Sistemi locali di welfare
Lavinia Bifulco
Attivazione
Partecipazione al lavoro (welfare-to-work),
in alcuni casi obbligata (workfare)
Consumerismo: libertà di scelta del
cliente/consumatore
Responsabilizzazione individuale (accezione
morale)
Empowerment, capacitazione (capabilities)
partecipazione alle scelte
Employability e capabilities
(V. Borghi, 2005)
Responsabilità individuale- responsabilità
collettiva
Dal lato dell’offerta- dal lato della domanda
Persone e contesti
Work first-life first
Skills come presupposto- come risultato
Mercato del lavoro- integrazione fra politiche
Libertà sostantive e voice
Autonomia/dipendenza
Capabilities: dimensione processuale e
interattiva dell’autonomia (interdipendenze)
Dimensione collettiva e sociale
Politiche, risorse, opportunità
Fattori di conversione
Paci M., Pugliese E., a cura di, 2011,
Welfare e promozione delle capacità
Livelli di capacitazione: individuale e collettivo
(empowerment)
Lavoro e conciliazione cura/lavoro
Italia: politiche incerte e frammentate
• Dualismo (segmentazione delle tutele, insiders e
outsiders), assenza di politiche dedicate e
deregolazione
Lavori in corso: Workable
Making Capabilities Work
WorkAble focused on nine case-studies carried out in nine different European
States (Austria, Denmark, France, Germany, Italy, Poland, Sweden, Switzerland
and United Kingdom). The research looked at innovative programmes and
interventions that deal with problems, risks or failures in one or more of the
following transitions: from compulsory school to further education; from
education/vocational training to the labour market and from unemployment or
outside the labour market to employment. By doing this the assumptions,
aspirations and practices of the actors who implement the educational and training
programmes have been reconstructed; key observations have been drawn adopting
a comparative perspective; and recommendations to policy makers have been
drafted
http://www.workable-eu.org/
Workable
In line with the special focus taken by the EU 2020 strategy for the
smart, sustainable and inclusive growth of young people’s
opportunities and their empowerment, WorkAble aims to make
available to policy makers an in-depth understanding about the
capabilities (skills and opportunities) young people need to acquire to
act as capable citizens in European labour markets.
By using the Capability Approach, WorkAble substantially broadens
human-capital perspectives, because capabilities are about choice in
terms of valuable options and not only about having useful and
marketable capacities and skills. On this basis, WorkAble argues that
the expansion of the capabilities of young persons is necessary to
enable them to act as capable citizens in the labour markets of
European knowledge societies. That not only prepares young people to
meet the needs of the labour market but also secures the capabilities
which are needed for them to actively steer their own future
development.
Workable
More precisely, we refer to capabilities for education, work and voice:
The capability for education is the real freedom to choose a training/curriculum programme one
has reason to value. This requires looking on the one side at the quality of educational systems
(especially their ability to integrate everyone at any stage of the curriculum), on the other side at the
ability of young people to make their own educational choices and not to have adaptive aspirations.
Likewise we use the notion of the capability for work to indicate the real freedom to choose the job
or the activity one has reason to value. This entails investigating: a) the quality of training
programmes and of available opportunities in terms of jobs and activities; b) the entitlements linked
to job loss and inactivity and their conditionality; c) the way the notion of “good work” is constructed
(who decides what is a good job that is recognised by society and paid as such, and along what
criteria).
The capability for voice is the capacity to express one’s opinions and to make them count when
decisions concerning oneself are made. It can be seen as a mechanism by which the other two
capabilities are realised. This capability implies that youth have the skills and influence to put
forward their viewpoints, are entitled to do this and are free not to express their voice without having
to incur penalties.
These different capabilities have to be understood in terms of their interdependency and the influence
of the different contexts within which they are realised. They encompass specific challenges to public
policy and would change the political setting of today’s mainstream education, social and youth
policies.
Workable
WorkAble particularly focuses on vulnerable young people who are at risk of social
exclusion and considers programmes that provide them with better opportunities for
them to play an active part in dialogue with relevant stakeholders.
Politicians and experts have been calling for special, and often, individualised measures.
Yet such measures may increase the stigmatisation or even social exclusion of
vulnerable young people. They may be characterised as “losers” and this status can
easily undermine their already low motivation and self-esteem.
Young people are chiefly faced with two risks.
Firstly, in the transitional phase between school and work, some remain or become
socially excluded and are not reached by educational and vocational preparatory
measures. As most of the WorkAble case studies show, young people’s education and
job options are mainly determined by the socio-economic background of their
parents. Because of early negative selection, social exclusion is then reproduced during
this transition.
Secondly, the mechanism systems for the school-work transition are in general unable to
offer a guarantee of a vocational training placement. Insofar the school-work transition
system may contribute to, and reproduce, social inequality.
Lavori in corso: Workable
http://www.workable-eu.org/
Project TRESPASSING – Naples
It is settled up in Quartiere Forcella and Quartieri Spagnoli in Naples, two of
the poorest and most deprived area in the city.
Its aim is to build up personalised paths towards a labour market culture in
order to tackle social exclusion and to develop beneficiaries’ employability
through individual and group counselling.
It focuses on motivation, competencies of young people and on building up a
labour market culture in drop out young people supporting them during the
placement and through an apprenticeship in several selected firms in the two
neighbourhoods
Beneficiaries are young people between 16 and 18 years old with no diploma
and no school or vocational training, characterised by a multiple deprivation
situation.
The project lasts 8 months and it is divided in 3 phases:
• Promotion of group and individual activities about labour market;
• Employment paths building;
• Placement.