ISTITUTO EUROPEO DESIGN
Dr. Alfio Galatà
Efficient Design for Indoor
Comfort and Energy Saving
Performances in Buildings
Master MSP in Lighting Design
Milano, 5 Oct. 2006 Slide: 1
Efficient Design for Indoor Comfort and Energy Savings Performance in Buildings
General Overview
BMS: Building Management System
Case Study: Daylight (thermal & visual)
control
Installation: Facade Management System
Conclusion
Istituto Europeo di Design – Master MSP in Lighting Design
Milano, 5 Oct. 2006 Slide: 2
Efficient Design for Indoor Comfort and Energy Savings Performance in Buildings
Sustainable Development
is a broad view of human welfare, with a long term
perspective about the consequences of today's activities, and
a global co-operation to reach viable solutions without
diminishing the capacity of future generations to meet theirs
needs.
Istituto Europeo di Design – Master MSP in Lighting Design
Milano, 5 Oct. 2006 Slide: 3
Efficient Design for Indoor Comfort and Energy Savings Performance in Buildings
Kyoto Protocol
Agreement for gas emission limitation and reduction
commitments
to
promote
sustainable
development,
implementing new policies and measures, such as:
Enhancement of energy efficiency in relevant sectors of
the national economy.
Promotion of sustainable forms in view of climate
change considerations.
Encouragement of appropriate reforms in relevant
sectors aimed at promoting policies and measures
which limit or reduce gas emissions (i.e production,
transport and distribution of energy).
Research, promotion, development and increased use
of new and renewable forms of energy and innovative
environmentally technologies.
Worldwide Cooperation among Countries to enhance
the individual and combined effectiveness of national
policies and measures adopted.
Istituto Europeo di Design – Master MSP in Lighting Design
Milano, 5 Oct. 2006 Slide: 4
Efficient Design for Indoor Comfort and Energy Savings Performance in Buildings
Sustainable Development Contribution
Information Technology
Bioclimatic Design and Architecture
Energy Efficient Systems
Resource Conservation
Innovative technologies and materials respectful
of the environment
Optimisation of the management processes
Design anticipating future needs
is a common care for everybody to
improve the quality of the life
Istituto Europeo di Design – Master MSP in Lighting Design
Milano, 5 Oct. 2006 Slide: 5
Efficient Design for Indoor Comfort and Energy Savings Performance in Buildings
Automation Processes
Telecommunications
Web Applications
Information Technology
Istituto Europeo di Design – Master MSP in Lighting Design
Milano, 5 Oct. 2006 Slide: 6
Efficient Design for Indoor Comfort and Energy Savings Performance in Buildings
Design with local climate conditions, not without
Building Construction according to environmental
rules
Energy Saving
Best comfort conditions for occupants
Bioclimatic Design and Architecture
Istituto Europeo di Design – Master MSP in Lighting Design
Milano, 5 Oct. 2006 Slide: 7
Efficient Design for Indoor Comfort and Energy Savings Performance in Buildings
Dynamic space allocation and occupant’s behaviour
Microelectronic systems, with a direct impact on
spaces reduction
Distributed systems and distributed control functions
Definition of Chart of Services, management costs
and return of investments
Showing new solutions for future
Innovative Technologies and
Optimal Management techniques
Istituto Europeo di Design – Master MSP in Lighting Design
Milano, 5 Oct. 2006 Slide: 8
Efficient Design for Indoor Comfort and Energy Savings Performance in Buildings
Bioclimatic Design and Architecture
Climate conditions of the Site.
Typically, the Bioclimatic Design and Architecture has
to take into account the following physical variables:

External Temperature

Relative Humidity

Solar Radiation

Wind velocity and direction

Rain
Istituto Europeo di Design – Master MSP in Lighting Design
Milano, 5 Oct. 2006 Slide: 9
Efficient Design for Indoor Comfort and Energy Savings Performance in Buildings
Bioclimatic Design and Architecture
MAIN ASPECTS:

Building envelope and orientation

Surface and position of windows

Building envelope opaque components

Characteristics of glasses

Control of Solar Radiation to avoid overheating
in summer

Natural Ventilation

Environment in the surrounding

Passive Component
Istituto Europeo di Design – Master MSP in Lighting Design
Milano, 5 Oct. 2006 Slide: 10
Efficient Design for Indoor Comfort and Energy Savings Performance in Buildings
Bioclimatic Design and Architecture
Building envelope and orientation: impact on thermal
exchanges with external environment.
Solar Radiation in
summer/winter
incident on the
envelope as a function
of the building
orientation.
Shapes facing East
and West must be
avoided.
TO
1.20 :1
Roma
1.26 :1
PA
4:1
2:1
1.30 :1
1:1
1:2
1:4
rapporto tra i lati
Istituto Europeo di Design – Master MSP in Lighting Design
Milano, 5 Oct. 2006 Slide: 11
Efficient Design for Indoor Comfort and Energy Savings Performance in Buildings
Bioclimatic Design and Architecture
Solar Radiation flowing through the glazing in
summer/winter as a function of building orientation
N
Orientamento
0°
15°
30°
45°
60°
75°
90°
Winter
(MJ/gg)
519
509
484
460
450
455
471
( -2%)
( -7%)
( -11%)
( -13%)
( -12%)
( -9%)
716
844
976
1086
1165
1193
(+ 9%)
(+ 28%)
(+ 48%)
(+ 65%)
(+ 77%)
(+ 81%)
Summer
(MJ/gg)
657
Istituto Europeo di Design – Master MSP in Lighting Design
Milano, 5 Oct. 2006 Slide: 12
Efficient Design for Indoor Comfort and Energy Savings Performance in Buildings
Bioclimatic Design and Architecture
Thermal insulation allows to cut off overheating in
summer introducing a better indoor comfort
conditions and energy savings.
Tmax
Tmax
Tmax
Tmax
Istituto Europeo di Design – Master MSP in Lighting Design
Milano, 5 Oct. 2006 Slide: 13
Efficient Design for Indoor Comfort and Energy Savings Performance in Buildings
Bioclimatic Design and Architecture
THERMAL INSULATION
Es: Wall made by double tiles with air gap (steady-state).
without insulation:
K = 1,06 W/m²K
With insulation (3 cm of poliuretane):
K = 0.53 W/m²K
ADVANTAGES

Reduction of heat losses determines a consequent reduction on
heating/cooling/ventilation energy consumption.

Reduction of heat load means a reduction on the HVAC design
and performances.

Increase of the wall surface temperature determines a
consequent improvement of indoor comfort

Avoid risks of surface heat condense on the wall
Istituto Europeo di Design – Master MSP in Lighting Design
Milano, 5 Oct. 2006 Slide: 14
Efficient Design for Indoor Comfort and Energy Savings Performance in Buildings
Bioclimatic Design and Architecture
Thermal insulation is important to avoid thermal bridges.
Thermal Bridges Disadvantage

Cold surfaces in winter.

Humid surfaces and mildew.

Spot of colour and degradation
of inside/outside finishes.

Increase of heating, cooling
and ventilation heating
consumption.
Istituto Europeo di Design – Master MSP in Lighting Design
Milano, 5 Oct. 2006 Slide: 15
Efficient Design for Indoor Comfort and Energy Savings Performance in Buildings
Bioclimatic Design and Architecture
Windows and glazing: The main characteristics for indoor comfort and
energy savings are: transparency, solar factor and thermal
transmittance.
Component
Transparency
[%]
Solar factor
[%]
Thermal
Transmittance
[W/m²K]
Glazing
90
88
6.0
Double glazing
80
77
3.0
Double Low
emission glazing
74
68
1.7
Double reflecting
glazing
40
40
1.7
Double selective
glazing
40
27
1.7
Windows and glazing must have a good transparency, a low thermal
transmittance and must allow a solar control.
Istituto Europeo di Design – Master MSP in Lighting Design
Milano, 5 Oct. 2006 Slide: 16
Efficient Design for Indoor Comfort and Energy Savings Performance in Buildings
Bioclimatic Design and Architecture
Solar Shadings avoid overheating and are suitable to
improve thermal and visual comfort conditions.
Possible typologies:




Fixed, usually adopted in facades south oriented.
Mobile, usually adopted to perform the automatic
control of vertical position and blind orientation.
Internal, often submitted to manual control
External, have an high level of efficiency concerning
solar control respect to those internal.
Istituto Europeo di Design – Master MSP in Lighting Design
Milano, 5 Oct. 2006 Slide: 17
Efficient Design for Indoor Comfort and Energy Savings Performance in Buildings
Bioclimatic Design and Architecture
Efficiency of horizontal Solar Shadings on the south facade.
Istituto Europeo di Design – Master MSP in Lighting Design
Milano, 5 Oct. 2006 Slide: 18
Efficient Design for Indoor Comfort and Energy Savings Performance in Buildings
Bioclimatic Design and Architecture
Solar Houses
Istituto Europeo di Design – Master MSP in Lighting Design
The Trombe Wall
Milano, 5 Oct. 2006 Slide: 19
Efficient Design for Indoor Comfort and Energy Savings Performance in Buildings
Bioclimatic Design and Architecture
The Natural Ventilation is the most applied technique in order to obtain
passive cooling. It allows:


To reduce indoor air temperature when it is higher than the
external one, and to cool the overall building during the night
hours.
To improve indoor thermal comfort.
°C
Temperatura esterna ed interna in una settimana di luglio
35
30
25
20
15
T esterna
T interna con ventilatori
T interna senza ventilatori
Istituto Europeo di Design – Master MSP in Lighting Design
Milano, 5 Oct. 2006 Slide: 20
Efficient Design for Indoor Comfort and Energy Savings Performance in Buildings
Bioclimatic Design and Architecture
SOLAR SYSTEMS: they convert solar energy into thermal or
electrical energy.
Main barrier: architecture integration in order to obtain the best
efficiency.
Photovoltaic Collectors
Solar Collectors
Istituto Europeo di Design – Master MSP in Lighting Design
Milano, 5 Oct. 2006 Slide: 21
Efficient Design for Indoor Comfort and Energy Savings Performance in Buildings
General Overview
BMS: Building Management System
Case Study: Daylight (thermal & visual)
control
Installation: Facade Management System
Conclusion
Istituto Europeo di Design – Master MSP in Lighting Design
Milano, 5 Oct. 2006 Slide: 22
Efficient Design for Indoor Comfort and Energy Savings Performance in Buildings
Building Management System
Recent developments in computer technologies and
advanced building design on:
 living spaces
 technological plants
 services
 office automation
are merging together to offer an optimal control and
optimal management of the indoor comfort and energy
functions.
The main goal nowadays is to dynamically co-ordinate
the changing needs, to solve all the mutual interactions
of the different building functions:
lighting (artificial and natural)
heating and cooling
indoor air quality and ventilation
Istituto Europeo di Design – Master MSP in Lighting Design
Milano, 5 Oct. 2006 Slide: 23
Efficient Design for Indoor Comfort and Energy Savings Performance in Buildings
Building Management System
The modern concept considers a building
as a WHOLE
where energy plants are integrated with envelope
components and human presence by means of reliable
and low-cost control components, to achieve:
 efficiency, through a continue co-ordination
physical plants with constantly changing needs.
 larger energy saving, by increasing
through a dynamic closed-loop control.
of
efficiency
 higher indoor comfort, by combining the control
actions with the human presence and user’s wishes.
Istituto Europeo di Design – Master MSP in Lighting Design
Milano, 5 Oct. 2006 Slide: 24
Efficient Design for Indoor Comfort and Energy Savings Performance in Buildings
Building Management System
Advanced installation of:
 design, manufacture, engineering, installation,
commissioning and maintenance processes
should be contemporary treated together with:
 climate, building envelope, use of spaces, user’s
wishes
and
behaviour,
control
functions,
management methods and national regulations.
The combination of energy efficiency and individual
optimal comfort is performed by evaluating physical
variables together with individual human requirements.
Istituto Europeo di Design – Master MSP in Lighting Design
Milano, 5 Oct. 2006 Slide: 25
Efficient Design for Indoor Comfort and Energy Savings Performance in Buildings
Building Management System
Ventilation
Heating / Cooling
Indoor Air
Quality
Blind
Indoor
Temperature
Shutter
Indoor Light
Properties
Lighting
Istituto Europeo di Design – Master MSP in Lighting Design
Milano, 5 Oct. 2006 Slide: 26
Efficient Design for Indoor Comfort and Energy Savings Performance in Buildings
Building Management System
THE INTEGRATED CONCEPT
Information and
Communication
technologies
Energy
Management &
Indoor Comfort
Safety, Security
and
Maintenance
Environment
and Climate
Istituto Europeo di Design – Master MSP in Lighting Design
Milano, 5 Oct. 2006 Slide: 27
Efficient Design for Indoor Comfort and Energy Savings Performance in Buildings
Building Management System
The typical main components of a BMS CONTROL SYSTEM are:
 physical devices (hardware), i.e. sensors, actuators,
regulators, switches, electronic valves, which allow to
detect physiacal information and to perform
individual control actions;
 algorithms (functions performed by software), which
allow to perform simple or complex actions to operate
the technological plants in order to apply the
programmed rules;
 field devices and services achieved by engineering.
Istituto Europeo di Design – Master MSP in Lighting Design
Milano, 5 Oct. 2006 Slide: 28
Efficient Design for Indoor Comfort and Energy Savings Performance in Buildings
Building Management System
 field level
 automation or
control level
 management
level
Remote monitoring
is
utilized
when
supervised systems
are geographically
scattered.
Istituto Europeo di Design – Master MSP in Lighting Design
Milano, 5 Oct. 2006 Slide: 29
Efficient Design for Indoor Comfort and Energy Savings Performance in Buildings
Building Management System
A computer-based system (Hardware and Software) enables the
automation of all technological installation within the building
Supervisor system
Firmware
Software
Software
BMS
(control & communication)
protocols (LON, BacNet,..)
Hardware
Hardware
Modules
Sensors
Actuators
Istituto Europeo di Design – Master MSP in Lighting Design
Milano, 5 Oct. 2006 Slide: 30
Efficient Design for Indoor Comfort and Energy Savings Performance in Buildings
Building Management System
A computer-based system (Hardware and Software) enables the
automation of all technological installation within the building
Supervision system
Firmware
Software
BMS
(control & communication)
protocols (LON, BacNet,..)
Hardware
Modules
 each module is firmware embedded, i.e.
each module performs its task(s) in
autonomous and independent way.
Sensors
Actuators
Istituto Europeo di Design – Master MSP in Lighting Design
Milano, 5 Oct. 2006 Slide: 31
Efficient Design for Indoor Comfort and Energy Savings Performance in Buildings
Building Management System
A computer-based system (Hardware and Software) enables the
automation of all technological installation within the building
Supervision system
Firmware
Software
BMS
(control & communication)
protocols (LON, BacNet,..)
Hardware
 each module is firmware embedded, i.e.
each module performs its task(s) in
autonomous and independent way
 supervision system receives/send data
from/to all hardware devices
Modules
Sensors
Actuators
Istituto Europeo di Design – Master MSP in Lighting Design
Milano, 5 Oct. 2006 Slide: 32
Efficient Design for Indoor Comfort and Energy Savings Performance in Buildings
Building Management System
Structure & Components
Local Control
Energy Management
Alarm Management
Data Storing & Processing
Remote Control (Supervisor)
Software
Software
BMS
protocols (LON, BacNet,..)
Hardware
Hardware
I/O Control Modules
Sensors / Actuators
Operation Capability and Data Processing
available to Operators, according to their own
access level authorization.
Istituto Europeo di Design – Master MSP in Lighting Design
Milano, 5 Oct. 2006 Slide: 33
Efficient Design for Indoor Comfort and Energy Savings Performance in Buildings
Building Management System
Typical BEMS Functions (Control Algorithms)
 General Control Functions




Scheduled start/stop control
Optimum start/stop controls
Summer/winter change-over
Discriminator control
 Control of electrical equipment



Duty cycling
Load shedding
Electric equipment restart
Istituto Europeo di Design – Master MSP in Lighting Design
Milano, 5 Oct. 2006 Slide: 34
Efficient Design for Indoor Comfort and Energy Savings Performance in Buildings
Building Management System
Typical BEMS Functions (Control Algorithms)
 Control of air-conditioning
 Outdoor air damper control during warmup/cool-down period
 Unoccupied temperature setback
 Dry bulb economizer control
 Enthalpy economizer control
 Supply air fan control for VAV systems
 Building pressure control for VAV system
 VAV terminal unit control
 Coil freeze protection
 Heat recovery bypass
Istituto Europeo di Design – Master MSP in Lighting Design
Milano, 5 Oct. 2006 Slide: 35
Efficient Design for Indoor Comfort and Energy Savings Performance in Buildings
Building Management System
Typical BEMS Functions (Control Algorithms)
 Heating/Cooling Control
Heating/Cooling plant control
Space heating water circuit control
Steam to hot water convector control
Tube radiation control
Room temperature closed loop control
Open loop control of heating/cooling control
systems
 Open loop control in combination with the
thermostatic valve control






Istituto Europeo di Design – Master MSP in Lighting Design
Milano, 5 Oct. 2006 Slide: 36
Efficient Design for Indoor Comfort and Energy Savings Performance in Buildings
Building Management System
Typical BEMS Functions (Control Algorithms)
Lighting Control
 On/Off
 Occupancy
 Tuning
 Combined control of artificial and daylight
 Demand limiting
 Adaptation and compensation
Istituto Europeo di Design – Master MSP in Lighting Design
Milano, 5 Oct. 2006 Slide: 37
Efficient Design for Indoor Comfort and Energy Savings Performance in Buildings
Building Management System
BMS
Use of technology and process to create a building that is safer
and more productive for its occupants
and more operationally efficient for its owners
BMS technology
Data processing and communication technology
Communication protocols
Software procedures installed into the devices to exchange data
Istituto Europeo di Design – Master MSP in Lighting Design
Milano, 5 Oct. 2006 Slide: 38
Efficient Design for Indoor Comfort and Energy Savings Performance in Buildings
Building Management System
Integration
of
all
technological plants
working within the
building in a unique
automation system
BMS
Fire alarms
Sensors
 Fire and safety systems
Blinds
Elevators
Lighting
Access
HVAC
 HVAC
 Elevators and escalators
 Access control systems
 Lighting management
 Communication available to
occupants / tenants
Istituto Europeo di Design – Master MSP in Lighting Design
Milano, 5 Oct. 2006 Slide: 39
Efficient Design for Indoor Comfort and Energy Savings Performance in Buildings
Building Management System
Management Level (Supervisor)
Interface in a whole: I/O devices, local controllers
communication modules connected to a control network.
Remote Control of
Technological
Plants
and
Facilities
Facilities
Facilities
for Maintenance
Measurement, Alarms,
Events, Diagnostic
Data Acquisition
for Data Storing
Configuration,
Data-Base
High Quality Data Sets
for Data Elaboration
Graphical display,
Trends, Reports,
Print-outputs
Istituto Europeo di Design – Master MSP in Lighting Design
Milano, 5 Oct. 2006 Slide: 40
Efficient Design for Indoor Comfort and Energy Savings Performance in Buildings
Building Management System
Hierarchical control system
VS
Distributed control System
Server
Sensor
Actuator
Istituto Europeo di Design – Master MSP in Lighting Design
•
Cabling management system
no longer assessable.
•
High co-ordination effort.
Milano, 5 Oct. 2006 Slide: 41
Efficient Design for Indoor Comfort and Energy Savings Performance in Buildings
Building Management System
Hierarchical control system
VS
Distributed control System
Control module
Sensor
Actuators
• “Talk and work” ability: Sensor
and actuators exchange
information directly with each
other.
• No need of “Central
Controller”.
• Minimal cabling.
• Flexibility for alterations and
expansion.
• Low cost maintenance.
Istituto Europeo di Design – Master MSP in Lighting Design
Milano, 5 Oct. 2006 Slide: 42
Efficient Design for Indoor Comfort and Energy Savings Performance in Buildings
Building Management System
Main Characteristics
 Economy of maintenance and running costs
(heating, lighting, ventilation, electricity, easy way
Increase
Decrease
to detect the damage and repair it, etc…)
 Decreased Energy cost
 Increased level of comfort and time savings
 Increased individual environmental control
 Safety and control levels are increased
Istituto Europeo di Design – Master MSP in Lighting Design
Milano, 5 Oct. 2006 Slide: 43
Efficient Design for Indoor Comfort and Energy Savings Performance in Buildings
General Overview
BMS: Building Management System
Case Study: Daylight (thermal & visual)
control
Installation: Facade Management System
Conclusion
Istituto Europeo di Design – Master MSP in Lighting Design
Milano, 5 Oct. 2006 Slide: 44
Efficient Design for Indoor Comfort and Energy Savings Performance in Buildings
Case Study - DayLight Control: an integrated concept for a
Blind Controller.

A blind controller
characteristics:



conform
with
to
two
building
heating/cooling --> thermal inertia and climate conditions
visual comfort --> no inertia, immediate control
Use appropriate algorithms for controlling blind position by the:




must
control of passive solar gains, depending on the season
control of visual comfort, depending on the user's presence
The long term aspect is taken into account by considering the
season.
Possible situations:



heating/cooling energy optimum (when user is not present in the
room)
visual comfort optimum (user is present in the room)
user's wishes have always the priority
Istituto Europeo di Design – Master MSP in Lighting Design
Milano, 5 Oct. 2006 Slide: 45
Efficient Design for Indoor Comfort and Energy Savings Performance in Buildings
Case Study - DayLight Control: an integrated concept for a
Blind Controller.
Objective:

avoid glare

allow as much daylight as possible

keep blind movements minimum: to reduce the unexpected movements, the
blind moves if there is a significant difference between the set-point and the
actual position.
Principles:

when the user is present, the position is determined by the visual comfort
rule base

when the user is not present, the position is determined by the heating /
cooling rule base

the user has always the highest priority for setting the blind position.
Algorithm:

if clear sky, consider a possible reduction of setpoint value (in function of
outside illuminance level and incidence angle), in order to take into account
glare risk; if only diffuse, no reduction

depending on the season, allow a further adaptation of setpoint (increase in
winter, reduction in summer)

adjust the blind position through a feedback-controlled loop
Istituto Europeo di Design – Master MSP in Lighting Design
Milano, 5 Oct. 2006 Slide: 46
Efficient Design for Indoor Comfort and Energy Savings Performance in Buildings
Case Study - DayLight Control: an integrated concept for a
Blind Controller.
Thermal rule base concept: user is not present

ga [-]
g [-]
Gv [W/m 2]
k’’ [W/m 2K]

Artificial lighting:
off
Try to help the
heating / cooling
system by
choosing the best
possible blind
position
Ps = [Gv • g • a] + [Gv • g • ga • (1 - a)] – [k" • (Ti - Te)]
a = blind position (a = 0: blind closed; a = 1: blind open)
Window and blind power balance
Istituto Europeo di Design – Master MSP in Lighting Design
Milano, 5 Oct. 2006 Slide: 47
Efficient Design for Indoor Comfort and Energy Savings Performance in Buildings
Case Study - DayLight Control: an integrated concept for a
Blind Controller.
Blind rule base control: user is present
Rules:





When the user enters the room, the controller switches in the visual
optimisation mode.
Artificial lighting and blinds are both controlled automatically.
If there are several blinds, each one has, at the beginning, the same
control algorithm. They are differentiated by the adaptation to the
user.
The user has always the possibility to override the automatic control
system.
Thermal aspects are considered during visual optimisation.
Istituto Europeo di Design – Master MSP in Lighting Design
Milano, 5 Oct. 2006 Slide: 48
Efficient Design for Indoor Comfort and Energy Savings Performance in Buildings
Lighting control: Case Study - an integrated concept for a
Blind Controller
Artificial Lighting rule base

If user is not present, the artificial lighting system is switched off (after
a determined time delay).

If user is present, the visual comfort rule base delivers a Boolean
signal (artificial lighting needed / not needed)

When artificial lighting is needed, the illuminance level provided by the
luminaries must complement the daylight:
Ea = Eset - En
with:
Eset = illuminance set-point (including all the adaptations)
En
= illuminance level provided by the daylight (with actual blind position)
Istituto Europeo di Design – Master MSP in Lighting Design
Milano, 5 Oct. 2006 Slide: 49
Efficient Design for Indoor Comfort and Energy Savings Performance in Buildings
Lighting control: Case Study - an integrated concept for a
Blind Controller
(1) Energy efficiency and saving:

measurements and simulations on one full year (at least one full
season)

comparative measurements on occupied real buildings (2 similar
rooms, regular interchange to cancel the bias due to different user's
behaviour)
(2) Comfort:

for long term comfort statistics, one full year simulation and/or
experiment on real buildings

comfort has to be evaluated together with the energy saving, for the
same periods, using analytical expressions.
Istituto Europeo di Design – Master MSP in Lighting Design
Milano, 5 Oct. 2006 Slide: 50
Efficient Design for Indoor Comfort and Energy Savings Performance in Buildings
Case Study - DayLight Control: an integrated concept for a
Blind Controller.
Politecnique of Lausanne (CH) - LESO Building
Old south façade with only
textile blinds
Refurbished south façade,
with venetian & textile blinds
Istituto Europeo di Design – Master MSP in Lighting Design
Milano, 5 Oct. 2006 Slide: 51
Efficient Design for Indoor Comfort and Energy Savings Performance in Buildings
Case Study - DayLight Control: an integrated concept for a
Blind Controller.
LESO Building - New South Facade Front View
Istituto Europeo di Design – Master MSP in Lighting Design
Milano, 5 Oct. 2006 Slide: 52
Efficient Design for Indoor Comfort and Energy Savings Performance in Buildings
Case Study - DayLight Control: an integrated concept for a
Blind Controller.
LESO Building - New Facade Element: Cross section
Venting
skylight
Two windows in each room:
 lower window --> normal
window
 upper window -->
daylight system
Anidolic
daylighting
system
Plaster
Each window has its own
blind (textile blind)
Istituto Europeo di Design – Master MSP in Lighting Design
12 cm mineral wool
Wood
Milano, 5 Oct. 2006 Slide: 53
Efficient Design for Indoor Comfort and Energy Savings Performance in Buildings
Case Study - DayLight Control: an integrated concept for a
Blind Controller.
Heating [kW]
Air Temperature [°C]
10
Traditional Control
(Instantaneous Regulation)
26
24
22
5
20
18
0
Solar Radiation [W/m2]
00
06
12
18
0
24
8
16
24
1200
600
Air Temperature [°C]
Heating [kW]
0
0
8
16
24
23
10
Energy
Saving
5
21
19
Advanced Control
17
0
00
06
12
Istituto Europeo di Design – Master MSP in Lighting Design
18
24
0
8
16
24
Milano, 5 Oct. 2006 Slide: 54
Efficient Design for Indoor Comfort and Energy Savings Performance in Buildings
Case Study - DayLight Control: an integrated concept for a
Blind Controller.


Two rooms (203 and 204) have been considered, one equipped with
advanced controller and the other one equipped with conventional
controller (no automatic control, only user’s command).
To reduce the experimental bias (room characteristics, user behavior)
exchange several times both rooms has been done:




room 203, advanced controller (time duration t1)
room 203, conventional controller (time duration t2)
room 204, advanced controller (time duration t2)
room 204, conventional controller (time duration t1)
Padv = (Eadv,203 + Eadv,204) / (t1 + t2)
Pconv = (Econv,203 + Econv,204) / (t1 + t2)
Istituto Europeo di Design – Master MSP in Lighting Design
Milano, 5 Oct. 2006 Slide: 55
Efficient Design for Indoor Comfort and Energy Savings Performance in Buildings
Case Study - DayLight Control: an integrated concept for a
Blind Controller.

Field Level




Automation Level





blind controller (Textile blind)
blind controller (Venetian blind)
artificial light controller (continuous dimming or on/off control)
textile or venetian blind controller, user not present (thermal
optimization)
textile blind controller, user present (visual optimization)
venetian blind controller, user present (visual optimization)
artificial light controller (continuous dimming or on/off control)
Management Level


visual comfort evaluation
cost function
Istituto Europeo di Design – Master MSP in Lighting Design
Milano, 5 Oct. 2006 Slide: 56
Efficient Design for Indoor Comfort and Energy Savings Performance in Buildings
Case Study - DayLight Control: an integrated concept for a
Blind Controller.
user feedback and wishes
management level
Control3
Jopt
automation level
field level
par2A
Control2A
Eart
Control1A
Pelec
par2B
blind
Pheating
Toutside
Solrad
Control2B
alpha
Control1B
blind
motor
control
presence (yes/no)
illuminance level (lux)
Memory
all variables
Istituto Europeo di Design – Master MSP in Lighting Design
Milano, 5 Oct. 2006 Slide: 57
Efficient Design for Indoor Comfort and Energy Savings Performance in Buildings
Case Study - DayLight Control: an integrated concept for a
Blind Controller.
EDIFICIO - Questionnaire
(LESO Building)
Room:
Date:

Thermal comfort (fill once for each half day):

Thermal comfort
(Fanger's scale: -3 = very cold, 0 = optimal, +3 = very hot)
Afternoon:
Morning:

Visual comfort (fill once, twice or three times a day)
Visual comfort (fill 2 or 3 times a day):

hh:mm
hh:mm
hh:mm
Illuminance
level
too dark
correct
too bright
too dark
correct
too bright
too dark
correct
too bright
Glare
problems
yes
no
yes
no
yes
no


no
yes
If yes, describe time and nature of problem(s):

System well adapted to user's wishes:
yes
no
During the day, how many times did you need to interact with the system
to modify its behaviour ?
controller problems during the day (yes/no, if
yes description of problems)
Control system adaptation (fill once at the end
of the day):

Control system adaptation
air quality problem during the day (yes/no)
Control system operation (fill when there is a
problem):


illuminance level (too dark, correct, too
bright)
glare problems (yes/no)
Air quality (fill once at the end of the day):

Control system operation problems
vote on a -3 to +3 scale (Fanger's PMV scale)

system well adapted to user's wishes
need to interact during the day with the system
to modify its behaviour (how many times)
Istituto Europeo di Design – Master MSP in Lighting Design
Milano, 5 Oct. 2006 Slide: 58
Efficient Design for Indoor Comfort and Energy Savings Performance in Buildings
Case Study - DayLight Control: an integrated concept for a
Blind Controller.
The energy optimisation, using visual control systems (blind and artificial
light) takes place when the user is not present for a certain amount of time
(e.g. 15 minutes)
Different things are done immediately:
 The artificial light is switched off.
 The slats are closed.
 Each blind is controlled in the same way.

9 different controllers have been developed and tested

the algorithms are tested during three different periods corresponding
to the three possible seasons: winter, mid-season and summer

Two cases studied: with and without cooling system
Istituto Europeo di Design – Master MSP in Lighting Design
Milano, 5 Oct. 2006 Slide: 59
Efficient Design for Indoor Comfort and Energy Savings Performance in Buildings
Case Study - DayLight Control: an integrated concept for a
Blind Controller.
Temperatures during simulation
Mid-season
30.00
Average indoor temperature
25.00
Temperature min.
Temperature max.
20.00
15.00
Without season
only season
Energy [MJ] consumption during simulation
Mid-season
complete
150.00
100.00
50.00
0.00
only season
Complete
Without season
Conclusion:

The variable «season» is essential in order to have a good blind controller.

It’s even better to uses the variable «heating» in addition to the variable
«season».

It’s best to have a positive window heat in mid-season when the heating/cooling
system is off.
Istituto Europeo di Design – Master MSP in Lighting Design
Milano, 5 Oct. 2006 Slide: 60
Efficient Design for Indoor Comfort and Energy Savings Performance in Buildings
Case Study - DayLight Control: an integrated concept for a
Blind Controller.
The visual comfort optimisation, using visual control systems (blind and
artificial light) takes place when the user is present in the room.

Six different controllers have been developed and tested, considering a
combination of:



the exact position (both azimuth and height) of the sun respect to the facade.
different penetrations of the sun in the room (leads to different behaviours).
adaptation of the system (user wishes) respect to the work position.
The choosen algorithm provides:


The maximum blind position, calculated in order to avoid glare.
An adequate inside illuminance, through the final blind position and the
artificial light contribution with the following requirements:
o
To avoid the oscillations (blind position and power light).
o
To keep an intelligent control even if the sensor gives temporarly wrong
value (in case of paper on the sensor, etc…)
o
To reduce the numbers of blind movements
Istituto Europeo di Design – Master MSP in Lighting Design
Milano, 5 Oct. 2006 Slide: 61
Efficient Design for Indoor Comfort and Energy Savings Performance in Buildings
Case Study - DayLight Control: an integrated concept for a
Blind Controller.

Rules for Visual Comfort Optimasation.


If the inside illuminance is far (20%) from the set-point, apply the maximum
blind position control.
If the inside illuminance is very far (50%) from the set-point, apply the
artificial light control, to complete the illuminance level.



In order to allow an optimum adaptation to the user wishes and to the
boundary conditions (room characteristics, current climate), a cost function
need to be elaborated to take into account all the inconveniences:





More if difference is more than 50%
Less if difference is less than 30 %
energy consumption (with possibly different weighting factors for electricity, fuel, etc)
thermal discomfort
air quality discomfort
lighting discomfort
The minimisation of the cost function is automatically determined by the
adjustment of controllers at the automation level (setpoints, membership
functions, various coefficients, etc)
Istituto Europeo di Design – Master MSP in Lighting Design
Milano, 5 Oct. 2006 Slide: 62
Efficient Design for Indoor Comfort and Energy Savings Performance in Buildings
Case Study - DayLight Control: an integrated concept for a
Blind Controller.
Direct illuminance on facade [lux]
3.5
x 10
Maximum blind position
4
Final blind position
1.2
1.2
1
1
3
2.5
0.8
0.8
2
0.6
1.5
0.6
0.4
1
0.4
0.5
0
182.3
182.4
182.5
182.6
182.7
182.3
182.8
0.2
182.4
182.5
182.6
Artificial light contribution [lux]
182.7
182.8
182.3
182.4
182.5
182.6
182.7
182.8
Inside Illuminance [lux]
700
900
600
800
500
700
400
600
300
200
500
100
400
0
182.3
182.4
182.5
182.6
182.7
182.8
182.3
182.4
Istituto Europeo di Design – Master MSP in Lighting Design
182.5
182.6
182.7
182.8
Milano, 5 Oct. 2006 Slide: 63
Efficient Design for Indoor Comfort and Energy Savings Performance in Buildings
Lighting control: Case Study – Visual Comfort: Rules and Methods

Some methods have a theoretical approach:

British Glare Index (1957); Guth Index (1963); Daylight Glare Index (1982);
CIE Glare Index (1983); Aizlewood's Method with DGI (1993).

Some methods are based on experimental data:

Francioli's Method (1998): is a complex function using only two measured
variables at the location where the visual comfort has to be evaluated:



horizontal illuminance [lux]
vertical illuminance on the user's eyes [lux] (that could be approximated by the
luminance on the wall behind the user)
LESO's Method (1998)

Illuminance level discomfort proportional to:



Direct glare discomfort proportional to:





Ic = current illuminance
Is = illuminance set-point
Ci = clarity index (0 if only diffuse, 1 if only direct)
a = blind position (0 if closed, 1 if open)
f(q) = function of incidence angle (1 if q = 0, 0 if q ≥ p/2)
Gvf = global vertical illuminance on the facade [lux]
Artificial lighting discomfort proportional to:


Iart = illuminance due to artificial lighting
Itot = total illuminance (artificial lighting + daylighting)
Istituto Europeo di Design – Master MSP in Lighting Design
Milano, 5 Oct. 2006 Slide: 64
Efficient Design for Indoor Comfort and Energy Savings Performance in Buildings
Lighting control: Case Study – Visual Comfort: LESO’s Method

Final discomfort function:
Illuminace level discomfort
Maximum blind position
( I c / I s  1) 2
C1
C 2 Ci   f ( )  Gvf  C3 I art I tot
Ic / I s
Maximum blind position

C1, C2 and C3 are coefficient (weights) chosen to balance the
different visual discomfort effects.

Drawbacks:
 the coefficients C1, C2 and C3 are rather arbitrary.
 the glare discomfort is only calculated, instead of being
measured directly.
Istituto Europeo di Design – Master MSP in Lighting Design
Milano, 5 Oct. 2006 Slide: 65
Efficient Design for Indoor Comfort and Energy Savings Performance in Buildings
Lighting control: Case Study – Experimental Setup (1)
Sensors installed to perform measurement in the sampling rooms.
Physical value
Type of sensors
Air temperature inside
Presence
Blind position
Illuminance level
PT100
IR sensor
LESO-specific
luxmeter
Output
Number
(per room)
4-wire-measurement
1
Switch
1
Voltage ( 0 to 5 V )
2
Current ( 0 to 1 mA )
3
Physical value
Type of actuators
Strategy of control
Blind position
1 switch up
1 switch down
(for each blind)
Switch (on / off)
Closed loop with
current position
Heating (electric
Time modulation
power)
Artificial light (electric Switch (on / off) +
Closed loop with
power)
dimming (1 to 10 V) current total
illuminance
Istituto Europeo di Design – Master MSP in Lighting Design
Number
(per room)
2
(4 switches
altogether)
1
1
Milano, 5 Oct. 2006 Slide: 66
Efficient Design for Indoor Comfort and Energy Savings Performance in Buildings
Lighting control: Case Study – Experimental Setup (2)
Sensors installed to perform measurement for the whole LESO building
Physical value
Air temperature outside
Horizontal global radiation
Horizontal global illuminance
Wind speed
Wind direction
Type of sensors
PT100
Pyranometer
Luxmeter
Anenometer
weather vane
Istituto Europeo di Design – Master MSP in Lighting Design
Output
[°C]
[W/m2]
[lux]
[m/s]
[degrees]
Number
1
1
1
1
1
Milano, 5 Oct. 2006 Slide: 67
Efficient Design for Indoor Comfort and Energy Savings Performance in Buildings
Lighting control: Case Study – Experimental Results
2
radiation [W/m ]
Artificial light. power
Blind position
(1=max, 0=off)
(1=open, 0=closed)
User presence
(1=present, 0=absent)
Horizontal solar
Lighting controller’s operation: Period 7-8 January 2000
400
300
200
100
0
7
7.5
8
Day number
8.5
9
7.5
8
Day number
8.5
9
7
7.5
8
Day number
8.5
9
7
7.5
8
Day number
8.5
9
1
0
7
1
0.75
0.5
0.25
0
1
0.75
0.5
0.25
0
Istituto Europeo di Design – Master MSP in Lighting Design
Milano, 5 Oct. 2006 Slide: 68
Efficient Design for Indoor Comfort and Energy Savings Performance in Buildings
Lighting control: Case Study – Experimental Results
Heating power [%]
Heating controller’s operation: Period 10-17 February 2000
50
EDIFICIO
40
30
20
10
0
Heating power [%]
40
44
Day number
46
48
50
48
50
48
50
50
Conventional
40
30
20
10
0
40
Inside Temperature [°C]
42
42
44
Day number
46
35
EDIFICIO
30
Conventional
25
20
15
40
42
44
Day number
Istituto Europeo di Design – Master MSP in Lighting Design
46
Milano, 5 Oct. 2006 Slide: 69
Efficient Design for Indoor Comfort and Energy Savings Performance in Buildings
Lighting control: Case Study – Energy Saving Results
Blind controller (Heating + Lighting):
EDIFICIO in
EDIFICIO in
System
room 203 (48 days)
room 204 (46 days)
EDIFICIO
319.5 MJ
261.1 MJ
Total
(94 days)
580.6 MJ
Conventional
784.4 MJ
449.7 MJ
334.7 MJ
The Energy Consumption of the Advanced Controller is 25% lower than
Conventional one.
Energy losses:
 Conventional:
615 MJ
 Advanced:
600 MJ
=> 15 MJ less of energy losses
 13 MJ comes from the difference of average of inside temperatures (22.8°C
for advanced due to adaptation, 23.1°C for Conventional)
 2 MJ comes from the supplementary insulation (blinds down) during night
Moreover, 55 MJ (70-15) are saved through a better use of solar gains
Istituto Europeo di Design – Master MSP in Lighting Design
Milano, 5 Oct. 2006 Slide: 70
Efficient Design for Indoor Comfort and Energy Savings Performance in Buildings
General Overview
BMS: Building Management System
Case Study: Daylight (thermal & visual)
control
Installation: Facade Management System
Conclusion
Istituto Europeo di Design – Master MSP in Lighting Design
Milano, 5 Oct. 2006 Slide: 71
Efficient Design for Indoor Comfort and Energy Savings Performance in Buildings
Facade Management System
The Project: Intelligent automation system specifically designed to
perform a functional control (i.e. control, monitoring, alarms and
trending) over a Façade’s motorised blind, vents and louvers within
the building envelope.
The Riverside Building – Dublin.
Istituto Europeo di Design – Master MSP in Lighting Design
Milano, 5 Oct. 2006 Slide: 72
Efficient Design for Indoor Comfort and Energy Savings Performance in Buildings
Facade Management System
Project’s Requirement:
 Control – the capability to start and stop equipment, adjust control
loops and automatically adapt to the changes of the environmental
and operating conditions.
 Monitoring – the capability of a continuous data acquisition related
to physical variables and the system performances (for all the
facades).
 Alarms – the capability to inform the Operator when a component
is out of service or its functionality is downgraded. Typically
alarms remain active until acknowledgement.
 Trending – the capability to perform on-line and off-line data
elaboration (printoutputs, graphics, statistics, etc.), for all the
analogue and digital variables configured in the system.
Istituto Europeo di Design – Master MSP in Lighting Design
Milano, 5 Oct. 2006 Slide: 73
Efficient Design for Indoor Comfort and Energy Savings Performance in Buildings
Facade Management System
Project’s Requirement:
The following individual elements of the
building envelope were supposed to be
controlled:
 The top and the bottom motorized
louvers in the outer skin of the glass
façade envelope;
 The motorized wooden blinds located
within the façade cavity;
 The motorized vents located within the
inner skin of the façade envelope;
 The motorized shading screens on the
inner surface of the atrium vertical
roof glazing element;
 The concealed motorized vents located
at the upper edge of the atrium roof
glazing.
Istituto Europeo di Design – Master MSP in Lighting Design
Vents
Blind
Louver
External
skin
Internal
skin
Milano, 5 Oct. 2006 Slide: 74
Efficient Design for Indoor Comfort and Energy Savings Performance in Buildings
Facade Management System
Project development
 Distributed architecture so that each façade (i.e. north, south,
east and west) is an independent automation block for the control
system.
 Each control module is divided in sub-modules (e.g. floors or
sectors).
 Physical devices (i.e. motorized blocks) are controlled within each
sub-modules.
 sub-modules performs his task in an autonomous and independent
way each others, so that risk of failure for the whole façade are
saved.
 Parameters:
 the internal thermal and visual conditions, and the external
climate;
 occupant’s requirements;
 Profiles of indoor comfort to maintain;
 Building rules established at the supervisor level.
Istituto Europeo di Design – Master MSP in Lighting Design
Milano, 5 Oct. 2006 Slide: 75
Efficient Design for Indoor Comfort and Energy Savings Performance in Buildings
Facade Management System
The Project: Hardware & Software
 Control devices (modules);
 Field sensor(s);
Hardware
 Communication bus and network (i.e. cables,
line ending modules, electrical circuits,
TCP/IP-LonWorks interfaces, routers, ect.);
 Remote I/O panel (touch screens);
FMS
 Firmware (local control algorithms installed
into the control modules).
Software
 General Management software for centralised
supervision, monitoring and remote system
control;
Istituto Europeo di Design – Master MSP in Lighting Design
Milano, 5 Oct. 2006 Slide: 76
Efficient Design for Indoor Comfort and Energy Savings Performance in Buildings
FMS – Facade Management System
User’s command
Fan
Control Module
System overview:
 Sensors measure the lux
intensity.
SMI motor
 Module receives and
elaborates measurements
and user’s command.
Blinds
Actuators
Sensors
Internal skin
External skin
Istituto Europeo di Design – Master MSP in Lighting Design
 Module provides the
correct position for the
actuators, SMI motor and
the Fan.
The same concept is applied
to HVAC
Milano, 5 Oct. 2006 Slide: 77
Efficient Design for Indoor Comfort and Energy Savings Performance in Buildings
FMS – Facade Management System
Behaviour at Midday:
SMI motor
 Incident solar radiation produces an
internal lux intensity higher than Set
Point value.
 Therefore FNS regulates the blinds
position and slats orientation, through
the SMI motor, to guarantees the
required visual comfort.
Lux intensity
External
skin
Internal
skin
Time [h]
Midday
Istituto Europeo di Design – Master MSP in Lighting Design
Milano, 5 Oct. 2006 Slide: 78
Efficient Design for Indoor Comfort and Energy Savings Performance in Buildings
FMS – Facade Management System
Behaviour in the Afternoon:
SMI motor
 Incident solar radiation produces an
internal lux intensity reduced but still
able to meet the required set point
value.
 Lux intensity is high enough therefore
FMS sets the SMI motor: blinds
horizontal position.
Lux intensity
External
skin
Internal
skin
Afternoon
Istituto Europeo di Design – Master MSP in Lighting Design
Time [h]
Milano, 5 Oct. 2006 Slide: 79
Efficient Design for Indoor Comfort and Energy Savings Performance in Buildings
FMS – Facade Management System
Behaviour in the Evening:
SMI motor
 Incident solar radiation
produces a lux intensity that
is lower than the required
set point value.
 Lux intensity is not high
enough therefore FMS sets
blinds vertical and the
module triggers lights on.
Lux intensity
External
skin
Internal
skin
Time [h]
Evening
Istituto Europeo di Design – Master MSP in Lighting Design
Milano, 5 Oct. 2006 Slide: 80
Efficient Design for Indoor Comfort and Energy Savings Performance in Buildings
General Overview
BMS: Building Management System
Case Study: Daylight (thermal & visual)
control
Installation: Facade Management System
Conclusion
Istituto Europeo di Design – Master MSP in Lighting Design
Milano, 5 Oct. 2006 Slide: 81
Efficient Design for Indoor Comfort and Energy Savings Performance in Buildings
Building Management System
The BMS concept can be addressed to many market sectors, like:

Public and Private Buildings, Individual or geographical
Stocks:
(Offices, Banks, Insurances, Hospitals, Hotels, Schools, Exhibition
and Trade Centres, etc.)

Industry and Large Infrastructures
(Ports, Airports, Interports, Technological Networks)

Sport and Recreational Centres
(Stadiums, Gymnasiums, Swimming-pools, …)

Museums, Theatres, Cinemas.

Complexes of Residential Building
Istituto Europeo di Design – Master MSP in Lighting Design
Milano, 5 Oct. 2006 Slide: 82
Efficient Design for Indoor Comfort and Energy Savings Performance in Buildings
Building Management System
Criteria for BEMS evaluation.
 Energy saving
 Occupant Comfort
 Reliability (control algorithms errors)
 Costs
 Pay-back period
Istituto Europeo di Design – Master MSP in Lighting Design
Milano, 5 Oct. 2006 Slide: 83
Efficient Design for Indoor Comfort and Energy Savings Performance in Buildings
Building Management System: Advantages





Reliability
Protection against faults and faulty operation at any component
level, continuity of service.
Interoperability
Low cost actions to change working configuration and to set up new
ones, according to new specification.
Modularity
Control network can be expanded, saving investment preserving
the existing one, and without stopping the ongoing control process.
Energy Saving
Lightning:
70-80% (manual control)
Air conditioning:
20-35% (manual control)
Maintenance Saving
Personnel:
Time :
40-60% (outsourcing)
80-90% (manual control)
Istituto Europeo di Design – Master MSP in Lighting Design
Milano, 5 Oct. 2006 Slide: 84
Efficient Design for Indoor Comfort and Energy Savings Performance in Buildings
Building Management System: Savings
Strategies based on room occupancy profiles
Summer
Occupancy
Manual Control
BMS
Presence
26 °C
Temporary Absence (< 5 min.)
26 °C
Extended Absence (> 5 min.)
26 °C
Winter
Occupancy
25 °C
27 °C
29 °C
Manual Control
Presence
23 °C
Temporary Absence (< 5 min.)
23 °C
Extended Absence (> 5 min.)
23 °C
BMS
21 °C
18 °C
16 °C
Control
Manual Control
BMS
Saving
Electricity
5.054.105 kWhe
1.553.980 kWhe
69,25 %
950.945 kWhe
746.145 kWhe
21,54 %
153.425 Nm3
77.175 Nm3
49,70 %
Summer
Winter
The energy saving at building level was: 254.490 €/year, of which:
164.280 €/year for electric consumption [kWhe];
90.210 €/year for gas consumption [Nm3].
Including all, the BMS payback period was 4.2 years, against an
estimated of 5.5 years.
Istituto Europeo di Design – Master MSP in Lighting Design
Milano, 5 Oct. 2006 Slide: 85
Efficient Design for Indoor Comfort and Energy Savings Performance in Buildings
Building Management System: Costs
Experience shows that average costs for BMS implementation
can be evaluated as following:
50 ÷ 75 €/m2
Surface
Physical Input/Output
200 ÷ 250 €
Construction
1,5 %
The Building added value due to a BMS installation, considering:
- the operative cost reductions,
- the improvements in indoor comfort, safety and security
- the technological innovation
can be estimated more than of 5 %.
Istituto Europeo di Design – Master MSP in Lighting Design
Milano, 5 Oct. 2006 Slide: 86
Efficient Design for Indoor Comfort and Energy Savings Performance in Buildings
Building Management System: Project Methodology
Design & Engineering Optimisation





Distributed architecture for local and remote control.
Integration
of
different
communication protocols in
communication system.
and
marketable
a whole standard
INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY, with respect to plant
controls, telecommunication systems and Internet
applications.
Protective and Security techniques with respect to
data transmission and user inputs.
Web-services,
time
help-desk
functions,
Istituto Europeo di Design – Master MSP in Lighting Design
fast-operating
Milano, 5 Oct. 2006 Slide: 87
Efficient Design for Indoor Comfort and Energy Savings Performance in Buildings
Building Management System: Project Methodology
Design & Engineering Optimisation





Building-Plants investigation and collection of related
data.
Building-Plants Analysis to propose the most suitable
solution according to Clients needs and choices.
Definition of a Plan of SAVINGs, according to present
and near future building rules, space planning
operations, user wishes, occupant behaviour.
Actions to be implemented to accomplish the Plan of
SAVINGs and to improve efficiency in the whole
management process.
Actions to carry out in order to solve possible conflicts
coming from the integration, in a whole process, of
several plants purchased by different Vendors with
different communication protocols.
Istituto Europeo di Design – Master MSP in Lighting Design
Milano, 5 Oct. 2006 Slide: 88
Efficient Design for Indoor Comfort and Energy Savings Performance in Buildings
Building Management System: Project Development





Analysis of Requirements:
building-plants system.
preliminary
investigation
Basic Engineering: HW and SW Architecture,
Specifications, List of I/O signals.
Functional
Executive Engineering: design outlines; control module layout
(domains, input, output, functions), protocol interfaces.
Configuration: I/O variables database, control algorithms,
functional lab tests.
Supervisor: static & dynamical graphical displays, remote and
communication software functions, alarm and diagnostic
management, data storing and processing, user ‘s definition
and access profiles, help-on-line.

Installation: may be direct or as support to other figures.

In-Situ Tests, Acceptance and Start-Up.

on
Project Documentation: As-Built, technical sheets, Use and
Maintenance Manuals.
Istituto Europeo di Design – Master MSP in Lighting Design
Milano, 5 Oct. 2006 Slide: 89
Efficient Design for Indoor Comfort and Energy Savings Performance in Buildings
Thank you
Everything has to done as simple as possible,
but not simpler.
Albert Einstein
Istituto Europeo di Design – Master MSP in Lighting Design
Milano, 5 Oct. 2006 Slide: 90