Economia del turismo
Corso avanzato
Social Capital
Claudio Cecchi – Dipartimento di Economia e Diritto
Corso di laurea magistrale
"Analisi e gestione delle attività turistiche e
delle risorse"
Roma, 28 aprile 2014
Types of capital
Social capital is [ … ] part of the assets belonging to a
community, together with the physical capital and the human
capital. Therefore the capital, as composed of different parts,
owned by a community (by single members or by the community
as a whole) contributes to the understanding of the development
level reached by the community itself. In other words, in
economics and in other social sciences, the social dimension of
the capital cannot be neglected in order to explain the
performance shown by a community and the outcomes that the
community expect. (Cecchi 2009: 47)
CECCHI C. (2009). Social Capital in Rural Areas: Public Goods and Public Services. In:
ARNASON A.; SHUCKSMITH M.; VERGUNST J. EDS. Comparing Rural Development.
Continuity and Change in the Countryside of Western Europe. p. 47-72, FARNHAM (GB)
BURLINGTON (USA): Ashgate.
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Types of capital
• Physical capital
• Natural
• Capital goods
• Financial
• Human capital
•
•
•
Cultural
Education
Acquired and useful abilities
• Social capital
• Bonding
• Bridging
• Linking
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A definition of Social capital
•
•
•
•
•
Institutions,
relationships,
attitudes, and
values
that govern interactions among people
and
• contribute to economic and social
development.
Grootaert C. and van Bastelaer T. eds. (2002) Understanding and
Measuring Social Capital. A MultidisciplinaryTool for Practitioners.
Washington: The World Bank: p. 2
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A similar definition of Social capital
Social capital refers to the
institutions,
relationships, and
norms
that shape the quality and quantity of a
society's social interactions.
http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/TOPICS/EXTSOCIALDEVELOPMEN
T/EXTTSOCIALCAPITAL/0,,contentMDK:20642703~menuPK:401023~pagePK:1489
56~piPK:216618~theSitePK:401015,00.html
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Un’altra definizione
Il capitale sociale è uno stock multidimensionale, costituito dalle
caratteristiche della struttura sociale che hanno la capacità di
influenzare e coordinare i comportamenti individuali, favorendo
l’azione collettiva e permettendo agli agenti di perseguire fini
altrimenti irraggiungibili.
Lo stock[di capitale sociale] comprende
•le norme sociali e
•i valori condivisi,
•le reti di relazioni interpersonali informali e
•le organizzazioni volontarie
che costituiscono un fattore per la produzione di benessere.
Sabatini F. (2006) Il capitale sociale e la risposta collettiva ai bisogni individuali. In
Cecchi C. e Sabatini F. (2006) Il capitale sociale per la pianificazione e gestione
dei servizi pubblici. Roma: Officina Edizioni. Pp. 27-53
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Institutions
“Institutions […]are settled habits of thought common to the generality of men”
(Veblen 1919, p.239)
"Le istituzioni [...] sono abitudini di pensiero consolidate comuni alla generalità
degli uomini"
Veblen T., (1919), “The Place of Science in Modern Civilization and Other Essays”, New York: B.W. Huebsch.
“An institution is of the nature of a usage which has become axiomatic and
indispensable by habituation and general acceptance.” (Veblen 1923: p 101, n.1)
“Un'istituzione fa riferimento alla natura di un uso che è diventato assiomatico e
indispensabile per assuefazione e accettazione generale.”
Veblen T. (1923) Absentee Ownership and Business Enterprise in Recent Times: The Case of America. New York: B.W.
Huebsch.
7
Relationships
An interpersonal relationship is a strong, deep, or close
association/acquaintance between two or more people that may range in
duration from brief to enduring.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interpersonal_relationship
Interpersonal relationships are social associations, connections, or
affiliations between two or more people.
They vary in differing levels of intimacy and sharing, implying the discovery
or establishment of common ground, and may be centered around
something(s) shared in common.
The study of relationships is of concern to sociology, psychology and
anthropology.
http://www.sciencedaily.com/search/?keyword=Interpersonal+relationship
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Attitudes
An attitude can be defined as ‘a psychological tendency to view a
particular object or behaviour with a degree of favour or disfavour.
Albarracin at al. (2005) Attitudes: Introduction and Scope, in Albarracin, D., Johnson, B. and Zanna, M. (eds),
The Handbook of Attitudes, London: Routledge, p.4
A predisposition or a tendency to respond positively or negatively towards
a certain idea, object, person, or situation. Attitude influences an
individual's choice of action, and responses to challenges, incentives, and
rewards (together called stimuli).
Four major components of attitude are
(1) Affective: emotions or feelings.
(2) Cognitive: belief or opinions held consciously.
(3) Conative: inclination for action.
(4) Evaluative: positive or negative response to stimuli.
http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/attitude.html
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Values
Values account for the stability of the social order. They provide the general guidelines for conduct. In doing so, they
facilitate social control. Values are the criteria people use in assessing their daily lives, arranging their priorities, measuring
their pleasures and pains, choosing between alternative courses of action.
I valori sono alla base della stabilità dell'ordine sociale. Essi forniscono le linee
generali di condotta. In tal modo, essi facilitano il controllo sociale. I valori sono i
criteri che le persone usano per valutare la loro vita quotidiana, organizzando le
loro priorità, misurando i loro piaceri e dolori, scegliendo tra sentieri di azione
alternativi.
http://www.preservearticles.com/2012053132822/what-is-the-definition-of-social-values.html
Rokeach (1973) defines personal values as “an enduring belief that a specific mode
of conduct or end-state of existence is personally or socially preferable to an opposite
or converse mode of conduct or end-state of existence” (Rokeach 1973: p. 5)
Rokeach (1973) definisce i valori personali come "una convinzione duratura che
una specifica modalità di condotta o scopo dell'esistenza è personalmente o
socialmente preferibile ad una opposta o contraria modalità di condotta o scopo
dell'esistenza "(Rokeach 1973. p 5)
Rokeach M. (1073) The nature of human values. New York: Free Press
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… govern interactions among people …
11
.. contribute to economic and social development
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Relazioni fra capitale sociale e turismo
Si veda su Google scholar:
“social capital” tourism
“capitale sociale” turismo
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Google scholar: “Social capital” and Tourism
The role of social capital in encouraging residents' pro-environmental behaviors in
community-based ecotourism
J Liu, H Qu, D Huang, G Chen, X Yue, X Zhao… - Tourism …, 2014 - Elsevier
Structural social capital and hotel performance: Is there a link?
R Sainaghi, R Baggio - International Journal of Hospitality Management, 2014 - Elsevier
An integration of social capital and tourism technology adoption-A case of convention and
visitors bureaus
BC Lee, J Cho, D Hwang - Tourism and Hospitality Research, 2014 - thr.sagepub.com
TOURISM PLANNING AND DEVELOPMENT
E Abson, D Airey, J Akama, M Aldrigui, MS Allahyari… - 2014 - Taylor & Francis
Performance impact of middle managers' adaptive strategy implementation: The role of
social capital
M Ahearne, SK Lam, F Kraus - Strategic Management Journal, 2014 - Wiley Online Library
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Google scholar: “Capitale sociale” eTurismo
Patrimoni e territori
H de Varine - TERRITORIO, 2014
TURISMO, TERRITORIO E ATTRATTIVITÀ DELLA SICILIA: LE POTENZIALITÀ DEI
PARCHI NATURALI
M Miano - compu.unime.it
Politiche territoriali per la rinascita industriale e l'innovazione
M Bellandi - Crescita, investimenti e territorio: il ruolo delle politiche …, 2014 - mybes.it
La mobilità sostenibile tra destination management e mobility management. Un'analisi
esplorativa in Alto Adige
A Scuttari, LM Della, U Martini - MERCATI E COMPETITIVITÀ, 2014 - francoangeli.it
Riccardo Cappellin, Enrico Marelli, Enzo Rullani e Alessandro Sterlacchini
Crescita, investimenti e territorio: il ruolo delle politiche industriali e regionali
Website “Scienze Regionali” (www.rivistasr.it), eBook 2014.1
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From Ostrom’s analysis of social Dylemmas
Substantial evidence has been accumulated […] that humans inherit a
strong capacity to learn reciprocity, norms and social rules that enhance
the opportunities to gain benefits from coping with a multitude of social
dilemmas.
The individual attributes that are particularly important in explaining
behavior in social dilemmas include
1.the expectations individuals have about others' behavior (trust),
2.the norms individuals learn from socialization and life's experiences
(reciprocity), and
3.the identities individuals create that project their intentions and norms
(reputation).
Trust, reciprocity, and reputation can be included in formal models of
individual behavior
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Problemi di misurabilità del capitale sociale
1. Indeterminatezza della categoria di osservazione: Definizione di “Capitale
sociale”. Ne consegue una difficile confrontabilità delle rilevazioni.
2. Multidimensionalità del “Capitale sociale”. Idem
3. Per la rilevazione si usano “indicatori indiretti”. Difficoltà nel distinguere
l’origine dalla sua manifestazione.
4. Gli indicatori, quando vengono valutati, sono “de-contestualizzati”. Tuttavia
il contesto dell’osservazione è fondamentale.
5. Le indagini si concentrano sulla rilevazione di specifiche “reti di relazioni”
(associazioni di volontariato, club, associazioni culturali ecc.). È facile non
percepire i diversi strati di appartenenza.
6. La motivazione dell’adesione ad una rete può risiedere nella condivisione di
valori acquisita all’interno di un’altra rete di relazioni. È difficile cogliere la
’interazione fra le diverse reti”.
Sabatini F. Il capitale sociale in una prospettiva economica. In Cecchi C. Grando S. Sabatini F. (2008) Campagne in Sviluppo. Capitale
sociale e comunità rurali in Europa. Torino: Rosenberg & Sellier. Pp. 33-66
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Distinctions about the quality and kinds of
social capital*
Gitell and Vidal (1998) and Szreter and Woolcock (2004)
differentiate three types of social capital:
Bonding
Bridging
Linking
Gitell, R. V. and Vidal, A. (1998) Community Organizing: Building Social Capital as a Development Strategy, Newbury Park, Sage
Publications.
Putnam, R. (2000) Bowling Alone: The Collapse and Revival of American Community, New York, Simon & Schuster.
Szreter, S. and Woolcock, M. (2004) ‘Health by association? Social capital, social theory, and the political economy of public health’,
International Journal of Epidemiology, 33(4), pp. 650–67.
*Hawkins R.L. and Maurer K. (2010) Bonding, Bridging and Linking: How Social Capital Operated in New Orleans following Hurricane
Katrina. British Journal of Social Work, 40, 1777–1793
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Bonding social capital
Bonding social capital refers to relationships amongst members of a
network who are similar in some form (Putnam, 2000).
Bonding refers typically to relations among members of families and ethnic groups.
Putnam, R. (2000) Bowling Alone: The Collapse and Revival of American Community, New York, Simon & Schuster.
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Bridging social capital
Bridging social capital refers to relationships amongst people who are
dissimilar in a demonstrable fashion, such as age, socio-economic
status, race/ethnicity and education (Szreter and Woolcock, 2004).
Bridging social capital refers to relations with distant friends, associates and colleagues.
Szreter, S. and Woolcock, M. (2004) ‘Health by association? Social capital, social theory, and the political economy of public health’,
International Journal of Epidemiology, 33(4), pp. 650–67.
20
Linking social capital
Linking social capital is the extent to which individuals build relationships
with institutions and individuals who have relative power over them (e.g.
to provide access to services, jobs or resources) (Woolcock, 2001;
Szreter and Woolcock, 2004)
Linking refers to relations between different social strata in a hierarchy where power, social
status and wealth are accessed by different groups
Szreter, S. and Woolcock, M. (2004) ‘Health by association? Social capital, social theory, and the political economy of public health’,
International Journal of Epidemiology, 33(4), pp. 650–67.
Woolcock, M. M. (2001) ‘The place of social capital in understanding social and economic outcomes’, Isuma: Canadian Journal of Policy
Research, 2(1), pp. 11–17.
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Forms and Scopes of Social capital
1. Different forms of social capital [bonding, bridging, linking]
refer to different degree of cohesion of a community
2. Different scopes focus the attention of the researcher on
the amplitude of the subject that defines, creates and
changes social capital (Cecchi 2009: p. 49)
CECCHI C. (2009). Social Capital in Rural Areas: Public Goods and Public Services. In: ARNASON A.; SHUCKSMITH M.; VERGUNST J.
EDS. Comparing Rural Development
22
Agents of Social capital
Micro-level
individuals who chose to share their interests, their needs and their
actions on the basis of a common aim or of a common problem.
Meso-level
many (at least, more than one) different communities decide to
cooperate or to interact on the basis of their contiguity that can be
defined at a geographical, social or economic dimension.
Macro-level
different micro-actors and many different meso-actors organize
themselves in creating and controlling social capital that belongs to, and
can be used by, each member of the community as a single individual or
as a community.
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The structural and the cognitive dimensions of
social capital
The structural dimension of social capital describes the body of formal
rules that govern the local behaviour
The cognitive dimension of social capital refers to “subjective and
intangible” elements that contribute to govern social and economic
actions; in particular we refer to values, behavioural rules, norms that
define trust at a community level .
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The form and the Scope explain the strength of social capital in shaping
behaviour of individuals and social groups within a community
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Types of communities in relation to the
strength of social capital
The figure above synthesizes and shows the two dimensions of social capital, by
means of examples that distinguish the meaning of the four different quadrants.
Moving from top-left towards down-right, we found at the beginning the
social capital that describes a community top governed with a very low level of
“communitarian life” and, at the end,
a very exclusive community that works mainly through a specific behaviour, with
a high degree of isolation
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Positive and negative outcomes of Social
capital
Positive or negative outcomes of SC result from
1. the interaction between the different types ofsSocial capital and
cooperation
competition
2. the interaction between each type of social capital and the rest of the society
and the economy
cooperation
subordination
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Social capital
1. A
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Economia del turismo
Corso avanzato
Social Capital
Claudio Cecchi – Dipartimento di Economia e Diritto
Corso di laurea magistrale
"Analisi e gestione delle attività turistiche e
delle risorse"
Roma, 28 aprile 2014