË ÚÔ¸Ôı¤ÙÂÈ ÙËÓ ‡·ÚÍË
ÂÍˆÛ˘ÓÂȉËÛÈ·ÎÒÓ „˘¯ÈÎÒÓ Ì˯·ÓÈÛÌÒÓ, ÚÔ¸Ôı¤ÙÂÈ ÙËÓ
‡·ÚÍË ˘ÔÙÈı¤ÌÂÓˆÓ „˘¯ÈÎÒÓ ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁÈÒÓ. ŸÛÔ ÏÈÁfiÙÂÚÔ
ηٷÓÔԇ̠ÙfiÛÔ ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚÔ ÂÚÌËÓ‡ԢÌÂ. ™’ ·˘Ùfi ÙÔ Â›Â‰Ô Î·Ù¿ ÙËÓ ¿Ô„Ë Ì·˜ ÏÂÈÙÔ˘ÚÁ› .¯. Ë ÊÚÔ¸‰È΋ ÂÚÌËÓ›· ÙÔ˘ ˙ËÏÔÙ˘ÈÎÔ‡ ·Ú·ÏËÚ‹Ì·ÙÔ˜.
¢ËÏ·‰‹, ÂÓ Î·Ù·ÎÏ›‰È, ηٷÓfiËÛË Î·È ÂÚÌËÓ›· ·ÊÂÓfi˜
‰ÂÓ Û˘Ì›ÙÔ˘Ó ˆ˜ ¤ÓÓÔȘ Û‡Ìʈӷ Ì ÙË Á·ÛÂÚÛÈ·Ó‹ ıÂÒÚËÛ˘ Î·È ·ÊÂÙ¤ÚÔ˘ ‰ÂÓ ·Ó‹ÎÔ˘Ó ÛÙÔ ›‰ÈÔ Â›Â‰Ô ÁÓÒÛ˘: Ë
ηٷÓfiËÛË ¤¯ÂÈ ·ÓÙÈÎÂÈÌÂÓÈ΋ ÚÔÊ¿ÓÂÈ· (fiÏÔÈ Û˘ÌʈÓÔ‡ÌÂ
fiÙÈ Ô ··ÙË̤ÓÔ˜ Û‡˙˘ÁÔ˜ Á›ÓÂÙ·È ˙ËÏfiÙ˘Ô˜), ÂÓÒ Ë ÂÚÌËÓ›·
¤¯ÂÈ ˘ÔÎÂÈÌÂÓÈ΋ ÚÔÊ¿ÓÂÈ· (ÌÔÚÒ Î·È Ó· ‰Â¯ÙÒ ÛÙ· Ï·›ÛÈ· ÌÈ·˜ ÌÂÙ·‚È‚·ÛÙÈ΋˜ Û¯¤Û˘ fiÙÈ Á›ÓÔÌ·È ˙ËÏfiÙ˘Ô˜ ÚÔ˜
ÙË Û‡˙˘ÁÔ ÌÔ˘ ˘fi ÙËÓ Â‹ÚÂÈ· ÙÔ˘ ÊÈÏÔÌfiÊ˘ÏÔ˘ Û˘ÌϤÁÌ·Ùfi˜ ÌÔ˘ ÙÔ ÔÔ›Ô ·Ó·‰‡ÂÙ·È Î·Ù¿ ÙË ‰È¿ÚÎÂÈ· Ù˘ ·Ó·Ï˘ÙÈ΋˜ ÌÔ˘ ıÂÚ·›·˜).
Ψυχοπαθολογική ταξινόµηση των διεγερτικών
εκδηλώσεων
Àfi ÙÔ Êˆ˜ ·˘ÙÒÓ ÙˆÓ ‰Â‰Ô̤ӈÓ, Ô Ù›ÙÏÔ˜ Ù˘ ÂÚÁ·Û›·˜
Ì·˜ ÁÈ· Ó· Á›ÓÂÈ ÏËÚ¤ÛÙÂÚÔ˜ ı· ¤ÚÂ ӷ ›ӷÈ: «∏ „˘¯Ô·ıÔÏÔÁÈ΋ ηٷÓfiËÛË – ÂÚÌËÓ›· Ù˘ ‰È¤ÁÂÚÛ˘» ÛÙÔ ‚·ıÌfi
Ô˘ ·Ú·ÙËÚÔ‡ÓÙ·È ·ÊÂÓfi˜ ‰ÈÂÁÂÚÙÈΤ˜ ηٷÛÙ¿ÛÂȘ ηٷÓÔËÙ¤˜ (.¯. Ë ‰È¤ÁÂÚÛË ÙÔ˘ „˘¯Ô·ıËÙÈÎÔ‡), ÎÈ ·ÊÂÙ¤ÚÔ˘ ‰ÈÂÁ¤ÚÛÂȘ ·Î·Ù·ÓfiËÙ˜ fiˆ˜ ·˘Ù¤˜ ηٿ ÙË ‰È¿ÚÎÂÈ· ·Ú·ÏËÚËÙÈÎÒÓ Î·Ù·ÛÙ¿ÛˆÓ. ™ã ·˘Ù¤˜ ÙȘ ÙÂÏÂ˘Ù·›Â˜, Ë „˘¯Ô·ıÔÏÔÁÈ΋ ÚÔÛ¤ÁÁÈÛË Á›ÓÂÙ·È ÂÚÈÛÛfiÙÂÚÔ ˘fi ÙÔ Ú›ÛÌ· Ù˘ ÂÚÌËÓ›·˜ Î·È fi¯È ÙfiÛÔ Ù˘ ηٷÓfiËÛ˘.
ø˜ ηٷÓÔËÙ¤˜ ‰ÈÂÁ¤ÚÛÂȘ ÔÚ›˙ÔÓÙ·È ÂΛӘ ÔÈ „˘¯Ô·ıÔÏÔÁÈΤ˜ ηٷÛÙ¿ÛÂȘ fiÔ˘ Ë ‰È¤ÁÂÚÛË ¤¯ÂÈ ¤Ó· ÓfiËÌ· – ‰›ÎËÓ
ÏfiÁÔ˘ – ÓfiËÌ· Ô˘ Á›ÓÂÙ·È ·ÓÙÈÏËÙfi ·fi ÙÔÓ ·Ú·ÙËÚËÙ‹ ηÈ
Ô˘ ·ÔÛÎÔ› ÛÙËÓ ÂÎÙfiÓˆÛË ÌÈ·˜ Û˘ÁÎÚÔ˘Ûȷ΋˜ ηٿÛÙ·Û˘. ¶ÚfiÎÂÈÙ·È ‰ËÏ·‰‹ ÁÈ· ‰ÈÂÁ¤ÚÛÂȘ Ì «‰È·Ú·ÁÌ·Ù¢ÙÈ΋
·Í›·» ÔÈ Ôԛ˜ Â›Ó·È ÏÈÁfiÙÂÚÔ ·ıÔÏÔÁÈΤ˜ ·fi ÂΛӘ Ô˘
Â›Ó·È ·Î·Ù·ÓfiËÙ˜, ¤¯Ô˘Ó ı·̷ÙÈÎfi ¯·Ú·ÎÙ‹Ú· Î·È ÂÌϤÎÔ˘Ó
ÙÔ ÂÚÈ‚¿ÏÏÔÓ. ªÔÏÔÓfiÙÈ ÏÈÁfiÙÂÚÔ ·ıÔÏÔÁÈΤ˜, fiˆ˜ ÚԷӷʤÚıËÎÂ, ·˘Ù¤˜ ÔÈ ‰ÈÂÁ¤ÚÛÂȘ ı¤ÙÔ˘Ó Û˘¯Ó¿ ÙÔ ·Î·Óı҉˜
Úfi‚ÏËÌ· Ù˘ ÂÎÙ›ÌËÛ˘ ÙÔ˘ fiÛÔ Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÈο ÎÈÓ‰˘Ó‡ÂÈ Ô
·ÛıÂÓ‹˜ ‹ ÙÔ ÂÚÈ‚¿ÏÏÔÓ ÙÔ˘.
™’ ·˘Ù‹Ó ÙËÓ Î·ÙËÁÔÚ›· ÂÓÙ¿ÛÛÔÓÙ·È Î˘Ú›ˆ˜ ÔÈ ‰ÈÂÁ¤ÚÛÂȘ
Ô˘ Û˘Óԉ‡ԢÓ:
1. ÙȘ ÓÂ˘ÚˆÙÈΤ˜ ηٷÛÙ¿ÛÂȘ: Ë ‰È¤ÁÂÚÛË ÙÔ˘ ˘ÛÙÂÚÈÎÔ‡ ›ӷÈ
¤Ó· Ù˘ÈÎfi ·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ·. ∞˘Ù‹ ÂÈÙÚ¤ÂÈ ÛÙÔ ¿ÙÔÌÔ Â›Ù ÙËÓ
¤ÎÊÚ·ÛË, ›Ù ÙËÓ ·ÔÊ˘Á‹ οÔÈ·˜ „˘¯È΋˜ Û‡ÁÎÚÔ˘Û˘.
√ ˘ÛÙÂÚÈÎfi˜ ÌÔÚ› ¤ÙÛÈ Ó· ·ÁÈ‰Â˘Ù› ÛÙÔ ÚÔÛˆÈÎfi ÙÔ˘
·È¯Ó›‰È ‹ Û ÂΛÓÔ ÙÔ˘ ÂÚÈ‚¿ÏÏÔÓÙÔ˜ Ô˘ ÙÔÓ Ï·ÈÛÈÒÓÂÈ Î·È Ó· Ô‰ËÁËı› ÛÙËÓ ÂΉ‹ÏˆÛË ÌÈ·˜ ı·̷ÙÈ΋˜ ηÈ
ÂÓ›ÔÙ ÊÚÂÓ‹ÚÔ˘˜ ‰È¤ÁÂÚÛ˘.
2. ÙÔÓ „˘¯Ô·ıËÙÈÎfi fiÔ˘ Ë ‰È¤ÁÂÚÛË ˘Ô‰ËÏÒÓÂÈ ¤Ó· ıÂÌÂÏÈ·Îfi ¤ÏÏÂÈÌÌ· ÙÔ ÔÔ›Ô ÂΉËÏÒÓÂÙ·È ÂÂÈÛԉȷο Î·È ·ÔÎÏÂÈÛÙÈο ˘fi ÌÔÚÊ‹ ÎÚ›Û˘. ¶ÚfiÎÂÈÙ·È ÁÈ· ÎÚ›ÛÂȘ ηٷÛÙÚÂÙÈ΋˜ ‰È¤ÁÂÚÛ˘ Ì ·˘ÙÔ - ‹ ÂÙÂÚÔÂÈıÂÙÈÎfiÙËÙ·.
2 (1), 2004
∂ÎχÔÓÙ·È ·fi Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÈΤ˜ Ì·Ù·ÈÒÛÂȘ ‹ ·fi ·Û‹Ì·ÓÙ˜
·Èٛ˜ Î·È ¤¯Ô˘Ó Û˘¯Ó¿ ıÔÚ˘‚Ò‰Ë Î·È ÂÎÚËÎÙÈÎfi ¯·Ú·ÎÙ‹Ú·.
™ÙȘ ·Î·Ù·ÓfiËÙ˜ ‰ÈÂÁ¤ÚÛÂȘ ΢Úȷگ› Ë Ú‹ÍË Ì ÙÔ Î·ÓÔÓÈÎfi Î·È Ë ·Û˘Ó·ÚÙËÛ›·. √ ·ÛıÂÓ‹˜ ÂÌÊ·Ó›˙ÂÙ·È ÌfiÓÔ˜ ηÈ
¯·Ì¤ÓÔ˜. ∆Ô ÂÚÈ‚¿ÏÏÔÓ ÙÔ˘, ÌÔÏÔÓfiÙÈ ·Ó‹Û˘¯Ô ‰ÂÓ Ê·›ÓÂÙ·È
Ó· ÂÌϤÎÂÙ·È ÛÙÔ Úfi‚ÏËÌ·. ™ã ·˘Ù‹Ó ÙËÓ Î·ÙËÁÔÚ›· ÂÓÙ¿ÛÛÔÓÙ·È ÌÂٷ͇ ¿ÏÏˆÓ :
1. Ë Ì·Óȷ΋ ‰È¤ÁÂÚÛË Ë ÔÔ›· ÂÚÈÏ·Ì‚¿ÓÂÈ ÂÓ›ÔÙ ÚÔÎÏËÙÈΤ˜ ·ÓÙȉڿÛÂȘ Î·È ÊÔ‚ÂÚ‹ ηٷÛÙÚÂÙÈ΋ ‚È·ÈfiÙËÙ·
(Ì·ÓÈ·Îfi ̤ÓÔ˜)
2. Ë ‰È¤ÁÂÚÛË Ô˘ Û˘Óԉ‡ÂÈ ÙË ÌÂÏ·Á¯ÔÏ›· ÛÙËÓ ·Á¯Ò‰Ë Ù˘
ÌÔÚÊ‹ Î·È Ë ÔÔ›· ÌÔÚ› Ó· Ô‰ËÁ‹ÛÂÈ ÙÔÓ ·ÛıÂÓ‹ ÛÂ
·ÛÙÚ·È·›Â˜ ·ÚÔÚÌËÙÈΤ˜ Ú¿ÍÂȘ fiˆ˜ Ê˘Á‹, ·fiÂÈÚ·
·˘ÙÔÎÙÔÓ›·˜ Î·È ·˘ÙÔ·ÎÚˆÙËÚÈ·ÛÌfi.
3. ÔÈ ‰ÈÂÁ¤ÚÛÂȘ Ô˘ Û˘ÓÔ‰Â‡Ô˘Ó ÙȘ ·Ú·ÏËÚËÙÈΤ˜ ηٷÛÙ¿ÛÂȘ Î·È ÔÈ Ôԛ˜ ÚÔ·ÙÔ˘Ó :
- ·fi ÙÔ ‚›ˆÌ· ηٷ‰›ˆÍ˘ ÙÔ˘ ·ÛıÂÓÔ‡˜
- ·fi ÙËÓ ·ÚÔÛˆÔÔ›ËÛË Î·È ÙÔ ‚›ˆÌ· ÙÔ˘ ۈ̷ÙÈÎÔ‡
‰È·ÛÎÔÚÈÛÌÔ‡
- ·fi ÙË Ì˯·ÓÔÔ›ËÛË Ù˘ „˘¯È΋˜ ˙ˆ‹˜ Ô˘ ÚÔÛ‰ÈÔÚ›˙ÂÙ·È Î˘Ú›ˆ˜ ·fi ÙÈ ÏÂÎÙÈÎÔ-·ÎÔ˘ÛÙÈΤ˜ „¢‰·ÈÛı‹ÛÂȘ ÔÈ
Ôԛ˜ ηıÔ‰ËÁÔ‡Ó ‰›ÓÔÓÙ·˜ ÂÓÙÔϤ˜ ÙÔÓ ·ÛıÂÓ‹
- ·fi ηٷÛÙ¿ÛÂȘ Ô˘ ‰È·Ù·Ú¿ÛÛÔ˘Ó ÌÈ· ·Ú·ÏËÚËÙÈ΋
„¢‰Ô-ÈÛÔÚÚÔ›·. ™ÙȘ ÙÂÏÂ˘Ù·›Â˜ ·˘Ù¤˜ ÂÚÈÙÒÛÂȘ ÙÔ
·Ú·Ï‹ÚËÌ· ‰ÂÓ Â›Ó·È Ë ÁÂÓÂÛÈÔ˘ÚÁfi˜ ·ÈÙ›· Ù˘ ‰È¤ÁÂÚÛ˘.
∂ÓÙ¿ÛÛÔ˘Ì Û Í¯ˆÚÈÛÙ‹ ηÙËÁÔÚ›· ÙȘ ‰ÈÂÁ¤ÚÛÂȘ ÂΛӘ
ÙˆÓ ÔÔ›ˆÓ Ë ÂÍ‹ÁËÛË ıÂÌÂÏÈÒÓÂÙ·È Û ÌÈ· ·ÓÙÈÎÂÈÌÂÓÈ΋ ·ÈÙÈÔÏÔÁÈ΋ Û¯¤ÛË – ÁÓÒÛË. ¶·Ú¿‰ÂÈÁÌ· Ù¤ÙÔÈ·˜ ·ÓÙÈÎÂÈÌÂÓÈ΋˜
·ÈÙÈÔÏÔÁÈ΋˜ ÂÍ‹ÁËÛ˘ ·ÔÙÂÏ› Ë ‰È¤ÁÂÚÛË ÙÔ˘ ·ÏÎÔÔÏÈÎÔ‡
ηٿ ÙË ‰È¿ÚÎÂÈ· Ù˘ ̤ı˘. ¶ÚfiÎÂÈÙ·È ÁÈ· ÌÈ· ÎÏ·ÛÈ΋ ÂÚ›ÙˆÛË Ë ÔÔ› ÂÈÙÚ¤ÂÈ ÛÙÔÓ ÎÏÈÓÈÎfi „˘¯›·ÙÚÔ Ó· ¤¯ÂÈ ·ÈÙÈÔÏÔÁÈ΋ ÁÓÒÛË ·˘ÙÔ‡ ÙÔ˘ „˘¯Ô·ıÔÏÔÁÈÎÔ‡ Ê·ÈÓÔ̤ÓÔ˘ Ë ÔÔ›·
ıÂÌÂÏÈÒÓÂÙ·È ÛÙËÓ ·ÈÙÈÔÏÔÁÈ΋ Û¯¤ÛË ÌÂٷ͇ ·Èı·ÓfiÏ˘ ηÈ
‰È¤ÁÂÚÛ˘. ™ã ·˘Ù‹ ÙËÓ ÂÚ›ÙˆÛË fï˜ ‰ÂÓ ˘¿Ú¯Ô˘Ó ÂÚÈıÒÚÈ· ηٷÓfiËÛ˘, ÙÔ ÌfiÚÈÔ Ù˘ ·Èı˘ÏÈ΋˜ ·ÏÎÔfiÏ˘ ·Ó‹ÎÂÈ ÛÂ
¤Ó· ‰›Ô ͤÓÔ Ì ·˘Ùfi Ù˘ „˘¯È΋˜ ˙ˆ‹˜ Ì ·ÔÙ¤ÏÂÛÌ· Ó·
ÌËÓ Â›Ó·È ‰˘Ó·ÙfiÓ Ó· Û˘Û¯ÂÙ›ÛÔ˘Ì ÙËÓ ·Èı·ÓfiÏË Ì ÙË ‰È¤ÁÂÚÛË Ì οÔÈÔ Î·Ù·ÓÔËÙfi ‰ÂÛÌfi. ™ã ·˘Ù‹ ÙËÓ Î·ÙËÁÔÚ›· ı·
ÂÓÙ¿ÍÔ˘Ì fiϘ ÙȘ ‰ÈÂÁ¤ÚÛÂȘ ÁÓˆÛÙ‹˜ “ÔÚÁ·ÓÈ΋˜” ·ÈÙÈÔÏÔÁ›·˜
(.¯. ·˘Ù¤˜ Ô˘ ÂΉËÏÒÓÔÓÙ·È Î·Ù¿ ÙË ‰È¿ÚÎÂÈ· Ó¢ÚÔÏÔÁÈÎÒÓ
·ı‹ÛÂˆÓ ‹ ÂΛӘ Ô˘ ¤¯Ô˘Ó ÏÔÈÌÒ‰Ë ·ÈÙÈÔÏÔÁ›·).
∆ÂÏÂÈÒÓÔÓÙ·˜, Â›Ó·È ÂÌÊ·Ó¤˜ fiÙÈ ÚÔÛÂÁÁ›Û·Ì ÛÙËÓ
·ÚÔ‡Û· ÂÚÁ·Û›· ÙËÓ „˘¯Ô·ıÔÏÔÁÈ΋ ÌÂϤÙË Ù˘ ‰È¤ÁÂÚÛ˘
Ì ÁÓÒÌÔÓ· ÙË Á·ÛÂÚÛÈ·Ó‹ ‰È·ÊÔÚ¿ ÌÂٷ͇ ÙˆÓ ÂÓÓÔÈÒÓ
“ηٷÓÔÒ” Î·È “ÂÚÌËÓ‡ˆ” ÛÙÔ „˘¯Ô·ıÔÏÔÁÈÎfi ‰›Ô. ∏
‰È¿ÎÚÈÛË ·˘Ù‹ ·ÓÙÏ› ÙÔ ÂӉȷʤÚÔÓ Ù˘ ·fi ÙË ‰È·ÊÔÚÔÔ›ËÛË ÛÙË ÛΤ„Ë ÙÔ˘ ÌÂÁ¿ÏÔ˘ ·˘ÙÔ‡ „˘¯Ô·ıÔÏfiÁÔ˘ ÌÂٷ͇
ÙˆÓ ÂÓÓÔÈÒÓ „˘¯ÔÏÔÁÈ΋ ÂÍ‹ÁËÛË Î·È ·ÈÙÈÔÏÔÁÈ΋ ÁÓÒÛË ÙÔ˘
„˘¯Ô·ıÔÏÔÁÈÎÔ‡ Ê·ÈÓÔ̤ÓÔ˘ Ë ÔÔ›· ηٷϋÁÂÈ Î·È ÛÙË
‰È·ÊÔÚÔÔ›ËÛË ÌÂٷ͇ ÂÚÌËÓ›·˜ Î·È ·ÈÙÈÔÏÔÁ›·˜. ∂›Ó·È ÁÓˆÛÙ‹ Ë Û‡Á¯˘ÛË Ô˘ ÂÈÎÚ¿ÙËÛ ÌÂٷ͇ ·˘ÙÒÓ ÙˆÓ ÂÓÓÔÈÒÓ ÌÂ
ÙËÓ Â›‰Ú·ÛË Ù˘ „˘¯·Ó·Ï˘ÙÈ΋˜ ıˆڛ·˜ (fi¯È ηÙã ·Ó¿ÁÎËÓ
Ì ‰È΋ Ù˘ ˘·ÈÙÈfiÙËÙ·) ÛÙË ÛΤ„Ë ÔÏÏÒÓ „˘¯Ô·ıÔÏfiÁˆÓ.
∂Ï›˙Ô˘Ì ÙÔ fiÓËÌ¿ Ì·˜ Ó· ·ÔÙÂÏ› ÂÏ¿¯ÈÛÙË Û˘Ì‚ÔÏ‹ ÛÙËÓ
·ÔÊ˘Á‹ ·˘Ù‹˜ Ù˘ Û‡Á¯˘Û˘.
2 (1), 2004
∂™∞°π∞¡ °∫∞ƒ√
51
THE PSYCHOPATHOLOGICAL INTERPRETATION OF AGITATION
Esagian Garo
Didactor
The aim of the present study is to examine the psychopathological aspect of agitation based on the difference between two
notions: “comprehend” and “interpret”. This distinction which is mainly based on the philosophy of the German
psychopathologist K. Jaspers leads to the differentiation between psychological interpretation and aetiological knowledge of
the psychopathologic phenomenon. This in return brings about the differentiation between interpretation and aetiology. In
view of this data, agitating behavior is distinguished as “comprehensible” such as the agitation of a psychopath and
“incomprehensible” such as in cases of delusion. In the latter, the psychopathological approach is more one of interpretation
rather than comprehension. Cases of agitation whose explanation is founded on objective aetiological knowledge and
classified in a different category such as the cases of agitating behavior in neurological disorders.(Hellenic J Gen Hosp
Psychiatry 2004; 2(1):49-51.)
Key words: psychopathology, interpret, comprehend, be aware, agitation.
Βιβλιογραφία
1. Ey H, Bernard P, Brisset Ch. Manuale di Psichiatria, Masson
Italia Editori, Milano 1981; 119.
2. Lanteri Laura G, Bouttier JG. Psychologie pathologique,
E.M.C., Paris, Psychiatrie. 37032 C107.
3. Jaspers K. Psychopathologie générale, Claude Tchon, pour
la bibliothèque des Introuvables, Paris 2000.
Αλληλογραφία
Γκάρο Εσαγιάν
∆ηµοκρίτειο Πανεπιστήµιο Θράκης,
Αποστόλου Σούζου 9 , 69100 Κοµοτηνή
Τηλ / Fax : 2531025210, E – mail : [email protected]