Bilingual and multilingual
toponymy
*
Documents of the Catholic
Church: Annuario Pontificio
*
Inoslav Bešker, Ph.D.
*
Information Technology and Journalism
Dubrovnik, May 26th, 2006
Annuario Pontificio as a multilingual
toponymy source
► Toponyms
language
► Nomina
in a local
de Curia in
Latin
► Nowadays toponyms in
a local languages for
titular sees
Fields of research
► Languages
 Structure
 History
 Orthography
► Mutual
influences and interactions
 Linguistic ones
 Socio anthropologic
 Other cultural (in the broad sense of term)
Causes of Influences and
Interactions
► Ethnic
migrations
► Prevarications
 Political: imposing or change of the political
power etc.
 Economic: trade etc. (> lingua franca > cultural
prevarication)
 Cultural: linguistic (in terminology etc.), literary,
religious, musical etc.
Implementers of linguistic strata
► settlers
/ inhabitants
► immigrants
► invaders etc.
► visitors (lingua franca)
The same language can perform
different roles through different periods
Case study: Latin in the SE Europe as:
►
►
►
►
Invaders’ language (centuries: 1st B.C. – 1st A.D.)
Settlers’ language (centuries: 1st – 3rd)
Inhabitants’ language (centuries: 1st – 7th)
The linguistic base for neoromance languages of settlers and/or
immigrants




Tergestic
Istriot (Rovinj)
Dalmatic (Udayna d. 1898)
several Walachian languages (Moldavian, Romanian, Aromune etc.)
►
Substrate
►
Lingua franca (Church, sciences, literature…)
 In Slavonic languages (Poljud, jarbol, račun…)
 In Albanian language (Vlorë, kangë)
 In Hungarian language (indirectly: Ad Quinque Ecclesias > *Pet > Pécs >
Pečuh)
Types in Bilingual Toponymy
(Italo-Croatian Examples)
►
Literary translated (LT)
 Rika (Rijeka) - Fiume
 Mirna - Quieto
►
Different forms from different sources (DD)
►
Different forms from the same source (DSs)
►
Different forms from the same meaning (DSm)
►
Same forms, even through orthophonic/orthographic
differences (SF)
 Krk < Curicum/Curicta - Veglia < Vikla (<Vetula Civitas)
 Cavtat < Civitas - Ragusavecchia
 Trogir - Traù (> Tragurium > Τραγούριον > Τράγος ΄
̉ Ορος)
 Kozjak - Monte Caprino (> Mons Caprinus > Τράγος ΄
̉ Ορος)
 Dalmacija = Dalmazia (> Dalmatia)
Types of Bilingual Names of Titular
Sees in SE Europe (without Greece),
according to Annuario Pontificio
for 2006
Type
Abbr. Number/Total %
Literary translated
LT
Different forms from DD
different sources
Same forms
SF
Not classified
-
1/48
2.08
13/48 27.08
27/48 56.25
7/48 14.59
Titular Sees – A
Church
Italian
Local
Latin
De Curia
Church
Metropole
Province
Type
Abritto
Dobritsch,
Hadji-OgluBazardjic
Abrittum
Abritten(us)
Mesia
Inferior
Marcianopoli
DD
Acque di
Dacia
Vidonac
Aquae in
Dacia
Aquen(sis) in
Dacia
Dacia
Ripense
Raziaria
DD
Acrida
Ohrid
Achrida
Achriden(sis)
Epiro nuovo
Metr.
SF
Alba
marittima
Biograd
Alba
maritima
Alben(sis)
maritimus
Dalmazia
Inferiore
Salona, poi Split
LT*
Arba
Rab, Arbe
Arba
Arben(sis)
Dalmazia
Inferiore
Salona, poi Split
SF
Aulona
Valona, Vlora
Aulon
Aulonitan(us)
Epiro nuovo
Durrës
SF
Titular Sees – B-C
Church
Italian
Local
Latin
De Curia
Church
Metropole
Province
Type
Bistue
Zenica
Bistue
Bistuen(sis)
Bosnia
Salona
DD
Bononia
Vidin
Bononia
Buduanen(sis)
Dacia
Ripense
Raziaria
DD ?
Budua
Budva
Budua
Achriden(sis)
Dalmazia
Superiore
Doclea
SF
Cittanova
Novigrad
Aemona
Aemonien(sis)
seu Civitatis
novae
Istria
Venezia
DD
Croe
Croïa
Croae
Croën(sis)
Epiro Nuovo
Durrës
SF
Curzola
Korčula
Cursola
Cursolen(sis)
Dalmazia
Inferiore
Salona, poi Split
SF
Titular Sees – D-F
Church
Italian
Local
Latin
De Curia
Church
Province
Metropole Type
Diocleziana
Castoria?
Diocletiana
Diocletianen
(sis)
Dardania
Skopje
DD
Doclea
Rovine di
Ducliya,
Duke
Doclea
Docleen(sis)
Dalmazia
Superiore
Metr.
SF
Drivasta
Drivasta,
Drivost,
Drvischte
Drivastum
Drivasten
(sis)
Dalmazia
Superiore
Doclea
SF
Dulcigno
Ulcinj
Ulcinium
Ulcinien(sis)
Dalmazia
Superiore
Doclea
SF
Filippopoli di
Tracia
Plovdiv,
Philippopoli
Philippopolis
in Thracia
Philippopolita
n(us) in
Thracia
Tracia
Metr.
SF
Titular Sees – G-N
Church
Italian
Local
Latin
De Curia
Church
Province
Metropole Type
Germania di
Dacia
Banja,
Saparevsca
Banja
Germania
in Dacia
Germanien
(sis)
Dacia
Mediterranea
Sardica
DD
Iustiniana
prima
Iustinianen
(sis)
Dacia
Mediterranea
Arciv.
-
Glavinitza
Glavinitzen(sis)
Epiro nuovo
Durrës
-
Modrussen(sis)
Dalmazia
Inferiore
Split
-
Giustiniana
prima
Glavinizza
in
Acroceraunia
Modruš
Naisso
Niš
Naissus
Naissitan(us)
Dacia
Mediterranea
Sardica
SF
Narona
Vid
Narona
Naronen(sis)
Dalmazia
Inferiore
Salona, poi
Split
DD
Nona
Nin
Nona
Nonen(sis)
Dalmazia
Inferiore
Salona, poi
Split
SF
Titular Sees – O-R
Church
Italian
Local
Latin
De Curia
Church
Province
Metropole Type
Odesso
Varna
Odessus
Odesitan(us)
Mesia
Inferiore
Arciv.
DD
Ossero
Osor
Absorus
Absoritan(us)
Dalmazia
Inferiore
Salona, poi
Split
SF
Pedena
Pićan
Petina
Petinen(sis)
Istria
Aquileia
SF
Preslavo
rovine
presso
Aboba
Preslavus
Preslaven(sis)
Metr.
-
Poetovium
Rhasen(sis)
Norico
Aquileia
SF
Ptuj
Raso
Ras
Rhasus
Naronen(sis)
Bulgaria
Occidentale
Acrida
SF
Raziaria
Arčer o
Arcar
Ratiaria
Ratiaren(sis)
Dacia Ripense
Metr.
SF
Risinio
Risano,
Risan
Risinium
Risinitan(us)
Dalmazia
Superiore
Doclea
SF
Titular Sees – S
Church
Italian
Local
Latin
De Curia
Church
Province
Metropole Type
Sarda
rovine di
Schurda
Sarda
Sardanen(sis)
Dalmazia
Superiore
Doclea
-
Scardona
Skradin
Scardona
Scardonen(sis)
Dalmazia
Inferiore
Salona, poi
Split
SF
Scutario
Uskudar
Scutarium
Scutarien(sis)
Tracia
Filippopoli
SF
Sebastopoli
di Tracia
Sanaklar
Sebastopolis
in Thracia
Sebastopolitan
(us)
Tracia
Filippopoli
DD
*Serbia
Servia,
Serfidjé
Serbia
Serbien(sis)
Macedonia I
Tessalonica
SF
Sisak
*
Siscia
Siscien(sis)
Pannonia
Savia
Aquileia
SF
Stagno
Ston
Stagnum
Stagnen(sis)
Dalmazia
Inferiore
Salona, poi
Split
SF
Strumnizza
Strumica
Strumnitza
Strumnitzen(sis)
Macedonia I
Tessalonica
SF
Titular Sees – T-Z
Church
Italian
Local
Latin
De Curia
Church
Province
Metropole Type
Tiburnia
Sankt
Peter in
Holz *!
Tiburnia
Tiburnien(sis)
Norico
Metr.
DD
Tino
Knin
Tinum
Tinien(sis)
Dalmazia
Inferiore
Salona, poi
Split
SF
Traianopoi di
Rodope
rovine a
Tuzla
Traianopolis
in Rhodope
Traianopolitan
(us) in
Rhodope
Rodope
Metr.
-
Transmarisca
Tutrakhan,
Turtucai
Transmarisca
Trans-mariscen(us)
Mesia
Inferiore
Marcianopoli
DD
Trau’
Trogir
Tragurium
Tragurien(sis)
Dalmazia
Inferiore
Salona, poi
Split
SF
Ulpiana
Lipljan
Ulpiana
Ulpianen(sis)
Dardania
Skopje
SF
Viruno
Zollfeld
Virunum
Virunen(sis)
Norico
Aquileia
DD
Zernico
Cerminic?
Tzernicus
Tzernitzen(sis)
Bulgaria
Occidentale
Acrida
-
So long