Corso “DOMOTICA ED EDIFICI INTELLIGENTI” – UNIVERSITA’ DI URBINO
Docente: Ing. Luca Romanelli
Mail: [email protected]
Protocolli
LonWorks
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Concept Definitions
LON
Echelon
LONWORKS
LONWORKS Protocol
LONMARK
Node
Neuron
SNVT
SCPT
LNS
XIF-File
- Local Operating Network
- Inventors of the technology
- Collective term for the technology
- Communication protocol
- Interoperability standardization committee
- Device
- Chip in the network node
- Standardized Network Variable Type (said Snivit)
- Standardized Configuration Variable Type (said Skipit)
- Local Network Services – a network access method
- Definition file of a network variable - Interfaces
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What is LONWORKS® Technology?
-LON (Local Operating Network) is a decentralised control network for
building automation, in industry, in transport, in telecommunications and
in many other areas.
-The communication of intelligent sensors, actuators and operator units
of a LON® network is the result of a protocol already implemented in
the Neuron®-Chip, this is the LonTalk® protocol.
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Philosophy of LONWORKS® Networks
LONWORKS networks display an event controlled system with
decentralised intelligence.
Contrary to conventional DDC technology all information is not
immediately available since the network inputs are only updated
after an event change of the sender.
LONWORKS nodes are not normally able to sample (or poll) the
connected nodes to check if they have information.
LONWORKS nodes communicate via network variables which are
logically connected together.
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InformationInformation-based System
Motion
Room
occupied
Brightness
Feedback
Temperature
Setpoint
Setpoint
21°C
0%-100%
The sensors in a LonWorks network make their information available.
Actuators process this information as required.
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InformationInformation-based System
Motion
Room
occupied
Brightness
Feedback
Temperature
Setpoint
Setpoint
21°C
0%-100%
The allocation of the individual network variables is established using a soso-called Binding.
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InformationInformation-based System
Motion
Room
occupied
Brightness
Feedback
Temperature
Setpoint
Setpoint
21°C
0%-100%
Intruder
Key Code
Aktive /
inaktive
Function enhancement is implemented in newly added devices. Therefore interruption of the remaining
functions when extending a network is mostly not necessary.
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Bindings are in no way intelligent !
node A
Logical functionality must always be realised in the
actuator
node C
node B
&
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Structure of a Network Variable
For communication via network variables it is essential that only
network variables of the same type are connected together.
Every network variable consists of a Name and a Type, but the
Name is purely a description.
NV Name
NV Type
nvoOutsideTemp
SNVT_temp_p
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Connection between network variables
Network variables behave like coded plugs
SNVT_temp_p
SNVT_temp_p
SNVT_temp
SNVT_temp
SNVT_temp
X
SNVT_temp_p
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Network Variables
Generally there are two different types of network variables:
SNVT = Standard Network Variable Type
UNVT = User-defined Network Variable Type
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Network Variables
Generally a LON node has an input network variable and an
output network variable (nvi.. and nvo..).
Input network variables are used to accept information from
other LON partners.
Input network variables can also be defined by the manufacturer
as configuration variables. These are used at the same time to
store the settings in a non-volatile memory.
Output variables are also used to forward information to another
partner on the LON network.
Output network variables must be set in the program, they
cannot be manually controlled.
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Options for Message Services
Unacknowledged
Unacknowledged sending of messages on the network.
Unacknowledged Repeated
Unacknowldeged sending of messages on a network with a
repeat function, to make the transfer more secure.
Acknowledged
Acknowledged sending of messages on the network, in which
the sender waits for confirmation from the receiver, which says
that the receiver has received the message. If there is no
confirmation then the message is repeated.
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Options for Message Services
Request Response
This is also a confirmed service but with which the receiver
queries information from a node
This service is usually only used with gateways which query the
LON nodes. (PXR in polling operation, OPC, ....)
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Node Addresses
Neuron ID
Each LON node has a unique identifier (Neuron ID). This
identifier is usually only used on installation of a LON node. In
this way each node gets a unique logical address in the
network.
Domain / Subnet / Node Addresses
Each LON network has its own domain. In this domain the
nodes are distributed in different subnets, depending on the
number of nodes and the structure of the network. In each
subnet all nodes have their own unique node number.
Domain
Domain ID
Subnet 1
Node 1
Subnet 255
Node 127
Node 1
Subnet ID
Node 127
Node ID
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Types of Addresses
LON communication mainly uses the following methods of
addressing:
Subnet / Node Adressing
normally used when a node speaks directly to another node.
Group Adressing
normally used when a node speaks simultaneously to more
than one node.
Broadcast Adressing
used when a node speaks simultaneously to more than one
node but because of the restrictions in the LON chip, it is
not possible to use group addressing.
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Heartbeat
LON nodes send their information on the network partially cyclical with a so-called
heartbeat.
LON nodes expect a heartbeat on their input variables. If this cyclical heartbeat is not
received then many nodes use their own saftey value instead of the value on the network
variable.
Example DESIGO RX:
If the Occupied message is not received for a long time then the node changes
automatically into the Occupied status.
General cyclical sending to all variables can however also be critical, since, for example,
configuration variables such as setpoints are saved in the flash memory. Perpetual
cyclical writing would destroy the flash memory!
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Transceiver
Devices in LON networks have different transceivers, some of
this are:
FTT-10A
Transmitter for LON node with its own voltage supply.
LPT-10
Transmitter for LON node which obtains its voltage supply
from the LON bus.
Use of both types of transceivers is allowed.
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Number of LON Nodes in the Network
The following format can be used to work out the maximum
number of nodes allowed per network segment:
(Number of FTT*2) + (Number of LPT) ≤ 128
Background for the limitation is not the addressing requirement
but the load on the bus.
If the number of permissible nodes in the segment is exceeded
then extra infrastructure components are needed.
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Link Power
LON nodes without their own voltage supply
receive their voltage from a LINK Power voltage
supply.
These devices supply the LON bus with 42V d.c.
voltage and always contain a built-in bus
terminator.
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Repeater
Repeater (physical repeater)
Simply forwards all packets between two channels
Has no memory
Only one repeater is allowed per channel
2-way and 3-way repeaters
Option to include terminators
Physical repeaters repeat everything – even disturbances !!!
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Repeater
Repeater (logical Repeater)
Receives the whole message in memory
forwards all the packets if configured as a bridge, but only if the domain
IDs are in agreement
transparent
Limitations:
Time delay for transmission of data
100 messages per second (reduced bandwidth) in comparison to
FTT10A with 320 Messages per second
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Router
Router
Interface between different media.
learning Router
Monitors the data traffic and „learns“ the topology on the level of the domains /
subnets. Packets are then forwarded selectively between channels.
Attention!: If a network is modified then a learning router must be reset.
configured Router
Here the internal routing table is defined using a network management tool.
Limitations:
Time delay for transmission of data
100 messages per second (reduced bandwidth) in
comparison to FTT10A with 320 Messages per second
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LON Proxy Node
L-Proxy
Interface between separate LON networks
Connection to different domains
Guaranteed limitation for system integrators
Several LON devices in one box
Separate commissioning for each manufacturer possible
Simple mapping of the required network variables using external
configuration files
Dynamic network interface
Extra properties such as active polling,
or extension of the Neuron-Chip
limitations using addressing
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Network Interface
It is necessary to install a network card in the PC to be able to
access the network with the commissioning tool
A built-in LON card is usually used in desktop PCs
PCLTA (Echelon)
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Network Interface
For Laptops there is an array of other network cards:
PCC10 (Echelon)
PCMCIA Card
Attention : this card does not function with all Laptops!
XLON-USB (DH Electronics)
USB Interface
NIC-USB (Loytec)
USB Interface with the possibility running of 8
simultaneous applications multiplexed on one
interface. An LPA Analyser can also be registered
on this hardware.
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LON Node Summary
A LON node can typically have up to 62 network variables.
A network node has only a maximum of 15 address table
entries. This puts a limit on addressing and in the group
memberships.
Node for our applications have a Transceiver FTT-10A or
LPT10. Other transceivers are not compatible.
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Interoperability
LONMARK Interoperability Organisation campaigns for interoperability
between the different applications
Interoperability guidelines for development of LON
applications are published by the LONMARK Interoperability
Organisation
LONMARK objects and functional profiles for different applications
are compiled by LONMARK
LONMARK certifies LON nodes with the LONMARK Logo
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Interoperability
The basis for interoperability is the strict use of SNVTs
SNVTs are also fixed by LONMARK and published in a
SNVT Master List
In the Master List the network variables, range of values,
resolution, etc are defined.
SNVT Master List is a living document!
Attention: Newer versions are backwards compatible, but not the
other way round. So, it may happen that, for example, a new
variable is added or the value range from existing variables is
extended.
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SNVT Master List
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SNVT Master List
SNVT_switch
No.95
state
value
0 .. 100%
Values according toTable
Percent resolution 0,5%
Value
Command
Remark
0
OFF
Command Off
1
ON
Command On
ZERO
Inactive
0xFF
Structure
2 byte
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SNVT Master List
SNVT_temp_p
Nr.105
value
-273,17 .. 327,66°C
Temperature
Resolution 0,01°C
Signed_long
2 byte
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SNVT Master List
SNVT_setting
Nr.117
function
setting
rotation
0 .. 100%
Listing
-359.98 .. 360.00 Grad
Angle resolution
0.02 degrees
Positioning
Value
Structure
4 byte
Command
Remarks
0
SET_OFF
Command Off
1
SET_ON
Command On
2
SET_DOWN
Command Down
3
SET_UP
Command Up
4
SET_STOP
Stop
5
SET_STATE
Positon to a value
SET_NUL
Inactive
0xFF
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Interoperability
The exclusive application of SNVTs however does not guarantee
interoperability
Only the network variables are defined in the Master List,
not their applications – this means that different
manufacturers could, for example, interpret individual values
differently.
In the past this often happened with applications concerning
blinds. This demands caution when working on existing
projects.
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Interoperability
Example: Blinds
0%
- 90%
node
0%
180%
90%
A
node
snvt setting
90%
B
The value of the angle of the blind
can be interpreted differently by
different manufacturers
snvt setting
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LONMARK Objects
Sensor, Control
Object Type Nr. 2
nv1
nviValueFb
SNVT_xxx
nv2
nv3
nviPresetFb
SNVT_preset
nv5
nvoValue
SNVT_xxx
nvoPreset
SNVT_preset
nc17 – Location Description
nc31 – Amplification Factor
nc26 - Offset
nc20 - max. Range
nc23 - min. Range
nc27 – for sending Delta
nc22 - max. Sending Time
nc24 - min. Sending Time
nc16 – Invert Output
nc28 – Conversion Table X
etc.
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Configuration Properties
Implementation of configuration properties:
using configuration network variables (nc#)
using direct memory access SCPTs (only with Neuron-Chip-Hosts!)
using SCPTs which use LonTalk file transfer protocol
Configuration properties versus network variables (nc#):
applying configuration properties the (limited) number of network variables which can be declared on a node is
not restricted!
configuration properties can be any length and can contain any size of array (limited by the available memory)
an individual SCPT can be used by several objects (Engineering!)
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LONMARK Function Profiles
• LONMARK®-Objects
• Pre-defined software templates which can be used to
describe the device behaviour.
•For Communication
Network Variables
SNVTS
•For Installation
pre-defined Format for self-documentation
•For Optimization
pre-defined format for the definition and calibration of
configuration parameters
•Function Profiles
A collection of LONMARK® Objects
Common method to define clearly functionality
Short form for designers, guidelines for manufacturers
•Examples:
•Motor drive, electricity meter, VAV-controller, etc
Device
Function
Profile
LONMARKObjects
SNVTs
NVs
Quelle: Echelon®
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LONMARK Function Profiles
•LONMARK®-Node Objects
Node
Node
Object
Object
• Information about the device as a whole
Data Transfer
• Mechanism to register the status of the device
and its node
LONMARKObject
• Other LONMARK®-Objects
interoperable
interface
LONMARKObject
LONMARKObject
• Device configuration information
Produkt documentation
NV
• Product documentation
SNVT NV
NV
Explicit Meldungen
behaviour
• LONMARK®-Object Types: Sensor, Actuator,
Controller
• Configuration Properties
Configuration Properties
SNVT NV
• Standardised mechanism for communication
Non-interoperable
interface
• Description of the network interface of the
device
• Optional non-interoperable interfaces
• user-defined application interfaces
Quelle: Echelon®
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Network Management Tools
There are ‚binding tools‘ available to install and set up a LON network.
Amongst others there are:
RXT10 (SBT)
LonMaker (Echelon)
NL220 (Newron System)
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Network Management Tools
There is a licence fee for all open tools whcih is demanded by Echelon on
installation. This is normally carried out using a dongle or using a licence
linked to the computer.
Using the RXT10 tools the licence fee is not imposed since this is solved
by Echelon and SBT in another way.
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Topologies
Line Topology
Node
Node
Node
TERM
TERM
Node
Node
Node
X
Stub of maximum 3m
QAX.
Line topology always needs two bus terminators !
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Free Topology
Node
Node
Node
Node
X
Node
QAX.
TERM
Node
Node
Node
Node
Node
Free topology is possible as a ring
or as a pure star
A bus terminator is always necessary with free topology !
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Cable Types
Free Topology
Line Topology
Total Length
Total Length
Max. Distance between two
nodes
TIA 568A Category 5
≤ 450m
250m
≤ 900m
Belden 8471
≤ 500m
400m
≤ 2200m
Belden 85102
≤ 500m
500m
≤ 2200m
Level IV, 22AWG
≤ 500m
400m
≤ 1150m
JY (St) Y 2x2x0,8
≤ 500m
320m
≤ 750m
LON A
LON B
For cables not stranded in pairs then always use the opposite channels (EIB(EIB-cable)
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Corso “DOMOTICA ED EDIFICI INTELLIGENTI” – UNIVERSITA’ DI URBINO
Docente: Ing. Luca Romanelli
Mail: [email protected]
Protocolli
LonWorks - fine
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46