Economia del turismo
Corso avanzato
Sustainable Tourism 2
Claudio Cecchi – Dipartimento di Economia e Diritto
Corso di laurea magistrale
"Analisi e gestione delle attività turistiche e
delle risorse"
Roma, 19 maggio 2014
Sustainable Development Indicators
Chapter 40 of Agenda 21, the action plan adopted in 1992 at the United Nations
Conference on Environment and Development in Rio de Janeiro, calls on countries, as well
as international, governmental and non-governmental organizations, to develop indicators
of sustainable development that can provide a solid basis for decision-making at all levels.
…
The newly [in 2007] revised Commission on Sustainable Development ( CSD ) indicators
contain a core set of 50 indicators
…
Core indicators fulfill three criteria.
•First, they cover issues that are relevant for sustainable development in most countries.
•Second, they provide critical information not available from other core indicators.
•Third, they can be calculated by most countries with data that is either readily available or
could be made available within reasonable time and costs.
United Nations (2007) Indicators of Sustainable Development: Guidelines and
Methodologies. Third Edition. New York: The United Nations publication pp. 10-14
2
CSD indicator themes
• Poverty
• Natural hazards
• Governance
• Atmosphere
• Health
• Land
• Education
• Oceans, seas
and coasts
• Demographics
• Freshwater
• Economic
development
• Global economic
partnership
• Consumption and
production patterns
• Biodiversity
3
CSD Indicators of Sustainable Development 1
Theme
Sub-theme
Core indicator
Poverty
Income poverty
Proportion of population living
below national poverty line
Ratio of share in national
income of highest to lowest
quintile
Proportion of population
using an improved sanitation
facility
Proportion of population
using an improved water
source
Share of households without
electricity or other modern
energy services
Proportion of urban
population living in slums
Income inequality
Sanitation
Drinking water
Access to energy
Living conditions
4
CSD Indicators of Sustainable Development 2
Theme
Sub-theme
Core indicator
Governance
Corruption
Percentage of population
having paid bribes
Number of intentional
homicides per 100,000
population
Under-five mortality rate
Crime
Health
Mortality
Life expectancy at birth
Health care delivery
Nutritional status
Health status and risks
Percent of population with
access to primary health care
facilities
Immunization against
infectious childhood diseases
Nutritional status of children
Morbidity of major diseases
such as HIV/AIDS, malaria,
tuberculosis
5
CSD Indicators of Sustainable Development 3
Theme
Sub-theme
Core indicator
Education
Education Level
Literacy
Gross intake ratio to last
grade of primary education
Net enrolment rate in primary
education
Adult secondary (tertiary)
schooling attainment level
Adult literacy rate
Population
Population growth rate
Demographics
Dependency ratio
Tourism
Ratio of local residents to
tourists in major tourist
regions and destinations
6
CSD Indicators of Sustainable Development 4
Theme
Sub-theme
Core indicator
Land
Land use and status
Land use change
Land degradation
Desertification
Agriculture
Forests
Oceans, seas and coasts
Coastal zone
Fisheries
Marine environment
Land affected by
desertification
Arable and permanent
cropland area
Proportion of land area
covered by forests
Percentage of total
population living in coastal
areas
Proportion of fish stocks
within safe biological limits
Proportion of marine area
protected
7
CSD Indicators of Sustainable Development 5
Theme
Sub-theme
Core indicator
Freshwater
Water quantity
Proportion of total water
resources used
Water use intensity by
economic activity
Presence of faecal coliforms
in freshwater
Wastewater treatment
Water quality
Biodiversity
Ecosystem
Species
Proportion of terrestrial area
protected, total and by
ecological region
Change in threat status of
species
8
CSD Indicators of Sustainable Development 6
Theme
Sub-theme
Core indicator
Economic development
Macroeconomic performance Gross domestic product
(GDP) per capita
Investment share in GDP
Sustainable public finance
Debt to GNI ratio
Employment
Employment- population ratio
Labor productivity and unit
labor costs
Share of women in wage
employment in the nonagricultural sector
Information and
Internet users per 100
communication technologies population
Research and development Gross domestic expenditure
on R&D as a percent of GDP
Tourism
Tourism contribution to GDP
9
CSD Indicators of Sustainable Development 7
Theme
Sub-theme
Core indicator
Global economic partnership
Trade
Current account deficit as
percentage of GDP
Net Official Development Assistance
(ODA) given or received as a
percentage of GNI
Material intensity of the economy
External financing
Consumption and production
patterns
Material consumption
Energy use
Waste generation and
management
Transportation
Annual energy consumption, total
and by main user category
Intensity of energy use, total and by
economic activity
Generation of hazardous waste
Waste treatment and disposal
Modal split of passenger
transportation
10
11
Sustainable Tourism Definition
More responsible holidays include various forms of
alternative or sustainable tourism such as: ‘naturebased tourism’, ‘ecotourism’ and ‘cultural tourism’
Sustainable tourism is a form of
“tourism that respects both local people and the
traveller, cultural heritage and the environment”
It seeks to provide people with an exciting and
educational holiday that is also of benefit to the people
of the host country.
12
Go to CSD Indicators.xlsx
Define importance of indicators in
relation to Tourism
13
CSD Indicators of Sustainable Development 1
Theme
Sub-theme
Core indicator
Poverty
Income poverty Proportion of population living below
national poverty line
Income
inequality
Ratio of share in national income of
highest to lowest quintile
Sanitation
Proportion of population using an
improved sanitation facility
Individual Community
State
Drinking water Proportion of population using an
improved water source
Access to
energy
Share of households without
electricity or other modern energy
services
Living
conditions
Proportion of urban population living
in slums
14
CSD Indicators of Sustainable Development 2
Theme
Sub-theme
Governance Corruption
Health
Core indicator
Individual
Community
State
Percentage of population having
paid bribes
Crime
Number of intentional homicides
per 100,000 population
Mortality
Under-five mortality rate
Life expectancy at birth
Health care
delivery
Percent of population with access
to primary health care facilities
Immunization against infectious
childhood diseases
Nutritional
status
Health status
and risks
Nutritional status of children
Morbidity of major diseases such
as HIV/AIDS, malaria,
tuberculosis
15
CSD Indicators of Sustainable Development 3
Theme
Sub-theme
Education Education
Level
Literacy
Demograp Population
hics
Core indicator
Individual Community
State
Gross intake ratio to last
grade of primary education
Net enrolment rate in
primary education
Adult secondary (tertiary)
schooling attainment level
Adult literacy rate
Population growth rate
Dependency ratio
Tourism
Ratio of local residents to
tourists in major tourist
regions and destinations
16
CSD Indicators of Sustainable Development 4
Theme
Sub-theme
Core indicator
Land
Land use and
status
Land use change
Individual
Communit
y
State
Land degradation
Desertification
Agriculture
Forests
Oceans,
seas and
coasts
Coastal zone
Fisheries
Marine
environment
Land affected by
desertification
Arable and permanent
cropland area
Proportion of land area
covered by forests
Percentage of total
population living in
coastal areas
Proportion of fish stocks
within safe biological
limits
Proportion of marine area
protected
17
CSD Indicators of Sustainable Development 5
Theme
Freshwater
Subtheme
Water
quantity
Water
quality
Core indicator
Individual Community
State
Proportion of total water
resources used
Water use intensity by
economic activity
Presence of faecal coliforms
in freshwater
Wastewater treatment
Biodiversity Ecosystem Proportion of terrestrial area
protected, total and by
ecological region
Species
Change in threat status of
species
18
CSD Indicators of Sustainable Development 6
Theme
Sub-theme
Economic
Macroeconomic
development performance
Core indicator
Individual Community
State
Gross domestic product (GDP) per capita
Investment share in GDP
Sustainable
public finance
Employment
Debt to GNI ratio
Employment- population ratio
Labor productivity and unit labor costs
Share of women in wage employment in
the non-agricultural sector
Information and
communication
technologies
Research and
development
Tourism
Internet users per 100 population
Gross domestic expenditure on R&D as a
percent of GDP
Tourism contribution to GDP
19
CSD Indicators of Sustainable Development 7
Theme
Sub-theme
Core indicator
Global
economic
partnership
Trade
Current account deficit as percentage of
GDP
External
financing
Net Official Development Assistance
(ODA) given or received as a
percentage of GNI
Material intensity of the economy
Consumption Material
and production consumption
patterns
Energy use
Waste
generation and
management
Individual
Community
State
Annual energy consumption, total and
by main user category
Intensity of energy use, total and by
economic activity
Generation of hazardous waste
Waste treatment and disposal
Transportation Modal split of passenger transportation
20
Economia del turismo
Corso avanzato
Sustainable Tourism
Claudio Cecchi – Dipartimento di Economia e Diritto
Corso di laurea magistrale
"Analisi e gestione delle attività turistiche e
delle risorse"
Roma, 26 marzo 2014