Joint Research Centre
The European Commission’s in-house science service
Perfluorinated Chemicals, especially
Perfluorinated Alkyl Sulfonates and Carboxylats:
European Distribution and Legislation
Robert LOOS
[email protected]
Directorate H - Institute for Environment and Sustainability
Water Resources Unit (H.01)
Ispra, Italy
Outline
Introduction
Acronyms, Use of PFASs, Sources / Precursors / Emissions,
Contamination
Legislation
Voluntary phase-out, Restriction of PFOS in Europe,
Stockholm Convention, WFD, Directive 2013/39/EU
Occurrence
General, Surface waters, European Hotspots, Rhine River,
The Sauerland Case, Groundwater, Tap / Drinking Water
JRC EU-wide Monitoring Surveys
Surface waters, Po River, Danube River, Groundwater,
PFOS Modelling, Adriatic Sea
Conclusions
21 October 2013
2
Acronyms
• Term “PFCs” was used for substances such as PFOS or PFOA.
• Term “perfluorinated chemicals” includes a wide range of chemicals
with varied uses, characteristics and environmental profiles.
• “PFCs”: first used to describe perfluorocarbons, a family of
greenhouse gases (CF4), in official Kyoto Protocol documents.
• Acronym “PFASs” (singular PFAS) should be used for “perfluoroalkyl
and polyfluoroalkyl substances” such as perfluorooctane sulfonate
(PFOS) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA).
Buck, R.C., Franklin, J., Berger, U., Conder, J.M., Cousins, I.T., de Voogt, P., Astrup Jensen, A., Kannan, K., Mabury,
S.A., van Leeuwen, S.P.J. Perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances in the environment: Terminology, classification,
and origins. Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management 7(4) (2011) 513–541.
21 October 2013
3
Use of PFASs
• Since 1950, PFASs, surfactants and polymers made with the aid
of PFASs have been widely used in numerous industrial and
commercial applications.
• C–F bond is extremely strong and stable.
• Chemical and thermal stability of a perfluoroalkyl moiety, in addition
to its hydrophobic and lipophobic nature, lead to highly useful and
enduring properties in surfactants and polymers.
• Polymer applications include textile repellents, stain-resistant
coatings for carpets and grease-proof food-contact paper.
• Surfactant applications that take advantage of the aqueous
surface tension–lowering properties include processing aids for
fluoropolymer manufacture, and aqueous film–forming foams
(AFFFs) used to extinguish fires.
21 October 2013
4
Use of PFASs
Water and oil repellents
(impregnation) for carpets,
leather, paper, textiles,
food packaging
Firefighting
foams
Inks, varnishes,
waxes, metal plating
and cleaning,
coating formulations,
lubricants,
photography, photolithography, and semiconductor industries,
hydraulic fluids
21 October 2013
5
Sources / Precursors
• Widespread use of industrial raw materials and consumer
products and articles.
• Contain PFASs (also as impurities)
• Perfluoroalkyl moiety in polymers or precursors degrades in the
environment to form PFOS, PFOA, and similar substances.
• Precursor substances:
•
Perfluorooctane sulfonamides (PFOSA)
•
N-ethyl perfluorooctane sulfonamidoethanol (NEt-FOSE)
•
Fluorotelomer alcohols (FTOHs)
•
Polyfluoroalkyl phosphate esters (PAPs) (phosphoric acids)
21 October 2013
6
Chemical Structures
PFOA
PFOS
Perfluorooctanesulfonamide (PFOSA) was an ingredient
in 3M’s former Scotchgard stain protection formulation.
N-ethyl Perfluorooctane sulfonamidoethanol (NEtFOSE)
8:2 Fluorotelomer alcohol: volatile precursor of PFACs
Polyfluoroalkyl phosphate esters (PAPs) (phosphoric acids)
21 October 2013
7
Sources and Emissions
• Main sources of PFASs to the aquatic environment are
municipal and industrial wastewater treatment plants.
• Direct discharges
• Landfill leachates
• PFOA: released directly from fluoropolymer production plants.
• Indirect emissions: caused by atmospheric degradation of the
precursor compounds.
21 October 2013
8
Worldwide Contamination
• Widespread use of PFASs / Emissions.
• Broad range of these substances have been detected in the
environment, wildlife, and humans.
• The global extent of this contamination was first demonstrated
for PFOS in wildlife (fish, birds, and marine mammals) by
Giesy and Kannan (2001).
• Human blood by Hansen et al. (2001).
• PFASs: ubiquitously found in the (aqueous) environment.
Giesy JP, Kannan K. Global distribution of perfluorooctane sulfonate in wildlife. Environ. Sci. Technol. 35 (2001) 1339–1342.
Hansen KJ, et al. Compound-specific, quantitative characterization of organic fluorochemicals in biological matrices
Environ. Sci. Technol. 35 (2001) 766-770.
21 October 2013
9
Voluntary phase-out of PFOS / PFOA
production
Concerns about the potential environmental and toxicological
impact of long-chain PFASs:
1) The voluntary phase-out of production of PFOS and related
compounds by their major global manufacturer in 2000 (3M
Company).
2) Stewardship agreement launched in 2006 between the USEPA
and 8 leading global companies to reduce emissions and
product content of PFOA and related chemicals by 95% by
2010 and to work toward their elimination by 2015.
21 October 2013
10
Legislation in Europe
• 2006: European Union Marketing and Use Directive restricting
the use of „„perfluorooctane sulfonates‟‟ in the European Union.
• 2009: Inclusion of PFOS in the Stockholm Convention on
Persistent Organic Pollutants as an Annex B substance, i.e.,
restricted in its use.
• 2013: PFOS becomes priority substance under the WFD.
21 October 2013
11
Marketing of
PFOS restricted
21 October 2013
• Industries which cannot
operate without PFOS are
bound to use the best
available techniques (BAT)
to reduce emissions to the
environment.
• Consumer products and
articles may not contain
more than 0.1% of PFOS.
12
• Scientific opinion of EFSA considered it unlikely that adverse effects
of PFOS and PFOA are occurring in the general population.
• Uncertainties with regard to developmental effects in living
organisms.
• EFSA recommended that further data on PFASs levels in food and in
humans would be desirable.
21 October 2013
13
Directive 2013/39/EU – Priority Substances
Perfluorooctansulfonic acid (PFOS)
EQS:0.65 ng/L
(0.13 ng/L)
Biota: 9.1 µg/kg
•
Expert laboratories can achieve LOQs of 0.1 ng/L
•
Biota EQS (9.1 µg/kg) is more easy to achieve
21 October 2013
14
Occurrence
in Europe
•
Central and south European rivers have higher concentrations and mass
discharges of PFASs than Northern European countries.
•
High PFASs levels in groundwater are often restricted to some
contaminated areas, e.g., due to illegal waste deposition on agricultural land
or in the vicinity of a fluoropolymer producing factory.
•
Sites with former fire-fighting activities are also potential “hot spot” areas.
•
Concentrations in drinking water remain fairly low on average.
•
Typical concentrations are in the low ng/L range with the exception of highly
contaminated areas, like in the Moehne and Ruhr area in Germany.
Eschauzier, C., de Voogt, P., Brauch, H.-J., Lange, F.T. Polyfluorinated chemicals in European surface waters, ground- and
drinking waters. In: Polyfluorinated chemicals and transformation products, Hdb Env. Chem. 17 (2012) 73–102;
Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg.
21 October 2013
15
Surface waters
• Rhone, Rhine, Danube, and Po rivers have the highest discharges
of European rivers (between 810 and 2,200 m3/s) and in part also
high PFASs concentrations, thus generating a considerable mass
flux even at low water contamination levels.
• Rhine: PFOS and PFOA < 10 ng/L.
• PFBA and PFBS were found at high concentrations (335 and 181 ng/L).
• At the Dutch–German border at Lobith high concentrations of PFBA
and PFBS were observed in 2008 with average concentrations of 70
and 47 ng/L.
Eschauzier, C., de Voogt, P., Brauch, H.-J., Lange, F.T. Polyfluorinated chemicals in European surface waters, ground- and
drinking waters. In: Polyfluorinated chemicals and transformation products. Hdb Env. Chem. 17 (2012) 73–102;
Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg.
Möller, A., et al. Distribution and sources of polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in the River Rhine watershed.
Environmental Pollution 158 (2010) 3243-3250.
21 October 2013
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PFOS in the Rhine River
Eschauzier, C., de Voogt, P., Brauch, H.-J., Lange, F.T. Polyfluorinated chemicals in European surface waters, ground- and
drinking waters. In: Polyfluorinated chemicals and transformation products, Hdb Env. Chem. 17 (2012) 73–102; SpringerVerlag, Berlin, Heidelberg.
21 October 2013
17
Surface waters
• Elbe River: PFOS 6.4 ng/L (in 2008)
• Predominating diffuse PFASs inputs, PFOS to PFOA ratio of 3:1 can
be deduced.
• Alz River (south Germany)
• PFOA: up to 7.5 µg/L in the vicinity of a fluoropolymer
manufacturing facility in Gendorf (in 2007).
• Inn and Danube: concentrations of 100 and 50 ng/L PFOA.
Eschauzier, C., de Voogt, P., Brauch, H.-J., Lange, F.T. Polyfluorinated chemicals in European surface waters, ground- and
drinking waters. In: Polyfluorinated chemicals and transformation products, Hdb Env. Chem. 17 (2012) 73–102;
Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg.
21 October 2013
18
PFASs Hotspots
Rhine: PFBA and PFBS
Aare: PFBS
Sauerland (Möhne/Ruhr): PFOS/A
.
Alz/Inn (Gendorf): PFOA
PFBA/PFBS
PFOS/PFOA
.
.
River Scheldt (BE/NL)
PFOS/PFOA
Rhone / Seine (Fr)
PFOS
Barcelona; Llobregat River
Cologne: Groundwater (PFOS)
(Fire brigade training area)
.
21 October 2013
.
PFBS
PFOA
Eschauzier, C., de Voogt, P., Brauch, H.-J., Lange, F.T.
Polyfluorinated chemicals in European surface waters, groundand drinking waters. In: Polyfluorinated chemicals and
transformation products, Hdb Env. Chem. 17 (2012) 73–102;
Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg.
19
4,8-Dioxa-3H-Perfluorononanoate
•
•
•
21 October 2013
ADONA, Ammonium 4,8-dioxa3H-perfluorononanoate, is 3M's
PFOA replacement in the emulsion
polymerization of fluoropolymers.
Most of the ADONA used in
fluoropolymer manufacturing is
either recaptured from waste
streams and products for reuse or
is thermally destroyed during
processing.
These fluoropolymers are sintered
onto the substrate at temperatures
exceeding 280°C. ADONA
decomposes at approximately 125–
175°C.
20
The Sauerland Case,
Germany
Environ. Sci. Technol. 45 (2011) 8046–8052.
21 October 2013
21
The Sauerland Case,
Germany
•
Surface waters along the River Möhne became contaminated with PFCs,
mainly by application of polluted soil conditioner on agricultural lands.
•
Soil conditioner (53,000 tons) has been distributed on more than 1300
farm lands between 2000 and 2006.
•
Maximum PFOA and PFOS concentrations were 2.4 and 33 mg/kg.
•
Contamination of drinking water.
•
Whereas soil samples contained more PFOS than PFOA, PFOA was the
predominant compound observed in drinking water
(2006: 500-640 ng PFOA/L).
•
A human biomonitoring study was implemented, which revealed 4-8-fold
increased PFOA blood concentrations in residents exposed to
contaminated drinking water compared to a reference population.
21 October 2013
Hölzer et al., Environ. Sci. Technol. 45 (2011) 8046–8052.
Hölzer et al., Environ. Health Perspect. 116 (5) (2008) 651-657.
22
The Sauerland Case,
Germany
• Fish samples of Lake Möhne
PFOS was the predominant PFAS found
Highest median PFOS concentrations:
Perches (median: 96 ng/g), Eels (77 ng/g), Pikes (37 ng/g)
Whitefish (34 ng/g), Roaches (6.1 ng/g)
• PFOS concentrations in blood plasma of anglers
Ranged from 1.1 to 650 μg/L
(PFOA: 2.1-170 μg/L; PFHxS: 0.4-17 μg/L).
• A distinct dose-dependent relationship between fish consumption and
internal exposure to PFOS was observed.
• PFOS concentrations in blood plasma of anglers consuming fish 2-3
times per month were 7 times higher compared to those without any
fish consumption from Lake Möhne.
21 October 2013
Hölzer et al., Environ. Sci. Technol. 45 (2011) 8046–8052.
Hölzer et al., Environ. Health Perspect. 116 (5) (2008) 651-657.
23
Groundwater
• Bavaria, industrial area Gendorf, Alztal aquifer, Germany:
Groundwater contamination with PFOA: up to 7 µg/L.
• near Cologne, Germany. The source of the contamination was
identified to be a fire brigade training area (AFFFs). ΣPFASs
reached levels up to 4 µg/L, with PFOS and PFHxS prevailing.
Eschauzier, C., de Voogt, P., Brauch, H.-J., Lange, F.T. Polyfluorinated chemicals in European surface waters, ground- and
drinking waters. In: Polyfluorinated chemicals and transformation products, Hdb Env. Chem. 17 (2012) 73–102;
Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg.
21 October 2013
24
Tap / Drinking Water
Barcelona: PFOA 9 ng/L; PFOS 50 ng/L
Amsterdam: PFBA <9.5 to 52 ng/L,
PFBS 11 to 42 ng/L
Ericson, I., et al. Levels of perfluorinated chemicals in municipal drinking water from Catalonia, Spain: public health implications.
Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 57 (2009) 631–638.
Ullah, S., Alsberg, T., Berger, U. Simultaneous determination of perfluoroalkyl phosphonates, carboxylates, and sulfonates in drinking
water. Journal of Chromatography A 1218 (2011) 6388– 6395.
Eschauzier, C., et al. Impact of treatment processes on the removal of perfluoroalkyl acids from the drinking water production chain. Environ. Sci. Technol.
46 (2012) 1708−1715.
21 October 2013
25
JRC EU-wide
Monitoring Surveys
• 2007: Surface water survey
“EU-wide survey of polar organic persistent pollutants in European
river waters”
Environmental Pollution 157 (2009) 561–568
• Joint Danube Survey (2007)
Water Research 44 (2010) 2325–2335
• 2008: Groundwater survey
“Pan-European survey on the occurrence of selected polar
organic persistent pollutants in ground water”
Water Research 44 (2010) 4115–4126
• 2010: Waste water treatment plant (WWTP) effluents
Water Research, in press
• 2012: Pilot exercise for WFD “Watch List” (surface waters)
21 October 2013
26
Sampling Stations:
Rivers and Groundwater
Focus on
“emerging
pollutants”
Surface water: 122 samples
Ground water: 164 samples
Danube and tributaries: 103 samples
Autotrace 280 system
21 October 2013
28
LC-MS-MS at
JRC-IES Ispra
LC-MS-MS
UHPLC-MS-MS
Ultra-high pressure liquid chromatography
Particles < 2 mm
Higher pressure; faster; more efficient
21 October 2013
29
Median concentrations [ng/L]
The most frequently detected compounds were 1-nitrophenol (freq
97%), NPE1C (97%), PFOA (97%), caffeine (95%), carbamazepine
(95%), PFOS (94%), benzotriazole (94%), 2,4-dinitrophenol (86%),
diclofenac (83%), and tolyltriazole (81%).
The highest median concentrations were measured for NPE1C (233
ng/L), benzotriazole (226 ng/L), tolyltriazole (140 ng/L),
carbamazepine (75 ng/L), and caffeine (72 ng/L).
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Frequency of detection [%]
EU-wide Survey of Polar
Pollutants in Rivers
100
90
80
Average frequency
of detection: 62 %
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
PFNA
6 ng/L
PFOS
PFHpA
250
200
150
100
50
3 ng/L
0
PFOA
Loos et al., Environ. Poll. 157 (2009) 561-568.
Danube River
21 October 2013
31
Danube River
(2007)
PFOA/S
70
Germany
Austria
Slovakia Hungary
Serbia
Romania / Bulgaria
60
50
PFOA (Tributaries)
40
PFOS (Danube)
30
Concentration [ng/L]
PFOA (Danube)
Inn River
20
10
0
2500
2000
1500
1000
500
0
River km
PFOA
21 October 2013
PFOS
32
River Aire (UK)
PFOS: 10-15 ng/L
JRC cooperation with Lancaster University (Mark Earnshaw, Alex Paul, Andy Sweetman, Kevin Jones)
21 October 2013
33
Groundwater
PFOA
PFOS
PFHxS
PFHpA
21 October 2013
34
21 October 2013
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Number of detections
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30
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40
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35
Max. Concentrations
in Groundwater
12000
42
Average frequency of detection for all compounds: 25%
32
Frequency of detection [%]
8000
6000
4000
2000
11
5
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4
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Concentration [ng/L]
10000
Not included:
Dimethylsulfamid (max. 52 mg/L in one sample; freq. 12%), Chloridazon-desphenyl (max. 13 mg/L; freq. 17%),
Chloridazon-methyldesphenyl (max. 1.2 mg/L; freq. 6%), PFOA (max. 39 ng/L; freq. 66 %).
Loos et al. Pan-European survey on the occurrence of selected polar organic persistent pollutants in ground water.
Water Res. 44 (2010) 4115-4126.
21 October 2013
36
Modelling-based assessment
of PFOA and PFOS emissions
•
46 river monitoring points for rivers which “discharge” into the seas
•
Around the same number of relevant rivers / streams (~50) is missing
21 October 2013
37
Correlation of PFOA/S
with Population
PFOS
PFOA
1.0E+01
1.0E+01
1.0E+00
1.0E+00
all samples:
Emission factor 82 ug/inhab./day
maximum reported emission factor
57 ug/inhab./day
1.0E-01
1.0E-02
PFOA discharge (tonnes/year)
PFOS discharge (tonnes/year)
1.0E-01
samples:
emission factor 27.4 ug/inhab./day
1.0E-03
1.0E-04
WWTP in Germany:
Emission factor 30 ug/inhab./day
only samples with E<0.5 t/y:
Emission factor 19.2 ug/inhab./day
1.0E-03
1.0E-04
1.0E-05
1.0E-06
1.E+03
1.0E-02
1.0E-05
1.E+04
1.E+05
1.E+06
1.E+07
1.0E-06
1.E+03
1.E+08
population (inhab.)
WWTP in Switzerland:
Emission factor 12 ug/inhab./day
1.E+04
1.E+05
1.E+06
1.E+07
1.E+08
population (inhab.)
Estimation for the year 2007:
PFOS and PFOA discharges along the whole European river network to coastal areas
in Europe: ~ 20 t/a PFOS and 30 t/a PFOA.
Emission factor: 27 mg/day/person PFOS, and 82 mg/day/person PFOA.
A. Pistocchi, R. Loos, Environ. Sci. Technol. 43 (2009) 9237-9244.
21 October 2013
38
Adriatic Sea
Water samples taken in 2011/12.
21 October 2013
39
Adriatic Sea
Venice, 16 km off-shore
Acqua Alta Oceanographic Platform
(CNR)
Water depth: 16 m
21 October 2013
http://www.ismar.cnr.it/infrastrutture/piattaforma-acqua-alta/
40
1H-Benzotriazole
5-Methyl-1H-benzotriazole
Alachlor
Atenolol
Atrazine
Atrazine-desethyl
Atrazine-desisopropyl
Carbamazepine
Carbendazim
Chloridazon
DEET
Diuron
Irgarol
Isoproturon
Linuron
Metolachlor
Metoprolol
Simazine
Sulfadimethoxine
Sulfamethoxazole
Terbutryn
Terbutylazine
Terbutylazine-desethyl
2,4-D
2,4,5-T
Bentazone
Bezafibrate
Clofibric acid
Dichlorprop
Gemfibrozil
Ibuprofen
MCPA
Mecoprop
Naproxen
Sucralose
PFPA
PFHxA
PFHpA
PFOA
PFNA
PFDA
PFHxS
PFOS
Concentration [ng/l]
Adriatic Sea
20
18
10. Feb 11
16
6 May 2011
15. Sep 11
14
13 March 2012
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
21 October 2013
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Adriatic Sea
Highest Concentrations (max.)
Caffeine
367 ng/l
Nitrophenol
36 ng/l
2,4-Dinitrophenol
34 ng/l
5-Methyl-1H-benzotriazole
18.5 ng/l
Sucralose
11.1 ng/l
1H-Benzotriazole
9.2 ng/l
Terbutylazine
9 ng/l
Alachlor (one sample)
7.7 ng/l
Atrazine-desisopropyl
6.6 ng/l
DEET
5.0 ng/l
Terbutylazine-desethyl
4.3 ng/l
21 October 2013
Metolachlor
PFOA
Linuron
PFPeA
PFHxA
Diuron
Simazine
PFHxS
Atrazine
PFOS
Chloridazon
Ibuprofen
Carbendazim
Sulfamethoxazole
2.8 ng/l
2.5 ng/l
2.3 ng/l
2.3 ng/l
2.2 ng/l
2.0 ng/l
1.6 ng/l
1.6 ng/l
1.5 ng/l
1.3 ng/l
1.3 ng/l
1.1 ng/l
1.1 ng/l
1.0 ng/l
42
PFOA and PFOS
in Oceans
Chemical
Adriatic Sea
Literature
PFOA
0.79 – 2.51 ng/l
North Sea: 0.11–7.8 ng/l
(Ahrens et al. 2009. Chemosphere 76, 179-184;
Möller et al. 2010. Environ. Pollut. 158, 3243-3250;
Willie et al. 2010. J. Chromatogr. A 1217, 6616–6622)
China (Pacific; coastal): 38-1542 pg/l
(Cai et al. 2012. Environ. Pollut. 161, 162-169)
Catalonian Coast: <0.08-1.86 ng/l
(Sánchez-Avila et al. 2010. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 60 (1), 103–112)
Atlantic Ocean: 229-439 pg/l (max.)
(Ahrens et al. 2009. ES&T 43, 3122–3127;
Yamashita et al. 2005. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 51, 658–668)
PFOS
21 October 2013
1.34 ng/l
North Sea: 0.25-4.2 ng/L
China (Pacific; coastal): <20.7-70.3 pg/l
Catalonian Coast: <0.03-3.93 ng/L
Atlantic Ocean: 73-291 pg/l (max.)
43
PFASs in
Aquatic Biota
Environ. Sci. Technol. 45, 2011, 7962–7973.
Harbor seals in the German Bight
PFOS: predominant compound with a
maximum concentration of 3676 ng/g.
Ahrens, L.; Siebert, U.; Ebinghaus, R. Total body burden and tissue
distribution of polyfluorinated compounds in harbor seals (Phoca
vitulina) from the German Bight. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 2009, 58, 520–525.
21 October 2013
44
PFASs in Fish
PFASs in wild fish from Northern Germany
Fish filet samples (eels, bream, herring, mackerel, carp, trout)
PFOS was found in the filet samples caught from densely populated
regions at levels between 8.2 and 225 µg/kg.
Marine or remote locations: PFOS: up to 50.8 µg/kg.
Schuetze, A.; Heberer, T.; Effkemann, S.; Juergensen, S. Occurrence and assessment of perfluorinated chemicals in wild fish
.
PFASs in muscle tissue from edible fish species from the
second largest freshwater lake in Sweden, Lake Vättern (LV),
and in brackish water of the Baltic Sea
PFOS concentrations were higher in LV (medians 2.9–12 ng/g) than
in Baltic Sea water fish (medians 1.0–2.5 ng/g).
from Northern Germany. Chemosphere 2010, 78, 647–652
Berger,U.;Glynn,A.;Holmstrom, K.E.;Berglund,M.;Ankarberg, E. H.; Tornkvist, A. fish consumption as a source of human
exposure to perfluorinated alkyl substances in Sweden: Analysis of edible fish from Lake Vattern and the Baltic Sea.
Chemosphere 2009, 76, 799–804.
PFASs in high mountain lakes in France
PFOS: 3.61–4.24 ng/g.
Ahrens, L.; Marusczak, N.; Rubarth, J.; Dommergue, A.; Nedjai, R.; Ferrari, C.; Ebinghaus, R. Distribution of perfluoroalkyl
compounds and mercury in fish liver from high-mountain lakes in France originating from atmospheric deposition. Environ.
Chem. 2010, 7, 422–428.
21 October 2013
45
Conclusions
• Lack of monitoring data (spatial and temporal variability)
• The JRC focuses its monitoring on EU-wide studies
• Important for the prioritization of chemicals
• Next year the JRC will take over the lead on the prioritization
under the WFD
• Monitoring data, effect data, and modelling
• PFOS compliance monitoring (EQS: 0.65 ng/L)
• Biota EQS: 9.1 µg/kg
21 October 2013
46
Conclusions
• Dietary intake is supposed to be an important path of
exposure for the general population to PFOS and PFOA.
• Contamination of drinking water led to significantly increased
PFOA concentrations, in blood samples of the affected
populations in Little Hocking, Ohio, USA, Arnsberg, Germany,
and Minnesota, USA.
• Fish is an important part of the diet and recently the
significance of fish consumption on the internal exposure to
PFOS was emphasized.
• Continued use of PFOA and PFOS precursors
21 October 2013
47
“Polar Bear Brains have High Levels of Environment Toxins”
Nature World News; 24 July 2013
Greaves, A.K., et al.
BRAIN REGION DISTRIBUTION AND PATTERNS OF BIOACCUMULATIVE PERFLUOROALKYL CARBOXYLATES AND SULFONATES IN EAST
GREENLAND POLAR BEARS (URSUS MARITIMUS)
Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, Vol. 32, No. 3, 2013, pp. 713–722.
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Thank you for your attention !
Monte Rosa
(4.634 m)
Lago Maggiore
Ispra
JRC
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49