&HVDUH6DOX]]R /HRQDUGRGD9LQFL ,Q³7UDWWDWRGL$UFKLWHWWXUD&LYLOHH0LOLWDUHGL)UDQFHVFRGL*LRUJLR0DUWLQL7RULQRSS ,Q³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qROWUHVSLQWDDOSULPDHSRVFLDVLQRDFLUFDLOWUD OHTXDOLVHQWHQ]HLRLQFOLQRDTXHOODGHOO $PRUHWWLDOODTXDOHQXOODV RSSRQHHGq DQ]L VRUUHWWD GDOOH SDUROH GL 6DEED &DVWLJOLRQH PHQWUH O RSLQLRQH GHO %RVVL q SRVVLELOHVuPDLSRWHWLFDDIIDWWR$GXQTXHSRFRGRSRWDODQQRSUHVHQWz/HRQDUGR DOGXFDGL0LODQRRSLXWWRVWRDOUHJJHQWH/RGRYLFRXQDVXDSURSRVWDQHOODTXDOH HVSRVH LQ QRYH DUWLFROL OH VXH LQYHQ]LRQL HG L VXRL VHJUHWL FRPH LQJHJQHUH HG DUWLJOLHUH LO 9HQWXUL FKH IX SULPR D IDUQH SDUROD OD ULIHULVFH DOO DQQR PD UHJJHQGR TXDQWR GLFHLO&DVWLJOLRQHFXLQXOODVLSXzRSSRUUHIRU]DqFKHTXHOOD SURSRVWDDSSDUWHQJDDOPHQRDOO DQQRSRLFKpYLVLGLFHFKHVLSRWUjGDURSHUD DOODVWDWXDHTXHVWUHGL)UDQFHVFR6IRU]DLOFKHLQGLFDO LGHDGLIDUODHLOQRQHVVHUH DQFRUDVWDWDLQFRPLQFLDWD 1HOO DQQR GRSR OD FRPSLXWD URYLQD GHO 0RUR ULWRUQz /HRQDUGR LQ )LUHQ]HRYHGLHGHRSHUDDOODSLWWXUDEHQFKpSHUEUHYHWHPSRSRLFKpQRQVRVH ULFKLHGHQWH R ULFKLHVWR HJOL WURYRVVL QHO O DJOL VWLSHQGL GL &HVDUH %RUJLD H FRPH LQJHJQHUH IHFH OD SHUOXVWUD]LRQH GHOOH SURYLQFLH GD TXHVWL QRYHOODPHQWH VRWWRPHVVHLOOXJOLRULWUDVVHODIRUWH]]DGL8UELQRGLGRYHSHU3HVDURHOHDOWUH FLWWj GL 5RPDJQD VFHVH QHO %RORJQHVH QHO TXDO YLDJJLR ID G XRSR VXSSRUUH JOL VLDVLSUHVHQWDWRTXDOFKHLQFDJOLRSRLFKpHVVRGXUDQWHVSHGuJOLLO9DOHQWLQRSDWHQWH SHU OD TXDOH IRVVH GDWR OLEHUR SDVVR al nostro prestantissimo et dilectissimo 0HPRULHVWRULFKHGL/HRQDUGRSDJ 'HO&HQDFRORGL/HRQDUGRSDJ 9LWDGL/HRQDUGR1HOOH9LWHG LOOXVWULLWDOLDQLSHO%HWWRQL 5LFRUGLIR (VVDLVXUOHRXYUDJHVSK\VLFRPDWKpPGH/pRQDUGSDJ $PRUHWWLSDJ ,Q³7UDWWDWRGL$UFKLWHWWXUD&LYLOHH0LOLWDUHGL)UDQFHVFRGL*LRUJLR0DUWLQL7RULQRSS familiare architetto et ingegnere generale Leonardo Vinci 3HUz SULPD DQFRUD FKH TXHO WLUDQQR URYLQDVVH HUDVL GD VXRL VHUYLJL ULWUDWWR /HRQDUGR H ULWRUQDWR LQ SDWULDVLHUDSRUWDWRFRPHLQJHJQHUHDOFDPSRGH VXRLFRQFLWWDGLQLVRWWR3LVDHOj WURYRVVLLOOXJOLRDGXQDGLVFXVVLRQHFLUFDLOYROWDUO $UQRRGXQFDQDOHGD TXHVWRGHULYDWRSHUGLIHQGHUHOHFROOLQHGDOOHLUUX]LRQLGHJOLDVVHGLDWL&KLDPDWR D0LODQRGDLJRYHUQDQWLIUDQFHVLQHOHSRVFLDYDJDQGRSHUOXQJKLDQQLSHU 7RVFDQD /RPEDUGLD H 5RPD ILQDOPHQWH GHWHUPLQRVVL G DQGDUH LQ )UDQFLD RYH GRSR XQ VRJJLRUQR GL FLUFD GXH DQQL H PH]]R PRUu LO PDJJLR D &ORX[ SUHVVR $PERLVH 6FULVVH LO 9DVDUL DYHU /HRQDUGR PDQGDWR O XOWLPR VSLUR WUD OH EUDFFLD GHO UH )UDQFHVFR , PD XQ FULWLFR PRGHUQR WURYDWR FKH LO 5H HUD D TXH JLRUQLD6*HUPDQRHQ/D\HDJUDQUDJLRQHQHJzLOIDWWRG DOWURQGHFRPSLpIRUVH )UDQFHVFRDJOLREEOLJKLVXRLYHUVRVuLOOXVWUHLQJHJQR"YLqIRUVHLQ$PERLVHRGLQ WXWWD)UDQFLDXQVDVVRFKHDGGLWLRYHSRVLQROHFHQHULGLTXHOVRPPR"4XHVWDSHQD SRUWz/HRQDUGRGHOO DYHUDFFHWWDWRVWLSHQGLRLQWHUUDVWUDQLHUD /DVFLz /HRQDUGR XQD TXDQWLWj LQILQLWD GL GLVHJQL H GL PDQRVFULWWL HG LR UHVWULQJHQGRPL D TXDQWR DO VRJJHWWR PLR VL DSSDUWLHQH QRWHUz DQ]L WXWWR XQ WUDWWDWHOORGHOIRQGHUHOHDUWLJOLHULHFKHDXWRJUDIRHUDSRFKLDQQLVRQRHVSHURYL VLDWXWWRUDQHOODOLEUHULDGH PDUFKHVL7ULYXO]LLQ0LODQR8QYROXPHGLGLVHJQL FUHGHVLGLPROLQLDQGzDOOHPDQLGHOO LQJOHVH6PLWKXQRSRVVHGXWRGDOGXFDGL 6DYRLD &DUOR (PDQXHOH , H FKH WXWWRUD FLWDVL FRPH HVLVWHQWH D 7RULQR DQGz VPDUULWR GD OXQJR WHPSR 7UHGLFL YROXPL LQI HG LQ HUDQR QHOO $PEURVLDQD G RQGHWROWLQHOGDL)UDQFHVLIXURQRWUDVSRUWDWLLQ3DULJLHGLHVVLXQRVRORLO FRGLFH DWODQWLFR IX UHVWLWXLWR DOO ,WDOLD QHO PHQWUH L ULPDQHQWL GRGLFL VRWWUDWWL DG RJQL ULFHUFD FRO SUHWHVWR FKH IRVVHUR LQ TXHOOH SHUWXUED]LRQL DQGDWL VPDUULWL VWDQQR WXWWRUD LQ 3DULJL JHORVDPHQWH FXVWRGLWL QHOOD ELEOLRWHFD GHOO ,VWLWXWRLQXWLOLWHVRULVLQFKp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upplemento alla vita di LeonardoSDJ 3UHVVR*D\HYRO,,SDJ 9HQWXUL(VVDLSDJ %RVVL9LWDGL/HRQDUGR 'L TXHVWL YROXPL LQ DOFXQL FRQWHQJRQR PDFFKLQH PLOLWDUL H QHO SULPR HUDQYL DQFKH GLVHJQL GL IRUWLILFD]LRQH &RPROOLBibliog. architettonicaYRO,,, Disegni di Leonardo0LODQR (VVDLVXUOHVRXYUDJHVHWF3DULV ,Q³7UDWWDWRGL$UFKLWHWWXUD&LYLOHH0LOLWDUHGL)UDQFHVFRGL*LRUJLR0DUWLQL7RULQRSS L ODYRUL $YHYD LR VWHVVR FRQ JUDQ GLIILFROWj SRWXWR UDFFRJOLHUH TXDOFKH QRWL]LD GDOFRGLFHDWODQWLFRDOORUFKpPLYHQQHLOVXVVLGLRGHOODLQWLHUDUDFFROWDGHLGLVHJQL PLOLWDUL HVLVWHQWL LQ TXHO FRGLFH QRQ FKH GHO WHVWR FRUULVSRQGHQWH LO WXWWR HJUHJLDPHQWH OXFLGDWR H FRSLDWR GDL VLJQRUL * )UDQoRLV H /XLJL )HUUDULR H SHU HVLPLDJHQWLOH]]DGL6$,H5O $UFLGXFD5DQLHULYLFHUpGHOUHJQR/RPEDUGR 9HQHWRGRQDWRD6(LO&DY&HVDUH6DOX]]RFROTXDOFRQVLJOLRPDQLIHVWzO $6 LQ TXDO DOWR FRQWR WHQJD OD IDPD GL /HRQDUGR SRLFKp LO SL XWLOH VHUYLJLR FKH VL SRVVD UHQGHUH DOOH RSHUH LQHGLWH GH JUDQGL XRPLQL VL q DSSXQWR TXHOOR GL PROWLSOLFDUQHOHFRSLHVDOYDQGROHPLGDRJQLHYHQWRGLVRWWUD]LRQHRGLVIDFLPHQWR HGLHGHDOWHPSRVWHVVRXQQRELOHHVHPSLRDFRORURFKHIDWWLGHSRVLWDULLGLVLPLOL WHVRULQRQOLFXVWRGLVFRQRPDOLFHODQRDJOLVWXGLRVL'DTXHVWRPDJQLILFRFRGLFH FRSLRVRGLGLVHJQLSRVVRDGXQTXHVRWWRPHWWHWHXQDHVDWWDDQDOLVLGHJOLVWXGL PLOLWDULGL/HRQDUGR /DPDJJLRUSDUWHGLTXHVWLGLVHJQLFRUULVSRQGHQGRHVDWWDPHQWHDTXDQWRHJOLVL RIIUuGLIDUHQHOODVXDSURSRVWDD/RGRYLFRLO0RURQHYLHQHFKHOLDEELD/HRQDUGR LQYHQWDWLHILJXUDWLLQJUDQQXPHURFLUFD, DQQR,ROLGLYLGHUzLQFODVVLJLXVWD JOLDUWLFROLGHOODFLWDWDSURSRVWD ,Ho modo di far ponti leggerissimi et acti ad portare facilissimamente et cum quelli seguire et alcuna volta fuggire li inimici; et altri securi et inoffensibili da fuoco et battaglia: facili et commodi da levare et ponere. Et modi de ardere et disfare quelli de l'inimici. 4XHVWH SDUROH HJOL OH ULSHWH QHO FRGLFH DFFDQWR DG XQ GLVHJQRUDSSUHVHQWDQWHXQSRQWHQHOO DWWRFKHYLHQJHWWDWRLQGXHPRGLGLIIHUHQWL H FRQ VWXGL GHO FRQJLXQJHUH L FDSL GHOOH WUDYL LQ VHL YDULL PRGL VHJXH XQ SRQWH JHWWDWR VX VHL EDUFKH 3HU EUXFLDU SRQWL QRQ Y q GLVHJQR HVVHQGR FRVD FKH DVVDL PHJOLRVLVSLHJDLQSDUROH ,,So in la obsidione de una terra toglier via l'acqua de' fossi, et fare infiniti pontighatti a scale et altri instrumenti pertinenti ad dicta expeditione ,O SRQWHJDWWRqXQDVSHFLHGLVDPEXFDPDLQYHFHGLYHQLUDEEDVVDWDGDXQDHOHSROL VLWURYDQHOGLVHJQRSRJJLDWRLQELOLFRVXOODOLQHDVXSHULRUHGLXQJDWWR/HRQDUGR GLHGHJOL TXHVWR QRPH SHUFKp q XQ SRQWH FRSHUWR D PDQWHOOHWWR FRPH L JDWWL VFRVWDQGRORGDOOHPXUDHGDEEDVVDQGRORVLYLHQHDSRUUHSDUDOOHORDOODIURQWHGHO JDWWRIDFHQGRJOLXQVHFRQGRULYHVWLPHQWR6HJXRQRSRQWLHVSXJQDWRULLVXUXRWHH PXQLWL GL PDQWHOOHWWL VFDOH D SUROXQJD HG LPEDWWDJOLDWH DOWUH GL FRUGD LQ YDULH JXLVHRGLXQDVWDJJLDVRODHGHQWDWDXQPHFFDQLVPRDVVDLLQJHJQRVRFKHVSLQWR GDXQ DVWDLPSHUQDWDVRUWHGDOPXURDGDWWHUUDUHOHVFDOHGHJOLDVVDOLWRULXQDOWUR SHUDSULUHHFKLXGHUHDGXQWUDWWROHYHQWLHUHDOWULGLTXDWWUROXQJKHDVWHVHPSOLFL RGXQFLQDWHFKHPRVVHLQJLURRUL]]RQWDOHVSD]]DQRODVWUDGDGLURQGD ,,,Item se per altezza de argine o per fortezza de loco et di sito non si pottesse in la obsidione de una terra usare lofficio delle bombarde: ho modo di ruinare ogni roccia o altra fortezza se già non russe fondata sul saxo.6RWWRTXHVWHSDUROH HJOLYHOzLOQXRYRVLVWHPDGHOOHPLQHGHOTXDOHFRPHGLFRVDQRQDQFRUDPHVVDLQ ,GLVHJQLFKHVLFXVWRGLVFRQRLQ/RQGUDVWDPSDWLLQSDUWHGD&KDPEHUOHLQGXHDOWULYROXPLFKHVHQ KDQQRLQ0LODQRH TXHOOLUHFHQWHPHQWHDFTXLVWDWLGD60LO5HGL6DUGHJQDHVVHQGRWXWWLGLILJXUDQRQULVJXDUGDQRTXHVWDQRWL]LD ,Q³7UDWWDWRGL$UFKLWHWWXUD&LYLOHH0LOLWDUHGL)UDQFHVFRGL*LRUJLR0DUWLQL7RULQRSS SUDWLFD FXVWRGLYDVL DOORUD LO VHJUHWR RQGH LUUHSDUDELOH H SL WUHPHQGD QH IRVVH SRVFLDO DSSOLFD]LRQH/ HFFH]LRQHSHUOHIRUWH]]HIRQGDWHVXOODSLHWUDYLYDqTXHOOD VWHVVDJLjSULPDPHVVDLQFDPSRGD)UDQFHVFRGL*LRUJLRRYHGLFHFKHODPLQDVL DSSOLFD FRQ EXRQ HVLWR DOOH URFFKH IRQGDWH sopra terreno o tufo o veramente tenero sasso HG LO PRWLYR VWDYD QHOOD LQHVSHULHQ]D QHOOD FDWWLYD TXDOLWj GHOOD SROYHUHHQHOODSLFFRODFDULFDFKHGDYDVLRSHQVDYDVLGLGDUHDOOHPLQH3HUTXHVWR DUWLFRORVLYHGDODVHJXHQWH0HPRULD9QHOODTXDOHIRUDJLRQHGHOOHVSHFXOD]LRQL GL/HRQDUGRHQHXQLVFROHILJXUH ,9Ho ancora mali de bombarde commodissime et facili ad portare: et cum quelle buttare minuti di tempesta: et cuna el fumo de quelle dando grande spavento al inimico culla grave suo danno et confusione. $ TXHVWR DUWLFROR DSSDUWHQJRQR L GXH PRUWDL VFDJOLDQWL SLFFLROH SDOOH GDGL DFXPLQDWL H SDOOH DUWLILFLDOH JLj VWDPSDWL GDO *HUOL XQ DOWUR GLVHJQR UDSSUHVHQWD XQD SLRJJLD GL IXRFRVRUWHQWHGDERFFKHG DUWLJOLHULDQDVFRVWDQHOVXRORHFKHVFDJOLDQGRPLQXWL SURLHWWLROWUHOHPXUDLPSHGLVFRQRDLGLIHQVRULODGLIHVDGHOODEUHFFLDHGLOIDUYLOD ULWLUDWD IRUV DQFKH TXHOOD ILDPPD H TXHO IXPR FRQWHUUHEEHUR PDWHULH YHQHILFKH DUWLILFLR WURSSR VRYHQWL FRQVLJOLDWR GDJO LQJHJQHUL GL TXHOO HWj 'HOOH ERPEDUGH VDUjGLVFRUVRDOO DUWLFRORVHWWLPR 9Item ho modi per cave et vie strette e distorte facte senz'alcuno strepito per venire ad uno certoVLFche bisognasse passare sotto fossi o alcuno fiumeÊ FKLDURFKHTXHVWLDUWLILFLQRQSRVVRQRGLIIHULUHGDTXHOOLSHUFDYDUODPLQDVRWWRXQ SXQWRGDWROHILJXUHGLTXHVWLXOWLPLVHUYRQRDGXQTXHDGHVSULPHUHDQFKHLSULPL SHLTXDOLQRQGLHGH/HRQDUGRDOFXQGLVHJQRVSHFLDOH 9, Item fatio carri coperti sicuri ed inoffensibili: e quali entrando intra ne l'inimici cum sue artiglierie: non è si grande multitudine di gente darme che non rompessino: et dietro a questi poteranno seguire fanterie assai inlesi e senza alcuno impedimento. 4XHVWL FDUUL FRSHUWL FRQ DUWLJOLHULH VRQR JOL RUJDQL LQFDPDWWDWLGH TXDOLWURYDVLPHQ]LRQHVLQRGDO,SLGHJOLRUJDQLVXFDUUL TXL GLVHJQDWL FRQVWDQR GL FDQQH PHVVH LQ XQ VROR SLDQR RUD SDUDOOHOH HG RUD UDGLDQWL GXH RUJDQL VRSUD WDYROH FLUFRODUL XQR GH TXDOL GL UDJJL R FDQQH ULFKLDPDQR TXHOOR ILJXUDWR QHO OLEUR ; GHO 9DOWXULR LO SL LQJHJQRVR GL WXWWL H GDOO DXWRUHGHWWRSpingarda a organiqTXHOORFRPSRVWRGLXQFLOLQGURDOTXDOHLQ RWWRSLDQLWDQJHQWLODVXDVXSHUILFLHHTXLGLVWDQWHPHQWHVWDQQRDSSOLFDWHDOWUHWWDQWH VHULH GL FDQQH GD IXRFR FKH SUHVHQWDQR OH ORUR ERFFKH LQ JLUR YROJHQGRVL LO FLOLQGURVXOVXRDVVH8QLVFHSXUHDGXQDVRODFDVVDWUHHTXDWWURFDQQHFRPHVH QHYHGRQRDQFKHQHOFRGLFHGHO*KLEHUWL 9,, Item occorrendo di bisogno farò bombarde, mortari et passavolanti di bellissime e utili forme fora del comune uso'H PRUWDLJLjKRGLVFRUVR6RWWRLO QRPH GL SDVVDYRODQWL HJOL FRPSUHQGH WXWWH OH DUWLJOLHULH GL FDQQD OXQJD GHWWH SRVFLD FROXEULQDWH QHO VHJXHQWH VHFROR IUD TXHVWH HJOL Gj L GLVHJQL FRQ TXDOFKH VSLHJD]LRQHGHOIDOFRQHHGHOIDOFRQHWWRYXROHFKHWXWWLTXHVWLSH]]LGHOJHQHUHGH Disegni di LeonardoWDY;;;9,,, &URQDFKHGH *DWWDUL5,W6FULSWWYRO;9,,$YHYDQRTXHVWLFDUULWUHSLDQLHERFFKHSHUFLDVFXQR ,Q³7UDWWDWRGL$UFKLWHWWXUD&LYLOHH0LOLWDUHGL)UDQFHVFRGL*LRUJLR0DUWLQL7RULQRSS SDVVDYRODQWLDEELDQRHVWHUQDPHQWHODWURPEDDGRWWRIDFFLHGLYLGHODFROXEULQDLQ mezzanaRminorenuovaHGLQmezzanavecchiaGHOOHTXDOLODSULPDqOXQJDSDOOH ôODVHFRQGDSDOOHODFROXEULQDpiù che mezzana nuovaqGLSDOOHò 3HUz EXRQD SDUWH GHOOD HVSRVL]LRQH FRUULVSRQGHQWH D TXHVWL GLVHJQL QRQFKp L GLVHJQL VWHVVL LR OL FUHGR IDWWL GD /HRQDUGR GRSR LO SRLFKp HJOL SRFR SL DGRSUDODSDURODERPEDUGDPDYLVRVWLWXLVFHTXHOODGLFDQQRQHQRQLJQRWDSULPD PDDOORUDVRODPHQWHIDWWDVLYROJDUHG DOWURQGHHJOLGHVFULYHHILJXUDLOCannone franceseGHOTXDOHQRQDYUHEEHVLIDFLOPHQWHDYXWRQRWL]LDSULPDGHOO DQQRGHWWR QpYLVDUHEEHVWDWRVSHFLDOPRWLYRSHUSDUODUQHDOXQJR$VVDLVLHVWHQGHO DXWRUHD GLVSXWDUH ILORVRILFDPHQWH VXOO DFFHQVLRQH GHOOD SROYHUH H VXOOD HVSDQVLRQH FKH QH VHJXH H VXOOD ULQFXODWD GHL SH]]L FDXVDWD LQ SDUWH GDOOD UHVLVWHQ]D GHOO DULD DJJLXQJHLSUHFHWWLSHUPRGHOODUHLSH]]LHSHUIRQGHUOL8Q DOWUDSDUWHGHLGLVHJQLH GHOWHVWRVLULIHULVFHDOOHERPEDUGHHGqIRUVHTXHVWDODSLDQWLFDVHQRQLQYHQWz FHUWDPHQWH PLJOLRUz LO PHWRGR GL FDULFDUH L SH]]L XVDWR SRVFLD LQ PDUH H VSHFLDOPHQWH GDL 9HQH]LDQL VYLWDQGRQH VRODPHQWH OD FXODWWD ULGRWWD DG XQ GLVFR DVVDL VRWWLOH PHQWUHFKp D TXH WHPSL VH QH VYLWDYD LQWLHUD OD FRGD FKH HUD PROWR OXQJDSURSRQHXQDERPEDUGDODUJDEUDFFLDPQRQDJJLXQJHQGRVHQHO GLDPHWURLQWHUQRRGHVWHUQROXQJDPODTXDOFRVDJLRYDVHQRQDG DOWURDUHQGHUFUHGLELOHO HVLVWHQ]DGLTXHOODGH *DQWHVLQHOFKHHUDOXQJD SLHGL H TXLQGL WHQXWD GD PROWL FRPH IDYRORVD $ TXHVWD VXD HQRUPH ERPEDUGD FRPH DQFKH DG XQ DOWUD GLVHJQD /HRQDUGR XQD FDPHUD D SHUD HG LO IRFRQH TXDVL SHUSHQGLFRODUHDOFHQWURGHOODFDULFDGHOFKHQHGjODVHJXHQWHUDJLRQHse darai foco acquella bombarda che a il suo foro nel ultimo della choda farà meno fuga perché s'aciende dal punto del focho inanzi.$FLzHJOLDJJLXQJHSDUHFFKLHIRJJH GL,HWWLRFDUULG DUWLJOLHULHTXDOLFRQGXHTXDOLFRQWUHRTXDWWURUXRWHHGDOFXQL LQFDPDWWDWL YDUL LQJHJQL SHU UHJRODUH O LQFOLQD]LRQH GH SH]]L HG LO PRGR GL DGRSHUDUOL VXOOH EDUFKH 6XFFHGRQR OH ILJXUH GL WUH PRUWDL VX FHSSL GL GLYHUVD IRUPD 9,,, Dove mancassi le operazione delle bombarde componerò briccole manghani trabucchi et altri instrumenti di mirabile efficacia et fora del usato: et insomma secondo la varietà de' casi componerò varie et infinite cose da offendere.$TXHVWRJHQHUHGLPDFFKLQHDSSDUWLHQHXQPDQJDQRFRQOXQJDSHUWLFD H FRO IXOFUR DVVDL SUHVVR DOOD FDULFD HJOL OR FKLDPD fulminaria R JOL ID VFDJOLDU GDOOD ILRQGD XQD SDOOD $G DOWUH DUPL GD ODQFLDUH D PDQR HJOL Gj QRPL GL caccianemico lancampo cacciafrusto franzastra HVSRQH TXLQGL YDUL PRGL SHU IDUH H IDEEULFDUH ,H EDOHVWUH D SDQFD HG D VWDIID 'L VXD LQYHQ]LRQH WHQJR FRQ FHUWH]]D FKH VLD XQD PDQLHUD GL PDQJDQR FK HL FKLDPD Sbaradrona cismatica Baratrona morona OH TXDOL SDUROH D SRFKL VDUDQQR FKLDUH TXHVWD LQJHJQRVD PDFFKLQD FRVu q GD OXL VSLHJDWD Farai che la rota dove si volgie il contrapeso abbi il cientro suo fuori del suo, loco, e quando il contrapeso ha quasi finito il suo corso la corda che posa sopra la rota sia più lontana dal cientro ec&KLDPDSXUH Chronique de FroisartDGDQQXP ,Q³7UDWWDWRGL$UFKLWHWWXUD&LYLOHH0LOLWDUHGL)UDQFHVFRGL*LRUJLR0DUWLQL7RULQRSS catapulta sbaratronaXQPDQJDQRODGLFXLSHUWLFDqLQQDVWDWDGHQWURXQDUXRWD QHOOD TXDOH VL DIIXQD LO FRQWUDSHVR H cimitrillo RYYHUR fronzastra DOFXQH JURVVH ILRQGDLQD]LRQHRUL]]RQWDOH6HJXRQRDOWUHLQJHJQRVHPDFFKLQHGDODQFLDUHDOOH TXDOLQXRFHUHEEHSHUzODWURSSDPROHHODGLIILFROWjGHOFDULFDUOH ,;Et quando accadesse essere in mare ho modi de molti instrumenti actissimi da offendere et defendere: et navili che faranno resistentia al trarre de omni grossissima bombarda: el polveri o fumi+RQRWDWRGLVRSUDLGLVHJQLGLEDUFKH SRUWDQWLDUWLJOLHULHHFRPHVLIHUPDVVHURSHUDVVHVWDUQHLWLULDTXHVWHDJJLXQJDQVL DOWUHEDUFKHGDOOHTXDOLODQFLDQVLDPRGRGLFDWDSXOWHVFDULFKHGLVDVVLFRQWHQXWL GHQWURFDVVRQLSLDWWL 'LWXWWHOHVXHSURSRVL]LRQLRIIUHVL/HRQDUGRSURQWRDIDUHVSHULPHQWRHGLRGH ULPDQHQWL DUWLFROL QRQ SDUOR SRLFKp ULIHULVFRQVL D FRVH GL DUWL EHOOH %HQH q PDUDYLJOLDFRPHQRQIDFFLDPRWWRGLDUFKLWHWWXUDPLOLWDUHHJOLFKHSURIRQGDPHQWH SHU TXH WHPSL DYHYD OD VWXGLDWD H GD TXHVWR VLOHQ]LR VL GHYH DUJXLUH FKH HJOL DOO HSRFD GHOOD VXD SURSRVWD QRQ YL VL HUD SRVWR DQFRUD H FKH L GLVHJQL VXRL VSHWWDQWLDTXHVWDVFLHQ]DVLDQRGLHSRFDSRVWHULRUHHQRQORQWDQDGDOO DQQR SRLFKpSRFRGRSRHLIXLQJHJQHUHGLJXHUUDSHO9DOHQWLQRDQ]LGDXQDVXDQRWD ULWUDJJR FKH DOPHQR LQ SDUWH VRQR SRVWHULRUL DOO DQQR 'HL GRFXPHQWL H SUHFHWWL FK HJOL VRPPLQLVWUD FLUFD OD IRUWLILFD]LRQH LR SDUOHUz D OXRJR QHOOD VHJXHQWH0HPRULD,,,RUDPLEDVWLLOGLUHFKHQHJOLVFULWWLHGLVHJQLVXRLWURYDVLLO ILRUH GHOOD PLOLWDUH DUFKLWHWWXUD G DOORUD WROWR LO SXQWRQH HG LO EDOXDUGR GH TXDOL QRQ WURYDVL LQGLFD]LRQH DOFXQD ,Q XQD ILJXUD HGLWD GDO 9HQWXUL q VHJQDWR XQ ULYHOOLQR WULDQJRODUH WUD GXH WRUUL PD D GLU YHUR LR OR YLGL QHOO RULJLQDOH SHU WDO PRGRLPSDFFLDWRGDOLQHHULIDWWHYLVRSUDFKHqIRU]DFRQFOXGHUHDYHUORLO9HQWXUL LQGRYLQDWR DQ]LFKp UDSSUHVHQWDWR Qp FRQ FLz YRJOLR GLUH FKH /HRQDUGR DEELD LJQRUDWL TXHVWL ULYHOOLQL SRLFKp HJOL GL XQD SLDQWD GL URFFD TXDGUDWD SHUz VHQ]D WRUURQL DQJRODUL FRQ TXDWWUR ULYHOOLQL WULDQJRODUL H SHU RJQXQR GL HVVL GXH DOWUL PLQRULHFROODJRODSDUDOOHODDOOHORURIDFFLHOXQJRXQDFRUWLQDILDQFDWDGLWRUURQL GLVHJQD DOFXQH GLIHVH WULDQJRODUL ,H TXDOL SHUz QRQ VRQR ULYHOOLQL PD VHPSOLFL SDUDSHWWL SHU LPSHGLUH O DYYLFLQDUVL DO PXUR H SRVWL VRWWR LO IXRFR UDGHQWH GHJOL DQJROL GHL WRUURQL FRVu VRQR SXUH GLIHVL L VXRL ULYHOOLQL VHPLFLUFRODUL $OFXQH ILJXUHUDSSUHVHQWDQRFDVHPDWWHVWDFFDWHGLSLDQWDSROLJRQLDGWUHVRQRGLFDSRQLHUH FRSHUWH 1HOOH SLDQWH GL FLWWj H IRUWH]]H HJOL DGRWWz LO UHFLQWR VWHOODWR FRQ EUHYL FRUWLQH FKH V LQFRQWUDQR TXDVL DG DQJROR UHWWR QHOOH WRUUL YLGH FKH VWDQWH OD VFDUSD ULXVFLYDQR LQXWLOL L SLRPEDWRL OL WROVH H WRQGHJJLz L PHUOL YHUVR O XVFLWD RQGHLPSHGLUHRGDOPHQRGLILFROWDUH, LPERFFDPHQWRGHOOHFDQQRQLHUHHGLODWDUQH LOVHWWRUHSHQVzDVWDFFDUHLWRUURQLSHUEUHYHVSD]LRGDJOLDQJROLGHOUHFLQWRIHFH ROWUHORVSDOWRGXHHGDQFKHWUHPXULJURVVLDVVDLHTXLQGLFDSDFLGLPDJD]]LQLHGL DELWD]LRQL H FRO SLRYHQWH VXOOD OLQHD SUROXQJDWD GHOOR VSDOWR LPSRVWz WRUUL )RUVHGDOYHUERVEDUDWWDUH 6RQR VXH SDUROH &KHO VRFFRUVR QRQ YDGL QHOOD URFKD GHO &DVWHOODQR D FLz QRQ VLD SL SRWHQWH GL OXL FRPH IX LQ )RVVRPEURQH1HOTXHVWDURFFDIXSUHVDEHQWUHYROWHQpWDOIDWWRVLSRWUHEEHULIHULUHDGDOWUDHSRFD (VVDLHWFILJ ,Q³7UDWWDWRGL$UFKLWHWWXUD&LYLOHH0LOLWDUHGL)UDQFHVFRGL*LRUJLR0DUWLQL7RULQRSS FLUFRODUL VRSUD VFDUSD TXDGULODWHUD RQGH HYLWDUH LQ DOWR GRYH EDWWH O DUWLJOLHULD OD GHEROH]]D GHJOL DQJROL H FRQVHUYDUOL QHO ILVVR SHU OD GLIHVD GL ILDQFR SHO ULYHVWLPHQWR GHL WHUUDSLHQL GLVHJQz VSHURQL GL VH]LRQH WUDSH]LD H GHQWDOL QHO SURILOROHVXHPXUDVRQRFRQWUDPLQDWHHFROSDUDSHWWR LQOXQJRSLDQRLQFOLQDOR RSSXUH VYROWDWR LQ VH]LRQH FLUFRODUH HG LQ HVVR VRQR ULFDYDWH OH FDQQRQLHUH &RQREEH H ILJXUz FDYDOLHUL GL YDULD DOWH]]D QHO SULPR H VHFRQGR UHFLQWR IRVVL GRSSLFRQDFTXDHVHQ]DROWUHPROWHDOWUHPLQRULDYYHUWHQ]H)LQDOPHQWHTXDQWR Y q GL PHJOLR QHO 'XUHU WXWWR JLj WURYDVL HG LQ DVVDL PLJOLRU PRGR QHO FRGLFH DWODQWLFR GHO 9LQFL PD SHU UHQGHU UDJLRQH G RJQL FRVD ELVRJQHUHEEH SUHVHQWDU GLVHJQLHQRQSDUROH