The
COURSE
ITALIAN
FIRST
CONTAINING
GRAMMAR,
NEW
AMERICAN
YORK
EXERCISE
BOOK
VOCABULARIES
ON
WILLLAM
A
AND
DELECTUS,
WITH
DR.
I.
Pringipia-^Part
Italian
THE
PLAN
LATINA"
"PRINCIPIA
SMITH'S
":"
OF
CINCINNATI
";"
COMPANY
BOOK
W.
CHICAGO
p.
2
EDUav
^SYCH.
-IBRARY
GEPT
PC
KS
EDUC^
LIBRARY
PREFACE.
The
Work
following
has been drawn
up
by SignerRicoi,
Professor of Italian in the
City of London
PrincipiaLatina and
plan as the
German
Principia.
same
The
main
objectof
the
on
College,
the French
the book is to enable
and
beginnerto
acquirean accurate knowledge of the chief grammatical
forms, to learn their usage by constructing
tences
simple senthe study of the language,
as f^oon
as he commences
and to accumulate graduallya stock of words useful in
conversation
well as in reading. The
as
grammatical
forms are printedin conspicuous
type and at full length,
sound knowledge of the languagecan
be acquirv
d
as no
unless the pupil becomes
familiar with these
thoroughly
forms.
But at the same
time it is importantthat the
learner should be exercised from
of
Sentences,so
to test
as
a
the firstin the construction
by practical
applictition
presentWork thus contains
with Vocabularies,
Grammar, Delectus,and Exercise-book,
the
and
The
grammaticalforms.
consequentlypresents in
will requirefor
beginner
all
one
book
some
time
in his
made
as
that
study of
the
the
language.
The
so
far
Grammar
as
has been
the forms
of
necessity
the
use
have been taken to
are
completeas possible,
concerned,in order
of any
to
other Grammar.
the Bules,which
simplify
463
obviate the
Great
pains
often consist
iv
PP.EFAOB.
of
only
few
a
several
in
pages
has
been
the
Irregular
As
most
affinities
the
chapters
it
Italian,
between
the
derived
from
the
Teutonic
than
exist,
are
the
of
Littre,
The
Italian
teaching
desires
to
Volpe
and
used
has
writer
in
Brachet
consulted
both
his
express
Sauer,
Italian
as
Schools.
these
have
in
been
this
country
obligations
well
as
to
to
the
the
Italian
lists
the
chiefly
of
most
the
where
useful
and
the
ordinary
words
authorities
followed.
used
books
the
of
case
practically
which
up
come
forms,
more
as
from
drawing
and
German
given,
forms,
which
In
of
only
not
those
of
languages.
modern
generally
In
come.
Diez,
the
older
actuall}'
other
given,
is
the
out
Vocabularies
the
In
also
but
Latin,
and
derivations
Teutonic
they
the
from
pointy
to
words
beginning
before
advisable
Italian
are
Verbs.
Latin
some
languages.
two
all
of
etymology
learnt
thought
been
irregularities,
of
Peculiarities
of
Irregular
called
so
slight
same
on
have
has
those
the
the
care
classification
and
of
oocnpy
Special
Grammars.
Many
show
persons
subjects
same
arrangement
Verbs.
the
in
given
the
in
which
Verbs,
Italian
other
taken
the
when
words,
abroad,
Grammars
Grammars
in
and
of
CONTENTS.
FAOI
I. The
II.
Parts
Alphabet.
of
Speech
1
Pkonunciation
2
Ilf.
The
Article
3
IV.
The
Substantive
5
V.
VI.
VII.
VUI.
IX.
X.
XI.
XII.
X in.
XIV.
1.
Formation
of
the
Plural
5
2.
Formation
ok
the
Genitive
9
3.
Formation
OF
the
Dative
10
4.
Formation
OF
the
Ablative
11
Partitive
The
Proper
14
Article
15
Names
The
Verb
Avere
16
The
Verb
EssERE
22
The
Adjective
27
1.
Qualificative
2.
Possessive
3.
Demonstrative
4.
Interrogative
5.
Numeral
6.
Indefinite
The
27
Adjectives
37
Adjectivks
Adjectives
38
39
Adjectives
Adjectives
40
45
Adjectives
Verb
First
Conjugation
Second
Third
47
49
Conjugation
51
Conjugation
Affinities
of
the
54
Italian
Latin
and
Verbs..
57
..
XV.
Peculiarities
of
Verbs
some
of
ihe
I'irst
gation
Conju58
XVI.
Peculiarities
of
Veri^s
some
of
the
Second
gation
Conju61
XVII.
Peculiarities
of
Verps
some
of
the
Third
gation
Conju65
XVIII.
XIX.
Complements
The
A.
OF
69
Verbs
Pronoun
Personal
B.
Demonstrative
C.
Possessive
75
Pronouns
Pronouns
Pronouns
75
84
87
yi
CONTENTS.
PAOt
D.
V.
XXI.
87
89
Pronouns
jE. Relative
XX.
Pbonouns
Interrogative
Pronouns
Indefinite
91
Passive
Verbs
92
Neuter
Verbs
98
XXII.
Keflective
Verbs
101
XXIII.
Impersonal
Verbs
108
XXIV.
Adverbs
XXV.
112
A.
Adverbs
of
Time
114
B.
Adverbs
of
Place
115
C.
Adverbs
Manner
116
OF
D.
Adverbs
OF
Quantity
117
E.
Adverbs
OF
Affirmation
118
F.
Adverbs
OF
Negation
118
G.
Adverbs
of
Doubt
120
H.
Adverbial
Expressions
121
123
Prepositions
A.
Prepositions
GOVERNING
THE
Genitive..
123
..
B.
Prepositions
governing
THE
Dative
124
..
..
C.
Prepositions
governing
the
Accusative
125
,
D.
Prepositions
governing
THE
Ablative
.
125
.,
XXVI.
Conjunctions
XXVII.
126
Conjunctions
A.
Copulative
B.
Disjunctive
126
Conjunctions
127
Interjections
XXVIII.
128
Irregular
The
Verbs
First
Verbs
Class
in
the
Past
Definite
and
Participle
Second
A.
130
irregular
Past
The
130
131
Class
Verbs
139
irregular
in
the
Past
Participle
139
only
..
B.
Verbs
IN
irregular
different
Tenses..
141
..
The
Third
Class
164
..
Defective
Verbs
List
Alphabetical
164
OP
Irregular
Verbs
169
..
Vocabularies
Index
I.
Index
II."
"
..
179
Italian
English
Words
Words
204
213
FIRST
A
ITALIAN
COURSE,
The
I.
"
Alphabet.
The
Alphabet.
1.
Italian
"
The
A,
B,
C,
a,
b,
0,
D,
Speech.
of
alphabet
of
consists
letters
22
E,
F,
G,
H,
I, J, L,
M,
N,
O,
P,
o,
f,
g,
h,
i, j, 1,
m,
n,
o,
p,
Q,
R,
S, T,
U,
V,
Z.
q,
r,
s,
t,
11,
V,
z.
are
only
used
in
d,
letters
English
Parts
K, W,
X, Y
:
foreign
words.
The
Of
these
letters,
haain-ingletters
2.
Accents.
(a)
a,
To
mark
contraction
a
instead
To
word
of
give
On
the
re-
in
O
accent
third
as,
the
an
2.
acute
put
for
Some
of
Apostrophe.
drop!"e i, as
the
accent
(')
the
sake
"
order
in
t's:
u.^e
as
io
;
the
indicate
the
upon
the
in
shall
and
on
Future:
love ;
this
in
word,
pronunciation
as
e, is.
the
Lalian
or
word,
Definite
of
Italian, but
every
accent
same
; e,
/
amero,
the
tne
circumflex
principi
for
(")
accpnt
priucipii,
to
; as,
work
exc
un
egli
it
pt in
angelo,
of
la
anima.
the
mark
tion
contrac-
etc
shows
that
Apostrophe
I' amico,
the friend, instead
a
of
i
the
friend.
The
soul, instead
thus
and,
Past
singular
written
never
beginners
to
a
-mid),
writers
is
of
of
persons
loved
love.
un
two
he
will
Exercises,
anutli
pi'eserving
signification to
da,/rom, da, gives
person
third
egli am5,
The
syllable, and
original place.
;
carit^, charity
;
caritate, veritate, showing
singular
first and
l."
verity, truth
as,
dififerent
a
the
is
r anima,
written
a
in its
amer^, he
been
3.
page
(vocdli),the
(consondnti).
one
;
of
la, the, la, there
3.
on
it is used
the
Note
only
given
are
Vowels
aie
u
o,
is
suppression
(c)
letters
consonants
There
written
(b)
i,
e,
being
"
Italian, and
Italian
the
ot
names
vowel
lo
has
amico;
2
PRONUNCIATION.
4. Genders.
There
"
5. Numbers.
There
"
Plural
Idre)and
6. Parts
(mcuco-
Singular (singo-
:
(jplurale).
There
"
Nine
are
Parts
of
Speech
in
language :
5. Verb,
articolo.
1. Article
Substantive,or
2.
Numbers
two
are
of Speech.
the Italian
Masculine
:
(femminino).
Fetninine
lino)and
Ganders
two
are
verho.
Noun, sostaittivo,6. Adverb.
name.
or
avverbio.
7.
Preposition,preposizidne.
3.
Adjective,
aggeitivo.
8.
Uonjuiiction,congiunzidne.
4.
Pronoun,
prmidme.
9.
interiezidne.
Interjection,
PrONUNCI
II.
"
Every letter
neither
be
must
diphthongs
ION.
AT
Italian,as there
in
pronounced
are
mutes.
nor
Vowels.
is
a
(
\
pronounced
(close)
(open)
like
"
"
(
(close)
\ (open)
"
"
U
in
a
in made
in to he
o
in
0
ill loxs
00
e'rba,grass.
:
e
dire, io say.
:
sotto, under.
society:
in
"
less.
meno,
:
in and
a
"
i
: as, p^dre,father.
fatJier
a
ddtto,learned.
miito,dumb.
:
booty:
Consonants.
Consonants
The
in
as
have
below
given
not
the
sound
same
Englisti.
before a, o, u,h: as caro, dear ; che, what,
ch in cherry before e, i: as cera, wax;
cittk,
Ih
town.
garden before
in
!g
a,
^;
o, m,
as
gdla,throat;
ehiandii. acorn,
g
in
general before
gelare,to /r"eae;
as
t;
e,
gidrno,dny.
gl
negl gere
in
h
18
like
(b)
vowel
to
in io
,
,
:
as
^e
e'gli,
i
;
in
except
it sounds
like
gl
l-nglishsound.
spider.
ragno,
the
;
bagnn, /)""//i
is used
of th"- lett. rs
c
these
g when
and
precede
i
give.different meanings
^r
has the soundJ of
,
^
as
hanno
(they)hav.
sounds like // in to yieldand
words
"0
or
gl has
chscs
in Italiun, and
the sound
e
billiards
II in
its derivatives; whe
In all other
in union:
nt
to harden
the
like
and
neglect)
pronounced
never
(a)
j
(to
negligent.
sounds
gn
i sounds
before
when
iis
f
to
the
word
same
:
as
anno,
year ;
only to form the pluralof
or
escmpii.
cse'inpio,
examp'e,ese'rapj
"c
| ^^
is used
in scatter
j^ ^^^
before o, o,
^^^^
u.
.
^^
.
^^
h
:
as,
scacco,
Boimmia,
a
few
cheu.
monkey.
III.
There
and
the
Articles,the Definite, the Indefinite.
three
are
(VArticolo).
Article
The
"
Partitive.
1. Definite
Article.
Masculine.
Plural
II is used
\l
all masculine
before
except the impure
consonant,
Feminine.
*
11,lo (1')
i, gli
Singular
fraieUo, the brother.
father;
nouns
beginning
the 0 is dropped
the
with
before
nouns
and
s
z;
is u^ed
Lo
impure
vowel
a
la
:
(1')
le
s,
as,
2
lo
heginninp:with a
il padre, the
as,
before masculine
or
vowel, but
a
the
i^coglio,
rock ;
I is the
lo zio, the uncle ; V osso, the hone, instead of lo osso.
pbiral of 11,and gli of lo ; but the i of gliis only diojiped
the
i: as. lo scettro, the s^ejptre
before another
; gli scettri,
sceptres; V in^annatore,the cheat
When
Note."
avoid
the
a
ends
noun
of the
repetition
same
in
the
gl'ingannatori,
;
cheats.
g of the article is dropped to
the rocks ; li artigli,
as, li scdgli,
gli.the
sound
:
the claws.
Note.
"d, "c.
"
*
The
The
impure
Article
comes
1*
8
"
followed
from
the Latin
is
by
another
demonstrative
consonant
pronoun
; as,
ilia.
ille,
"6,"c,
4
ARTICLE.
THE
La
and
t^kes
all feminine
with
is used
apostrophe
pupil{/em.),instead
r allieva,the
before
when
an
but
nonns;
is nsed
impure
"
z
or
Feminine,
an.
with
wiitten
all feminine
friend {masc.);
mddre,
una
chessboard
un'
the
;
ning
beginand
a
is
amico,
un
;
the
nonns
tliose
drops
mother;
a
masculine
excep'
it
a
with
beginning
nouns,
which
scacco,
nno
as,
:
words
before all other
vowel, beTore
a
un'
masculine
is used
un
before
is used
una
an*.
una,
before
;
as,
;
Article.
Masculine.
Uno
vowel
a
a
of la allieva.
2. Indefinite
uno,
drops the
a
ami'ca, a friend
(/em.).
[3. The
The
Partitive
Article
is
Article
always
in
agrees
given on
and
gender
14.]
page
with
number
the Noun.
Examples.
of the
Tense
Present
Verb
Plural.
Singular.
io
tu
ndi
I have.
ho,*
thou
hai,
he has.
elia ha,
she has.
abbiamo,
v6i avete,
h^st.
egli ha,
Io ho
orologio.2.
4. II padre ha 1'orologio. 5. La
zio.
uno
L'uorao
9.
ha li
*
cera.
7.
the accent,
"s
Ov
or
;
il
ua
12.
Many authors
or
Ij'arnica
a'-e
use
used
cane.
Lamadre
the accent
to
ai,to the; a, to
ha
una
una
have.
you
I.
10. L'uomo
ha
un
ha
un
Lo
una
un
cane.
6. L'aniico
cane.
ha
zio
camera.
una
11.
lia
nmdre.
Lo
zio
orolojio.
In.stead of the h
from
year.
8.
zia.
hai
3. Tu
camera.
niadrelia
distini^ui^h th"^ verb
,- anno,
have.
we
eglino hanno, they {m) have.
elleno hanno,
they (J.)have.
Exercise
1. Io ho r
av^re.
To have"
"
:
as.
b, ii, "),inna.
simitar
words
Not"" that the k,
uf dtffi-rent
meaning
:
THE
1. I have
friend
friend
have
have
dog.
a
2. We
have
4. The
(masc).
6
SUBSTANTIVE.
a
5. The
The
12.
Present
friend
Tense
(masc.) has
of the Verb
a
To
"
room.
have,^'av^re, used
have
hai tu ?
hast
ha
egli?
has
he i
hanno
ha
ella ?
has
she f
hanno
;
no,
J?
abbiamo
thou 9
1. Avete
egli ha
Ha
7. Ha
la
r amico
the
Has
he
a
(fern.)have
the
No,
12. Have
fSi,
egliha
10.^Ha
you
he has
a
Has
a
The
"
1. Formation
of
form
nouns
in a, which
la
have
they (m.) f
they(J.)i
ed), and
voi
?
;
che, what.
2. Ha
voi
camera?
una
cane
9. Avete
i'a
un
voi
un
un
orologio?
Si, io
coltello?
form
Have
room
watch.
the
una
8. Ha
osso.
ho
room
a
?
she the
bone?
Yes,
No,
voi?
avete
coltello.
un
Pi-ural
their
their
sugar?
Yes,
the
has
dog
a
a
(Formazionedel Plurdle).
feminine
Plural.
i
the
frate'lli,
brotnen.
la mano,
the hand.
11 principe,
the prince.
le mani, the hands.
i principi,
thf^princet.
la madre,
la casa,
the mother.
le
the house.
il
the poet.
le ca^e,
i po"ti,
po^ta,
bone.
{ilSostantivo).
pluralin i, except
pluralin e.
brother.
a
she has
room.
Examples.
fratello,the
the
he
9. Has
room.
a
I have
No,
Yes, they {masc.)have
Substantive
the
knife?
I have
10. Has
dog
a
you
Yes,
?
Singular.
il
ho
allievo ?
Che
Si,
cane?
Si, io
11.
un
un
zio ?
egliuno
4. Avete
Si, il
cera.
elia
voi
7.
they (masc.)a
IV.
All
elleno 1
zia ?
una
osso?
uii
uncle.
an
11.
suizar.
have
friend
8. Have
sugar.
dog?
you ?
eglino?
i
(masc.)f 2. Have they{masc ) a pupil(masc.)?
friend (masc.) a watch?
4. Have
you a pupil(/em.)?
watch ?
6. Have
a
they (fern.)an uncle ? Yes, they
he
3. Has
toe
madre
una
tu
12. Avete
cane.
un
have
II.
6. Avete
il cane
un' allieva.
1. Has
5.
3. Hai
?
cera
ed
padre
un
zio.
eglilo zucchero?
camera.
Io ho
voi
uno
gatively.
Interro-
have
(beforevowels
; e
no
noi ?
vol 1
avcte
Exercise
ho
a
Plural.
ho io !
si,yes
mother
.
Singular.
io
has
has
man
man
a
a
dog.
7. They (/em.)
They (masc.) have a watch.
friend {fern.). 8. The
friend {fern.)has an
uncle.
9. I
a
has a dog. 11. The
the dog. 10. The
has a
mother
man
6.
(fern.).
watch.
5.
3. The
room.
has
madri,
the mothers.
the houses.
the
poets.
nouns
6
SUBSTANTIVE.
THE
NorEs.
Words
1.
in
plural,
sotind
in ca, ga take h after the o
letters the
to those
preserve
ending
order
to
in
have
they
:
sin";iilar
as,
the
il
^ in tbe
or
liard
same
duca, the duke,
la ruga, the wrinkle,le riighe.
Words
ending in co, go in the singular liave their
in chi, gai : 1' ami'co,the
in ci, gi,and
some
some
i duchi
2.
;
plural,
il
friend,gli aniii;
sack, i sacchi
the
sacco,
the
; il mago,
the needle,gli aghi.
maifician,i ma*j,i
; 1'a^o,
the
with
M.onos\llables, words
3.
accent
last
the
on
and words
ending in i,ie,or s do net change in
syllable,
the plural: as, il re. the king,i re ; la citta,the town, le citta ;
the pencil,
i lapis.
le speoie; il lapis,
la specie,
species,
4. Words
ending in cia, ccia, gia,ggia,and sola drop
the i in the plural la faccia,the face,le facce ; la spiaggia,
;
the coast, le spiagge.
of
5. The
names
of
fruits
the
walnut;
etc.
The
are
h.mon
and
fig-tree
; and
the
and
names
the walnut-tree,
as, il nooe,
:
1' ananassu,
the oak, il fico, which
(inercia,
la
the pine-apple
tree and
are
irregularin
the
and
plural:
"
God.
gli de'i,
the
gods.
il hue,
the
i budi,
the
oxen.
mille,
moglie,
mila,
thousands.
la
the
wife.
I'udmo,
the
man.
Y novo,
Uie egg.
a
ox.
tkoumnd.
le
to
be
the wives.
mogli.
gliudmini,
the
le udva,
the eggs.
passed over
the
the pineapple.
Dio,
[Other Irregular Plurals
at
masculine,
the fig; il limone, the lemon-tree
followingwords
The
are
la noi-e,
the cherry,
il ciiiegio,
la ciricgia,
the cherry-tree,
feminine:
exceptionsare
the
means
trees
men.
by
the
pupil
present.
1. The
pluralin
ca-es
with
brackets
in o have, V)e8ides the
nouns
followingmasculine
in a, sometimes
i, a feminine plur-il
e, in some
different signification
a
(the pluralsplaced in
are
less
frequent):
"
THE
SUBSTANTIVE.
Plural.
Singular.
il
the
oi'glio,
Feminine,
Masculine.
Masculine.
le
(1cfgli)
eyebrow
knife
ci'glia.
(le coltella).
il coltello. the
i coltelli
il cdriio,the horn
il diti Ho, the armpit
i cdrni, cornets
(i diteili)
(i d ti;
il d.to, the finger
il filo. the thread
il
fondHmeiito,
le cdrna, horns.
ditelle.
te'ila,
le d
le d.ta.
\e fi\si(of cloth\
f.li {ofa
i
the
foundation
il fiutto, the fruit
i
plot)
foiidHinenti [used abstractedly)
results
friitti,
le fondaiuenta
(of ma-
sonry).
le frutta,the fruits.
.
i fiisi
gesti.gestures
(igiiiocchi)
i gdraiti
(le fiisa).
le gesta,great deeds.
le gindcchia.
(le gdmita).
il gr do the shout
il labbro,the lip
(i gr:"li)
(i labl"ri)
le gr da.
le labbra.
il
i lejini,ships
lele'gna,le'gne,^reiPOod
il leiizuolo,the sheet
tlie limb
il membro,
(i lenzudli
i membri,
le lenzudla.
il miiio, the wall
V oreccliio,the ear
i muri, u-alls (ofa
il fiiso,the spindle
il geVto,the gesture
i
il
ginocchio,tlie knee
il
gdmito. the
legno,the
rdssu, the
elbow
wood
)
members
pdrao,the apple
il piigno the fist
i
pdmi
i
pugni,
Irello,
brick,
i
bricks
quadreili,
arrow
rice
il r-80, laughter,
il sacco, sack
lo strido,shout
il
tempo,
the
blows
(ofa town).
with
dead, ashes).
(le pdma).
fist le piiiinR.
fists.
le
quadiella,arroicss
laughter.
le nsa,
i r.si,rice
i sacchi
(le sacca).
(glistridi)
le sti ida.
le quattro
time, i tempi, times, weathers
tempora, the
four ember-weeks.
weather
il
limhs.
walU
mura
le orecchia, oreVchie.
le dssa remains
of the
(glioie'cchi)
gli dssi,bones
bone
il
il qua
le membra,
house)le
le
vestigio,the track, (i vestigi)
vestigia,vestige.
trace
2. The
le vestimenta.
clothing (i vestimenti
il vestimento,
masculine
followring
in
pluralfeminine
a
nouns
la
le
il miy:liaio, the thousand,
il
le
followingnouns
earie,
la mane,
la pasqua,
are
the gangrene.
rottenness of bones.
the
the
le cudia.
the mile,
le
la cancrena,
always
le centinaia.
mdggio, the bui-ktt,
il paio,
the pair,
il nibbio, four bushels,
lo staio,
the bushel,
3. The
have
"
il centinaio, the hundred.
the leather,
cudio,
mi'glio,
0
:
il
il
in
morning.
Easter.
la progenie,the descendants.
le
miglia.
migliaia.
mdggia.
paia.
le riibbia.
le staia.
only nsed in the singular:
la
prdle,
la rdba,
the
offspring.
the
property.
la rosolm, the measles.
la
stirpe, the pedigree.
SUBSTANTIVE.
THE
have
following;words
4. The
le
the annals.
gliaimali,
le
the trousers.
the
fauci,
throat
(of
meaning.
wild
a
the
interidra,
le mdlle,
caresses.
entrails.
the
tongs.
i mostacchi, the moustaches.
the sweetmeats.
i dulci,
V esequie, the funeral.
le mutande,
the drawers.
the wedding,
ndzze,
ihe betrothal.
j?li
sponsali,
i vamii,
le viscere,
"//"pi.iions.
le te'nebre, the darkness.
i viveri,
"^e victuals.
le
'
have
following nouns
plural:
5. The
their
beast).
le fdrbici, the scissors.
i guai,
ihe woes.
le basette, the lohisUers.
the moustaches.
i bsiffi,
i calzdni,
le carezze,
singularwhen
no
"Ae entrails.
ditferent
a
meaning
in
"
(of an office),le
the vacancy
la vacanza,
d"e, two
;
tre, three
;
veduto
hanno
uomini
holidays.^
veduto, visto, seen.
Exercise
1. Due
the
vacaiize,
un
III.
cavallo.
2. Le
hanno
donne
5. Ha
gli ascld. 3. lo lio ^li specchi. 4. lo lio visto un rasno.
Ella
ha
due
6.
ba
frutta.
7. La
le
nn
Si,egli
egli podere?
poderi.
9. Lo zio ba due
moglie ha tre aghi. 8. Noi abbiamo due mani.
soielle. 10. Hai tu flue uova
tre porte. 12. Eiili ha uno
1. Sbe bas
two
two
uncles.
4. He
has
a
No,
I have
an
12.
We
have
8^0,
are
2. We
1 have
estate.
an
has
horse.
one
aunt?
you
has
No,
three
9. Ihe
uno
mano
zio?
ha
un
three
have
11. La
uovo.
aunts.
houses.
tbree
have
5. We
8.
eggs.
house
casa
lia
Have
has
11. The
3. He
the fruits.
you
two
woman
horses r'
two
doors.
has
6. Hh
10.
has
Have
needle.
a
three horses.
;
qu"ttro,four ; olnqne,five; inohe, also ;
Exercise
1. Avete
io ho
specchio.
needles.
7. She
sister.
?
voi tre,o quattro case
Si, ed io ho anche una
cinque dita.
5. Eizli ba
?
zia.
tre
o,
or.
IV.
To ho
cinquecase.
3. Ella ha
una
e due fidie.
figli
2. Avete
voi
figlia.4. La
Ci. La
casa
ha
quattro finestre. 7. Io ho due fratelli. 8. 'Ju hai tre sorelle ed un
fratello. 0. La zia ha quattro sorelle. 10. 11 padre ba tre fratelli. 11.
La casa ha una
porta e cinque finestre. 12. Noi abbiamo una sorella.
SUBSTAJiTlVE.
THE
doors.
2. The
house has two
houses.
The
has
has five windows.
4.
five needles.
sister
1. I have
house
five
3. The
two
?
brother
a
you
has
"
1 have
and
sons
brother
a
three
and
uncle
7. The
daughters.
5. Have
6. The
sisters.
two
has
mother
brother.
a
hands
have
has two
9. The
8. 'I'he aunt
sisters.
fingers. 10.
Have
horses.
five
horses?
I
have
11.
Have
two
No,
you
you a
knife?
and
I have
No,
bone.
a
The
12.
has
man
watch,
a
horses
two
three houses.
B.
La
1.
ho due
zio
donna
ha
amici.
sono
abbiamo
due
1. I have
9. I have
uncle ?
an
toweL
a
also
a
spazzola.
una
2.
and
io ho
No,
brush.
She has
1 have
an
also
figlie.3.
padre e
5. II
le
lo
lo
7. Koi
arance.
three walnuts.
oranges
and an aunt.
11. Have
V\ e have
Genitive
oranges.
fork ?
Yes,
They (masc.)
7.
and
12.
two
a
you
daughter.
a
expressed in
is
has
3. She
aunt.
an
forchetta.
una
5. Have
uncle
the
of
padreha
hat.
a
sister.
a
10. I have
Yes, and
used
12. II
has
6.
prepositionof
is thus
due
sorelle.
8. 'Jhe sister has two
2. Formation
The
He
also
knife.
a
five walnuts.
have
le noci?
tu
ha anche
sono
ed io ho anche
voi il sapone ?
tSi,
ha
y. La figlia due sorelle. 10. II figliohaduefratellL
brother
a
I have
and
donne
spazzole. 8. Avete
11. La sorella ha
has
Hai
6.
1'asciugamano.
4. He
Ella
cinque figii.2.
cappelli.4. Le due
two
you
oranges.
(Genitivo).
by di,which
Italian
w^itli the article.
Plural.
Singular.
Masculine.
Feminine.
Masculine.
Feminine.
del
della
del
delle
ddllo
dell'
degli
DefiniteArticle
|
"
of the.
deir
Article
Indefinite
Del
a
d'
dno,d' un,
contraction
Dello, dell'
Delia, deir
d' un'
d' una,
of di il.
Dei
di lo.
Degli
di la.
Delle
"
"
of a,
a
contraction
"
an.
of di i.
di gli.
di le.
"
Examples.
del
padre
dello
Plural,
Sinpnlar,
of the father.
del
of the uncU.
zio
padri
degli zii
of the
fathers.
of the uncles.
of the friends^m.)
of the friend (m.) degli amici
madri
delle
mother.
of the mothers,
of the
of the friend (/.). delle ami"he
deir am
'oa
of the friendsif.).
d' uno
gpe'-'chio
of a looking-glass.
d' nn cappello of a hat.
d' iina camera
of a room.
d' un' anima
of a soul.
e, is; dove, dve, where; qui, here.
dell'ami'co
della madre
Exercise
1. L' arte del
(for
dove
e)
pittore.2.
il libro del
11
V.
cappellodel
fratello?
Qui.
fratello
e
qui.
3. Pov'i
4. II colore della faccia.
10
SUBSTANTIVE.
THE
5. La faccia dell'uomo.
gli amici
dello
La
sedia
zia?
zio ?
6. Le strida della scimmia.
7. Dove
8. Dov'
h la sedia
Eglino sono
zia fe qui. 9.
della
cappellodella cugina.
11.
qui.
U giardinodello
11 cavallo
del
12.
cugino.
zio.
sono
della
10.
II
della
Ledita
mano.
1. The
3. The
man.
The
5.
books
garden of
of the
room
(masc.)are
of the cousin
the house.
uncle.
friends of the cousin
(masc).
chair J of the
of the aunt.
10. The
room.
12.
by
a
hats
Formation
3.
The
The
windows
colour
of the
of the
are
7. Ihe
house
here.
in
translated
and at are
to
prepositions
(beforea vowel ad), which
9. The
11. ITie
(Bativo),
Dative
the
of the houses.
painter.
of the brothers
of
hat of the
hands.
horses of the uncle.
The
8.
house
2. The
4. The
The
6.
here.
with
used
is thus
Italian
the
article.
Plural.
Singular.
DefiniteArticle
Feminine.
Masculine.
Feminine.
Masculine.
alle
al
alia
ai
alio
all'
agli
all'
Article
Indefinite
Al
a
contraction
Alio, all'
AUa,
1. Io do
un
3.
zio
alio zio.
ad on,
of
ad
le frutta
ad un'.
11.
Ai
a
Id.
Agli
a
la.
Alle
cappelloalia sorella.
Io do
tna,
a
,.
air
madre?
5. Lo
ad uno,
alia
a
2. Avete
of
contraction
a
a
gU.
a
le
"
voi dato
Io
un
i.
anello alia
il mio
bastone.
amo
ha dato uno
specchioalia zia. (i. Io ho dato il giornale
7. Io do la mia
penna alia sorella. 8. L' allieva ha dato
figlia. 4.
12
io vengo,
I
THE
SUBSTANTIVE.
;
egliviene, he
come
ferrovia.
Ella
viene
la madre.
con
e
coi libri.
Egli
chiesa.
giardino. 3.
Ella
hlla viene
dalla
5.
8.
per la strada.
10. 11 servo
teatro.
dal
viene
II dottore
11.
go.
7. io vado
zia.
9. Ella
dal
viene
alia
dalla
viene
Egli
6.
yidOi I
VII.
EXEBCISE
dalla citta. 2.
1. Io vengo
dall'
viene
albergo. 4. Io vado
; io
comes
dalla
viene
12. Lo
casa.
speziale
viene col dottore.
1. I
from
come
the
church.
I go to the hotel.
4. She
the street.
6. She comes
with
the doctor.
brother
11.
8. I
2.
by
comes
with
He
the
the
from
the hotel.
from
comes
railway.
5.
7. The
books.
from
come
uncle
9. She
the church.
I
3.
comes
is with
my
from the town.
sister. 10. The aunt
comes
my
the mother.
from the garden.
12. She comes
come
with
and
I go with
egliya,
dggi,to-day.
he goes.
B.
1. II
col
va
oggi
air
albergo.
8. Io vado
e
alia chiesa.
padreva
fratello.
6.
oggi
sulla tavola.
2. La
4. Ella
dal
lo
11.
e
nella strada
comes
goes to the railway. 2. She
from the house.
4. She
comes
at the
hotel.
my
servant.
8. I
is
pen
la zia.
servo
va
nella strada.
la zia.
12.
3.
Egli
va
oggi
all'osteria.
10.
Ella
II libro
e
nella
3. He
goes to (the)church.
from the theatre.
5. He is
7. I go to the hotel with
railway. 9. My brother goes
the garden. 11. She comes
from
the table.
on
the
from
come
con
con
5. 11 dottore
7. II
Egli e
9.
1. He
6. The
va
al teatro.
va
teatro.
vengo
alia ferrovia.
Ella
madre
with my sister. 10. He goes to
the garden. 12. I go to-day to the hoteL
Recapitulation
of
use
the
with
Definite
the
Article
prepositions.
and
op
its
THE
Recapitulation
the
13
ARTICLE.
Declension
beginningwith
Nouns
1.
of
PARTITIVE
a
of
Substantive.*
the
consonant
:
"
Singular.
Masculine.
Nom.
il
padre,
father.
padre,
father.
al padre,
to the father.
dal padre, from the father.
(rcn. del
Dat.
Abl.
Feminine.
(he
la madre,
the mother.
of the
della madre,
alia madre,
to the mother.
dalla madre,
of
the mother
the mother
from
Plural.
Nom.
le madri,
the mothers.
Cen.
delle
of the
i padri,
the fathers.
deipadri, of the fathers.
Dat
ai padri,
to the fathers.
Abl. dai padri, from the fathers.
2. Nouns
sonant
beginning with
madri,
alle madri,
dalle madri,
or
z,
s
mothers.
to the mothers.
the mothers.
from
followed
by- a
con-
:
"
Singular.
Masculine.
Nom.
lo scudo,
Feminine.
the shield.
la
Gen.
dello
Dat.
alio scudo, to the shield.
dallo scudo, from the shield
Abl.
scudo, of the shield.
scatola,
della scatola,
alia scatola,
dalla
the box.
of
the box
to the box-
scatola, from the box.
Plural.
Nam.
Gen.
Dai.
Abl.
gli scudi, the shields.
degli scudi,of the shields.
le soatole,
"gli Botidi, to the shields.
dagli scudi, from the shields.
alle scatole,
dalle scatole,
3. Nouns
delle
beginningwith
a
vowel
the boxes.
scatole, of
the boxes.
to the boxes.
from
the boxes.
:
Singular.
Masculine.
Nom.
Gen.
Dat.
Abl.
V amioo,
Feminine.
the
friend.
dell' amico,
of the friend.
all' amico,
to the friend.
dall'amloo, from the friend.
r
anima,
anima,
the sovl.
dell'
of the
all' anima,
to the soul.
dall'
anima,
from
soul.
the soul.
Plural.
N(m.
Gen.
Dot.
Abl.
gli anuci, the friends.
dtgliamici, of the friends.
agli amici, to the friends.
iJigliaxaicU
from the friends.
The
Accusative
of Nouns
le anime,
delle anime,
of
alle anime,
to the muIs.
dalle anime,
from
is like the
the souls.
the souls.
Nominatiy^
the souls.
14
NAMES.
PBOPEB
V.
The
"
The
Partitive
Partitive
the Gt^nitive
vino, I have
Note
1.
the
Italian
and
pens.
Article
of the
When
"
Article
della
;
word
the
is like the
bin a,
is used
in
ho
1. Io
English:
hanno
del
del
EgU
formaggio.
11.
1. I have
?
butter
Yes,
5. Have
We
ha
any
7. They
you
have
given
2.
Note
When
"
the
expresses
: as,
the
part
of
a
bottigliadi
una
Noun
thing,the
vino,
bottle
Exercise
ho
1. Io
Ella
ha
degli
9. Io ho
degli
cioccolata?
have
a
house
e
cup
La
tavola
of
Thou
9.
You
hast
have
a
2. He
4.
marble,
some
a
cup
wine.
3. Has
We
have
in
the
We
fi.
2. Tu
La
6.
la
hai
given
beer
some
Genitive
is used
10.
some
to
case,
without
my
or
the
tazza
una
has
have
They
of coflFee.
12.
3.
5. Noi
del
cugino e di marmo.
voi del caffe,o della
casa
a
di t^.
orologioh d'oro.
mia
spada e d'acciaio.
glass of
(masc.)have
8. We
10.
I Im
ve
She
has
a
e
d'oro.
3. She
water.
sticks of
two
dresses of silk.
bottle of wine.
some
bread.
I have
given
1 have
have
some
11.
any
butter.
0.
You
8.
pere.
hanno
she
some
water.
pelle. 10. Avete
12. L'anello
e di legno.
of tea.
of steel.
ma
voi
of wine.
4. II mio
8.
delle
del
IX.
birra.
d'ebano.
They (fern.)have
wood.
11.
a
needles
seta.
stivali di
11.
1. I have
di
bottigliedi
bastone
7. II tuo
some
abiti
delle
abbiamo
7.
bicchiere di vino.
un
Eglino
ho danaro.
prepositiondi
o
ho
5.
non
I have
is
ha
vino,
some
Yes,
io
7. Avete
Ella
wine.
some
bread?
Partitive
buok*
have
Si,
latte.
8.
4.
to the
man.
money
12. They (fern.)have
some
sister.
pearg to my
brother.
Article
you
some
eggs.
I have
Yes,
(masc.) have
some
I
penue,
hanno
Io
12.
has
and
?
water
del
general sense,
del danaro.
del
formaggio.
Eglino non
2. He
butter
has
e
butirro?
ha
hanno
dell' acqua.
water.
pears.
9. Have
meat.
came.
Ella
she
del
tu
6. Elleno
e
pane
t^.
10.
some
libri
4. Ella
del
abbiamo
della birra.
some
io ho
Si,
pane?
Noi
9.
della
ha
as
io ho
VIII.
2. Hai
degli amici.
3.
indt finite and
an
Kame
beer.
some
as, io ho
Exercise
butirro.
any), is the
(see p. 9) : as,
(or
some
Detinire
wine
some
(Articolo
partitivo).
Article
ebony.
boots
has
5. You
of leather.
have
a
table
of
of chocolate.
a cup
hat of silk.
VI.
1. The
(o)
Article is
Christian
(6
Hague.
Names
before,
names
:
Mirandola, TAia,
the
of countries, when
governed by the prepositionin or di\ are
without
the Ai tide : as, in Inghilterm,in England ; in
or
with
used
tted
om
{Nomi propri).
as, Carlo, Charles.
of towus, except il Vasto, il Cairo,la
Names
1
Names
Proper
"
15
NAMES.
PROPER
Italia,in Italy; ne'lla Cina, in China.
Aiticle
2. The
is n.-ed with
parts of the world : as,
France.
La Francia,
the
L
L' Italia,
La
Switzerland.
L' India,
II
Svizzera,
La
La
La
L'
Austria,
Tur
hi'a,
Cilia,
L'
Europe.
Eurdpa,
Svezia,
Sweden.
Norvegia,
Aorway.
L'
La
Russia,
Russia.
L' Australia,
Article
the
except
is omitted
followingand
few
a
Asia.
America,
bef
the
)re
othe'S
Statet.
United
brazil.
La
The
China.
II Brasilt
La
3.
Turkey.
India.
L' Asia,
L' Africa,
La
Austria.
Stati Uni'ti,The
Uermania,
Gfrmany.
Btlgium.
Belgio,
Holland.
Olanda,
Daniiuarca, Denmark.
II
countries,or
Prussia.
Pnissia,
La
Spain.
Portugal.
Italy
Spagna,
Ponogallo,
La
of
names
Africa.
America.
Australia.
islands,
of
names
:
"
L* Inghilterra,
England.
La
Irlanda,
L'Elba,
Ireland.
La
Picilia,
Sicily.
Sai(le!J:na, Sardinia.
Elba.
La
Cors
L'
with
used
article is often
The
4.
Corsica.
ea,
family names
:
il
as,
Machiavelli, il Tdsso, etc.
is rendered
in
of John,
hat
always
sister,
hat, Emma's
case, Johns
(the
dlenitive:
as, il cappe'Uodi Giovanni
English Possessive
The
Note."
Italian by ti e
la sorella di Emma
precedingthe
[the sider of Emma)
;
the nominative
genitive.
X.
Exercise
A.
1. Carlo
e
fratello.
mio
4.
guanti di Sofia.
cappellodi I'ietro?
voi
bastone?
un
di
( arlo.
qui?
ella
Homa.
Ko,
.
12.
Avete
1. Peter
voi
e
is in
8. Where
la zia ?
e
Ella
e
a
3. Jo
sorella.
mia
5. Dov'
Londra.
un
is my
del signore Stoppino ? Egli e
figlio
cappello? Si, io ho il mio cappello.
sister. 3. I
brother.
2. Mary is my
e
il
brother's gloves. 4. Where
He
is in
brother?
is my
She
Emma
ho
i
e
il
6. Avete
di Fietro e sulla tavola.
II cappello
7. lo ho il cappello
Si,io ho il bastone di (novanni.
E
Scalchi.
9.
della
signora
8. ^ aria h la figlia
il padre? Egli h a
ella e a Parigi. 10. Dov'e
Dov'
1)
I *ov'
2.
Milan.
7.
Have
is Peter's cousin
is John?
London.
you
He
^.
?
(^masc.)
Where
hat?
my
He
is in Paris.
is
No,
is in Rome.
Mrs.
I have
a
Milano.
have
my
5. Where
Johnson?
my
9. Have
hat.
you
16
THE
uncle's stick ?
AV^RE.
VERB
?
to the man
given some
money
has the gloves? The
father has the gloves.
Yes, sir. 11. Who
12. He has Maiy's gloves.
my
10. Have
you
h la capitale
2. Londra
1. Parigie la capitaledella Francia.
4. Mio
deir Inghilterra. 3. Mio cugino e a Berlino.
padre ^ in
5. Dresda
Inghilterra.
7. II Brasile
d
dall'
Inghilterra.10.
Dov'
6 mia
1.
My
brother
Al
zia?
h
lo vado
is in Wussia.
my
zio
oggi con
mio
father is in Asia.
is in
Grermany.
(masc.)is in Italy. 6. My
with
8. Mio
8. Where
sister in the
my
uncle's newspaper.
VII.
4.
My
He
1 have
10.
We
have
INDICATIVE
Paris.
Tense
cousin
My
7.
London.
My
3.
My
5.
sister
9. She
John's horse.
the
MOOD
Present
is in
11.
is
1 have
pupils'(Jem.)books.
Avere, to
Verb
Europe.
China.
is in
(fern.)
is Charles?
The
"
is in
uncle
cousin
12.
Eiiropa.
9. lo vengo
fratello al teatro.
11.
is in
Holland
2.
room.
Beltrio h in
fe in Asia.
di Pietro.
lo ho il cajjpello
12.
teatro.
6. U
iSassonia.
in
America.
in
have.
(Indicatico).
(Presente).
Singular.
Plural.
COMPOUND
(Tempi CompSstt).
TENSES
avUto, had.
Past
I have
io ho av^to,
hdi
avtito,
egliha avuto,
tu
*
See
page
Past Definite.
Inueftnitb
48
Tense
had.
(Passdio Indefinfto).
ndi abbiamo
avuto,
thtni hast had.
vdi avcte
he hcut had.
eglino baano
for
an
explanation of
the
trc
avuto,
you
avuto,
difference between
the
have
have
theyhave
had.
had.
had.
Imperfect and
the
THE
Tense
Pluperfect
17
AVJSRE.
VERB
(PiM
die
Perfetto).
Plural.
Singular.
avuto,
lo aveva
tn
I had
thou
avdvi avuto,
avuto,
egli
aveva
had.
hudst
he had
had.
;
n6i
I
vdi avevate
avtito, we
avevamo
avuto,
j
had.
eglino avcvano
had
io ebbi avuto,
tu avesti avuto
I had
egli ebbe
he had
thou
avuto,
Future
io
avro
tu avrai
Tense
Anterior
had.
had.
had.
(JFuturoAnteriore).
ndi avremo
had.
avuto,
shall
we
vdi avrete
avuto, you will have had.
eglinoavranno
avuto, they will
had.
have
MOOD
CONDITIONAL
Tense
Present
io avrei,
I should
tu avresti,
thou
egliavrebbe,
he would
have.
irouldd
have.
have.
First
I should
ardto,
thou
tu avresti
i,^
I"
wo'ddd
avuto,
egliavrebbe avtito,he would
(Condiziondle).
{Fresente).
ndi avremmo
vdi avrcste,
should
we
have.
would
have.
eglino avrebbero, theywould
have.
Tense
Past
io avrei
have
had.
he will have had.
avuto,
had
we
have
wilt
had.
egliavra
avuto,
avemmo
aveste
avuto,
you had had.
eglinoebbero avtito,theyhad had.
Tense
Anterior
thou
{Passdto Rimdto).
vdi
had.
I shall have
avuto,
avuto,
had.
n6i
hadsl
had.
had
they
avuto,
I
Past
had.
had
you
you
(Passdto).
Form.
ndi avremmo
vdi avreste
avtito,we should
avtito, you would
eglinoavrebbero
theywould
avuto,
Second
/ should
io avessi avUto
tu
avessi avtito,
egli avesse
thou
wouldst
ndi avessimo
should
vdi aVfcSte
would
avtito,we
avtito, you
they would
MOOD
abbi
abbia
tu,
e^li,
have
thou.
let him
have.
(Imperative).
let
have.
abbiate
ndi,
vdi,
have
abbiano
eglino.
let them
abbiamo
],^
\%
|^
J-I
avuto,
IMPEKATIVE
\^
jg
JJ
Form.
eglinoavessero
avtito,he would
i^
U8
ye.
have
18
THE
AV^RE.
VERB
MOOD
SUBJUNCTIVE
(Soggiuntivo)
Tense
Present
{Preseute).
Plural.
Singular.
oh' io "bbia,
ohd tu abbia,
that I may
that thou
oh'
thai he may
egliabbia,
I che ndi
\
abbiamo, that we may
vdi abbiat.', that yvu
may
oh' egkno abbiano, that
they
.
mayd
"
| jche
may
Tense
Impebfect
oh' io avessi,
ohe tu
avessi,
that I
that
might j
Ii
thou
jJ
mightst
oh'
egliavesse,
ohe
tu
abbi
Tense
avnto, that I may
avuto, that thou
oh'
egliabbia avlto,that
eglino
that
they
that
we
(Passdto).
abbiamo
may
i
avtito,
che
he
vdi
.^
abbiate
that you
may
eglino abbia-
oh'
Tense
(Piu
che
that
they may\
-"
'
avnto,
no
(J
/S
avnto,
may
Pluperfect
aves-
sere,
che ndi
mayst
eh'
I che n6i avessimo, that toe
that you
che vdi aveste,
might )
that he
Past
oh' io abbia
(Imperfettoj,
"
Perfetto).
che ndi avessimo
that
toe
might)
avnto,
che
vdi
^
aveste
that you
mightlM
*
jU
avnto,
oh'
eglino
sero
INFINITIVE
Present
GERUND
Present
avendo,
PARTICIPLES
Present
avente.
(Pres4nte).
having.
they
might
avnto,
Past
\ aver
'
(Passdto).
to have had.
avnto,
(Gerundio).
Past
(PresSnte).
having.
-^
that
{Infinito).
(Presente).
to have.
avere,
MOOD
aves-
( avendo
(Passdio).
having had.
avnto,
(PaHictpt).
Past
(Passdto).
Sing, avnto
Plur. av6ti
(m.\ avfita (/.)\ "i
(m.), avlte (/.)/ "*
20
THE
AV^RE.
VERB
EXEBCISE
XI.
A.
Simple Tenses.
hai un
1. lo ho
libro.
calamaio.
2. Tu
3. Egli ha una
un
collana.
5. xNoi abbiamo
lettera. 4. Klla ha una
due
scarpe.
due
mele.
6. Voi avete cinque lire. 7. Eglino hanno
8. Elleno
hanno
10. Klla avra
tre orologi. 9. Jo ebbi tre fichi.
due lettere.
12. Eglino avranno
11. Voi avrete un calamaio.
due cavalli.
1. I have
horse.
a
hast
2. Thou
two
5. We
shoes. 4. She has three needles.
have five figs. 7. 'Jhey (masc.)have two
have
horses.
two
9. I shall
letters.
two
She
11.
will
have
have
3. He
has four
pens.
have
two rings. 6. You
letter.
a
chair.
a
8.
apples.
They (/em.)
We
10.
12. He
shall
will
have
have
an
inkstand.
Be,if.
B.
1. Jo ho
3.
Egli
avuto
ha
Tenses.
Compound
regalo. 2.
un
anello.
'I'uhai avuto
4. Ella
ha
fogliodi
un
carta.
due
orecchini.
5. "Joi abbiamo
delle ciriege. 6. Voi avete
avuto
avuto
disuna
di birra.
due
8. Elleno
grazia. 7. Eglino hanno avuto
bottiglie
hanno
Avrk
9.
avuto
avuto
un
egU
regalo? .\ossiquattro penne.
10.
dello
noi avuto
zucchero?
Avremo
11.
gnore.*
Sissignore.
Avreste
voi avuto
un
regalo? Sissignore.12. i\on avevano
eglino
avuto
un
avuto
? No, signora; eglinonon
disgrazia
disgrazia.
avuto
una
1. I have
3. She
We
has
had
have had
sheet
a
had
four
earrings. 4. He
6. You
misfortune.
a
(masc.)will have
2. Thou
of paper.
has
have
hast
had
had
had three bottles of beer.
avuto
avevano
had
una
present.
a
cherries.
some
6.
figs. 7. They
(/em.) would
some
'Jhey
8.
have had a present. 9. Have
had a present V No, sir. 10.
we
Has she not had a chain ? No, sir. 11. Will you have had some
cherries ?
fortune?
No, sir. 12. Would
they (muse.)have had a mis-
No,
sir.
Idiomatic
Forms.
C.
1. Voi
Avete
avete
non
voi caldo
mico
non
lo
non
colori.
5. Aveva
butirro. ella
aveva
di Giovanni.
2.
ho freddo,io ho caldo.
3. L' a-
asciugamano, egliaveva
un
aveva
non
il colore del vino
mente
freddo ?
o
aveva
pittorenon
la zia
a
*
"
amb
lo
w
But
this does
thtu:
not
occur
when
nosslgnore.
^i^8 gnure.
amollu.
zia
Accentuated
an
:
un
del latte
aveva
Whenever
ending with
no. or a wc-d
word, the first loiter of the latter Is doubled
No signore bicomes
8*1 signore
la
as
del
e
cappello. 4. Jl
butirro?
No,
del te.
vowel
is
6. Avete
Joined to
da 6 tl becomes
d4 ml
darottl.
dammi,
thoy precede gli,or a word beginning with
onde becomes
laondc, etc.
giMrdglibecomes giurogli,la
another
"
"c.
a
rowel
THE
voivogliad' un'
Ko, io ho voglia di avere
ho fretta.
No, signore,io non
ho
fame, o sete? Io ho sete, non
cera, signore,egliha vogliad'un
giudizio,ed
e
servi.
danaro.
avrete
Ella
12.
ha
non
1. 'J'he painterhas
the
5. Had
the uncle
a
had
had
had
present from
a
watches
two
he looks
from
10.
danaro,
mala
Abbiate
libri
avrei
feel cold ?
you
no
sir, he
No,
had
?
and
letter from
a
not
11.
fork.
a
books.
two
books.
no
book.
a
also butter
have
Yes, sir,and
father.
walnuts.
had
he had
watch
a
have
No, sir,I
she had
oranges,
?
Yes, sir,and
]S'o,sir, I
had
letter from
a
d'ac(iua.
avessi
Charles
a
has
9. II fratello ha
Do
2.
needle,she
Ko, sir,we
a
you some
sheet of paper
from
10.
Has
he
newspaper.
had
sir,he
not
not
books?
8. Have
you
also
colours.
no
daughter had
7. The
io
delle pere.
Avete voi
H,
pazienza,ella ha fretta.
of coffee V
a cup
fork?
6. Have
a
you
bread.
and
Se
11.
(/em.)had
(masc.)not a hat
friend
4. Had
fame.
bicchier*
friend
3. The
feel warm.
21
?
arancia
fretta ?
voi
7. Avete
AV^RE.
VERB
9. Have
I have
had
the uncle ?
No,
Have
they (f^m.)
they (fem.) have
my
sister ?
Yes, madam,
my
Mrs. N.
12. Does he look
well?
jNo,sir,
poorly.
D.
della spada, io ho paura
de'cani.
2. Mio
paura
fratello ha cattiva cera, egli ha avuto
3. Ha
egliveduto
paura.
ha
veduto
il mio cavallo ?
il
cavallo.
vostro
non
No, signore,
egli
1. Io
eglinoveduto
4. Hanno
veduto
Mio
ho
non
i
cugino
ha
moglie e
?
giardini
i miei
giardinied anche
le
due
figli. 6.
8i,signora,eglinohanno
Ha
eglimoglie il cugino?t
Carlo avuto
del formaggio
avuto
formaggio.Carlo ha
libri o di dauaro ?
Egli
5.
case.
Ha
ha
del pane ?
Carlo non
No, signore,
del pane.
7. Ha
avuto
eglivogliadi
fratello avuto
ha voglia di libri.
8. Ha
mio
e
signora,egli ha
avuto
bicchiere di birra?
vino
ed anche
pane
Mio
fratello
mia
e
1. Have
had
a
you
Has
he
'J.
some
walnuts.
some
the
5. Have
I have
brothers
tea.
sorella hanno
hive
you
cousins
no
have
Yes
ring ?
a
had
a
JS'o,
eglivogliad' un
voglia d'un
avuto
bicchiere
di
di tfee del
tazza
una
have
The
8.
my
given to Charles my
painterhas given to my
*
The
t Bos
final
e
of words
the cou"in
a
a
My
no
glassof
has
horse
had
also
a
my
7.
6.
My
cups of
watch ?
the watch.
the pen.
three sheets of paper.
(fern.)some
dropped.
two
and
the books
and
cousin
watch.
a
brothers.
horse and
my
the
had
and
have
aunts
has
lit.iToa he
ring
has
inkstand
is o'ten
wife f
have
brothers
She
a
hat? Ko, sir, I have
not
my
bottles of wine
from ( harles.
brothers
given to my
given to the
books?
No, sir,I have had
Yes, madam, and he
Charles
monkey.
11. I have
12.
two
sir,I
(masc.) and
I not
she had
of tea ?
oranges ?
had
thou
3. Hast
9. Have
Has
cup
4. I shall
hat.
Yes, Sir,you
10.
9. Avrebbe
arance.
JS'o,
signore,egli ha
noci ?
butirro.
e
wine.
had
delle
di pane
e
formaggio. 10. Mia madre ha avuto un
da mio padre. 11. La zia ebbe delle noci dalla cugina.
d' oro
orologio
12.
delle
Sne p. 28, note.
the cousin
wife
"
and
colours.
f
THE
VERB
J^SSERE.
The
Verb
Esseee,
22
VIII.
"
INDICATIVE
MOOD
Present
COMPOUND
to he.
Ondicativo).
Tense
(Presente).
(T^mpi C"mpd8ti).
TENSES
stato, been.
Past
io sdno
ta
stato,
s'ci stato,
egli h stato.
Indefinite
I have
thou
(am) been,
he has been.
I had
io era stato,
tn eri stato,
thou
egliera
he had
Past
Ihaf
tn fdsti stato,
eglifa stato,
thou
I
ndi
che
sarai
stato, thou
eravamo
stati,
stiti,
stati.
8t"to,he
fteen.
been.
had
we
you
been,
had
been,
theyhad
\)een.
(Passdto Rimdto).
ndi fdmmo
stati,
Tense
(be)
(Futho
had
we
been,
ndi saremo
l"een.
been.
Anteridrt).
st"ti.
we
shall
have
been.
shalt
have
vdi sarete
stati,
been.
eglisara
been,
Perfetto).
been.
ta
hare
we
vdi fdste stati,
you had
eglinoforono stati, theyhad
been.
have
(Piu
Tense
(wax) been,
shall
stati,
eglinoerano
h(({ht been,
Anterior
ndi siamo
vdi eravate
been.
he had
FrTURB
stito,
been,
been,
Anterior
io fdi stato,
io sard
Tense
(was)
hadst
(PassdtoIndefinito).
vdi siete statl,
yon have
sdno
stati, they have
eglino
hast been,
Pluperfect
stato,
Tense
shall have
been.
eglinosar"nno
you shall have
been.
st"ti,theyshall hav"
been.
THE
^SSERB.
VERB
MOOD
CONDITIONAL
(Condiziondle).
Tense
Present
23
(Prednte).
Singular.
10
be.
I should
sarei,
thou
sarcsti,
egli sarcbbe,
tu
Plural,
noi saremmo,
he.
wouldst
be.
he would
he.
you
eglino sarebbero,
they would
Tense
Past
should
we
vdi sarcste,
would
be.
be.
(Passdto)
First Form.
I should
io sarei stato,
have'
ndi
stati,
saremmo
we
should
have
wouldstl
thou
ta saresti stato,
voi sareste
e
have
eglisarebbe stato, he would
eglino sarebbero
have
would
MOOD
Present
that I
might
Tense
tu
Past
oh' io sia stato,
che
tu sii stato,
ch'
eglisia stato,
that I may
that
11
thou
(Presente).
che
che
that we
siamo,
may
voi siate,
that you may
eglino siano, thatjiemay
ndi
Tense
fdssimo,
be.
be.
that
we
might he.
that you might he.
be.
ch' eglinofdssero,that they
che
vdi fdste,
might
{Passdto).
che
che
ndi siamo
stati, that
vdi siate stati,
mayst
that he may
be.
(Imperfetto)
che ndi
""e.
fdssi, that thou mvjhtd be.
ch' egli fosse,that he might be.
che
should
we
(Soggiuntivo).
oh'
be.
Imperfect
ch' io fossi,
Tense
he.
that I may
that thou mayst he.
that he may
stati,
(Imperativo).
MOOD
SUBJUNCTIVE
eglisia.
have
/-^
v6i fdste stati,
you would
eglino fdssero stati, they would] |
IMPERATIVE
oh'
theywould
Form.
noi fdssimo
1 should
io fdssi stato,
tu fossi fetato, thoH wouldst
oh' io sia,
che tu sii,
you icould
have
siati,
Second
egli fosse stato,he
stati,
I
we
may
that you
may
ch'
eglinosiano
stati,that they
may
24
63SERE.
VERB
THE
CPiii che Perfetto).
Tense
Pluperfect
I'lural.
Singular.
that J
oh' io f6s8i stato,
might
'
ohe
n6i f6ssimo
che
v6i fdste stati,
stati, that
\
we
might
che
tu fdssi stato, that thou
miijlitst
oh'
oh'
he
eglifosse stato, that
might
Present
Past
PARTICIPLES
(Participi).
Past
(Presente).
being.']
[essente,
I
Sing,
IPlur.
Note
with
1.
"
tlie verb
been.
It
verb Essere is
The
"
to
be," not
"to
means
*'
exist"
Essente is very
(Pasmto).
j essendo state, having (being)been.
being.
Present
(he)been.
(Geriindio).
(Presente).
essendo,
to have
stato,
\ essere
GERUND
Present
(Passdto).
Past
to be.
|
(Infinito).
{Presente).
essere,
'
might J ^
eglinofdssero stati,that lhey\^
might )
MOOD
INFINITIVE
*
that you
.
stati
conjugated,iti its Compound
:" as, Io scJno
used without
an
to have
when
seldom
(Passdto).
(m.) stata (f.)\
^'**
(m.) state (f.)/
stato
stdto,I
Tenses,
have
(am)
adjectiveor participle.
used.
Note
2." All Participles
declined
like adjectives,
are
being used in
the maaeuline
I feminine
iin
gender, and in the singularand plurel
number:
as,
stato,stata, stati,state.
Participles
ai"ree
the
verb
to
be,and
Accusative,when
in
are
with
with the Subject when
gender ami number
left undeclined,or
with
the
Object or
agree
with
the verb to have.
Idioms
a
mal
fonned
t^rmine,
"
Essere fudri di
di,
se.
ESSEBE.
to be in
Essere all'drdine,
Essere un pdco (li budno,
Essere in procintodi,
j
Essere sul piiutodi,
Essere pr,
I
EssL-rein budn concetto,
Essere in citrivo t-onc^tto,
Essere a grddo,
Es "ere d* accdrdo,
Essere in (lisaocdrdo,
in grido
Essere in sife,
with
a
critical position.
to be
ready.
to be
goodfor nothing.
to be on
the
pointof.
to have
a
good
to have
a
bad
to
character.
character.
please.
to agree.
to
disagree.
to he aftle.
to be
right(in mind).
to be
mad,
or
maddened.
THE
^SERE.
VERB
Exercise
andare, to
25
XII.
fare,to do, to
go ;
make.
A.
1. lo
nella
sono
II libro
e
casa
4. Ella
sulla tavola.
sulla
e
?
vol nella cantina
6. Mete
tetto.
Simple Tenses.
{or a casa). 2. Tu
1. I
in the
am
the cellar. 4.
not
are
in
hhe
2.
is in the
he be in the
12.
is
(a)time
libraryV
5. We
?
3. He
(a)time.
in
are
8.
8.
tSarete voi
?
a
is in
H. You
They {fem.)are
Shall 1 be in
10.
Will
12.
in carrozza.
10.
in the house
the roof.
on
sul
sono
elleno al teatro?
ISaranno
thou
Art
libreria. 3.
Eglino
in citta ?
noi
carriage.
7. He
(a)time.
9. Will he be in
house.
Will
library.
5.
Eglino sono
7.
iSiete voi per le scale '? 9. iSiamo
tempo? 11. lo non fui a tempo.
nella
sei
sedia.
in the
(a)time
?
they {masc.)be in the
11.
?
room
No, Sir.
B
Tenses.
Compound
1. Dove
stata
siete stato,signore?
la sorella V Ella
Elleno
stati alia
sono
Egli e
e
lo
7. lo
stato
sono
Parigi.
4. Dove
sono
La
serva
1. I have
been
in London.
to Paris.
3. She
5.
W'e
should
0.
would
been
been?
At
would
have
would
have
been
here?
(masc.) been
daughter?
have
has
2. Where
been
been
with
here.
the
11.
;
have
non
!l"egli
10.
he been?
He
4. Has
have
the
12.
has
been
the servant
been
with
theatre.
Where
have
not
doctor.
She would
12.
now
"Jra,
to
8.
6.
Voi
8.
per le scale ?
stato
market.
mother
father.
my
9. You
would
Paris.
been
the
have
with
has
the
at
Will
tu
Eglino
al mercato.
stata
medico.
stati al ballo?
a
e
le zie ?
state
sono
dal
tempo. 9. JSiete voi
del signor B. ?
11. Sei
stato al pranzo
Noi siamo stati con
zii.
gli
stato
sareste
2. Dov'
stati i fratelli?
e
sarei stato
Londra.
a
3. Dove
passeggiata.5.
al parco.
stato
a
al mercato.
state
sono
stata
the
7. You
would
have
you
in time.
10. He
been
The
sisters
Charles
of
in the market.
been
gia,di gid,already.
C.
1. Avete
voi il mio
voi stato al teatro ?
bastone ?
No,
Si,signore. 3.
io
non
ho il bastone.
Io sarei stato al parco,
5. lo
tempo. 4. To vado ora al parco.
6.
Siete
col
voi
stato
passeggiata.
pittore?
gi^
col pittore. 7. Klla ha avuta
8. Noi
la febbre.
regalo. 9. Egli e stato col capitano. 10. Voi
avuto
pere.
11.
Noi
non
avevamo
avute
le frutta.
2. Siete
se
avessi
alia
gi^ stato
sono
Io
sono
abbiamo
stato
avuto
avuto
avete
12.
Egli e
he
been
ora
un
delle
stato
in
Francia.
1. The captain has been
in
father?
3. We
have not been
Italy.
at
the
2. Has
promenade.
with
4. Have
my
you
26
THE
alreadybeen
has been
(masc.)have
10.
brother.
have
captain? 5. He has had the fever. 6. She
pears? 8. 'Jhey
park. 7. Have you had some
of
bhe
9.
wine.
will have two
alreadyhad two bottles
with
the
the
to
houses.
]6S8ERB.
VERB
If I had
had
Where
have
11.
in the
alreadybeen
perche,why
the
time, I would
you
been ?
been
with
my
VI. We
(a^)park.
library.
anodra, yet;
;
have
In the
ano6ra, not yet; fatto,done^made.
non
D.
1. Non
ho
hanno
8. Io
pagna?
avete
non
fatto 1'esercizio.
avuto
not
you
not
right?
been
in the
7. Was
she not
not at the dinner ?
done the exercise ?
you
you
6.
sister ?
my
10. Shall
Have
12.
h
Io
non
ho
ho
not
wrong?
he not at the
he not time
8. Had
be
we
5. Have
promenade ?
'?
{have)rightV
had
{fern.)
3. Was
some
9. Were
11. Have
presents?
Sentences.
Che ha egli?
Egli ha avuto
una
disgrazia. 2. Siete voi all'ordine, Giovanni ? Si, signore,
air ordine.
3. Mio
fratello e un poco di buono, eglinon
io sono
amico
alia lezione.
era
cugino.
sono
5. Noi
in buon
d' accordo
Io zio
:
4. Io
mio
siamo
passeggiata?
termine.
era
zio ?
per fare
una
madre
fuori di
e
se
fare
sono
No,
mio
7. fi Ella
d' accordo
con
padre.
sono
grado di fare una
in grado di fare una
passeggiata.
Egliaveva
paura.
paura del cane.
8.
dalla
non
regaloa
un
all'albergo. 6. Io
mio
con
Nossignore,io
in disaccordo.
10. Sono elleno d' accordo ?
siamo
procinto di
procintodi andare
mia
con
io
Sissignore,
9. Mio fratello era
in
in
eravamo
concetto
con
noi
a
mal
sister ?
a
Was
they
Idiomatical
1. II mio
not
{had) you
country ?
with
he
2. Has
4. Were
11. Io
passeggiata.
una
?
passeggiata. 9.
la lezione ?
voi avuta
brother
a
alia
stato
ancora
10. Avete
she not
(had) I
sono
12. Io ho fatta
tempo.
1. Has
torto.
ragione.
avuto
hai tu torto ?
3. Ella non
ha
abbiamo
5. Non
avuto
torto.
6.
siete voi stato in cam7. Perche
2. Non
ragione?
4. Voi
ragione.
Elleno
io
elleno
Siete voi in
sono
passeggiata.11. Amico
in disaccordo.
mio, tu sei
a
11.
Noi
mal termine.
uncle?
No, sir,we do not agree.
you agree with
my
cousin
in
? He is good for
critical
a
{masc.)
position
my
he
critical
is
in a
nothing,
position.3. Are you ready? We are
ready, sir. 4. Were they {masc.)ready ? No, sir,they {masc.)
1. Do
2. Is
ready.
pointof going {togo) to the hotel.
6. We are on the pointof going {togo) to take {tomake) a promenade.
brother ?
7. Will you be able to take {tomake) a walk with my
I shall be able to take {tomake) a walk.
8. My uncle was
dened
madby fear of the dog. 9. Charles has a bad character,he is
good for nothing. 10. Has John a good character with Mr. G. ?
My brother has a good character with Mr. G. 11. Are you ready
for dinner ?
We
not
are
ready for dinner. 12. Did the doctors
were
not
agree ?
5. I
am
on
the
No, sir,the doctors disagreed.
28
ADJECTIVES.
in ca, or ga, form their
retain their hard sound
pluralin che,
Adjectivesending
ghe, in order
or
to
their
form
go, sometimes
other times in chi,or ghi : as,
plural in ci,or
or
Singular,bianco,
bianca,
Plural.
biancbe
\
/
Singular,largo,
lar-a,
i
Plural.
la.glie, f
antica,
\
anliche, /
bianchi,
lar-hi,
Singular,antico,
Plural.
antichi,
Singular, benefice,
bernfica,
"
the
on
C. Agreement
Adjectivesagree
they qualify:
Singular, caro
I'lural.
If
cari
the
in
gi,and
at
"
..
^'**^*
.
,
^^'
.
.
"""^"*"-
i
,
beneficbe,M^-^^'"*"
Knefici,
Note.
When
tbe accent
i^
the pluralis uaually oi, not chi.
in CO,
Feminine.
Masculine
Plura'.
those
:
^
antepenultimate,like henffico,
Adjectives.
of
gender
^
'and
the
with
number
noun
as.
cara
amico, dear friend (m.)
uniici,dear friends(rn.) care
amfoa,
dear
friend (/.).
amiche, dear /;'/e//d"
(/.).
of different
Adjective qualifiesnouns
genders,
plural: as, il pddre e
put in the masculine
la niddre sono
buoni, the fatherand the mother are good.
A noun
in the plural may
be followed
by two or more
in
the
singular: as, le lingue greca e latina, the
adjectives
Greek and Latin languages.
same
it is
Note."
Sometimes
the
Adjectives(as well
good
as, buon
uomo,
final letter,or syllible :
soldier ; bell' arte, fineart.
Exercise
as
words) drop the
soldato,
great
gran
other
man
;
XIII.
A.
1. II buon
came.
la buona
e
pane
La
4.
lungocanalenellagrandecittk.
grande quercia
vino
3. 11
nella
campagna.
vincitore della
8. Klla
10.
La
dente.
era
mia
12.
1. T he
stick ?
e
la buona
5. La
piccolv
traditora.
guancia
Mio
padre e
long table
6
non
sorella
e
mia
gonfia.
11.
the
giardino. 6. Chi fu
applauditi.
bianca
e
mano
jnccola.
nel
e
9. La
anche
is in
2. II buon
7. L' attore
V
battaglia
una
birra.
l'attrice fui-ono
Ella
ha
una
madre
pru-
prudente.
room.
2. Have
canal
you
is
had
my
5.
httle
'aks
long.
(art.)are tall. 6. The actress has {is)been applauded. 7. She is
9. My
little house is in the town.
a good painter(fern.). 8. My
tall brother
is in the library. 10. My friend (masc.)is tall. 11.
is
12. My cheek is swollen.
hat
white.
My
3. The
chair
is small.
4.
The
"
29
ADJECTIVES.
B.
1. La
mia
sedia
mia
bigi.
sono
felici.
sono
Egli e
small.
is
nella citta
case
sono
2. The
buona
famiglia.
brother
hat
6. The
high.
of my
deep.
are
ha
5. La
vecchio.
casa
della mia
voi
del
padre ha
Mio
grandifigli.3.
nonna
il pane e secco.
11. Io ho due
fresco,
ma
vecchio.
7.
ho
!Si,io
vino V
buon
bella
una
giovinesorella.
belle
my
7. The
del
12.
4. Mio
6. 1 o
casa.
nonno
stato
sono
ha avuto
due
12. Ha
carrozze.
e
alia
Avete
H.
9. II latte
vecchio.
vino
high.
My
not
Egli e giovineed alto.
Egli
1 0.
madre.
vecchia
una
ha
mia
My
2. II fabbro ha due
cappellobianco.
un
amici
of
is white.
8.
vecchia donna
1. La
1 due
3.
coat
9. 1 he house is
My horses are grey.
is happy.
11. My father is also happy.
10. My mother
sisters are noj happy.
wells
5. La
ancora
e
is tall.
Qhe
5.
father
Ella
11.
of Charles
is
3. La
9. I miei
felici.
chair
Mary's
alte.
sono
anche
giovine di
un
4.
is black.
brother
I
H.
donne
hat is black.
My
house
Le
8.
Le
10.
12.
giovine.
1.
4. II pozzo
abito bianco.
un
cappellodi Carlo e nero.
nel giardino e profondo.
miei cappellisono
neri.
7.
2. II
grande.
e
alta.
e
sorella ha
cavalli
casa
e
di vino
bottiglie
eglidue
cavalli
bigi?
1. The
3.
My
old.
uncle
of Charles
is old.
old
father,
has
mother
an
My grandfatheris
5.
is tall.
7.
'ihe
milk
9. 1'he old
new.
Yes,
the
thou
had
on
has
man
is old.
wine
not
the
11.
The aunt of John is not old.
The mother
of my
father is
2.
4.
old.
yet
table
10.
no
money.
I have had
three bottles of old wine
1 he
H.
is fresh.
in the street
man
8. 1 he
bread
Is the
wine
old wine.
some
12.
No, sir,1 have had
?
is not
good?
one
Hast
bottle
of old wine.
D.
1. La
No,
io
birra
buon
fabbro
10.
sara
un
buon
ha
e
Egli ha
madre
ella
casa
e
ha
due
vecchia.
buona.
e
buona
una
affettuosa.
Egli
figli. 9.
La
3. Siete voi felice ?
amaro.
felice,perche
6.
una
11.
severo.
e
e
giovine.
7. Ella
cinque giovani
11 maestro
non
4. Emma
felice.
padre.
ha
2. 11 vino
amara.
sono
non
5. Vittorio
un
e
madre
ed
11 vecchio
8.
buone
sorelle.
II libro
12.
e
nuovo.
1. The
is bitter.
is not
master
4. The
not
happy?
you
affectionate
son.
blacksmith has
is old.
book
an
wine
2. I
severe.
is not
7. Victor
9. She
has
old father.
old.
is
a
an
11.
happy.
not
am
5. She
good
is not
son.
affectionate
The
house
8.
3.
My beer
6. Are
happy.
He
will
be
an
mother.
10.
The
is not old.
12.
The
30
ADJECTIVES.
D.
1.
the
Position
Adjectivesof one or tv\o syllableagenerallyprecede
noun
they qualify: as,
un
buon
un
beil'
of more
Arljectives
noun
ihey qualify:
a
than
generally/oWo!0
syllables
two
as,
an
un
a
amiable
lina ddaiia
ainabile,
gidvinestudioso,
is not
rule, however,
This
good boy.
finewatch.
a
lagazzo,
orolugio,
2.
the
Adjective.
the
of
woman.
studiuius
youth.
followed
istrictly
in Italian.
colour, taste,
Adjectives denoting physicalqualities,
follow the noun
smell,ifec,
they qualify: as,
3.
white
bianoa,
carta
la tavola
rotonda
paper.
table.
the round
un
cieco,
a
uomo
with
Participles
agree
4.
lina
blind
man.
follow
and
amdta,
fi'glia
the
beloved
a
noun
as,
.
daughter.
changes
of an
Adjective sometimes
signification
itfspositionbeforeor aftertlie noun
: as,
5. The
with
u6mo
grande,
grand'uomo,
galant'udmo,
uomo
galante,
un
un
un
un
vol amate, you
a
tall man.
a
great man.
a
gentleman.
a
coxcomb.
Exercise
1. Id
lo
il buon
amo
la campagna.
4. lo non
amo
la birra.
6. Che
fiore
mio
Io
amo
12.
voi ?
avete
le
Avete
e
vino
8.
amo
bianche.
1. I like the
town.
voi
Amate
la birra
J). Io
voi della carta
XIV.
la buona
I)elle belle
bianco.
rose
e
11.
2. Do
il vino?
7.
La
le viole.
Le
bianca
rose
2. Che
came.
cattiva.
rose.
amo
like.
love,you
sono
No, signore,io
5. Io ho
un
mia
6
10.
rosse
vol ?
amate
rosa
Amate
amo
bel cavallo.
rossa.
voi le
ed anche
8.
II
rose
?
bianche.
?
you
like
(likeyou)
the
country?
31
ADJECTIVE?!.
3. The
horse?
paper?
white
have
a
had
5. Have
horse.
coat.
red
some
iShe has
11.
roses.
black
black
a
had
is red.
rose
had
7. I have
We
9.
My
4.
iSo, sir,1 have
dress.
black
like
is white.
rose
8.
Have
My
a
grey
has a
white
some
(/.)have
They
white
roses
you had
mother
had
you
10.
roses.
some
6.
some
red.
and
12.
I
(the)red flowers.
B.
ho
1. lo
deir
3.
Parigi e
5.
Torino
e
vecchi
la
Mio
7.
amici
ricchi.
sono
12.
1. Have
lo
6. La
nuova.
e
11.
nella
9. Lo
long.
flowers.
Yes, I have
sir,I have
red
a
and
There
paper.
12. I have
three
had
Have
had
a
There
inferiority.
of
and
superiority,
is either
]. The
a
the
parative
Positive,Com-
are
the
superlative
of inferiority.
The
suficrlative
which
high degree
:
i,s hapoli
a
relative
great city,is the
delle
superlativeabsolute, the
superiority.
second
a
Comparative
ihe
to
of
the
supeiiorityb}'prefixing11 piu, the
e
una
Italiane,
Italian
a
superlative
is ex-
cities ;
superlative
ing
by prefixrehitive
Superlative
is
superiority
Positive, and
citta
greatestof
riority,
supe-
comparative
Superlatives:the
two
absolute,
by
very
piu, more,
of
the
and
of equality,
piessed
comparison,ur
citta grandissiraa,e
la piu grande
relative of
horse.
grey
Adjectives.
of
without
first is
street
white
some
paper?
you
white rose?
No,
a
you
good
some
red and
some
Have
10.
forms, called
comparative
of
the
had
Superlative degrees.
Comparatives : the compaiative of
are
Naples
2. I like
have
three
the
is
1 miei
8.
little village. 6. The
rich.
Comparison
Adjectiveshave
amico.
4. I
wine.
1 have
8.
11.
rose.
E.
in
friend is
white
some
been
is old.
old
My
9.
del villaggio
principale
(Sing.)? Yes, sir.
the
town
citta.
ancora
e
I have
7. The
una
la
good
5.
Parigi.
a
bella
giovine. 10. lo amo
la lingua
o
lingua italiana,
linguainglese.
zio
good grapes
1
like also
3.
(Sing.).
grapes
red flowers.
e
del vecchio
voi
some
you
Egli e
anche
strada
casa
A mate
la
amo
il giovine?
e
4. l^oma
citta.
nonno
lingua italiana.
inglese?
is
citta
una
e
lunga.
bella
una
2. Dov'
buona.
uva
formed
most, to
the
Positive
.
as,
Positive
alto
Fern,
alia
Masc.
Comparative (Comparativo).
(Positivo).
Mnsc.
\.
piiidlto
,,
f""grande^
grsindej^^
.
Fern,
alta
piu
piiigrande
piiigrande
Superlative{Superlativo).
11
piu
alto.
la piu alta.
11 piu grande.
la
piiigrdnde.
32
ADJECTIVES.
2. The
is
Comparison of inferiority
m6no, less,to
Positive, and
the
3. The
Superlative absolute
issimo
termination
letter
:
the
least,to the
Pohitive
:
by adding the
deprived of its final
is formed
Positive
the
to
by prefixing
Superlativerelative of
the
11 m^nc,
inferiority
by prefixing
formed
as,
Positive,
Superlative.
ExcEPriONS.
Adjectivesending in
drop their ro and re
Superlativeabsolute : as,
1.
ro
and
and
add
Positive.
acre
Fern,
acre
Masc.
integro Uongg/
**
"
iiiteg^ra(
ce'lebre
ce'lebre
Fern,
letter and
make
their
acerrima.
intege'irimo.
intege'rrima.
1
,
i.
celeberrimo.
",
i
Y^^^^"'^^d'
Adjectives ending
2.
to
acerrimo.
\
J
"
Maac.
6rrimo
sonant
con-
a
Superlative.
Masc.
Fern,
preceded by
re
entissimo
add
celeberrima.
in dico,fico,
and
to make
their
volo
drop the last
Superlativeabsolute ;
as,
Superlative.
Positlvf.
Masc.
maleclico\
Fern,
male'dica/'""^^*^^^^-
itfctac. bcnefioo
bcne'fica
Fern,
Masc.
Fern,
i,
",.
j
r.
.
.
.
/''"""./^""""
benevoloi,
,
.
bene'voiar'^"^"^*^"^-
Note.
"
The
above
maledicentissimo.
maledicentissima.
beneficent issimo.
benetlccntiWma.
benevolcntissimo.
forms
follow
benevolentissima.
the
Latin:
as,
acer,
acerrimus,
maledicus,maledieentissimus.
IrregularComparison.
The
following Adjectiveshave
Supeilativeiiregular: thus
their
Comparative and
"
Positive.
budno, a, gfooc2.
mdlo,
had.
"
cattivo. a,
"
Comparative.
Snperl.Rol.
Superl. Abeol.
migliore
il,la m'glioio
dltimo,a
peggidre
il,la pcggidre
p^ssimo,a
33
M'ith
marked
Those
asterisk
an
Superlativerelative aLo
and
2. The
form
in the
their
Comparative
regular way.
followingAdjectiveshave
:
positive
no
"
Superlative,
Comparative,
later.
posteridre,
postremo, last.
exterior.
esteridre,
estrenio, extreme, last.
interidre,interior.
intimo,
pridre,
former,
nhenore, further.
ultimo, last.
citeridre,on
inwatd,
intimate.
first
pi imo,
this side.
anteridre,
former^foregoing.
prdssimo,next
Bemabes.
comparison of equality,as
by placing the adjectiveso^
1. The
....
is formed
che, or
cosi
....
Giovanni
La
tanto
e
quanto
....
cosi ricco che
e
tdvola
tanto
as
or
"o
as,
....
between
nouns
as,
:
is
Pietro, John
as
the
larga quanto liinga,
rich
as
table is
as
Peter.
broad
long.
as
after the
English than
2. The
either
in two
by the Genitive
ways,
The
genitive is used
(i)
by
a
noun
II sole
e
piu grande
or
Comparative
a
when
pronoun
della
:
or
the
by
is
expressed
che.
comparative is
lowed
fol-
as,
luna, the
sun
is
largerthan
the
moon.
II leone
than
Tu
meno
crudele
d^Ua
tigre,the lion
is less cruel
the
tiger.
sei piu grande di
(ii)Che
two
e
nonns
is used
wifhont
me,
when
an
thou art taller than I.
there
adjective:
is
a
comparison
between
as,
than a
a painter
more
[Eglie
sculptor.
two
(iii)Che is used when the comparison is between
adjectives:as,
he is more
Sglie piu fortun^to che prudente,
fortunate
than prudent.
pillpittoreche scultore,he is
34
ADJECTIVES.
is used
Voi
when
is used
(iv) Che
verbs
two
compared, and
are
negativeprecedes: as,
paiiatepiu che non pensate, you apeak more
if
non
no
than
you
think.
i3ut in
it is indififerent wliether
cases
many
"parisonis expressedby
F.
the
Modifications
Genitive
of
or
Adjectives
the
com-
che.
Nouns.
and
and Diminutives.)
(Augmentatives
language is the power of
mination,
by changing its termodifying an Adjective or a Noun
the
diminish
ing
or
to augment
so
as
originalmeanis
word
the
old,
of
thus, vecchio,
chfinged into
A
Italian
the
of
peculiarity
:
vecchietto,
a
little old
ugly old imin;
vecchiaccio, an
1.
a
The
Vecchione,
man;
a
very
old
man;
"c.
increase : as, portn,
one, uto, denote
rich, riccone,
large door or gate ; I'icco,
terminations
door, portone,
a
enormouslyrich ; naso,
adj.,with a long nose.
2. The
a
termination
nasone,
nose,
otto
denotes
youth,giovinotto, strong young
a
man;
a
largenose
;
giovine,
strength as,
:
contadina,
nastito,
a
woman,
country-
contadinotta, a strong countrywoman.
3.
The
something
man;
dccio, astro, dzzo, aglia suggest
a bad young
giovine,youth,giovinastro,
terminations
had
:
as,
vino, wine, vinaccio, had
castro, quack;
4. The
wine; medico, doctor,medi-
plebe,people,plebaglia,moh.
terminations
together
with
nution
ino, 6tto,611o,er^llo,
sugscest dimifondness : as, caro, dear, carino, little
dear; mdno, hand, manina.
vecchietto, dear littleold
Utile
man,
or,
hand;
vecchio, old
man.
vecchierello.
uolo, iiccio,
uzzo, ucio,uciolo,igno,
with contempt : as, libio, hook,
diminution
Ognolo denote
iibruccio, worthless little book; verde, green, verdognolo,
5.
The
terminations
greenish;"c.
fication:
alreadymodified can undergo a second modigoat, caprettino,
as, cdpra, goat, capretto, yowig
fiorellino.
l
ittle
f
ior^lK',
^otg,
flower,
flower,
young goat ;
6. Words
small
dear little
; etc.
flower
36
ADJECTIVES.
and Nouns.)
of Adjectives
(^Modifications
C.
2. To ho visto un
giardinoh a"Mormentato.
la lupa. 4. II cavallucsono
con
gattone nella cucina. 3. I lupicini
cio di Vittoriiio e di colore neroguolo. 6. I noccioli dt-llfip*'sche
sono
amarognoli. 6. II fiorelliiio e rossiccio e uon
gialMgnoL".
1. n
nel
canone
^
librone
7. 11 mio
riccone,eglie piu
10. La
piu forte
^
ricco del medicoiizolo.
^
casetta
una
d'
piu
casaccia.
12. 11 libreitx)e
is in the
1. "ThelitHe-old-man
3. The
is in my
room.
9. 11 vinetto
bella della tua
vecchierello.
un
librickio. 8. 11 veccliiettu
del tuo
piu pesaute
garden.
11. Un
nglv-iiian.
2. The
powerful-big-dog
is with
9. The
aunt.
big-book of John.
8. Thedear-little-
quack
is
dear-little-book
is upon
the
little-flower is yellowish. 12. The
My
11.
table.
the
giovinotto
the big-ugly-cat.4. The
sraall-dear-little-flowersare upon
kitten
is with
10. The
e
araamBtro.
sul tavoliiio.
is in the garden. 5. The
pony
-book is upon
tlje
the little-table. 6. My bis;
with
is
two
wolf
wolves.
The
7.
bigyoung-little-
weak-old-woman
e
a
very-|KX)rless-
big-worth
bad
wine
is
-bitter.
nastily
del
1. L'erbetta
fra
sono
e
praticello
plena di fiorellini.2. Le caprette
gli arboscelli
le
fra
me'itata
Le
4.
pianticelle.
h
anellino
11 tuo
quercioni. 5.
ed e
piccolina,
del niio boschetto.
grande del
3. La
j)ecorella
e
quercette sono
belluccio.
6. La
forti de'
meno
mia
addor-
cameretta
e
7. II tuo cappcllaccio
meno
^ bnittissimo. 9. La
veccliissimo.
8. Ilquadrucciodel
pittoraccio
e
della vecchierella k
manina
nerastri ed
rotti
e
le farfallette
and
a
nel
sono
ajigrinzita.10.
La
navicella
e
I
sul
capellidi Saffo
12.
mare.
sono
I passe-
giardino.
has new
and pretty-dear-littleshort-grass,
little-pretty-field
1. The
flowers. 2. The
3. The
11.
inanellati.
tuocamerone.
wood
pretty-little
has
amongst
the
young-goats
are
in
are
little-young-oak
the
more
trees
young
than
trees.
4. A bii'-oak
little-plants.
The
5.
of the
little-rincj
garden.
rather-pretty. 6. John is in the big-room of the
in my
ugly-old-house. 7. 1 have two pretty-fat-little
sparrows
little-sister is
8. Victor
little-room.
are
little-boys
gold are on
with
of
brothers of John
of weak-wine.
"
but
None
the
form.
of
noun
these
or
the
are
nouns
has
two
little-butterflies. 9. Two
ugly-old-manin the street.
an
10.
of Sappho.
pretty-little-hands
on
or
the
12.
little-ship.
adjectives should
adjectivethey qualify should
be
be
11. The
1 have
translated
translated
had
Into
m
nauahtyLittle-rings
ths
a
little-
biii-glass
Italian
Italian
by itiielf-.
mody/im
37
ADJECTIVES.
Adjectives (Aggettivi
Possessivi).
2. Possessive
Possessive
The
1. When
Adjectivesare
"
the Possessive
Adjectiveprecedesin the Singular
words
expressingrelationshipor tirles,no article is used
with it : as, mio padre,my father; tua zia, thy aunt; suo
his cousin (m.); Vo.^tra Maesta, your Majesty.
ciijrino,
is in the Plural or followsthe words
But if the possessive
the aricle must
be used :
or
titles,
expressingrelationship
as, i vostri genitori,
your parents ; il padi^emio, my father;
V
la jMaefrta o^tra, your Majesty,etc.f
The
article is also used
these words
as, il mio
:
when
cdro
another
padre,my
adjective
precedes
dear
father;
la mia
madre, my dear mother.
cara
Loro
is never
NoTK.
even
changed,and always takes the article,
il
their
loro padre,
with words expressingrelationship
: as,
father ;
"
la loro
their
their mother
madre,
; i loro
their
figli,
; le loro
sons
figlie,
daughters.
2. The
Possessive
Adjectivesagree with their Substan
In English,the Possessive
tives in gender and number.
in gender
Adjective in the Object or Accusative
agrees
with
the Subjectof the sentence, but in Italian it
agrees
in gender with
the Object: as,
Cailo ha visto
sua
Vdstra
l)a
La
II
madre
When
to
Carlo
and
her
his mother.
sister has
her father.
seen
the mother
loves her sons.
figli,
the father loves his daughters.
figlio,
sue
his,her,refer
other
di
noun,
the
di I6i,is
Itii,
ha vfsto
sua
to the
not
i
the sentence,
Personal
genitiveof the Third
used
sorella,ed
subjectof
:
as.
figlidi lei,Charles
has
seen
his sister
children.
I suoi
*
le
some
Pronoun,
seen
i sudi
ama
padre ama
3.
but
soiella
madre, Charles has
vitto suo padre, your
would
figli
Loro, from
t 1( these
fratellino,
my
the
Latin
mean
the children
of Charles.
illorum, Fr. leur.
(see F, pp. 34-35),they take
sorellfua,my little sister.
words
are
modified
little brother; la mfa
the
artide:
as, il
mfo
"38
ADJECTIVES.
E'lla is used
As
4.
p.
ID), so
stio
are
then
writteu
lo ho 11 S^o
di lei
or
politely
addressinga
in
with
for the
used
are
capitalletter:
a
imano, (they)love.
"ma, (hsjor she) loves.
siamo
7. Saremo
a
madre.
fratello.
da
pranzo
9. Carlo
Gli uomini
padre.
vostro
con
vostro
con
era
2. Io
cjiginoe allegro.
stati
i loro
amano
era
10. Emma
genitori.
lo
con
12.
Le
a
5. Ella
da vostra
padre.
suo
sorelle
Carlo.
di
zio
pranzo
ama
mie
3. Noi
sera.
amico.
mio
sietc
8. Io sar6
padre.
ieri
vostra
casa
Voi
4.
madre.
sua
a
era
L' atnico
6.
vostro
ama
hat.
XVI.
Exercise
1. Mio
and
as,
di Lei, / ?iave your
io ho 11 cappe'IIo
or
cappello,
(see
person
Knglish your,
11.
il loro
amano
padre.
1. Your
3. Your
in the
7.
My
aunt
my
12.
5.
exercises
long.
very
as
brother
The
is
sister is smaller than my
3. Demonstrative
6. We
8. She
brother.
your
Your
11.
paper.
Your
are
tall
so
4. Your
white.
was
was
10.
stronger
house is the
highest
with
your sons.
9. You
her father.
were
with
Your
cousin
sister is here.
2. Your
country.
brother.
the
hat
My
the
in
are
with
was
town.
not
are
brothers
paper is whiter
than
cousin
my
than
(w.).
(/.).
Adjectives(Aggettivi
Dimostrativi).
Demonstrative
Adjectivesare
declined
without
the
article.
Plural.
Singular.
Misc.
Fem.
Masc.
questo,* questa,
questi,
cotesti,
quelli,
cotesto,! cotesta,
quelle,! quella,
Qu^sto
1.
cotdsto
and
to
refers to
a
person
quello to
2.
vowel
a
a
or
peison
person
En^' isli.
Fetn.
queste,
ooteste,
this,these (near me).
that, those (near you).
quelle,
that,those
or
thing near
or
thing at
thing near
the
a
person
lyonder).
the
speaker
;
addressed;
distance.
Qu^Ui,the pi.,is usually changed into queglibefore
or
impure s : as, quezli onori, those honours.
a
except impure ", quello usually
becomes
quel, and quelli becomes
qu^i or que' : as, quel
that dog ; qnei libri,
those hooks.
cane,
3.
Before
a
consonant,
the T^tin
*
Questo, from
+
Cotesto, written
I
Quello, from
the
also
ecce
iste.
codesto,contracted flrom the Latin eccu* KM
Latin
ecce
Hit.
itU,
39
ADJECTIVES.
XVII.
Exercise
1. Quest'uomo
Quest i a'.beri sono
7. Cotesto
Quelle
9.
"1. This
dearer
cappelloe
si"no
11.
penna
difficilissima.
libro
grandi.
Questo e un
tazze
tua,
Cotesto
5.
Questa penna
bell' orologio. 12.
10.
very (moUo) long.
lessons are
not difficult. 7. That
higher
is
than
is
4.
The
than
old
an
coat
that
that exercise.
2. This
dog
That
12.
my
old
an
9. This
streets
hat.
is
are
8. This
cult
is less diffi-
exercise
is older than
e
6. Those
coat.
is strongerthan
book
watch
4. Those
than
has
man
house.
10. That
painting.
is dearer
migli^redella
e
Quella lezione
this
dog.
my
book.
11.
InterrogativeAdjectives{Aggettivi
Interrogativi).
InterrogativeAdjectives are
and
"
Plural
Singular.
Masc.
Masc.
Fem.
and
Fern
English,
which
quali,
quale,
ohe
Quelle case
sono
Quel bicchiere e piccolo.
8.
nuovo.
6.
than that woman.
is younger
that watch.
3. That ^ilassis small.
6. That
This
biiono.
e
woman
than
house
e
giovine, 2.
ragazza
stdie sono
alte. 4. Queste
qnesta
3. Coteste
urandi.
mature.
pere sono
veccliie.
vecchio, ma
e
used
(bothgenders and numbers), what?
Quale oftenbecomes qual beforea
i or
what
i
in exclamations.
consonant, except impures.
Examples,
quale cavdllo ?
quale ddnua?
qual bicchiere ?
quali libri ?
quali case ?
che
bel libro !
che
be
hei fi6ri !
che
belle
home
whirh
woman
glass?
books ?
houses
?
beautifulbook!
a
beautifulchurch!
beautiful
flowers!
beautiful
paintings!
a
what
what
!
pittiire
f
which
wh'ch
!
f
which
what
la chiesa
che
which
what
andato, gone.
XVIII.
Exercise
2. In
Quale donna avete voi
3. Qual fiore e codcsto?
Quali libri avete voi avuti?
visto ?
7. Per
andato?
1.
voi
quali vie
visto?
colore avete
12. Che
9. A
siete voi
di
casa
voi il vostro
bella musica
e
4.
Quali
6. Con
qualiamici
abito ?
la musica
11.
quale citta
fiori avete
voi
qualistudeuti
8.
Quali
siete voi
Le
arance
italiana!
ameni
stato?
sono
siete voi stato ?
in
mano?
5.
siete voi stato?
boschi
10.
Di
di color
avete
qiral
giallo.
40
ADJECTIVES.
I. Which
man
3. Whici)
been ?
flowers have you
6.
Which
has
been
of
my
had?
here?
brothers
5. Which
is the
best?
students
have
colour
7.
2. In
have
books
Which
which
you
are
have yon
4. Which
room
?
seen
those
books
on
the
table?
has
your father?
9. W hich
you been in the town?
roads have you seen ?
?
10. What
forest have you seen
11. What
(a) small hat !
(a) beautiful colour ! 12. What
which
8. With
5. Numeral
A.
Adjectives (Aggettivi
Numerdlt).
Cardinal
Numbers
(Numeri Cardinali).
1 lino,lina.
40
quaranta.
2 dile.
41
quaraiituno.
3
tre.
42
quarantadiie.
quattro.
43
45
quarantatre.
quariintaquattro.
quarantacmque.
4
5
cinque.
6 sei.
44
46
quarantasei.
8 otto.
47
qu'irantasette.
ndve.
10 dieci.
48
49
quarantdtfo.
qnarantandve.
7
se'tte.
9
11
lindici.
50
einquanta.
12
dodici.
51
13
treilici.
52
cinqiiantuno.
cinquantadue.
14
quattdrdici.
qiu'ndici.
53
cinquantatre.
15
54
16
sedici.
55
17
diciassette.
56
cinquantaqudttro.
cinqtiantacinque.
oinquantapei.
18
57
c
58
20
dici(5tto.
dicianndve.
ve'uti.
59
cinqiianldtto.
cinquantandve.
21
ventuno.
60
sessanta.
22
veiitifliie.
61
sessantiino.
23
ventitre.
62
sessantndue.
24
ventiqnattro.
19
nquantasette.
63
Be3^aIltat^e.
2.') venticinque.
64
sessantaquattro.
26
veiitisei.
65
^essantneinque.
27
venti-^tte.
66
sessantflsei.
sessantase'tte.
28
ventdtto.
67
29
ventindve.
68
sessantdtto.
30
tre'nta.
69
sessantandve.
31
trentiino.
70
si^ttanta.
32
treiitadiie.
71
settantiino.
33
trentatrb.
34
trent*"(^uattro.
35 trenticmque.
72
settantadile.
73
settantntr^.
74
settantaquattro.
75
settant
.
36
trentas^i.
37
trentnse'tte.
76
38
trentdtto.
77
89 ^jentandve.
cinque.
settantjiRPi.
I
Bettantas^tte.
78 settantdtto,
41
1,000,000
2,000,000
milione.
un
due
100.000.000
milidni.
milidni.
miliardo.
cento
1,000,000,000un
Remarks.
1. All
uno,
remain
Numerals
feminine
the
in
unchanged
is
of which
Italian,except
mille,having the
; and
una
pluralmila,
speal"ingof
2. In
verb
to
hate
anni, / have
instead
twelve
person'sau;e,
a
of
to
(J
years
in
he, as
the
Efiglish:
twelve
am
voi, what age have you f (how old
avete
3. When
a
6no
old);
you f)
are
etc., it is left in the
....
the
use
io ho
years
followsventuno, trentuno
noun
centoventuno,
....
Italians
dodici
che
eta
cinquantsingular (i.e.,
it agrees
with
the last numeral
libro,
uno) : as ventuno
but
if
21
the noun
21 hooks ; ventuna
precedes
penna,
pens ;
in
it
libri
the
is
the numeral,
plural: as,
ventuno, penne
ventuno.
4. In
English
s"ch
phrases
word
it iiidkes : as,
diie anni
ago
un
e
fa.
a
as
year
is translated
anno,
(Note
5. Once
that
or,
fa
is translated
un
ago,
by
anno
always
una
e,
fa
two
years
is, s6no,
;
the
volta.
due volte.
twice
,,
three times
tre
volte.
"
four
"
qudttro volte.
"
cinque volte, etc-
times
jivetimes
are,
diie dnni
follows
ago,
or
sono,
noun.)
the
fa,
or
42
ADJECTIVES.
XIX.
EXEBCISE
1. lo ho
ino
duecento
nove
giornisono.
settimane
fa io
1. She
has
has
Londra.
hundred
two
horses.
two
3.
sorella ha
di
Io
uomini.
9. lo ho
risto
11. Due
all'esposizione
tre
stato
sono
ha
quindicianni.
nella scuola.
era
abbia-
soldati
mila
diciotto anni.
fa io
ore
12.
seen
6. How
old.
years
old.
7. i have
years
brother
your
days
10.
ago.
regiment
The
seen
an
captainhas
Ordinal
Ordinal
books
in the
is your
was
ago.
exhibition
thousand
Numbers
are
i
1st
prime.
2nd
secdndo.
3rd
t^rzo.
4th
sisters.
six
library.5. He
He
? (m.)
is
(has)
is eleven
8. 1 have
years ago.
with
brother
ten
your
11. That
ago.
and thirtymen.
week
a
hundred
one
in the company.
men
(Numeri Ordijidli).
declined
firstmonth;
priniomese,
the
firstdays;
piimi giorni,
pupils(/.)
the
II
two
9. I
2. He
library.
and
cousin
garden
hundred
Numbers
in the
brothers
the
at
two
three
your
hour
was
Hfty books
old
of soldiers has two
B.
The
I
and
have
We
six hundred
They (w.) have
sixteen
12.
10. Due
a
3. Noi
sei cani.
fa.
mesi
4.
7. Mia
Egli ha
?
cugino
vostro
hai
compagnia
reggimento hatre
Un
5.
tredici anni.
lo zio due
era
2. Tu
sorelle. 4. Una
cinquanta uomini.
etk ha
8. Che
e
fratello ha
(i. Mio
libri.
settantasette
fratelli
sette
la
like
prima
le
Adjectives:
ora,
prime
the
as
firsthour
allieve, the
first
deci-
18th
or
diciotte'simo,
19th
or
diciannovesimo,
mottavo
quarto.
quinto.
20th
ventesirao.
6th
sesto.
2l8t
ventesimo
7th
settimo.
8th
ottavo.
80th
trente'sirao.
9th
n6no.
Slst
trentunesimo.
10th
deciino.
40th
nth
undei^imo,or decimo prime.
duodecimo, or decimo se-
50th
quarante'siino.
cinqunnte'dimo.
tredice'sime,
or
d^cirao terd^imo
or
quattordic^simn,
quindicdsimo,or
deoimo-
centesiino.
lOIst
cente'dimo
200th
dueeentesimo.
primo.
400th
Bedicdsiine.or decimo
I7th
or
diciassett^simo,
lOOOtli
quattrocente'simo.
ciiiqueceiitebimo.
niillcsimo.
dieciuiille'simo.
qninte.
J 6th
settimo.
100th
500th
quarto.
15th
or
30()th trecentesimo.
zo.
I4th
prime,
ventunesimo.
condo.
1 3th
de-
citnondno.
5th
12th
;
s^jfto.
decline
lO.OOOth
10(),00(lthoetitomille'simo.
1,000000th
ultimo
milione'simo,eta
the last.
44
ADJECTIVES.
AXle
qudttro,
e un
qudrto,
dlle b4i
dlle dieci
ddpo
e
4. The
must
be
mille
e
e
"
sestuplo,
sixfold.
settuplo,
sevenfold.
decuplo, tenfod.
owe
ceiituplo,
hundredfold,
THE
OF
of
but
:
s^mplice, simple.
d"5ppio, twofold.
threefoll.
tripio,
quadruple,/o'/r/v/Zd.
quintuplo,fivefold.
NAMES
hundied, etc.,
etc.
trecento,
are
mnltiplicatives
NAMES
thirteen
doilici cento, tredici cento,
translated
duecento, mille
5. The
quarter past nx.
hundred,
English twelve
never
a
ten
half-past
ten.
afterhalf-past
mezzo,
e
four o'clock.
at
at
mezzo.
le dieci
at
MONTHS.
FOUR
the
SEASONS.
N6ini delle qu"ttroStagi6ni.
Priraavera,
Spring.
Estk
Sumiuer.
Afitumn.
estate, state,
Autunno,
Inv^mo,
Winter.
Exercise
XX.
A.
1.
caldo.
6.
il quarto
3. Decembre
6
Aprile
6
Quest' invemo
e
stato
mese
un
mese
dell'anno.
freddo.
freddissimo.
2.
6. La
Luglio ^
4. La
un
mese
calda,
primavera del mille
state
6
46
ADJECTIVES.
settantotto
ottocento
braio
un
e
10.
Maria
12.
L'
ha dodici
1. March
3.
days.
5.
della classe.
l'ultima
anno
is the
third
is colder than
England
the class.
8.
is the warmest
is
e
bello.
8. Feb-
primo della classe.
ha trenta giorni.
bettembre
11.
of the
month
less
warm
first in the class.
10. This
longerthan
year.
The
12.
9. This
1 shall be in
winter
February.
has
4.
in France.
summer.
2. June
thirty
January is a cold month.
than in Italy. 6. Winter
in
7. My brother is the second
in
month.
sister is the
My
e
il
mesi.
August is a warm
in England is
Summer
Guglielmo
9.
cortissimo.
mese
e
7. L' autunno
dolce.
stata
e
mori,died.
week
cember
Italy. 11. Deseven
days.
has
nacque,
summer
born.
was
B.
1. Che
ora
Sono
e?
A lie due
medico?
e
le sette.
2. A
3. lo
mezzo.
che
dal
stato
al concerto
stato
sono
siete
ora
dalle
ed un
quarto alle dieci e tre quarti. 4. Napoleone terzo mori
5. NapoChislehurst il nove
settantatre.
gennaio mille ottocento
leone
Elena
il
mori
mille
ISant*
ottocento
a
maggio
primo
cinque
otto
a
ventuno.
6. Mio
sessanta
cinque.
La
8.
piano.
fratello nacque
sorella
7. La
fratello.
ottocento
II. died
We
a
shall
quarter past
of the
the
9.
and
at
was
brother
seventy-one.
11. He
o'clock.
the house
was
with
1
a
:
"
noun.
era
con
thousand
one
the
fifth March
your brother at seven
o'clock.
5. What
o'clock.
6. We
in the
were
is at the
room
third window
the first and
10.
1 shall
cousin
the
temporaries.
conWellington were
twenty-first
July eighteen
be
at
that
(m.) at two
one
half-past
house
o'clock.
three
at
She
12.
o'clock.
Adjectives (Aggettivi
Indefiniti).
following Indefinite Adjectives
The
sei io
at nine
7. Charles
born
at
January
was-born
with
was
house
Alle
tua.
casa
ninth
was
my
of the doctor
6. Indefinite
with
your
past ten
Napoleon
8.
My
at
o'clock.
two
first floor.
hundred
be
Jt is half
o'clock is it?
at
a
2. She
seventy- eight.
eight
eighteen hundred and sixty. 3.
4.
ottocento
finestra del
11.
settanta.
hundred
o'clock.
alia seconda
alle otto
saremo
Emmanuel
1. Victor
e
in
casa
Noi
12.
mille
marzo
primo
9. Carlo
questa strada e vecchissima.
primo furono contemporanei. 10. Egli nacque
terza
quinto e Francesco
il tre lugliodel mille
tuo
il sedici
When
by
themselves,
are
always
they are
used
nouns
pro-
46
ADJECTIVES.
Declinable.
Indeclinable.
Masc.
dgni,'
each.
qualohe,^
wme.
Fern.
Sing, t^tto,*
Plur. tutti,
Sing, alcnno,'
Plur. alcuni,
Sing,taltino,
qnalunque,'every.
Plur.
alc^a,
taltini,
Sing,tale,
Plur. tali,
Sing,ootale,"
Plur. ootali,
Plural
Ma
few
some,
alcune,
taldna,
talone,
tale,
j
I
tali,
such
a
cotale, I
cotali, J
only.
Fem,
80.
several.
parecchi,^
alquanti,
pareccMe,
dlversi,
diverse,
p6chi.
different!,
pdche,
few.
differenti, some.
in61te,
many.
alqnante,
m61ti,
some.
Singularonly.
niuno,^
nullo,
nesstino,
nmna,
veruno,
veruna,
nulla,
no
one,
with
a
each
oiascuno,^ ciascheduno, eiasctina, ciaschedtina,
^a
some
one.
on
certo,
oerta,
negative.
one.
Remarks.
ttitto precedes the
1. When
the article
2.
8un
not
uomo
precede
as,
ttitto 11 villaggio,
the whole
tiitta la
the ichole town,
cittk,
village,
tiitti gliuomini,
all the
men.
tiitte le
all the
women.
ddnne,
Niiino,ntiUo,nessuno
the verb:
do
:
also
it must
noun,
non
as,
take
a
h
suo
ha
take
arnico,no
negative if they follow
anii'co,he has
mssun
negative
a
if
they precedethe
is his friend.
man
no
friend ; but
verb
:
as,
nes-
XXI.
Exercise
Ogni
1.
3. Ho
uomo
inio fratello.
Egli
6.
amici
ha
11.
nella
amici
fratello
qualche amico a casa.
Ha egh qualche cosa?
1. Few
Parecchie
cugino
e
a
mia.
casa
nulla.
visto
persona.
parecchi
9. Egli
con
nella chiesa.
erano
12.
friend.
6.
Ugni
8. Few
men
were
in this town.
old.
very
ha
ora
Verbs
of Verbs
some
man
11.
Italy.
in
(^7Verho).
in Italian
:
"
(ilverbo attivo),
passho).
3. Neuter
(ilverbo
neutrd).
Transitive
4. Reflective
(ilverbo
5. Impersonal
(ilverbj
five Moods
Conditional
3. 'J'lieImpekative
Subjunctive
5. The
Infinitive
have
live
(presente),
riflessivd).
impersondle).
(Modi) in
4. The
may
happy.
poor
All these
(fem.).
time
a
in that
are
(ilveibo
2. The
Tenses
friends
men
seen
has
is
or
1. Tlie Indicative
Verbs
7. No
your
has
man
1. Active,
2. Passive
have
which
house.
been
Verb
The
five sorts
are
several
Every
5.
Many
seen
person
town.
9.
!She has
12.
X."
There
the
in
in the
sister has
village. 10. My
are
men
rich
are
was
has
one
4. Some
in flames.
brother
your
Several
2. No
concert.
my
3.
father with
To
persona
da niuiia
doime
ha
Egli non
at
persons were
All the town
brother.
houses
erano
ha
minuti.
sessanta
my
uomini
10.
II
7.
fiamme.
in
era
fii visto
non
uomini.
Diversi
8.
casa
Niuua
4.
mia.
visto da taluni
camera.
la
2. Tutta
casa
a
Vostro
5.
stato
e
mortale.
e
alcuni
avuto
47
VERB.
THE
Italian:
"
(U Indicatlvo).
(11 Condiziondle).
(U Imperativo).
(// t"ogg"untivo).
(L' Jnfinltd).
be added
The
Gerund
The
Participle
eight Tenses
Past
(JZ Gerund! d).
(7f I'articipio).
(tempi)in
and two
(passdti),
divided
Italian
Future
; one
Present
(futuri).
into
and
Simple (tempi semplici)
Compound (tempicomposti)
; the latter being composed of
thn past participlewith
of the auxiliaryverb
tense
a
avere,
The
1
.
or
are
essere.
eight Tenses
Present
are
:
"
io dmo, I love,I
(ilpresente)
am
loving.
48
THE
2. Imperfect
while
on
(imperfetto)
expresses
another
I was
entrd,ste,
3. Past
VERB,
took
place
:
reading when
came
you
io
at
lime
a
going
legg^va quando
voi
in.
definito)
(paasdto
expresses
Definitk
entirelyfinished
as,
past action
a
: as,
specified
io
past action
a
viaggiai1'anno
scorso, I travelled last year.
4. Past
Indefinite
the Piesent
of the
Verb, expresses
specifyingwhen;
thing
a
as
which
or
of
the
having t^ken place,without
has happened at a time not
6gli ha mangiato molto, he has eaten too
visto tuo pddre oggi,I have seen
day.
thyfatherto-
entirelypast :
much
or
(passdtoindefinito),
Compound
and
Past
of
Auxiliarj^
Participle
; io ho
as,
5. Pluperfect
or
(jpiuche perfetto),
Compound of the
of the Verb,
Imperfect of the Auxiliaryand Past Participle
a
thing habitual or repeated,but which
pened
hapexpresses
indeterminatelybefore a past event : as, io av^va
scritto
qudndo voi
Past
mi
ved^ste,I
had
written when
you
saw
me.
pound
(passdtoanteriore,or rimoto),or Comof the Past DeKnite
of the Auxiliary and the Past
of the Verb, expresses
a
Participle
thing which
happened
before
io
event
6bbi dora
:
immediately
as, quando
past
I went out of the house.
mito, uscii di casa, when I had slept
6.
Anterior
7. Future
will
(ilfuturo)
expresses
happen
at
an
action
or
thing which
time
to
come
indeterminate
some
:
as,
io
moriro, I shall die.
8. Future
the
Future
Verb,
another
Anterior
of
the
Auxiliary and Past
will
a
thing which
expresses
thing shall have happened :
tu
arriverdi
thou wilt be
fiftyyears
qudndo
or
(futuroanteriore),
Compound
I'he Italian Verbs
a
Participleof the
take
place when
io
as,
cinquant'dnni, I shall
sard
morto
be dead
when
old.
divided
are
distinguishedby
(coniugazioni)
into
the
three
ending
Conjugations
of the Infinitive
Mood.
I. The
II. The
First
Conjugation ends
in dre
6re
Second
"
"
The
Third
Ire
"
,.
:
*^' *"*^'^'
til love.
|
I
'
ere
III.
of
as, tern ere,
to fear,
ve'ndere,
j
\
as,
I
as, sentire,
\
to/ed.
to srll.
FIRST
XI.
Conjugation.
First
"
49
CONJUGATION.
Amare,
INDICATIVE
to lone.
MOOD
Tense
Present
(Iniicativo).
(Presente).
Plural.
Singular.
10
tu
noi
I love.
amo,
amiamo,
he looes.
eglino amano,
ella ama,
she loves.
elleuo amano,
Tense
10
I loved.
amava,
amavi,
ihou wast
egliamava.
he loved.
ta
Past
Tense
Definite
lovedst.
thou
amasti,
he loved.
egliamo,
Future
Tense
I shall Inve.
tu
he will love.
egliamera,
(Imperfttto).
n6i amavamo,
vol amavate,
loved,
we
yiiu I'lved.
they loved.
(PassdtoDefinite).
noi amammo,
voi amaste,
you
egliaoamarono,
they loved.
loved,
we
loved.
(Futuro).
noi ameremo,
voi amerete,
wilt love
thou
amerai,
they love.
eglinoamavano.
I loved,
io amai,
ta
loving.
love,
you
egli ama,
Imperfect
love,
we
vdi amate,
lovest.
thou
ami,
Voice.
Active
"
shall love.
we
eglinoameranno,
you will live.
thi y will love.
Compound Tenses {Tempi Composti).
Past
Indefinite
io ho amato,
I have
hai amato,
"gliha amato,
thou
tu
Tense
n6i abbiamo
loved,
hast loved
loved.
he has
(PassdtoIndefinitd),
vdi avtte
amato,
amato,
eglinohanno
we
you
have
hare
loved.
loved.
theijhave
amato,
loved.
Tense
Pluperfect
io
tu
aveva
avevi
amato,
amato,
loved,
ndi
thou
hadst
vdi avevate
amato, he had
Past
io ebbi amato,
tu avesti amato,
Anterior
I had
thou
loved,
hadst
he had
loved.
amato,
avevamo
eglino
loved.
loved,
e^liebbe amato.
Perf^tto).
che
I had
love I.
egliaveva
(Piu
we
had
amato, you had
avfcvano
tlieyhad
loved.
loved.
loved.
amato.
Tense
(Passdto Rimdto).
ndi
avemmo
vdi aveste
amatD, we had
amato, you had
eglino ebbero
amato^
loved.
loved.
they had loved.
50
CONJUGATION.
riRST
Anterior
FuTUBE
Tense
(Futuro Anteridre).
Plural.
Singular.
io
avro
ta avrai
amato,
amato,
n6i
/ shall have
hare
egliavra
amato,
eglino
he will have
Mood
love thou.
(tu),
love.
let him
(egli),
I should
ameresti^
tu
love,
wouidst
thou
love,
he would
egliamerebbe,
egli
avrebbe
(egliao),
i
'
amito.
love,
us
love.
(Presd'nte
:.
ii6i amereramo,
vdi amereste,
you
eglino amereb-
they would
fthould love,
we
would
love,
love.
(Passdto).
v6i
sj :
lie would
let
love ye.
let them
(Condiziondle).
"^ n6i avremmo
J I amato,
wouidst
thou
i
\
ytni will have
theywill have
bero.
Tense
/ should
avresti amato,
tu
dmino
love.
Past
io avrei amato,
n6i;,
(vdi),
Tense
Present
amerei,
amate
MOOD
CONDITIONAL
10
ayranno
shall have
we
(Imperativo).
amiamo
ami
amato.
amato,
Imperative
ama
amato,
avremo
v6i avrete
wilt
thou
avreste
jeglino
J
should
we
amato,
avrebbero
yon
would
they would
am^to,
SUBJUNCTIVE
MOOD
Tense
Present
oh' io Smi,
ohe
tu
that
"mi,
that
I may
thou
(Soggiuntivo).
iPres^nte
love,
ohe
ndi
mayst
che
vdi
amiamo,
amiate,
that
love
eh'
egliami,
that he may
love
Imperfect
che
oh'
tu
amassi,
egliamasse,
that I
that
I
eh'
eglinoamino,
Tense
might
]
thou
mightst
^J
that he might \
Past
Tense
oh' io abbia am"to, that I may
Jiave
loved.
have
oh egli abbia
amato,
mnyst
loved.
that he may
loved.
may
that
have
they
may
{Imperf^tto).
ohe
ndi
ohe
vdi amaste,
oh'
amassimo,
eglinoamassero,
that
we
that
might]
you
might
/Ao^ they
I
might
(Passdto).
ohe
ndi
abbiamo,
ohe
vdi
abbiate
amdto,
ch'
eglino dbbiano
amato,
that
we
may
have
loved.
amato,
amato, that thm
you
love.
J
ohe tu abbi
love
may
love,
'
oh' io amassi,
we
that
that
yim
may
hare loved.
that
they
may
have loced.
52
CONJUGATION.
SECOND
Compound
(Passdto IndefinUo).
Tense
Indefinite
Past
(Tempi CompSsti).
Tenees
Plural.
Singular.
I have
n6i
feared,
io ho temuto,
tu hai temtito,
thou
egli ha temuto,
feared.
he has feared.
abbiamo
te-
have
we
feared.
mtito,
hast
voi avcte
egli'nohanno
have
feared.
theyhave feared.
temuto,
you
te-
muto,
io aveva
tu avevi
(Piiiche Ferfd'tto).
Tense
Pluperfect
temuto,
/ had
feared,
temuto.
thou
hadst
ndi
feared.
temuto, you had feared.
v6i avevate
feared.
feared.
egli
had
we
muto,
temuto, he had
aveva
te-
avevamo
eglinoavevano
theyhad feared.
te-
m^to.
id ebbi temuto,
tu avesti temuto,
Tense
Anterior
Past
(PassdtoRimdto).
I had
feired.
ndi
thou
hadst
muto,
v6i aveste
feared,
feared.
egliebbe temuto, he had
te-
avemmo
eglino
had
we
feared.
temuto, you had
ebbero
te-
feared.
theyhad feared.
muto,
io
temuto,
avro
1
shall
(^FuturoAnteridre).
Tense
Anterior
Future
n6i
have
feared.
tu
avrai
temuto,
shall
we
v6i avreta
have
temuto, yoti w4ll
will
temuto, he
have
eglino
feared.
MOOD
(Tmperativo).
temiamo
tema
fear
thou,
let him
(egli),
temete
fear.
temino
CONDITIONAL
MOOD
Present
io
ta
/ should
temerei,
temeresti,
thou
Tense
fear.
wouldst
fear.
eglitemerebbe,
he would
fear.
Past
io avrei temtto,
I
should
Tense
have
feared.
muto.
te- he
would
I
let us fear.
(n6i),
(vdi),
fear ye.
(eglino), let them fear.
(Condiziondle).
(Pres^nte).
ndi
"
temereinmo,
vdi temereste,
I
! eglino temereb-
have
feared.
we
you
should
fear,
would
fear.
they would
fear.
bero,
(Passafo).
noi
te-
avremmo
voi
avrfcSte
te-
muto.
eglinoavrebbero
temuto,
should
ice
have
feared.
muto,
wouldst
tu avresti temuto, thou
have feared.
egli avrebbe
they will have
feared.
avranno
temuto,
IMPERATIVE
temi (tu),
have
feared.
feared.
egli avra
have
feared.
muto,
wilt
thou
te-
avremo
you
wuld
ff-and.
theywould
feared.
have
liave
53
CONJUGATION.
SECOND
MOOD
SUBJUNCTIVE
(Soggiuntivo).
Tense
Present
{Presente).
Plural.
Singular,
oh' io tema,
that
che
that
tu ttma,
I may
thou
fear,
mayst
che
noi
che
vdi temiate,
egli tema,
he
that
ch'
may
fear.
Tense
Imperfect
ch' io
temessi,
I
that
that
that
tu
temessi,
che noi
might
that thou
temtssimo,
that
eglitemesse,
Toi temeste,
che
mightst
he
temtito,that
ch'
might
that
te-
that
Past
Tense
I may
have
che
mayst
che
ch'
thou
have
mato,
egli
abbia
te-
that
tu
avessi
te-
that thou
ch'
egli avesse
te-
that
\
mightst
he
che
che
noi
che
MOOD
fear.
GERUND
avessimo
may
have
that
you
may
have feared.
that
they may
feared.
that
we
might
fear.
te-
that
you
might
fear.
that
they might
fear.
(Infinito).
] aver
temtito,
to have
feared.
(Gerundio).
Past.
Present.
fearing.
PARTICIPLES
avendo
temtito,
having feared.
(Participi).
Present.
Past.
Masc.
temente,
ice
Past.
to
temendo.
that
Perfeito).
voi aveste
Present.
temere,
might
have
mtito,
avesch'tglino
might
sero
I
temtito,
INFINITIVE
you
fear.
they might
fear.
temtito,
fe
muto,
might
we
feared.
abbiate
voi
{Piu
might
fear.
muto,
may
that
temuto,
fear.
mtito,
che
have
Tense
1
abbiamo
noi
temtito,
ch' eglino abbiano
feared.
avessi
may
{Passdto).
feared.
Pluperfect
ch' io
temes-
temtito,
te- that he may
muto,
eglino
sero,
feared.
abbi
tu
che
fear.
fear.
fear.
ch' io abbia
you
that
fear.
ch'
may
(Imperfelto).
fear.
che
we
fear.
eglinotemano, "?ia" they
fear.
fear,
ch'
temiamo,
fearing.
|Sing, temtito,
Plur.
temuti,
Fern
SIS}/--*
54
THIRD
Third
XIII.-
CONJUGATION.
Conjugation.
"
Active
Voice.
Sentire, to feel.
INDICATIVE
MOOD
Present
Tense
(Indicativo).
(Pres^te).
Singular.
tu
Plural,
I/eel
feelest
he feeU.
she feels.
io sento,
thou
senti,
egli sente,
ella Sbiite,
Imperfect
I
io sentiva,
tu
sentivi,
he
Past
felt.
felt,
eglino sentivano, theyfelt.
feel.
Tense
eglisenti,
he
didst
senlivamo,
voi sentivate,
felt.
thou
sentisti,
ire
you
(Passdto D^finitd).
n6i sentimmo,
voi sentiste,
fed.
felt.
Tense
felt.
felt.
theyfelt.
we
you
eglino sentirono,
Future
feel,
feel.
(Imper/^tto).
noi
Definite
you
fcUeuo seutono,
Tense
didst
we
eglino oentono,
Ifelt.
io sentii,
sentiamo,
vdi sentite,
felt.
thou
eglisentiva,
tu
noi
(Futiiro).
io sentlro,
I shall
n6i
sentirai,
eglisentira,
thou
vdi sentirete,
he
eglinosentiranno, theyu-illfed.
tu
feel,
wiltfeeL
will feel.
Compound
Tenses
I have
io ho sentito,
tee
you
shall
feel.
trillfeel.
{Tempi CompSstt).
Tense
Indefinite
Past
sentiremo,
{Pasmto
n6i
felt.
Indefinito).
abbiamo
sen-
we
have
felt.
tito,
tu
thou
hai sentito,
egliha
felt,
felt.
hast
he ha^
sentito,
voi avete
sentito,
eglinohanno
tjou
have
theyhave
sen-
feli.
felt.
tito,
Pli
Tense
PERFECT
(J'/"che Perfetto\
ndi
sentito, I had felt.
io aveva
avevano
sen-
we
sen-
you
had
felt.
tito,
tu avevi
egliaveva
sentito,
thou
hadst
vdi
felt.
avevata
tito,
eglino
sentito,he had felt.
avevano
had
fdt.
theyhad felt.
sentito,
Past
io ebbi
tu
sentito,
avesti sentito,
Tense
Anterior
7 had
thou
felt.
hadst
felt.
(Passdto Rividto).
noi
avemmo
tito,
vdi
aveste
had
fdt.
sen-
we
sen-
you
sen-
they had fdL
,
hndfeU.
tito,
egliebbe
sentito, he had
felt.
eglinoebbero
tito,
Future
THIRD
CON-JUG
anterior
Tense
55
ATION.
{FuMro
Anteridre).
Singular.
10
avri sentito,
Plural.
I- shall have
felt. ndi
avremo^sea-
shall
we
tito,
sentito,
avrai
tn
thou
have
wilt
vol
sentito,he
avra
will
have
felt.
IMPERATIVE
felt.
avrete
senti (tu),
feel(thou).
let him feel.
(egli).
sentite
MOOD
Present
io sentirei,
sentiresti,
tu
feel,
thou
wouldst
Jfilt.
they
will
have
felt.
(Condiziondle).
Tense
I should
have
(ndi), let us feel,
vdi),
feel ye.
(tglino), let them feel.
sentano
CONDITIONAL
icill
you
(Imperativo).
MOOD
sentiamo
senta
sen-
tito,
eglino avranno
sentito,
felt.
egli
have
iPres^te).
ndi sentircmmo,
vdi sentirtste.
feeL
feel.
should
we
you
would
feel,
eglisentirebbe,
he would
feel.
sentirtb-
eglino
they would
feel
bero.
Past
io avrei sentito. I
Tense
should
(^Passdto)
have
ndi
felt
tu avresti
sentito, thou
wouldst
sen-
tito,
would
he
vdi
felt.
have
egli arrebbe
Tense
that I may
that thou
that he may
sentissi,
that
would
have
felt.
they would
have
felt.
(Soggfuntivo).
that we may feel.
that you muyfeel
ch' eglinosentano, that they may
che
mayst
Imperfect
ch' io
you
iPres^nte.
cbe ndi
feel,
feel,
eglisenta,
sen-
have
felt.
avreste
MOOD
Present
ch'
we
sentito,
SUBJUNCTIVE
should
sen-
tito,
eglino avrebbero
have
felt.
ch' io senta,
che tu senta,
avremmo
tito;
sentiamo,
vdi sentiate,
feel.
feel.
Tense
I'might
feel,
(Imperfetto).
che
nCiaentisBimo,that
might
we
feel.
che tu sentissi,
that thou
eglisentisse,
that
he
might
Past
tito,
sen-
that I may
tu
abbi
tito.
sen-
that thou
have
oh'
egli abbia
tito,
sen-
felt'.
that he may
felt
have
.
^
might
that
they might
feel.
sero,
ohe
i
mayst
you
{Passato).
have
felt.
che
,
Tense
that
fed
j ch' eglino sentis-
I
feel.
oh' io abbia
vdi sentiste,
I
feel.
ch'
ohe
mightst
ndi
abbiamo
sentito,
ohe
vdi
abbiate
sentito,
I ch' eglinoabbiano
sentito,
that
we
have
may
felt,
that
you
may
have felt.
that
they
have
may
felt
56
THIRD
CONJUGATION.
Tense
Pluperfect
che
(Ptu
Perfetto).
Plural.
Singular.
Ch' io avessi
ohe
ndi avessimo
that
might
felt.
that you might
hace felt.
that theymight
have felt.
aentito,
that he
avesse
have
sentito,
ch'
might
ftlt.
eglino
MOOD
INFINITIVE
aves-
sentito.
sero
{Infinito).
Past.
Present.
to
sentire,
I aver
feel.
GERUND
to have
sentito,
Past.
I avendo
feeling.
PARTICIPLES
sentito,
Past.
Masc,
I Sing,
feeling.
IPlur.
English forms
to
etc., are
loving,
I
The
was
I love
/
io aniava,
;
Example
of
I love 1 etc.
dm'
"
I do not
io
tu non
arna
egli?
egli non
noi?
vdi ;*
non
to
serve
and
"
The
I not
non
amo
non
ami
ama.
io ?
tu ?
egli?
non
ama
amidino.
non
amiaiuo
vdi
mm
umate.
non
unidte
non
amano
amano.*
Neg.
a
love ? etc.
non
Tenses
are.
noi ?
vdi?
e'glino?
XXII.
of tlie Indicative
find; v^ndere,
to
and
tional
Condi-
sell ; servire,
form, the Negative form,
Interrogative
form
with a Negative.
Interrogative
;
"
the
in
Do
ami.
("f trovare, to
Moods
Am
of
noi
all the
out
in
I did love,I
loving.,
Italian
by io amo,
arao.
Exercise
Write
am
with
Interrog.
love,etc.
non
e'glino
egiino?
sentito, sentita,
felt.
sentite,
sentici,
Indicative
Negative.
io ?
amano
translated
Present
thk
tu ?
amdte
love,1
Fem.
loved,etc.
ami
amiatnu
do
be
Interrogative.
Do
havingfelt.
(Partictpi:.
Present.
sentente,
felt.
(Gerundio).
Present.
sentendo,
we
have
mightst \che vol aveste
\ sentito,
felt.
have
egli
che
that thou
sen-
tito,
ch'
might
felt.
have
avessi
tu
I
that
sen-
tito,
'
hocond
of the infinitive
the
person
:
as,
non
singular of the Imperative negative is formed
amare,
do not love
; non
with
teniere, do not/ear, kc.
the
present
XIV.
Affinities
"
LATIN
AND
ITALIAN
OF
AFFINITIES
Italian
the
of
57
VERBS.
Latin
and
Verbs.
to
following letters
The
with
t
in
ere
;
The
that is,the
x
in
same
in Italian
Some
other Latin
in Italian
become
Ire ; as.
similarityof
amdva
as,
:
(long) become
votare.
The
ire.
langu iges.
interchanged,their sound
exchanged with v : e with i ; d
often
ufamdbam;
instead
etc.
both
languages,ending
Latin
Second and Third Conjugations
ere
(short),form one conjugation
Latin
Second.
Some
verbs ending
(long),and
ere
in Italian
in
and
ere,
are.
a
two
for rexerunt.
ressero
is the
Infinitive
The
2.
;
is
with
; ss
11
for amdtis
amdte
in
with
o
.
are
B
being approximate.
in the
verb
affinities of the
the
see
end
the final consonants
firstsuppress
with
vowel, we must
of the Latin verb, in order
all Italian words
almost
1. As
are
favere,
the Tenses
as,
;
to
will
to
vovere,
verbs
in
ending
favour,becomes
be
by
seen
comes
be-
vow,
(long)
ere
favorire.
their
position.
juxta-
INDICATIVE.
XoTK.
The
vi
In the
"
ImperfectSubjunctive is formed
the
v
from
dropped.
the
Pluperfect,
in the Italkm
the Latin
is
beingdropped.
3. The
suppose,
Future
but
Infinitive
to
PerfectIndicative
from
of the
love," amerdi
the
verb
fiom
"from
fo'med
is not
present
:
as,
of
tense
amerb
from
amare-hai,"c.
the
avere
Latin,
as
some
joined to
amare-ho,
"
the
I have
68
PECULIARITIES
XV,"
Peculiarities
of
CONJUGATION.
FIRST
OF
Verbs
some
of
First
the
Conjugation.
of
cf some
Verbs
following seeming irregularities
but take
real irregularities,
the First Conjugation,are
no
tive;
place in order t"" preserve the originalsound of its Infini-
The
thus,
Verbs
1,
pagare.
i.
e or
ending
in
take
an
to pay
;
This
is done
the hard
lo
after
or
c
to
as
fail;
precede
to
mancare,
these
(/, when
to
preserve
the
c
and
g
Infinitive,as
mdnco.
lo
manchi.
tu
tu
pd^o.
paghi.
^idi uianca.
egli paji;a..
ndi maiiciiianio.
ndi
pughiamo.
ciare, gidre,sciare, as, cominciare,
to walk ; lasoiare,to leave,in which
begin; pas."eggiaie,
2. Verbs
to
h
gare,
or
in order
of the
sound
care
the
i
only
e
(one /).
fut.tu comiucerdi.
3, Verbs
before
pronunciation,drop
io
passeggio.
io lascio
tu
passe^gi (one i).
passeggerai.
tu lasci
tu
ending
another
soit
i, as
or
comincio.
tu cominci
the
indicate
to
serves
this i before
10
in
ending
i;
in
chiare
glidre drop the
and
only
annoy
old,
io inxet'cliio.
tu inveochi
tu
(one t).
inveccliierdi.
ending in iare,when tlie i of
preceded by another vowel, drop the i
annoidre, to
to become
invecchiare,
4. Verbs
as,
"
as
to take.
pigliare,
io pi'glio.
tu [)igli
(one 0tu piglieiai.
is
(one 0-
tu lascerai.
the termination
before
anotiier
t,
;
io anndio.
tu
When
verbs
these
the first person
they follow the
anndi
(one i).
however
have
singularof the
general rule.
the accent
Present
of the
on
tl"e
to fpy.
/ spy.
io spio,
tu Bpii.
case
both
t's must
be
in
Indicative,
sp'dre,
In which
t
pronounced.
distinctly
60
EXERCISES
1. Did
1 had
ring
No, sir,my
this morning
No, sir,I blamed
?
father
my
?
of your
Yes,
my
o'clock, but
nine
find
you
the
1
morning?
Is
7.
ten
did
returned
1
enemy?
ring on
my
table.
the
give
for-
table ?
hat
your
at
shall
on
I
my
table. 8. Were
seeking
you
Did
9.
cises
praise my exerYes, sir.
you
the
on
exercises,but
your
praisedthe
I
exercises
of William
brother?
to
Did
speak
my
you
father.
11. Had
to
of
John's
also
garden
your
spoke
?
No, sir,1 had no time to buy
buy the newspaper
did
not
12. Why
praisemy exercise? Because
you
10.
sister.
sir,and
is
to
forgive your
on
hat
chair?
return
this
the concert
at
brother.
4. 1
from
coHee
at
you
6. Did
all my
enemies.
find your
not
did
concert
5. Shall
o'clock.
eleven
of
cup
the
from
return
a
hat
black
a
or
shall
2, I
Bring
3.
hat
white
a
hat.
black
a
o'clock.
not
have
you
CONJUGATION.
FIRST
ON
1
time
to
you
the newspaper.
your exercise
good.
not
was
The
Tenses.
Compound
C.
mangiato del
1. lo ho
che
cosa
che
2. A
mangiato?
hai
arrivato
siete
ora
molto
invecchiato
madre
?
dallo
e
pesce
lo ho
dell'arrosto
mangiato
scorso
4.
anno.
Si, signora,ella parlocon
del salame
Ha
madre
mia
di una
tale azione ?
pensato alle conseguenze
?
mio padre di biion umore
vate voi trovato
7. Siete
umore.
malato
due
voi
ammalato
stato
parlato
voi
tu
e
uova.
3. Voi
siete
tua
con
oggi. 5. Avete voi
ISi,
signore. 6. AveNo, egliera di cattivo
lo
lungo tempo?
8. Pensate
settimane.
ella
due
con
A lie due.
Londra?
a
1' insalata ;
con
che
fui
il contadino
am-
abbia
il contadino
che
ha ancora
lo penso
il grano ?
non
cattivo calunnia
10. Onora
tutti.
il grano.
9. L'uomo
padre e tua madre e sarai felice. 11. Hai tu imparata la tua
seminato
seminato
tuo
lezione?
gliamici
Non
con
1. Have
signor
ancora,
12.
maestro.
Basta!
i tuoi lamenti.
you
have
1
eaten?
eaten
you praisedthe exercises
exercises of your brother weie
good. 3. Have
days ? No, sir ; 1 have been ill ten days. 4.
I had
hat,if
all the books
you
you
money
11.
?
found
found two
you
found
Because
Why
the
in your
room
spoken to my cousin
you
father.
have
7. Where
your
spoken
hou^ht
this stick in Paris.
sir, and
Italian lesson?
Yes,
your
has
banker
exercise.
9. The
learnt
2.
6. Have
to
I have
?
been
ill seven
you
I should
have found
They ifem.) have
brother.
sir, I have
bouiiht this stick ?
praised my
(masc.) because
sir.
5.
time.
of your
No,
(masc.)?
had
cherries.
some
little brother
of my
have
my
annoiare
non
my
blamed
8. Have
master
his
has
servant
lazy. 10. Have " ou been in France ? Yes,
paid the shopkeeper if you had had the
you
Yes, sir,I should have paid the shopkeeper. 12. Have
he
Would
a
needle
was
have
in
the
needles in that
corner
corner.
of this room?
Yes, sir,I
have
XVI.
Peculiarities
"
number
the
diminish
to
here
given afterwards, we
Second Conjugation which are
irregularities.
IrregularVerbs
Verbs
to
and
Third
of
Persons
of the
small
some
donble
a
of the
Plural
the
in
to
gular
Sin-
the
Past
tem^re, to fear ; credere, to believe ;
receive-,v^ndere, to sell: c6dere, to give way;
Definite Tense,
ricevere, to
p^rdere,to
the
Conjugationhave
Person
Third
the
and
the First
for
termination
Second
of the
Verbs
Some
of
subjoin many
subjectonly
be
1.
of
Conjugation.
Second
In order
Verbs
some
of
61
CONJUGATION.
SECOND
OF
PECULIARITIES
as
:
lose.
Irregular Termination,
Regular Termination.
io temetti.
io temei.
temesti.
tu
eglitemette.
ejrliteme.
noi tememmo.
vdi temeste.
egli110
eglinotemettero.
temerono.
io credetti.
io credei.
tu credesti.
eglicredette.
eglicrede.
noi credemmo.
voi crede. te.
eglinocredettero.
eglinocrederono.
Tac^re, to he silent;piac^re,to please;giac^re,to lie
down; ndscere, to he horn; nuocere,* to he hurtful; and
2.
their
thus
irregularly,
and
Third
DefiniteTense
of the Past
"
io
io
tu
tu
nacqui.
egli tacque.
egli iiacque.
udi ta^emrao.
noi
noi
voi t iceste.
voi
eglinotacquero.
eglinopiacquero.
taoqui.
tu
tacesti.
sound
piiicemrao.
piaceste.
:
they lie
Nuocere
precedes a,
as,
down
loses
Participle.
noi
;
o, w,
taciamo,
we
in oider
are
pleased.
piaciuto,
tlieu in tli^ irregularpersons
nast
esti.
na-ceinmo.
vdi nasceste.
giac^re add
Tac^re, piac6re,and
this letter
gular
Sin-
Person
piacqui.
piaresti.
egli piacque.
io
3.
*
First
Plural
Person
Third
and
their
form
compounds,
eglinonacquero.
i afrer
to
preserve
c
when
the
soft
eglino giaciono.
silent ;
These
the
three
of its Past
verbs
Deflnite,and
have
la the Past
62
PECULIAKITIES
of the Present
also the First Person
irregular,as :
I am
io gid.ccio,
Singular
piaccio,I please;
rule
same
irregularin
are
and
Tense, and
Definite
the
Indicative
lyingdoum.
Persons
the Past
of the
Tense
silent ; io
am
fullowingVerbs
4. The
Third
taccio,I
io
CONJUGATION.
iSEtO^D
OF
in the
Third
the
in
Past
the First and
Person
Plural
all
Participle,
of
lowing
fol-
as,
:
chiidere, to
Past
shut.
Definite.
nol chiudemmo.
io chiu"i.
tu chiudesti.
vdi chiudeste.
eglichiuse.
eglinochiiisero.
Past
Participle.
chiuso,chiiisa,chiudi,ehiuse, shut.
intraprendere,
to undertake
to dilute.
to hide,
intridare,
intrudere,
invadere,
to shut,
mdidere,
to bite.
offe'ndere,
to
light,
accendere,
to
ardere,
to burn.*
asceniere,
to (iscenfJ.
as(
didere,
cliiulere,
comdndere,
contendere,
conve'rtere,
cdrrere,
C(^rr6dere,
d.'iudere,
to corrode,
dife'iidere,
to
disf'endere,
disodrrere,
to descend,
to
confound,
dispute,
to invade.
offend.
perrdrrere,
to traverse.
to convert,
perdere,t
to lose.
to
persnaileie,
precidere,
to convince.
profdndere,
pre'ndere,
to
raccendere,
racchiiidere,
radere,
recidere,
to
riacce'ndere,
ridrdere,
riciiiidere,
to
to
recur.
to
laugh.
again
to
run.
to delude,
defend,
to discourse,
dispergere,
to
dissuade
to dissuade,
re,
to intrude.
disperse,
to rut.
dissipate.
to take.
lightagain
to enclose.
to shave.
to rut.
distendere,
to extend,
dividere,
elidere,
eliidere,
to divide,
escludere,
to exclude,
estendere,
fdndere,
iiludere,
to extend,
to illude.
ricdrrere,
ridere,
rifdndere,
rimdrdere,
rinohiiidere,
imnjergere,
to immerse,
ripre'ndere,
to retake
inchiudere,
incidere,
iiicludere,
to enclose,
rddere,
to
gnaw.
to engrave,
to include,
re'ndere,t
to
give liack.
sre'adere,
to descend.
to incur,
scdrgere,
to
perceive.
scdrrere,
to
go
socchiudere.
to
half-shut.
of
tljePast Deflnitt
to elide,
to elu'le.
to melt,
incdrrere,
infdndere,
to
intendere,
to intend.
"
The
Tense
letters in black
infuse,
type
are
droppotl in the IrregularPersons
and In the Past rarticipl".
t Has also the regular terminatloDs.
lightagain.
to burn
again
again.
to shut
to melt
to
bite
to
shut
again
in.
over.
EXERCISES
Fondere
and
ON
its
63
CONJUGATION.
SECOND
compounds change
into
o
u
in
their
irregularforms.
fondere,to melt
Past
Definite.
io fdsi.
ndi fondemmo.
fondesti.
tu
voi fondeste.
eglifuse.
eglinnfusero
Past
Participle.
fiiso.fiisa,fiisi,
fuse,melted.
Exercises
on
Second
the
Exercise
Conjugation.
XXIV.
Simple Tenses.
A.
1. Io discorsi
cane
due
morse
Intesi 1'attrice
4.
II
un
disgraziadel
"
io chiusi
5.
incontrare
per
la
2. II mio
prossima guerra.
nel braccio.
gamba ed uno
:
Tergi11 pianto,giovinetta."
ucciso 11 signor N.
re per aver
nella
tare la bell' aria
can
generale incorse
duello.
fratello della
contadini, uno
3.
in
tuo
con
vostro
7. La
la porta della camera
le scale
e discesi
6. Ti offesi io, mio
?
padre
caro
No*,
riaccese
il fuoco nella vostra camera,
signor
serva
signore.
Giovanni, adempiendo i vostri ordini.
Maria
ed ella sorrideva,mostrando
verava
9. I
zione.
10.
persone.
sue
nemici
Noi
invasero
tutto
discorrevamo
del
virtu, nella ferrovia.
11.
8e
Egli spese
tutto
il
giocare.
12.
non
suo
8. Nostro
non
avere
il paese
tuo
amico
intend!
danaro
ed
padre rimpromolta
educa-
uccisero
molte
Guglielmo
perdere,non
ne'
piaceri,ed
e
delle
hai
da
ebbe
a
lavorare.
1.
The
morning.
8. The
4. Will
5.
He
(fern.)lightedagain the
servant
2.
enemy
this
works
That
young
invaded
our
dog
on
uncle of William
bite ?
fire at
man
spent all his money
country with a hundred
No,
sir, this little
eight o'clock
for his
country.
thousand
does
this
men.
bite.
dog
his father. 7. The
descended to meet
with his brothers. 8. She killed
spent all his money
steel.
*
6. He
stringere has
the p.p. stretto.
not
64
EXERCISES
her
ON
9. John
sons.
his cousin
played with
(masc.)in the garden.
11. He enclosed
headache.
speaking with your father,when
You would
not smile if you
his hat in its box.
12. I was
10.
sister
your
CONJUGATION.
SECOND
had
a
singing.
was
Tenses.
Compound
B.
buon
3. II soldato
amico.
avuto
medicine.
sue
nella mia
con
cugino. 8.
No, signore,io
suo
non
ho
diviso
signore,ed ha anche
1. Have
lost any
11.
12.
comprato
lost much
you
un
ho
her
my
4. Have
gardens.
cousin
(masc.)? Yes,
la
sera
in
cugino,
oflendere
mia?
casa
9. Avete
Hanno
signore.
Si,signore,ed ebbero
V
Sospendete la vostra partenza, o
Ha eglipagato i suoi debiti?
bi,
gran giardino.
No, sir,I have
playing ?
sir,your letter has not off"ended my brother.
house, sir ? No, sir,she has not yet sold
sold
mio
inteso
mai
letter oftended
my
avesse
10.
ancora,
nemici
in
money
2. Has
money.
Non
de' loro
il dauaro
centocinquanta lire per uno.
il signorzio I'avrk a male.
oflendere
quelle lettere.
ricevuto
ancora
se
difficilissima azione,
le lettere lasciate
ricevuto
giardino?
il vostro
voi venduto
i soldati
Ella
non
aH'ammalato
il giorno e tutia
voi
sue
mio
sempre
nemico,
vita
intrapresouna
non
lo
2.
stato
suo
nuova
tutto
arse
No, signore,io
Ha
il
ucciso
Intendevate
7.
tale lettera ?
una
hai
6. Tu
succederai.
educazione.
infuso
II fuoco
5.
camera.
che
spero
ha
II medico
4.
tempo.
le
con
avrebbe
le
conosciuto
aveste
abbastanza
fratello,
perclieeglie
offeso vostro
aver
se
diritti,
ho
signore, io
ragioni? No,
amerei
leso i suoi
voi
1. Avreste
your
Has
brother?
she
3.
her
undertaken
you
I think
and
he
sir,
house, but
sold
will not
her
she has
education
the
not
Ko,
of
lose his
known
Mr. B. ?
6. Have
time.
No, sir,I did not know
you
his son.
6. Have
Mr. R., but I have known
they (niasc.)sold
in oranges.
their books ?
Yes, sir,and they spent all the money
the door.
shut
has
he shut
the door?
he
7. Has
not
No, sir,
Light agjiinthe
8.
and
tea
his
in
some
misfortune.
down
come
She
Would
fire in my
Mary, and bring a cup of
room,
and
butter.
9. I have
f^pokento my enemy
have
10. I should
That
a
was
good action.
to
(descended)
has
11.
12.
Yes,
bread
received
you
have
the time.
your father if I had had
from our
books
uncle this morning.
meet
all her
undertaken
hat
find my
to
that
in
house ?
sir.
C.
1. A
che
nove
avrei
ricevuto
Ha
tua
avevate
vostro
ora
di
sera.
un
sorella
voi
signore,io
padre e
2. Avete
regalodal
ricevuto
ricevuto
ricevei
a
casa
?
ricevute
voi
maestro
I'abito
Egli
tutte
se
Non
cin(iuecento lire pel
seicento
cinquanta
dalle sette alle
lettere? 3. Io
fossi stato
non
nuovo?
riceve
le mie
ancora.
vostro
lire
pel
infingardo.
4.
cavallo ?
mio
Non
Ko,
cavallo.
poco
7. lo
caduto.
e
un
lo
8.
non
era
avete
10.
Avete
ho
incontrato
ricevute
voi
settantacinquelire.
divise
I miei
1. Have
amici
Alle
danaro
?
arance
molto
hanno
received
due
lo
known
?
money
spoken
he
from
present
1'hat
action
father ?
I have
my
2. Have you known
brother Charles,but
in my
room
o'clock.
9.
is fallen in
was
very
My
a
Had
servant
had
no
?
money
Yes, sir ; and
?
she has
Would
you
sell the house
12.
I should
not
sell
if 1 had
money.
XVII.
Peculiarities
"
of
Third
1. There
sentire,
Of
above^cucire
the
8
2. Other
a
or
o;
Verbs
the Latin
Verbs
twelve
Rey;iilarin
aie
as,
lo
all
of
of
these
sdrucire
take
cucio. ch'io
in
Pentirsi is conjugatedas
Third
scere,
a
the Third
their
64"56):
and
of the
Verbs
Verbs
some
the
Conjugation.
to feel(^eepages
preced
from
only
are
which
e
master
the
diflicult action ?
a very
Had
not
master
your
had
blamed, but had not
7.
a
if you
this house
difficult.
present from her mother
present from her father.
received
also received
no
not
the fire
(feni.)re-lighted
the fire at three
at ei^ihto'clock ?
No, sir,she re-lighted
father to-day. 10. Who
We
have
not spoken to your
cousin
11. Has
Your
the stairs'?
(masc.) Charles.
beaten, the
she not
undertaken
they (masc.)not
lazy pupil?
lazy pupil. 8.
that
guadagnato
3. Have
lost any
you
lost any money.
4. Have
not
you
Kot yet, sir. 5. Has
of your
exercises ?
master
he
has
his house?
not
No, sir,
yet sold his
your
6. Had
house.
quarto.
un
ho
che
William.
brother
your
I
have
not
sir,
yet sold
not
beaten
No,
with
9. A
regali.
brother
my
I have
ed
? Egli
per meta
i loro amici ricevuto de'
father.
received any present from
your
1 have
not known
Charles ?
your
not
per le scale,ed h
buona
compagnia.
1'arancia
ricevuto
a
figlio
perchfe
egli
guadagnato.
?
egli diviso
parti. 12. Hanno
non
not
you
ho
non
Ha
11.
sei
in
1'arancia
V
regali
queste
guadagnato
voi
mio
fratello in
vostro
perduto nulla, ma
ho
lo batto
fratello discendeva
6. Tuo
di buono.
65
CONJUGATION.
?
figlio
voi vostro
batteto
5. Perche
THIED
OF
PECULIARITIES
tion,
Conjuga-
terminations
are,
an
i whenever
ciicia,lo
sliucio,
Conjugation,most
have
Pronominal
tiie
Verb
like
:
see
thiee
the
etc.
of them
Persons
pp. 101-108.
of
66
PECULIARITIES
the
and
the
"
Plural
of
the
Subjunctive Moods,
irregulaiitybeing
is marked
them, and
all of
and
Indicative
the
the
of
Person
Imperative, Inegular
for
same
of
Tenses
Present
CONJUGATION.
THIRD
Third
the
Singular,and
the
OF
in
black
the
type in the
following
Examples.
fiorire, to blossom
Indicative.
Subjunctive.
Indicative.
Subjunctive.
Present.
Present.
che
fiorisci.
io
tiorisca.
tu
tu
cli' egli fiorisca.
egli fiorisce.
che
noi fioriamo.
vol fiorite.
che
vol fioriate.
"ghno
ch'e'glino
noi
impallidisco. ch' io impallidisca.
inipallid'sci. die tu impallidisca.
iinpnilidisoi.
egli iinp;illidi8ce.
elj'e'gli
noi impallidiaru clie noi impallidiaino
ch"; \6i impallidiatc.
vol impallidite
egliiioimpallidis- ch' eglino impallidis-
fiorisca.
ch'io
io fioriECO.
tu
Horiamo
tioris
oono.
pale.
become
impallidire, to
"
fioris-
oono.
cano.
cano.
Imperative
fioridmo.
fiorisci.
fiorfte.
oh'
ch'
eglifiorisca.
Such
eglino fioris-
avvizziie,
to
affievolire,
weaken;
to
are
become
The
sortire
aggvandiie,
;
arriccliiie, to
anossire,
poor;
puniie, to punish,and
3.
wither
to
to
impallididmo.
imp;dlidite.
impaliidiiMsano.
impallidisci.
impallidisca.
increcLse ;
to
enrich; impoven're,
blush; svanire,
to
disappear;
others.
many
following Verbs
have
partisco,I
divide
both
gular)
(the Pegular and Irreterminations
in thoir
Tenses
Present
; partire and
according to their termination
changing their 8ij2;nification,
; as,
Abom're,
to abhor.
;
parto, I depart,"c.
Muggire,
to belhtto.
Nut
to nourish,
Applaudiri',
to
Assorbir;?
to ahsorb.
Avvertire,
to advise.
Conv""rtire,
Divertire,
to convert.
Perire,
to
perish,
to divert.
to
pervert,
Feifre,
to wound.
to
stink,
Garrfre,
Iughi.)ttire,
to
Pervcrtire,
Putire,
Rugirire,
Sortire,
to
roar,
to
SovvjTtire,
fo
subvert,
Tosare,
to
cough.
applaud.
sing {of birds
to strallow.
Lainbire,
to I ck.
Lansruire,
to
Mentfro,
to lie.
languish.
11
re,
Partire,
to
depart fo),
divide
go
assort
'
to
isco).
(o),
(iaco).
out
to
68
have
you
followed
have
master
will
had
if you
punished
would
your
all the
punish
if
had
we
He
12.
lazy pupils.
9. I should
lessons.
your
had the time.
learnt
not
father
has
has
applauded
coat.
at
actress
new
mother
7. My
sixty-fiveenemies.
8.
to my
They {masc.) have
the
king's theatre last Saturday.
sleeves
new
the
killed two
soldiers have
Our
6.
and
five hundred
thousand
sewn
his money.
(masc.)with
cousins
VERBS.
OF
COMPLEMENTS
10.
We
11.
The
all my
enriched
brothers.
C.
1. II maestro
2. Ha
il
eglisdrucito
abito
suo
ha
esercizio ?
3.
la
No, signore,io
6. Non
d buono.
cugino
?
11
ore
e
ha
non
ha
la
ore
sei
Ella
lodato il vostro
ho
notte
mezzo.
morso
mio
lodato
il mio
esercizio,perchfe
il giovinettose
voi battuto
avreste
nove
cane
Non
5.
servo.
non
voi
io dormii
notte
scorsa
il nostro
morso
dormiste
Non
tuo
morso
cane
ha
cugino, ma
abito
il suo
signore,
il
punito quello scolare infingardo.
?
Ko, signore,egliha sdrucito
nuovo
ancora
veccliio.
No,
scorsa?
4. Non
non
ha
non
fosse stato
la loro infingardagbiasimo
ma
giovinetti,
1'
applaudito attrice, signor Carlo ? Io apgine. 7.
in casa
serve
plaudo le buone attrici. 8. Da quanti anni Giovanni
9. I'erche
? Giovanni
ha servito mio padre venticinque anni.
vostra
i
i
Perche
miei
vostri
voi seguito
avete
consigli?
non
consigli
Ella seguito il mio
buoni.
10. Avrebbe
non
erano
consigUo, se
?
Io
buono
avrei seguito il suo
fosse stato
consiglio. 11. Chi
12. Perche impallidisce
?
Io
ha tossito ?
II Signor B. ha tossito.
?
cattivo
Io
batto
non
ho
non
impallidito.
1. Would
not
have
blamed
not
4.
have
his
Have
served
you
this
punished
have
not
you
punished your
exercise
(m (sc.)
cousin's
you
i
Ella
Avrebbe
brothers.
I have
?
laziness
served
house
praised that
I shall
?
a
lazy brothers
my
2. Have
not
you
long
fifteen
blame
time
in
?
I should
praised ray
exercise.
and
this
3.
Have
his
ness.
lazi-
house, John?
I
punish
5. Would
you not have
if
had
had
followed
I
to
time ?
concert,
you
my
brothers.
Has
have
followed
6.
should
not
not
dog
your
your
bitten my
father ?
My dog has not bitten your father ; my dog
the
cousin
has bitten my
7. Have
soldiers killed the
(masc).
in
brothers
years.
the
The
soldiers have killed all the enemies
their country ?
become
of their country.
not
8. Did
pale when
you
you received
blushed.
but
I
9.
Has
he
his letter ?
the
from
run
No, sir,
away
school ?
has Mr.
10. Why
B. enNo, sir, he is in the school.
riched
enemies
of
his
they
(masc.) be
will be
sewn
in
Because
brothers?
London
coat?
your
the time.
in
London
next
She
this
he
evening ?
Wednesday.
would
loved
have
his
brothers.
No,
12.
Would
sewn
my
11.
Will
sir, they (masc.)
your
coat
sister have
if she
had
COMPLEMENTS
XVIIL"
the
of
sense
master
as
a
laia
mother
kinds
wliich
loda
lo
called the
pupil is
completes
the
scoIslyg,
Complement
Complements, i. e.,
Complement,wliicii is put in the
two
are
Tlie Direct
(a)
(6)
word
a
il maestro
as,
pupil,the
is
sentence.
2. There
cas-e,
the
Verbs.
of
Verb
a
sentence:
a
praises
of that
Complements
Complement of
The
1.
69
VERBS.
OF
in the
mad
I
re,
being
Complement,as,
written
have
here
"
acciisativo
example: and,
alove
Indirect
The
of
the
io ho
scritto
letter to
a
Indirect
my
una
lettera
mother,
Complement
of
to
my
the Verb
scrivere. to write.
The
3.
in
Complement beinojthe
Direct
padre; I love my
le^go un libro,J read
mi'o
io
4. The
the
Indirect
in Italian
as
require further explanations:io amo
father; io hevo dcqua,I drink water;
d"ies not
EnoLsh,
same
a
hook, etc.
Complementin
Italian differs
greatlyfrom
English,an"l recjuiiesfurther explanations.
(a) In
the sentence
John
givesMs
the Italians invert the order
John
givesa
brother
of these
hat,
a
words,
hat to his brother ;
translating
"
Giovanni
dk
uno
cappelloa
suo
fratello.
example the Direct Complement un cappello
comes
immediately after the Aerb da, and precedesthe
Iiidiiect Complement suo fratello.
rule the Dir- ct Complement is put in the
As
"2;eiieral
a
the
Indiiect
Accusative
Case, and
('omplenient in the
Dative
ndo fratello aila posta, he sent
Case ; as, eglimando
; io in^e^no la lin^ina tetlesca a
my brother to the post-office
I teach the German
mio fratello,
languageto my brother ; egli
diede un libro a siio padre,he gave his father a hook.
(h) If the Direct Complement is a Vei b in the Infinitive
Mood, it is generallypreceded by a, or da; as.
In
the above
La
mddre
insegna a leggere dlla figlia.
motlier iea(hef" reading to the daughter.
The
Da
a
Give
Da
Give
niiingiare
agli aifiiraati.
In the hungry.
lo cat
a
liere aj:lia."setati.
to drink
to the
thirsty.
(c) If fdre,to do, to make,
and
lasciare,to let,precede a
70
EXERCISE
transitive
with
COMPLEMENTS
ON
OF
of the
verb, the signification
the
ua
scrivere
I ordered
lettera
i
as,
fratello.
mio
a
letter to be wrdten
a
changes
sentence
Comi)lement ;
positionof the Indirect
lo feci
VERBS.
brother.
to my
fratello una
lettera,
lo feci sf-rivere a mio
brother
letter.
write
I ordered my
to
a
XXVI.
Exercise
1. To
dato
ho
anello ed
cinque lire al calzolaio. 2. 11 maestro ha date un
collana a sua
scudo
a
moglie. 3. Ha Ella dato uno
scudo
?
lo ho dato uno
uomo
a
e
quel povero uomo
Noi
abbiamo
donna.
4.
ricevute
delle
quella povera
una
quel povero
due
scudi
da
arance
domani
I suoi
6.
mia.
casa
fratello.
scrivere
a
posta ?
lo ho
nostro
cugino.
lo
ho
non
hanno
fatto scrivere
Noi
11.
da
lo ho
abbiamo
la mia
voi ricevuto
dato
mio
fatto
due
lettera dalla
lettera.
la vostra
ricevuta
ricevuto
ancora
la
posta
ricevuto
esercizio
un
sorella.
mia
lettere.
12. Avete
ancora
maestro,
lo non
ho
7.
regaloa
un
fratello due
mio
a
lettera dalla
scolari,signor
8.
9. lo ho fatto
la mia
ricevera
premi dagli esaminatori.
lettere da
arance
5. Ella
zia.
vostra
sera.
i
tutti
a
1. I have
written
2. I have
letter to my
brother.
not
a
yet
letter to my cousin (fern.)
but
I
have
written
letter
to
a
;
3. I shall receive to-morrow
two
aunt.
letters from
my
written
a
my
brothers.
4. I have
given Charles
all my
money.
if he had
been a
have
given John any money,
should have given John
if he
ten dollars,
6. I have not yet given my
sister a ring.
any
my
from
oranges
exercises.
yet, sir.
10.
(masc).
his servant
9. Has
Did
he
he
give
given
the
bread
8.
and
been
has
made
a
glass of
to the
man
poor
also
in
Italian
verbs
Would
servant
good
a
He
7.
some
some
given the poor man
are
language
you teachingyour pupils(masc.)?
pupils(m'fsc.)the Italian language. 12. Was
master
? No, sir,he was
praisedby his master.
There
good
I have
man
bread
some
had
5.
am
he
servant.
received
not
John
write
wine
'?
?
He
beer.
I
you
?
I
11.
Not
has
What
teachingmy
by his
blamed
which
require a
Complement different fioni their Enp:lishequivilent.
We
give lists of .such verbs, accordingto the Preposition
and
the cases
in their
that follows t lem
they govern
Indirect Complument.
are
A.
The
as
an
Verbs
;
Case.
generallyused
is the most
Complement
Genitive
the
governing
Prepositiondi
Indirect
many
as
6gliracconta
after verbs
maraviglie
di tuo zio, he relates wonderfulthingsof thy uncle.
of these verbs
Most
Reflective, or Pronominal, and
are
their
Conjugation is j;ivenon
pp.
101
108.
EXERCISES
*Abbisognare,
Abboadare,
ON
to want.
Godere,
to abound.
Irnpadronirsi, to
Abusare,
to abuse.
Atcoigersi,
to
Im-aricar^i,
Informarsi,
peneivt.
Aimo.arsi,
to be
Appagarsi,
Arroabire,
to be
Avvedersi,
Burlarsi,
to
to
Coiiteutaisi,
to
Con
to agree on.
to condescend.
change.
pleased with.
be satisfied.
to be
Deguarsi,
talk
to
*
of.
Dubitare,
to dovbt.
Fidarsi,
to
trust.
Giovarsi,
to
profit.
Egli
abusa
confidenza.
italiano
:
B.
amico
ascoltare
ha
le
?
lo
sua
padre ?
y.
fortuna
Profit tarono
10.
amici
i
Manca
per
Ella
2. He
will
Pentirsi,
to
repent,
Profit Iare,
to
profit.
liagionare,
to
reason.
R.con'aisi,
to remember,
ed
doubt
abuse
to
La
buona
sua
di
della
No,
Si, io
del
?
cuorc
an
del
suo
7, Ha
Egli ha goduto
Egli
11.
ho
non
e
maestro,
nuovo
mori
occasione
di pane
is
proverbio
onestk
nostro
occasione.
honesty, he
Un
l)iscorrevate voi di mio
8.
manco
della tua
di diovanni.
dclia buona
buona
3.
fortuna '?
anni.
amici
ancbe
meglio."
compiaccrci di
prego
Ella
cignore,io
his
repent,
4. ii Yiczixo
dell' onesta
di mal
?
occupied,
speak,
to live.
abuserk
5.
Dubita
o.
taie
una
di pane
to be
di risorse.
discorrevamo
le scale?
1. I do not
to
ieri.
molti
nostri
di
profittarono
di cadere
12.
buona
No, signore,noi
egli di febbre, o
Mori
non
casa
della
egligoduto lungo tempo
della
Pari are,
fidarsi b
dubito
nou
marvel,
SKYII.
ma
di
richicste.
sue
Giovanni
servo
ben,
e
to toant
*Vivere,
cambiato
complain.
to die.
pazienza mia
Quel signoreibbonda
Fidarsi
to
Morirt',
Occuparsi,
della
2.
"
chargj.
enquire,
\
Ei|jentirsi,
Exercise
1.
to
Mai-ivigliarsi,to
perceive.
to mock.
*Di8c6rreie,
enjoy,
take posseisi:
to take
Liiujentdrsi, /
*Maucaie,
to blush.
venire,
to
Lagnarsi,
annoyed.
satisfied.
*Cainbiare,
Compiacersi,
*
71
VERBS.
Ha
di febbre.
'?
I nostri
Ella
paura
di cadere.
jaura
di butirro.
old servant
oi
my
father.
beg you to be pleasedto
friends
complaints.
talking of our
you
yesterdayevening ? No, sir,we were
talking of our pupils(masc).
5. Of what
did he die ?
He died of fever.
6. Will
profitby
you
this good chance
?
I shall not profitby that chance.
7. Are you
afraid of falling
?
I am
afraid.
of some
in want
8. Are
you
confidence.
your
listen to my
4.
3.
Were
?
f )r
also some
Yes, sir, and 1 want
this exercise ?
Yes, sir, because
10.
Has
wine
he
change house
your
changed
his
to-morrow.
house?
12.
1
I
not
water.
this
Not
shall
Thesa
verbs govern
exercise
is
you
blush
not
good.
shall
yet, sir. 11. We
speak of your laziness to
master.
"
9. Do
also other
72
EXERCISES
B.
The
them
Verbs
ON
governing
following Verbs
when
meaning :
VERBS.
the
Dative
Case.
require the Prepositiona
Exercise
after
XXVIII.
lira sterlina.
Venticinque lire italiane equivalgono ad una
due soldi,equivalgono ad un
centesimi
soldo
o
italiani,
inglese. 3. L"na lira italiana equivalea dieci soldi inglesi. 4. Io
insegno a mio fratello la lingua ingleseed a mia sorella la lingua
1.
2. Dieci
11 maestro
francese.
5.
Prowedete
ai vostri
insegna
la musica
ai suoi
scolari.
6.
bisogniquando siete giovani. 7. Noi abbiamo
tutto
a
provveduto. H. Egli sopravviverka suo fratello,la sua
salute e ottima.
9. Tocca
a
Guglielmo il provvedere ai nostri
ai
vostri
10.
Ubbidite
genitoried ai vostri maestri e
bisogni.
ha biasimato
Io scolare,perche non
sarete felici. 11. 11 maestro
12.
suoi
ordini.
Noi
ai
ubbidito
aveva
ubbidiremo, ed impareremo
le nostre
lezioni.
sovereignis worth (isequivalentto)twenty-fiveItalian
is equivalent
Italian centesimi.
lire. 2. An English penny
to ten
brother the Italian language?
3. Are you teachingyoiir
No, sir ;
I teach my brother the English language. 4. Our
teaches
master
1. One
music and the French
languageto
all his
{masc).
pupils
6. Woul(J
EXERCISES
teach
you
She
has
survive
his
and
sister music
8. Will
wants.
his
he
his health
uncle,because
and your
masters
your
Italian.
is
old
good.
seven
9.
and
months
parents and you will be
master's
orders.
good pupil(masc) obeys
a good pupil.
his
should
6.
time.
father
7. Our
his
survive
grandfatherthirty-twoyears
Obey
I
(masc.)the French language?
the French
languageif 1 had the
(masc.)
taught my
our
73
VERBS.
cousins
my
teach your cousins
for all
ON
provides
uncle?
He
will
Mr.
B. survived
10.
five
days.
praised. 1 1
A
.
1 shall teach
VA.
Charles music, if he is
C. Verbs
The
da,in,per,
requirethe Prepositions
meaning :
followingVerbs
etc., after
when
them
Allen
"Preservare,
to abstain,
*Cominciare,
to
fall,
to
begin,
to
depend,
dspense.
to
distinguish,
to
separate,
to
Divide'e,
*Guar(lare,
to take
Liberare,
to
Egli cadde
caduto
dalla
dalla
pagina
dal
to hurst.
Smascellare,
to burst
out.
{oflaughing).
blow
to
(of
the
wind).
*
XXIX.
tavola
sedia.
sulla tua
strada.
nella
piano
terzo
the Accusative.
also govern
may
bicchiere
2. H
3. Comincia
la tua
e
lezione
5. Da che
4. Questa paroladeriva dal latino.
verbo
derivato dal greco.
e
questo verbo ? Codesto
terza.
divisi dai
cattivi
Svizzera.
9. La
scuola
Scoppiare,
care,
linguaderiva
6. Egli non
distingueil
la Lombardia
get rid of.
Scaceiare,
"Tirare,
Exercise
1.
to
to turn
free.
marked
Those
origin.
to preserve.
to come
from.
Piovtnire,
Sbrigarisl,
to derive,
Derivare,
Dipendere,
Dispensare,
Distiiiguere,
to take
Nascere,
to go away,
tanare,
Astenersi,
Cadere,
Case.
Ablative
the
GOVERNING
dal
guerra
dominio
dal
bene
del mille
cattivo
perche era un
dal
pianto.
scoppiai
scolari
nelle montagne
nasce
libero
dalla
10. Carlo fii scacciato
11. Quando
mia
ragazzo.
tira dal levante
12. 11 vento
sono
della
cinquantanove
ottocento
austriaco.
parlb,io
7. I buoni
male.
8. 11 Keno
scolari.
sorella
questa
sera.
1. Your
fallen
books
the stairs ?
on
derived
you
the
from
?
That
Greek.
verb
7. What
5.
(am)
what
from
the
from
the
blows
not
2. Have
fallen.
4. These
arms.
From
colour
wind
have
my
is derived
the white
distinguish
all colours.
from
table.
the
from
No, sir,1
(are) fallen
have
derived
is fallen
watch
this
two
(are) you
3. All my
words are
language is this verb
Latin language. 6. Do
black ?
1 do distinguish
evening?
The
wind
this
74
EXERCISES
evening blows
school y
the
from
8.
east.
did
he
Because
VERBS.
ON
not
Why
learn
his
John
was
lessons.
turned
of
out
9. Jn what
year
In the year
Lombardy freed from the Austrian domination?
has
lo.
and
hundred
Charles
burst out
Why
fifty-nine.
eighteen
crying? Because his sister is ill. 11. W herefrom does our lesson
12. is that man
fallen
the seventy-seventh
begin? From
page.
was
in the street?
Yes,
Other
D.
sir.
Verbs
with
than
more
followingVerbs have
of them
and
some
change
change of their Complement
The
one
than
more
their
Complement.
one
Complement,
with
signification
the
:
to
to
play at.
play for.
to be less,
to want,
to
fail in.
to thin?:
to
of.
reflect,
to answer
to
become
suretyfor.
to
to
serve,
used
be
for.
answer^
content,
to
satisfy.
come
from,
to
to go out
1.
2.
del
Si,
Adempiste vol
Noi
re
lunedi
di
cambiato
6. C"hi cerca
3. Ha
Ella
doveri.
teatro
assistito
dato
Si, io ho un cappellouuovo.
la Signora B.
7. Che cerca
corco
di aprirela porta per entrare.
cerco
cappello,signor mio?
Klla,signore?
di fare aha
8. Crede
lo
from.
quol povero zoppo ?
alio zoppo
cinque lire. 4. L'aspetto di
Klla
ft. Ha
cambiato
negliultimi cinque anni.
scorso.
signore,io ho
questa citt^ ha
Ella
aUa
assistcmmo
doveri ?
adempio i miei
al
rappresentazionedi Hamlet
ai voctr:
to
to
Klla
la
porta,? Io
storia
del
Io
soldato?
io
non
credo
al soldato.
crede in Dio ed all' Kvangelo. 10. lo domando
arance.
A
delle
arance?
Giovanni.
11.
Di chi
Klla
A
chi domanda
del signoro Z.
12. Giodomanda
Ella, signore? io domando
cho
di
noi agli scacchi?
'cheremo
Si, signore; ma
giocheremo?
d' una lira.
Giocheremo
9. Carlo
76
1. Absolute
ABSOLUTE
Personal
i'ERSONAL
Pronouns
Second
Masculine
Singular.
PKONUUNS.
{Prondmi Persondli Aaaolutt)
Person.
and
Femininf
Plural.
Ahl.
da 16ro, da
essi,
/row
loro,
con
essi,
con
da Idro,da ease, from them.
con
loro, con with tUem.
Ahl.
them.
77
PRONOUNS.
PERSONAL
ABSOLUTE
icith them.
ess
3,
loro,
hy
them.
^ifiem.
perl6ro,peressi,6r/
per
in Idro, in essi,in them.
sn
loro, su essi,upon them.
esse,
in loro,in tsse, in them.
them.
su loro,su esse, upon
Numbers.
and
Genders
for both
Person
Third
-per
themselves.
of himself, herself.itneJf.
tliemselves.
to himself,
herself,
itself,
themselves,
itself,
h
erself,
himself,
themselves,
itself,
from himself,herself,
icith himself,
themselves,
herself,
itself,
tht-mselces.
itself,
hy himsflf herself,
themselves.
in himself,
itself,
herself,
themselves.
itself,
herself,
upon himself,
Kkmarks
1.
Ei, e*,are
contractions of "gli,from
2.
Egli and
Ella
for
being used
to
nor
4.
a
things and
thing, is
6sso, ^ssa,
for persons,
referringneither
translated
not
ille.
also.
persons
English it,when
3. The
only
used
are
the Latin
to
as, it is true, e
:
a
person
vero.
rendered
selves,
own
are
selfownselves,
English self,
by the words st^sso,med^simo, st^ssa,med^sima,
The
in Italian
st^ssi,med^simi, st^sse,med^sime.
the letter myself
I have written
ho scritto la le'ttera.
lo stesso lio Bcritto la leltera,or, lo medesimo
has asked afteryou.
Mary herself
di voi.
ella stessa
Maria
(or ella medesiraaj ha domandato
5.
very
instead of
1. Chi
a tuo
Exercise
XXXI.
II
B.
ad
lettera per voi.
3. Manda
esse.
5. Aprite la
Perche
qui ?
le mie
mani
fratello un
*
ascolta
porta per
Signer
an
I'erche
?
me
Perch^
and
nosco
are
vosco,
a
when
te
non
qui ed ha eglistesso
state
a
non
una
nueva
lo
?
me
a
me
e
ho
non
non
a
tempo
da
perdere.
stesso
penna.
it cotild be mistaken
penso a te,
mio fratello.
la porta ?
eglistesso ha date
apritevoi
(". 11 maestro
sndicie.
accent
tu
il danaro
bel libro ed
Se takes
e
2. Pensi
me.
sone
t"co,S"co
meco,
se,
voi.
state
non
con
and, in poetry only,
:
e
penso
Perchfe Ella
te.
con
noi, con
con
pertato una
4.
me.
con
often
used
ma
of
Instead
fur te,
7.
lo stesso
if.
ho
78
CONJUNCTIVE
acritto
Ho
lui
a
le cambiali
firmate
ed
nuovo
mattina
lettera ieri
una
lui
a
un
ha
8. Chi
sera.
y. Ho
io stesso.
abitx3.
nuovo
regalo,ed
beLissimo
un
PRONOUNS.
PERSONAL
Ho
10.
io
firmate le cambiali ?
dato
lei
a
ricevuto
ho
stesso
cappello
un
da
scritto
lei questa
lei una
a
lettera di ringraziamento. 11. Giovanni, portate del vino per questi
12.
signori.
1. 1 have
herself
him,
given
a
lose.
to
and
he
them
has
superbo,eglie pienodi
molto
hat
new
books
brought two
time
no
Egli h
4.
The
also
to
given
letters ?
an
been
3. ( )pen the box
for you.
master
2. JShe has
him.
sfe.
himself
exercise
has
to
given
for me,
a
she
1 have
book
new
5. Have
us.
them
1 have
here,and
you
tf"
given
letters
yesterday.
given
your
bills
the
of
Yes,
sir, I
exchange?
yourselfsigned
you
have you
have signedthe bills of exchange myself. 7. To whom
8. Is he proud ?
Yes, sir,he is (fullof
given my pen ? To him.
has
The
shoemaker
9.
himself) very proud.
brought the boots
himself.
11. I have been with
10. He always speaks of himself.
with
him
all
Have
been
them?
the
12.
myself
evening.
you
to
my
6. Have
Yes, sir,I
2.
have
been
with
them
Coiyunctive Personal
all the
evening.
Pronouns
( Pronomi
Persondli
Congiunti).
The
and
Conjunctive Personal
the Accusative
Pronouns
have
only the
Dative
cases.
First Person,
Mascaline
and
Feminine.
Plural.
Singular.
Yhird Person, Masculine
and
Feminine,
Singularand
Dal.
si,
to
Ace,
8i|
themselveshimself,
herself,
itself,
Plural,
to itself,
him"elf, to herself,
to thernselves.
PERSONAL
CONJUNCTIVE
79
PRONOUNS.
Remarks.
Conjunctive Personal
1. The
the Verb
^rececie
Subjunctive Moods.
ti^e Imperative used
Indicative, Conditional, and
the
in
Pronouns
They also precede
negatively:
as,
tlie
iu
Verb
mi dare delle bastonate,do not giveme
Id ti do uii' arancia, I g,ve you an orange.
Non
vedo, I
gli (lai UM
lo vi
Til
Ella si
r
Nnn
you.
regalo.thou ghest him a present.
shp. loohs at herself
in
la nello specchio,
guar
h" flato
Egiimi
Tu
see
thrashing.
a
the
looking-glass
he has given me
Imt.
a
t-Hppeilo,
le hai dato lin i spila, thou had
given,hp.r a pin,
the ring now.
mi dare 1'anelio dra, do not gve
me
uti
Cli' eglimi
ami,
2. When
two
and
dative
tuat
he may
love
me.
Conjunctive Personal
in
other
the
the
Pronouns,
in
accusative, are
in the
one
the
same
before the
sentence, they both prt cede the Verb, the dative
i
into
of m,
ti,ci,vi,being changed
accusative; the
e; and
gli taking
joined: as,
Eglime
Ella
she said
Le,
lo
her, is
lo lo do
lei,
a
the
I
giveit
giveit
sake
of
euphony
lo
to her.
lo lo do
a
infinitive
/
giveit to you ;
give it to you.
follow
or,
the Verb
tive,
Negatively),InfiniPast
Particdple,and are joinedto the
dropping its final vowel: thus,
Xrao Vf'dervi,
I
Mostratemelo,
show
Parlandomi
gli
ihus,
I
Lei,
used
the
:
glielodo,
to her.
Imperative (exceptwhen
and
us.
lo,la, li,le,ne;
Pronouns
Gerund,
Verb,
the
before
used
never
ConjunctivePersonal
4. The
in
1
glielodo,
it to
it to you.
I "hall tell it to him.
glielodiro,
to
it is
it to thee.
theyxaitl
dLse,
which
it to me.
I said
ve
with
accusative
he said
lo disse,
taking its place for
lo
tbe
lo te lo (lissi,
Eglinoce lo dissero,
lo
3.
before
e
an
am
glad to
it to
see
you.
me
speaking to me of thee.
having seen me, said.
said
lettera,disse, having given her a letter,
di te,
Vedutomi, disse,
Datole
5. When
on
una
the Verb
is
a
monosyllable,
its last vowel, these pronouns
follow
or
the
has
an
verb
.
.
.
accent
and
are
80
PERSONAL
CONJUNCTIVE
joinedto it,the
the
and
consonant
dropped
accent
Lo
farb, ajid furollo,
\
dgiielale'ggere,
lo
gli sono
8. In
araico,
^7-
|
is sometimes
as,
r
j
^
his
fnend.
"
"
"^
the
speakingof parts of
the Dative Pronoun
use
Adjective:
)
araico,
8110
them.
given to
Pionouns
Personal
as,
;
to them.
he said
of the Possessive
lo sdno
.^
"^
^e, ^Ae givegus.
he has
the
of
Dative
instead
j
I shall tellyou it.
he, she loved her.
Eglidis."e16ro,
Egliloro ha dato,
used
.
.
them, precedes or follcjws the verb
"o
:
any
7,
t,
r
'""^" '^*""
^r ^'^^^
^"^
|
^
The
we
doubled
I "hall do it.
Dirovvelo, and ve lo diro,
L' am 6, or an 1611a,
Ci dk, or ddooi,
7.
being
pronoun
;* thus
(exceptgli)
Fai
Loro,
8.
of the
Gliela faro legg.re.
6.
PRONOUN
body, or dress,the Italians
of the Possessive Adjective:
instead
as,
d 11 die la testa,
Mi
thy shoe
he has
quaado
glielodissi,ed egli non
lo vedrk.
3.
Ho
his
broken
credette.
mi
la
data
is torn.
leg.
XXXII.
Exercise
1. To
aches.
head
my
Ti si ^ sdruc-ita la Scarpa,
Si e rdtta la gamba,
2. Ella
lettera alia
sua
crederk
lo
ed
signorinaR,
duole
il braccio,V ho urtato
4. Mi
ella mi disse di ringraziarla.
duole la testa.
suUa tavola.
5. (.'osa vi duole, signorino? Mi
7. 11
6. Gli siete voi amico?
Nossignore,io non glisono amico.
disse
di
le
loro
lezioni.
biasimd
scolari
maestro
e
gli
imparare
8. Ha
Ella
signore.
del
pesce
loro di venire
detto
9. Che
e
cosa
Io
vedervi stassera
a
told
should believe him
mia,
it to
if he
da
pranzo
Io
10.
avrei
glielo
casa
a
him,
but
he
la
se
did
honest
a
me
man.
this
needles
fifty-five
yesterday.
*
9.
See note, p. 80.
My
12.
fosse
Amerei
say anything. 2. I
3. He was
speaking
not
(masc.)said it to us, but we did not believe him.
lire and
hundred
8. 1 have
me.
given her two
and
Datemi
trovare.
evening in his house. 4. I shall
him
5. Have you found
to-morrow, or Saturday next.
after
he
was
looking
yesterdayevening? Yes, sir,
to
of you
? Si,
sera
storia
lo avessi visto.
detto,se
an
were
crederei
ti
pregovivenirmi
e
Lei questa
pranzo ?
da
piacerebbe avere
dell'arrosto.
probabile. 11.
1. I have
Le
arm
be
with
in my
you.
one
room
6. He
7. Show
aches;
her
it to
hundred
it aches
REMARKS
than
more
No,
sir.
them
to
I
ON
PERSONAL
10.
Would
speak
to
yesterday evening.
Did
11.
learn
the
their
master
lessons.
12.
81
PRONOUNS.
Are
speak
pupils?
his
you
her?
to
you
his
told
He
friend ?
Yes, sir,
maestro.
2. Chi
his friend.
am
R
ha
1. Chi
ha
scritto
parlato
lettera.
Lei ?
con
"
3.
Ella
la zia di Carlo.
a
impaiare i
avesse,
ma
rino I
lo
"
11
lo, signor
mio
ha
mi
padre
Nossignore,io
sola ?
arrivata
esercizi voi
vostii
1'ha.
non
1'ho.
non
di
servo
sono
portato
una
arrivata
con
disse il maestro, voi avete
5. Ella lo dividerebbe,se lo
Ascoltatemi, ragazzi:
4.
ella
esercizio ?
questo
7.
stessi.
Ov'
(:"'.
la
e
sua
d'
penna
acciaio,signopasseggiata
alia
Ragazzi, accompagnatemi
quest'oggi. 8. Cameriere, portatecida mangiare. 9. Jo gliparlerd
di Lei, e glielaraccomandero.
10. Kon
I'ho ancora
pagato, perche
lo
domani.
ho
danaro
11.
la lingua
non
pagherb
Insegnategli
; ma
la conosce.
12. lo gliela
francese,perch4
se la
eglinon
insegnerei,
io stesso.
conoscessi
with
Children, come
1.
myself
teach
him
Yes,
?
it to
6.
evening.
a
bottle
Waiter, bring
of
beer.
to him
myself spoken
your
hand
ache
?
1.
language,1
something
us
speak to
you
should teach
if I
him,
to
you
2. J shall
him
see
eat, and
to
this
bring
us
is your
8. I have
book, sir?
of your brother.
9. He has brought me
a
shall all be glad to talk to him
10. We
Would
11.
you
accompany
will all accompany
ache this
not
to
me
Does
12.
you.
does
head
My
Remarks
the
When
agrees
Tu
ami,
che
trovammo
V6i
che
foste
morning,
but
my
la
is not
are
obscured
})adre,
Amo
mio
Abbi
[)az e'liza,
" tempo
fhat
you
:
Pronoun
found
that
by che,
the
as,
that loved
were
we.
the way.
punished.
omitted, when
the
sense
of
as,
I love my
have
perdiito,
3. If the Personal
Pionoun:
strada,we
often
Pronouns.
is fbllowed
thou
punito,
Pronouns
Personal
Prononn
the Personal
with
ohe mi
sentence
on
Personal
Ndi
2. The
the
the French
evening.
Would
aches.
Further
Verb
language.
3.
V\'here
7.
mother?
letter of my
and
of your
brother.
of you
the promenade ?
Yes, sir,we
head
this
5. I shall recommend
you.
also
4. If 1 knew
sir.
church
to
me
Italian
the
her
it is
father.
(thouj patience.
a
loss
refers to
a
of time.
thing a verb
^
must
82
REMARKS
ON
if the
precede it :
before it
needed
Cercdte
il
Look/or
hut
my
and
I cannot
;
son
cdsa
Che
cdsa pensate di lui ?
cdij, ci ave'te a far vdi ?
strengthenthe
Aiidai
haoe
"gllne
us.
of
ba
expression:
fu
of il f
think
of himi
you
to do
ci,tw,
to
dafo, he
with
us
has
:
it 1
as,
given us.
"
6sso
nouns,
is used
to
as,
I went
da
riccvuto
think
to be avoided.
lui al tf dtro,
esso
con
Quest' drdine
of it; ci,vi, to it,are
refer only to thingg
what
lui,l^i,loro,and before
6. Before
him,
do you
do you
instead
speaking is
of
this form
But
used
dicono, theyteU
Ne
(having).
liii.
what
what
pensile ?
is sometimes
Ne
5.
is
as,
:
Che
ne
ne,
then
singular,and
the
it
senza
go out without
I cannot
;
to persons
never
Cue
without
go out
usiiru
n"^"u pdcfco
tiVi"""
in
used
verb
no
person^
s^nza av^rlo.
pdssouscire
ConjunctivePronouns
4. The
a
as,
capp^lo, non
Ceicate niio
Look for my
often
refere to
Pronoun
:
mio
PRONOUNS.
PEKSONAL
with
this order
esso
ministero,
him
to the theatre.
has been received
from
the
ministry.
lo,il,is used before
words
beginninujwith a consonant
(except z or s impura).
When
preceded by mi, ti,si,gli,ci,vi, or non, the i of il
is
and
drop[ieil,
me' 1,
te'
of the accusative
Instead
7.
1,
or
mel
or
tv\
words
both
dice,
tells it to
8.
or
eel
dice,
us.
ronjunctivePersonal
to
ve' 1,
me.
thus
contracted
tie'1,
no' 1,
vel
dice,
or
sel
dice,
or
nol
dice,
or
:
teVs it to you.
tells it to self
him-
tn him.
tells it tn
dice,
often affixed
are
tells it to thee.
glie*1,or glu'ldice, tells it
ce'l,
masculine
the adverb
Eccovi veniito,here you
are
Pronouns
in
4cco,here
it is
come.
the
:
does not tellit
accusative
are
as,
Eccolo qui ! here he is I
the Italians have
different
a
answering questions,
form from the English Yes, I am ; Yes, I do, "c.
with
to a
the definite
refers
noun
(a) If the answer
article or
then tlie verl" in the
demonstrative
a
adjective,
going
answer
requiresa personalpronoun agreeingwith the fore9.
In
noun
:
as,
Sie'te vdi le
Are
Sdno
Are
you
zie
di
the "iunts
quellii
those your
qneVo fanciiilln? Si, ndi
of this boy f Yes, we are.
vd^tii Htivali ?
boots ?
Si, li ssdno.
Yes,theyare.
le siimo.
84
DEMONSTRATIVE
lessons and written
11. Give
her.
me
the truth
and
I
I want
hat,
new
is lost time
it very
much.
lo
credo.
lo
non
credo
lo
storia?
voi la sua
non
ne
lo
credera.
credera il suoamico?
Egli noii
Ella?
Si, signore, io glielonascoudero.
da
far
listen to
I tell
to
12.
happy.
am
credete, signor Carlo?
1. Lo
It
10.
exercises.
our
a
PRONOUNS.
nulla, non
aifar
e
6. lo
suo.
non
3.
Lo
Glielo nascondera
4.
Ella
5.
credo,
ha
ci
non
la stoiia
non
la storia fosse
se
credereste,
probabile? SissiHa
ha
crederei.
8.
ci
egliparlato? Egli non
parlato.
gnore,
ordine quest'oggi, e 1'ubbidiro.
Generale un
9.
iiicevei da esso
voi gliparliateora, eglie occupatissimo.
10. Non
e probabileche
la cena.
11. Parlategli.12. Kccoci tutti arrivati,
poitateci
e
Ci
parola.
una
ci
2. Credete
probabile. 7.
I. 1 shall
of
speak
my
lesson.
your
ill.
4.
1
because
you
was
speak
your
to
speak
you
and
of you
B.
him
11.
the
I
8.
be
did
I should
he
was
Paris, he
look
for
Demonstrative
The
Pronoun
his
have
dost
story,
given
him
lazy boy. 10. 1 will
spoken to her. 1*2. Did
spoke to his mother of him
person
that
(PronSmi Dimostrativt).
Pronouns
Pronouns
are
the
point out
following
:
the
person
Ace.
questo,
di questo,
a questo,
questo,
All.
da
or
"
this
man
here.
Feminine.
Singular.
Gen.
7. I
if thou
a
Masculine.
Dat.
5.
6.
pointing out the Person, or Thing,near
speaks: as, questo cappello,this hat (near
me),quest'uomo,
Nom.
was
him.
room.
believe
not
you
also
room.
your
my
punished
not
speak
not
I
?
I
in
in
Do
2.
and
in
table
9.
I have
house
his
in
the
on
time.
also.
thing spoken of, and
1.
that
brother.
him
also wilt
thou
to-day.
probable.
Demonstrative
The
It is
known
if 1 had
to
found
1
lesson
not
brother;
my
him?
hat?
my
thy
it
book
my
found
punished,and
learn
not
without
sing
seen
you
been
have
When
3.
never
have
Have
myself, if I have
I speak of them,
1 spoke to him
him
to
exercises ?
of
Where
speak
Nom.
questa,
thif
this.
Gen.
di questa,
of this.
to this.
Dat.
a
to this.
thin.
Ace.
questa,
questa,
All.
da questa,
from
this.
of
questo, from
this.
thin.
thu.
DEMONSTRATIVE
85
PRONOUNS.
Masculine.
Feminine.
Plural.
Nom.
questi,
these,
Gen.
di questi,
of these,
Dat.
a
to these,
questi,
these,
questi,
da questi, from these.
Ace.
Ahl.
Questi is
fur Persons
2. The
also used
Pronoun
Thing near
cappello,that
you).
Costui
or
both
the
di queste,
Dat.
a
hat
person
queste,
Ahl
da queste.
genders
these,
from
these.
SingularMasculine
pointing out
spokento, or
cotesto
(m.),costei
costoro
to these,
noun.
{near you)]
cotestui
of these,
qucSte.
Arc.
Deraonstrative
the
these,
queste,
Gen.
in the Nominative
only, without
OT
for
Nom.
j
'
or
addressed
cotest^i
Persons, without the noun, are declined
and have the same
signification.
; as
that
uomo,
in
used
the
Person
cotesto
(near
man
(/.),and
cotestoro, are
or
the
plural
only of
same
way,
Pronoun
following Demonstrative
points out a
the Person
who
Person or Thingfar aivay from
speaks and
adlressed:
that hat {there),
the Person
as, quel cappello,
3. The
that
queiruomo,
*
When
^ vowel
before
it becomes
a
man
consonant
qtieW.
(there).
(exceptz,
or
s
impurd), quellobecomes
qtid; and
before
86
PRONOUNS.
DEMONSTRATIVE
genders,are
used
declined
the
Cio
in
that in
means
has done
Who
Cio
ho
I have
Questo
non
e
il mio
is
voglio,io
cio che
essa
e
XXXIV.
B.
del
sono
11 mio
?
caro
il tuo.
B.
e
scatola
essi tuoi ?
Queste
sedie
; clii te
bel bastone
un
Io ha dato
me
Questa
sono
4.
maestro.
nostro
amico
2.
Hbri
Questi
3.
5. Cotesto
di Giovanni.
della madre
1'ha dato, mio
signor
Nominative
the
only.
cappelloe quelloe
libri
in
used
sometimes
of Persons
del
No, signore,codesti
sono
for that
generalsens3
a
I want, io ho
what
Exercise
d mia,
fication.
signi-
s mie
voglio.
Qu^gli,that one,
SingularMasculine
1.
are
noun,
Chi ha fatto cio ?
as,
:
in
quel che, is used
; a",
che
quel
generalsense
a
the
both
this ?
che, or
which, what
have
and
way
same
the
Persons, without
of
only
plural of
the
and colore,ior
(m.),col^i (/.),
Colui
il mese
scorso.
scusi,signore,
questa penna e mia.
penna non
i vostri amici ?
Costui h mio araico,ma
7. Sono costoro
queglinon
la serva
di
?
Io h. 8. 1^ costei la tua serva
e
Nossignore,questa
6. Cotesta
mio
da
arrivano
10. Quelle
I'arioji.
provincia. 11.
vicina
mia
e
fi colui
zia.
exercise
is my
is more
thy
are
is not
books.
book
that
and
difficult than
books
5. Is this
servant
my
Questi libri
sera
per la
colei che gU 6
hissignore,e
Questi d
coloro?
il mio
amico
cugino Guglielrao.
4. These
than these.
sono
?
partironoieii
donne
cugino?
tuo
Chi
12.
h mio
Cailo,e que^^li
1. This
da Londra
cotesti i libri ricevuti
9. Sono
zio.
Mi
tua.
e
; but
he
are
man
is the book
that.
3. Those
houses
my
books, and
those
thy
is the
servant
servant
2. This
of Charles.
are
smaller
the table
on
No, sir,he
{masc.) ?
{mi,sc,)of
our
Italian
(3. Is that thy cousin
master.
(mnsc.)? Yes, sir, that is my
8. Who
aunt.
She is my
are
is that lady?
cousin.
7. Who
and
that
is
This
is my
those men?
cousin ('harles,
one
one
my
friend
William.
gentlemen are
frienAJohn.
is that lady ?
*
QueUi
is
friends?
those your
9. Are
Yes, sir, all these
that
He
friends.
Who
man?
is my
is
10.
my
12. Who
his friend?
11. Are you
Yes, sir,I am.
Jiheis
changed
into
my
cousin
Mary.
gue'or queibefore
a
consonant
(except"
or
s
impura).
C. Possessive
{Fronomi Possessivi)
Pronouns
Pronouns
Possessive
The
the
are
Adjectivesgiven on page
Substantive : they are,
a
same
They
37.
Exercise
Questi libri
87
PRONOUNS.
POSSESSIVE
the
as
are
Possessive
with
used
never
XXXV.
faro il mio.
quellepenne sono le tue. 2. Quel la
3. Voi guardatenel mio
questo giardinoe il sue.
4. Fate voi il vostro dovere ed io
io guardo nel vostro.
5. 8e egliha imparato la sua
lezione noi impareremo
la nostra.
6. Se essi hauno
1.
casa
la mia
e
giardinoed
scritto i loro esercizi,
noi scriveremo
i
codeste
le
loro?
esse
""'ossignore,
arance.sono
sorella.
i suoi amici
8. Koi
al
tua
fummo
con
di
sono
arance
Ella
teatro, ed
quellodel
suo
co' nostri.
ci fu
amico
penne, o
od i tuoi nel
IVatelli,
-No,sir,I have
pen?
Gli
Esse
2. Have
11. Sono
casa.
Hai
12.
e
visto
i
had
not
you
my
these
3. Are
mine.
e
sua
od
10. Gli
Io vidi i miei.
zio ?
that is yours.
had
il mio.
le tue.
sono
il suo,
bastone
bastone
parleroin
giardinodello
book, and
is my
fi questo
Codesto
?
sua
le tue ?
queste le mie
1. This
9.
Guglielmo?
vostra, o nella
a casa
parlerete
miti
e
Queste
7.
nostri.
i raiei
souo
e
your oranges, or
1'hose oranges
mine.
of your
brother?
4. Have
are
you
learnt your lesson ?
Yes, sir,1 have learnt mine ; have you learnt
those
?
yours
5.
No, sir,I
?
is that
Were
at the
you
with
was
They
yours.
have
(jmasc.)
house
theatre with
G. Have
written
JS'o,
sir,that
?
you
mine.
12.
D.
The
1.
Is this your
house
and
without
you
givenmy
you
listened to
not
to his
?
?
advice,but
Yes, sir,and 1
Ko, sir,that is
are
A
chi
stick?
Article
hai dato
to yours.
have
not
also
mine.
"
is used
the
sister's
9. J s this your
10. Have
;
these
8. Are
only of Persons, and is
numbeis, beirigdeclined only with
who?
this man?
mine.
(Pronomi Interrogativi).
Pronouns
Interrogative
genders
is not
mine.
umbrella
InterrogativePronouns
Chi?
?
l""riday
cises
they (maac.)written their exerThis
mine
7.
garden is
No, sir,I have not Hstened
not
yet found my stick
Have
11.
found
friends last
theirs.
yours
your pens ? Ko, sir,those pens are not
needle ? Yes, sir,that needle is hers.
his advice?
your
:
as,
il mio
Chi
e
cestui ?
bastone?
To
of both
the
Who
whom
position,
Pre-
is
have
INTERROGATIVE
00
When
Chi
denotes
is in
possession:
PRONOUNS.
the
Genitive
as, Di
clii h
with
the
verb
questo Ifbro ?
it
essere
Whose
hook
is this ?
Chi
pill sa
knows
also colui il
means
quale,as
:
lose time
pill spiace, to
II
perder tempo
him
most
displeases
chi
a
who
most.
2. Che
? what f is used
only
of
things, and
is of
both
numbers, being declined without the article;
Of what country are you f
as, Di che paese e li^lla?
several things,
between
3. Qudle,which, disi riminates
or
jjjendersand
""f the
persons
kind, and
same
is
used
fur
the article : as,
being declined withont
arance
mangerete ? Which of these oranges
?
questisignori
sono
Cestui e il
Chi e cestui?
i corrieri del
Colore sono
signorae
e
pelloal
zia.
mia
6. A
il mio.
mio
chi
will you
eat ?
Questi signorisono
del medico.
4. Chi
miei
3. Chi
amici.
2.
colore?
sono
quella signora? Ouella
?
5. Di chi e questo giardino
Questo giardino
hai dato il mio
?
dato il tuo capHo
cappello
7.
servo.
servo
genders,
Qudle di qu^ste
XXXVJ.
Exercise
1. Chi
both
Da
re.
chi hai
lettera da mio
e
ricevuta
cotesta
8. Che
lettera?
lo ho
e
Questo e
padre.
proviene questa malattia ? Questa malattia
proviene da un' indigestione.10. Quale di questi due sigariprenlo prenderoquesto. 11. Quale di questiquadri comprederetu ?
lo comprer5 quelle. 12. Quale di quests penne d la vostra ?
rete?
ricevuta
questa
9. Da
fucile.
un
Questa
e
questo ?
che
la mia.
ladies ? They (fern.)
is
are
my sisters. 2. Who
the
of
is
That
servant
Whose
3.
aunt.
woman
woman
my
4. To whom
That gun belongs(is)to Charles.
is this gun?
have
1
have
it
?
to
From
letter
father.
5.
given
given my
your
you
from your cousin (masc)
It comes
this present?
whom
6.
eomes
1. Who
are
Whose
those
?
this
house
is this?
It is mine.
7. Of
whom
are
you
thinking
RELATIVE
thinkingof (to) my
(daHve)?
I
is ill with
.(of)fever.
am
I shall
eat
this.
10.
mine.
11.
From
what
what
In
12.
country
9.
sister.
of these
Which
of these
Which
do
country
have
89
PRONOUNS.
been
you
is
yours?
come?
eat?
you
That
is
England.
Irom
I have
year?
He
ill?
apples will
books
you
last
Is he
8.
been
in
France.
Relative
E.
Relative
The
mistaken
for
declined
thus:
(a)
are
Che, who, which, for
1.
Relativi).
che, and il quale,(not to be
Interrogative PronounN). They are
Pronouns
the
(Pronomi
Pronouns
Persons
and
Masculine
only.
Feminine.
Plural.
Singular.
who, which.
I Nom.
che,
who, which.
u-hose.
\Gen.
di cui,
whose,
Dat.
che,
di cui,
a ctii,
to ivhom.
\ Dat.
a
to which.
Ace.
che, cui,
whom,
cui,
che, cui,
Ahl.
da
Nom.
Gen.
which.
'
I
which.
both
which,
from whorn,from I
cui,
Che, what,
2.
Ace.
of which.
for
.
Things only, is
thus
declined
for
genders :
Plural.
singular.
(h) II quale, that,who,
Things, and
declined
which, is used
for
Persons
and
thus:
Singular.
that,who, which.
of that,whose, of which.
to that, to whom,
to which.
that, whom, which.
from that,from whom, from
which.
Plural.
that,who, which,
of that,whose, of which,
that, to iL'hom,to which,
that,whom, which,
from that, from whom,
to
from
which.
Is
a
conjunction when
referring to
a
ruyun,
*
Che
or
another
relating to
proiwun.
a
verb,
or
adverb;
and
is
a
pronoun
when
90
PRONOUNS.
RELATIVE
K"MARKS.
Che
1.
is
2. II che
preceding
generallyused
more
sentence
Egli
whole
of
some
as,
:
obbligo ad
obligedme
mi
feri Carlo, 11 che
Charles, which
wounded
He
quale.
the
relating to
used, when
is
il
than
arrestailo.
him.
to arrest
whose father, whose
friend, are
English forms
di
di
1'amico
il
ciii,
lendeied
or
cui,
by il cui
padre
by
padre, il ctii amico, the expression il di ciii being
The
3.
erroneous.
The
4.
Relative
Pronoun
when
omitted
Italian, even
L*
che
uorao
avete
lezidue,che vdi
La
in
The
man
avete
The
lesson you
era
hai
tu
imparata.
donna,
a
hai
che
visto, e mio
che
lo
amano
mia
la virtu, sono
il vostro
meritano
1. The
The
The
Italian
who"
man,
with
whom
whose
father
master,
who
1
was
pupil (masc.)to
lady, whom
you
what
him
me
has
giardino.
che
del
morte
ieri
in
sera
hanno
quali
11. Gli
will have
house, is
the
brother
whom
1 have
(masc).
man
young
7. The
boy,
The
a good boy.
morning,
spect.
Knglisli language,deserves your reis
you
given
with
were
speaking with
you
of his exercise.
4.
present.
servant
of Charles.
this
the
you
of which
our
a
6. The
always happy.
house
seen
are
her lesson
in my
seen
are
house
have
learning,is not difficult. 2.
morning is my cousin (masc). 3.
learnt
speaking is
in your
teaches
9. The
allieve,le
reoalo.
you
this
you
love virtue
was
Le
6.
8. Di
della
parlava
quale hai visto
zio.
uomini, i quali
I
12.
maestri, da' quali siete educati,
language,which
have
who
mio
rispetto.
was
boy
who
pupil (fern.)
5. Those
10.
un
felici.
with
whom
comprato
La
5.
uomo.
il mio
lo
Maria, la
9.
sorella.
casa
architetto,e
imparate le loro lezioni,avranno
The
che
sigiiora,
della quale parlinon
e
padre ?
mio
B.
amico
comune
learnt.
studio,imparano le loro lezioni.
con
deir
seen.
have
2. La
cugino.
strada,ha
visto nella
parlavatestamattina
amano
have
madre, e mia zia. 3. La persona,
di cui parli e un
4. II servo,
onestissimo
di
la lettera e la cameriera
cui hai dato
L' uomo,
7. Colore
nostro
you
XXXVII.
tua
con
onesta.
in
"
veduto.
Exercise
1. L' amico, che
translated
always be
English as,
must
my
speak
pen
8.
is very
is
a
bad
old.
10.
The
boy.
11.
The
is her sister.
mother,
my
brother
?
1
my
was
12.
l)f
speaking with
92
PASSIVE
VERBS.
XXXVIII.
Exercise
2.
dice il SignoreDio.
desiderare V altrui,
difetti.
[].
i
ha
Nulla
suoi
ogni persona
1. Non
r
valoroso.
uomo
Que' due
5.
4.
Egli stima
fratelli si
niente
un
6. L'
1'altro.
1' un
amano
Ogni
h
uomo
alfa paura
lo spendere mille lire.
mortale, ed
uno
1'altro
e
erano
nella scuola questa mattina, io li vidi entrambi.
7. Gli uni e gli
alia passeggiata.8. Alcuno
mi
altri erano
col maestro
lodava,
alcuno
ed
perch^
e
biasimava.
mi
ho
ne
permetto di
a
book
5. We
Some
be
wine,
happy
other
the
day.
town.
will
heads.
are
quanti
at
was
his
at
Every
8.
shall
(proverb).
studies
lessons will have
his
house
house
with
last
6.
7. The
me.
his
of
one
family
dinner
at
you
ing.
even-
in town.
thinks
one
with
1 have
vi
non
his
new
with
be
all
cervelli
2. Whosoever
learns
this dinner
to eat
beer.
We
9.
morrow
to-
'theatre,
the
nobody
spoken
houses as gardens in this
nobody. 11. He has as many
and both {masc.)
12. Both (masc.)have learnt their lessons,
have a present next Thursday.
10.
evening.
there
there
all at his dinner
were
will
one
this
on
teste
|)resent. 3. Whosoever
for nothing. 4. Every one
ragioni io
vostre
12. Tante
opinions as
many
have
a
likes
Qualsisiano le
11.
ozioso.
essere
1. As
shall
10.
bisogno.
scolare.
buono
un
padre,datemi alquantodanaro,
lezione
C'hiunque impara la sua
Caro
9.
at
was
XX.
The
Passive
the Past
Vekbs
Passive
"
{VerbiPassivi).
of
Participle
to the
that Verb
bv
is formed
Verbs
of all Transitive
adding
essere,
Auxiliary'
to
be.
Participleof
Tiie Past
verb
Essere, must
subjectof
agree
this verb
all Verbs
in
gender and
h stata,
I udstri fratelli sdno stdti,
Le nddtre surelle sduo state,
Essere
INDICATIVE
MOOD
Present
Tense
Louts
has been.
Mary
has been.
our
brothers
our
fisters have
tu
amato,
a,
I
am
thou
mi
loved.
eglie
he is loved.
ella
amata,/
she is loved.
e
have
been.
been.
(Mddo Indicativo).
{Timpo Presinte).
I'lural.
loi^ed.
amato, a,
amato, )
sa
the
amato.
Singular.
io sdno
with
number
the
; as,
Luio^i h state.
Maria
conjugated with
n6i si"tno am"ti, e, xce
v6\ siete amati, e, you
egilno ; 6no
amati, \
are
loved.
hived.
are
,,
^^ey
eUenosdnoamate;?
are
,
,
loved.
PASSIVE
93
VERBS.
Tense
Imperfect
(Imperf^tto).
Rural.
Siijgular.
io
/
amato, a,
eri amato, a,
era
tu
loved.
was
thou
ndi
ella
he
amato,
amata,
era
she
v6i eravate
loved.
teas
I
loved.
was
io fui amato, a,
tn fosti amato, a,
I
he
Tense
shall
1
amato, a,
saro
|elleno
loved.
Future
io
sarai
amato,
ama-
we
ndi
he
furono
egli
amato,)
he will he loved.
eUa
sara
amata,/
she wdl
he loved.
saremo
ama-
eglie
noi
stato
amato,
amato,
ella
vdi siete stati amati,
eglinos6no
stati amati,
elleno
[ they
I
saranno
ndi
eravamo
vdi
eravate
eglino
e
ta
io
ta eri stata
stato
amato,
amato,
ndi ftiramo stati
amati,
vdi fdste stati amati,
stati
eglino ftirono
am"ti,
will
he
we
amate,
io fui stata
thou
amata,
amate,
amate,
amata,
amata,
state amate,
vdi fdste state
elleno
amat",
amata,
tu fdsti stata
ndi fummo
loved,
heen
loved.
heen
hadst
loved.
heen
he, she had
we
had
heen
had
you
they had
loved.
heen
loved.
loved.
heen
heen
loved.
loved-
(Passdto Rimdto).
Anterior
ella fu stata
loved,
Perfetto).
I had
state
erano
heen
they have
amata,
state
loved,
l"een loved,
have
you
state amate,
eravamo
vdi eravate
che
have
amata,
stata
era
loved,
heen
hast heen
he, she, has heen
amate,
{Fiu
stata
era
stati amati, elleno
amato,
thou
amata,
state
Tense
amito,
stati amati,
fdsti stato
egli fu
stata
amato,
Past
io fui stato
he
loved.
I have
amata,
elleno sdno state amate.
stato amato,
stati amati, ndi
erano
icill
loved.
I
amata,
vdi sicte state
ella
egli era
stata
noi siamo
Pluperfect
io era stato
ta eri stato
will hp loved.
] they
(Passato Indefinito).
sei stata
tu
stati amati,
siamo
he
Heminine.
io s6no
amato,
ta s'tistato
shall
loved.
eglino saranno
amati,
Tense
Masculine.
io s6no stato
were
loved.
we
amate,
Indefinite
they
v6i sarete amati, e, you
he
sara
loved,
were
/
amate,
ti, e,
wilt
a, thou
loved.
Past
loved,
were
(Futiiro).
loved.
ta
were
loved.
vdi fcste amati, e. you
eglinofiirono amati, \
1
was
amate,
erano
they
i
(
li, 6,
loved.
was
she
loved,
were
you
amati,
fiimmo
ndi
wast
loved.
eglifa amato, I
ella fa amata, )
loved,
were
(Pai^sdtoJJefinito).
loved.
was
ama-
eglino erano
BEmKvrK
thou
we
ti, e,
Ielleno
Past
ama-
ti,e,
wast
loved.
egliera
eravamo
furono
amate,
state
I had
thou
heen
he, she had
we
you
loved,
hat 1st heen laved,
had
had
they had
heen
heen
loved
loved,
heen loved,
heen
loved.
94
PASSIVE
io
amato,
sarai stato
Anteri"re).
Feminine.
Masculine.
io sard stat^
(FuMto
Anterior
Future
tu
VERBS.
stata
saro
ta
amato
amata,
stata
sarai
amata,
[shall have
thou
been loved
milt
have
loved.
egli sara
ndi
ella
amato,
stato
ndi saremo
stati amati,
saremo
stata
sara
amata,
state
amate
[loved,
he, she, icillhave
shall
we
stati amati,
eglino saranno
vdi sarete
elleno
stati
am"to,
tgli
ohe
n6i siamo
MOOD
che
amati,
noi siamo
CONDITIONAL
have
been
will
tlif^y
have
been
be (thou) loved.
amate,
MOOD
Present
[loved.
loill
you
(Imperative).
siate vdi amate,
ch' elleno siano
amate,
amati,
siano
egUno
Tense
let him, her, be loved.
let us be loved.
be
(ye) loved.
let them
be loved.
(C"ndiziondU).
(Pres^nfe).
io sarei amato,
tu saresti amato,
io sarei amata,
tu saresti amata,
I should
eg i sarebbe
ndi saremmo
ella sarebbe
he,she, would
vdi sarcste
amato,
amati,
amati.
eglinosarebbero
amati,
ndi
vdi sareste
Past
io sarei stato amato,
amate,
amate.
sarebbero
Tense
First
thou
amata,
saremmo
elleno
been
loved.
sii amata,
ch' ella sia amata.
amato,
sia
siate voi amati,
oh'
state
saranno
IMPERATIVE
oh'
amate,
amate,
amati.
tH
state
been
have
loved.
v6i sarete
f)"en
wouldst
should
we
wi'uld
you
amate,
be loved.
be loved.
be loved
he loved,
he loved.
theywould
be loved.
I
have
(Passdto,.
Form.
io sarei stata
amata,
should
been
loved.
tu saresti stato amato,
tu saresti stata
amata,
thou
vouldst
been
eglisarebbe
stato amato,
ella sarebbe stata amata,
stS,tiamati,
ndisaremmostate
amate,
loved.
/i^,she, would
been
ndi saremmo
have
ire
have
hved.
should
have
been
have
been
lived.
vdi sareste
stati amati.
eglino sarebbero
stati
amati,
vdi sareste
elleno
sarebbero
state
they would
io fdssi st^to am^to,
tu fdssi stato
amato,
st"to am"to,
been
Form.
io fdssi stdta
tu fdssi stata
eglifdsse
have
loved.
amate,
Second
eglifdsse
state am"te, you
would
loved.
am"ta,
I
am"ta,
loved,
thou wouldst have been
loved.
stata am"ta,
should
have
he, she. would
been loved.
been
have
PASSIVE
Second
Form.
Feminine.
Masculine.
n6i fdssimo
05
VERBS.
ndi fdssimo
stati amati,
state amate,
should
we
have
been
have
been
have
been
loved.
vdi fdste state
vdi fdste stati amati,
fdssero
elleno
stati
eglino fdssero
thfy
ch' io
ch' io sia amato,
che
sia amato,
(Soggiuntivo).
Tense
Present
(Pres^nte).
that I may
that
thou
amata,
sia
sia amata,
tu
would
loved.
MOOD
SUBJUNCTIVE
tu
state
would
you
loved.
amate,
amati,
che
amate,
be loved.
be
mayst
loved.
ch' ella sia amata,
eglisia amato,
oh'
that
he, she
be
may
loved.
amati,
ndi siamo
che
amate,
che vdi siate amate,
vdi siate amati,
che
eglino siano amati,
ch'
ndi siamo
che
ch' elleno
Tense
Imperfect
amate,
siano
(Imperfd'tto).
ch' io fdssi amata,
ch' io fdssi amato,
that we
be loved.
may
that yoti may
be loved.
that
he
they may
loved.
that
I
he
might
loved.
tu fdssi amata,
che
tu fdssi amato,
che
that
thou
mightst be
loved.
,
ch'ella
ch'eglifdsse amato,
fdsse amata,
ihat
he, she,might
be
loved.
che ndi fdssimo
che
amati,
ndi
fdssimo
might
he
that
might
be
amate, that
they might
he
amate,
that
we
loved.
vdi fdste
che
eglinofdssero
oh'
che vdi fdste amate,
amati,
elleno fdssero
amati, ch'
you
loved.
loved.
Past
oh' io sia stato
ohe
ta
amato,
sia stato amato,
Tense
ch' io
sia
(Passdto).
stata
amata,
che tu sia stata
amata,
that I may
loved.
that
thou
been
oh'
eglisia
che
ndi
stato amato,
ch' ella sia stata amata,
siamo
che
stati
amati,
eglino
amati,
siamo
siano
amati,
stati
mayst
we
may
have
ohe vdi siate state amate, thai
may
you
been loved.
ch' elleno
amate
have
loved.
that he, she. may
been loved.
state that
been
have
been
loved.
amate,
che vdi siate stati
oh'
ndi
have
siano
state that
been
they
may
loved.
have
have
96
PASSIVE
Pluperpect
VERBS.
che
(Piu
Tensk
Perfiito).
Feminine.
Masculine.
oh' io f6ssi stato amato,
ch' io fdssi stata
amata,
that I
might
have
been
loved.
che
tti fdssi stato amato,
che tu fdssi stata
amata,
that thou
been
eh'
eglifosse
che
n6i
stato amato,
stati
fdssimo
oh' ella fosse stata amata, that
he, she, might
have been loved.
che
amati,
n6i
fdssimo
state
that
che vol fdste state
amate, fTia^ you
eglino fdssero
stati
ch' elleno
amati,
essere
P.
essere
am"to,
S.
amati,
P. essere
stato amato,
stati amati,
essere
P. essere
essere
Tense
essere
stata
essere
state
loved.
to be lovedto be loved.
amata,
amate,
to have
been
to have
been
loved.
loved,
{Gerundio).
Present
Tense
S. essendo
amato,
S. essendo
I',essendo
amati,
P. essendo
"
Presente).
being loved.
loved.
heiri^
amata,
amate,
Tense
{Passdto).
S. essendo
stato
am"to,
S. essendo
stata
amata,
P. essendo
stati amati,
P. essendo
state
amate,
PARTICIPLES
8. stato amato,
P. stati amati,
have
(Passdto).
S.
Past
they might
(Presente).
P.
Past
inighthave
{Infinito).
amata,
amate,
GERUND
*
that
been
Tense
Past
S.
state
MOOD
Present
S.
fdssero
amate,
INFINITIVE
have
loved.
been
ch'
might
we
been loved.
amate,
che vdi fdste stati amati,
mightstluive
loved.
Tense
having been
having been
loved.
loved.
(Participi).
(Passato).
stata amata,
state amate,
been
loved.
been
loved.
Eemarks.
1.
Present
are
Participles(^Participi)
not
u"ed
in
the
passiveform.
voice of the tbir"i ])erson
expres^edin Italian with the Active Form
2. The
Passive
the pronoun
Come
e
Come
si
only
can
also be
accompanied by
si ; as,
pronnaoiataMuesta pardla?
pronfinciaquesta purola?
^
|
I
.^ ^,^^
^
f
pronounced
'^
PASSIVE
The
also
correfepunds
Si
Si (lice che
il re
mangia qui
Si
All
the verb
to
It is said
morto.
e
people eat
JJo
?
essere
si
as,
;
that the
{Is it
here i
with
tenses, when
compound
with
with the acetisative
reflective
the English people,they,
etc. ;
made
is thus
Verb
97
VERBS.
an
si.
as,
king is dead.
?)
eating-house
si,must
be
formed
detto, it has (is)been said.
e
XXX
Exercise
IX.
A.
scolare
1. Lo
2. 11 ladro
biasimata.
arrivati
scolari
a
Quella
casa
?
11.
Quanti
by
been
1 have
the
eraiio
4. Gli
stato.
era
dalla
Koi
^.
Da
10.
prigioneperche fu
rovinati
saremmo
se
chi fu comprata quella
dal signor B.
12.
quellabattaglia?
l)a
quanti
furono
fu vostro
amici
visitato da undici
Egli fu
Ne
padre
amici.
1 have been praisedby my
?
you been praised
blamed
blamed
brother ?
My brother was
your
have
visited
1
whom
been
3.
yesterday'? 1
you
-y
by
ill ten
king.
liberato
feriti in
trecento.
visited
been
Eglino
3.
quale io
have
master.
our
have
fu
delitto.
tale
furono
'?
sera
Who
2
master.
strada.
stata
e
quel giardinofurono comprati
e
e
whom
By
la scolara
e
imparaiio le loro lezioni. o. Le
percheimpararono tutte le loro
avesse
ammalata, se non
seguito
il vino e stato bevuto, non
ne
e
fossero pagate.
non
soldati
visitato ieri
Tutto
Egli
H.
di
casa
mila
feriti due
non
ancora
7.
nulla.
queste cambiali
1.
sarebbe
innocente
trovato
nella
albergo,Del
se
medico.
del
lasciato
stato
maestro
suo
lodate dal loro maestro
Ella
6.
ordini
dal
arrestato
biasimati
saranno
lezioni.
fu
alio stesso
Londra
allieve furono
gli
lodato
stato
e
6.
have
Who
been
my
aunts.
days.
5.
has
asked
4. Have
By
whom
asked
for these
for
uncle.
7. This
your
8. Has the fire been
by
ill?
been
you
Yes, sir;
forgiven?
has he been
Those
newspapers?
book
By
papers
news-
has
been
lightedagain?
at seven
(fern.)
Yes,
this letter been brought?
o'clock this morning.
That
letter has been brought by the servant
(masc.)of the doctor.
10. Who
has bought that picture? That
picture has been bought
loved
B.
11.
Who
loves
I
Mr.
am
you?
by my father and
by
have you
received that present?
whom
12. From
by my mother.
your cousin
the
tire has been
sir,
brought by
That
present has
been
Mary.
lightedagain by
has
9. By whom
received
from
the servant
mother.
mj
B.
1. Non
fu
Ella
sorelle
dal
biasimate
biasimate
perche
Le
fu mandato
dal
cappellaio.4.
fu.cantata
dal
visitata
io fui visitato
signore,
non
da
mio
luro
signor
zio ieri
2. Non
No,
le
furono
Si, sigmTe,' elleno
3.
imparato le lezioni.
Questo
1 )a chi fu cantata
cugina.
mattina?
questa
5. La
quella nuova
nuova
fu
cappellomi
canzone
canzone
non
sue
furono
maestro?
avevano
?
questo cappello
da mia
zio
sera.
Da
chi
mandate
?
fu cantata
Essa
da
98
NEUTER
signora
io fui
?
iSissignore,
contessa.
conte
invitate
cugine
volte.
9.
cinque,o sei
le
madre
puniti so
sarete
Ella
fu lasciato per Lei dal
1.
drunk
by
Charles.
Mr.
arrived
have
the
sung
Tjottleof
3. Did
found
wine
the
has
Who
7.
drunk
been
thief been
arrive this
you
by
song ? The new
invited to dinner?
countess.
a
Voi
punitiV
11. A
cheora
del conte.
new
been
you
arrivato
ballare
Nossignore,
noi
lezioni.
a
Parigi ieri sera aile
questo bigliettoV Codesto biglietto
yesterday evoiiing.
stick has been
Your
invitate
baremo
signer
8. Furono
madre?
le vostre
sono
2. Has
arrested.
he has been
Jo
servo
this
has
whom
By
furono
sua
10.
imparato
lasciato
chi fu
12. Da
Elleno
dal
a
pranzo
chie volte.
dal conte
ammalata
stata
Parigi?
a
invitata
ammalata.
avrete
non
arrivata
otto.
"
6 stata
non
invitato
stati invitati al ballo
siamo
non
Ella
7. Fu
ballare V
a
sue
mia
c
6. Noi
fratello.
da mio
ma
me,
della
VERBS.
Who
4.
morning
song
Yes,
sir,1 have
box?
been
Yes, sir,
No, sir,I
?
found
(masc).
servant
has been
this
arrested ?
has
your
brought
It has
?
stick?
my
Who
has
5.
6. Have
sung by me.
been invited by the
That
box
has
been
brought for you by the hatter. 8. Has the firebeen lightedagain ?
The inrehas not been lightedagain. 9. I should have been praised,
if 1 had
learnt
if he AacZ not
been
The
of
Neuter
rest ;
action
as,
not
lazy.
12. Mr.
for his laziness.
XXI.
lessons.
my
Verbs
passing Io
an
auxiliaryav"re.
Neuter
would
those
have
learnt his
lesson,
punished this mornmg
yet returned from England.
(VerhiNeutri).
which
sleep
;
the
Verbs
is not
Verbs
are
to
the
Some
William
dormire,
are
He
11. Charles will be
Neuter
"
conjugated with
1.
10.
or
object:
denote
either
auxiliary^ssere,and
used
state
a
intransitive action,an
an
as, cad6re, to fall. Some
with
the
some
with
auxiliaryav6re
:
a",
to reside.
io
to
bringdown.
sleep.
to shun.
to
freeze 'of
th"
tceather).
to shout,
to add
together,
to
rejoice,
to
cure,
to turn
pale,
to meet,
to grow
to eat.
dd.
100
NEUTER
2. If any
Verb
Neuter
tlie Auxiliary mere,
as
VERBS.
have
can
Passive
a
Voice, it takes
lo iui asfcisiitoda te, I
;
helped
was
thee.
by
XL.
Exercise
A.
1. Noi
signer
danzato
Ha
7.
nella
dimorato
scatole ?
Egli non
compagnia?
sua
11 ragazzo
marciato
Noi
3. Ha
strada
dieci
camminato
abbiamo
non
Ella
le ha
vicina.
com-
la
tutta
migliain
cenato,
ancora
danzato ?
essa
il
Ha
ha
gridato,
perche
venticinque migliain
servo
9. Perche
disceso
le mie
ha
fuggito
gelato.
avuto
Ella
II tempo e
11. Chi ha gridato?
disonorevole.
era
scorsa.
ha
Ha
8.
discese.
ancora
Perche
la notte
stato cattivissimo
ha
Egli
?
nuova
ballato
sorelle hanno
nostre
3.
conte.
della
rappresentazione
io ho
Sissignore,
ha
dai
mia
6.
suoi
con
cugina.
degenerato
Egli
egli
eglidiraorato in questa strada?
JS'ossignore,
volte
due
antenati.
la
2.
4. A vete
alle undici.
ore.
ha
alia
Le
voi cenato
ceneremo
ma
li.
palazzodel
al
notte
due
assist!to
abbiamo
inedia del
10.
12.
paura.
1 soldati hanno
giomo.
un
assisted at the representation
of the new
comedy ?
you
walked
miles?
2. Have
seven
No,
sir, I have
you
danced
with my
cousin
six miles,
3. Have
(fern.)?
you
1. Have
Yes,
Sir.
walked
Yes, sir,I
I have
hat ?
my
He
your
night
it has
miles
in four
afraid.
stick.
7.
hours.
10. We
all
this
evening
Where
did
the
4. Have
live last year ?
you
Has
My
9.
your hat, but he
it frozen last night ?
What
has
brought
Yes, sir,last
friend of Charles
has walked
little brother
shouted, because
all danced
have
Last
isc.)brought down
(m
servant
last
has
twenty
night at the house
brought down?
have
?
danced
you
brought down
8. The
frozen.
down
brought
dance
has not
(fern.). 11.
cousin
5.
her three times.
6, Has
I'aris.
in
down
was
with
yet danced.
not
I lived
year
danced
have
you
books
and
your
newspapers.
?
No, sir,I shall not dance
12.
this
he
of your
1 have
Shall
you
evening.
B.
1. Io
Iui,quando egligridava. 2. To sono
le nostre
lettere. 3. I
tuo fratello alia posta a cercare
alia
il
costa
italiana,perche
approdati
tempo era
arrivati alle cinque e siamo
Noi siamo
partitialle
con
sono
4.
sono
Parigi. 5.
accorso
II tuo
amico
e
caduto
jxjr le scale.
7. Egli e entrato
per incontrarti.
la colazione.
tina per portarci
8.
aveva
Io
sono
paura
di
essere
guarito da due
1 1.
la strada.
12. Che
1.
come
bastonato.
giorni.
nella
nostra
Perche
e
Noi
camera
siete voi
9. Siete voi
10. Chi
6.
cattivo.
discesi
questa
mat-
Perche
guarito,amico
ammalato?
da
nove
siamo
fuggito?
gone with your father to the promenade.
ashore V The sailors have come
ashore.
3. They
1 have
marinari
mio?
11 medico
d
"hi 6 passato per la strada ? I soldati sono
passatiper
" suonata
la mezzanotte.
e siionata?
ora
arnmalato.
(
andato
a
2. Who
has
(masc.)have
come
down
with
all your
4. I have
their lessons.
to have
friends.
5. Have
from
1 recovered
101
VERBS.
REFLECTIVE
you
illness
arrived
at
yet recovered
not
o'clock
seven
from
your
ness?
ill-
yesterday. 6. Why have they
because
away? They {masc.} have run
(masc.) run
they
away
afraid of your
were
dog. 7. is he ill? No, sir, he is not ill.
H. Were
passing in this street at ten o'clock this morning?
you
No, sir; 1 have passed through this street at eleven o'clock. 9.
Have
sisters run
to her?
Yes, sir,and they (fern.)found hei
my
shall not departthis evening, but to-morrow
ill. 10. We
morning.
friend
has
has entered your
room?
11. Who
entered
Charles
My
with
his dog. 12. Has
she fallen ? Yes, sir,she has
room
my
fallen
my
the staircase.
od
XXII.
Verbs
Keflective
"
Verbs
All Reflective
(VerU
Fronomindli).
conjugatedwith
are
which
(besidesthe subject),
is
in the
put
dative; the action
itiself as,
or
returning:;
being reflected
upon
and
in
sometimes
sdno
lo mi
Elleno
si scrivono,
Verb
Reflective
io mi
the
When
Compound
with
the
with
the
I have
Verbs
is in
aramalato,
the Past
thou hast
inviato
either
de'
;
Present
ti
levo,
Uvi,
Dative, the
6ssere,and
Tense
Levdrsi
flective
Ke-
the
Past
each
other.
(to rise).
(Indicativo).
MOOD
(Vresente).
/ rise
(myself).
(thyself).
thou risest
(himself).
(ourselves).
you rise (youraelres).
theyrise (themselves).
egli si Ifcva,
he rises
ndi ci leviamo,
v6i vi levate,
we
eglinosi levand,
Participle
agrees
as,
Verb
Conjugationof the Keflective
Io mi
conjugated
are
regali, They (J.)sent presentsto
INDICATIVE
the
fallenill.
av^re,or
unchanged
accusative
is in the
the lieflective Pionoun
take
the
li'eflectiveVerbs
auxiliary"ssere,and
r.ibject
; as,
Particifderemains
tu
other.
in Italian with
rendered
are
Pronoun
of the
Tenses
Elleno si hanno
to each
rallegro, I rejoice
(myself).
Keflective
Verbs
subject
thus,
:
tu ti sei
When
accusative,
the
of
noun
Pro-
been mistaken.
they {Jem.) write
Neuter
Many EngHsh
a
the
ingnnnato,
second
a
rise
102
io mi
REFLECTIVE
VERBS.
Imperfect
(Imperfetto).
/
lev"va,
(myself).
rose
didst rise
tn ti levavi,
egli si levava,
thou
n6i ci levavamo,
v6i vi levavate,
we
eglinosi levavano,
they rose
he
Definite
Past
io mi
tn ti
he
{himself),
( ourselves),
rose
(yourselves),
rose
you
(themselves).
they rose
Future
tn ti
didst rise ( thysel/).
rose
we
eglinosi levarono,
{themselves).
(myself),
rose
thou
ndi ci levammo,
v6i vilevaste,
{yourselves).
rose
{Passdto Definito).
I
levai,
levasti,
eglisi levo,
io mi
rose
you
(Futuro).
I shall rise
levero,
leverai,
(myself),
wilt rixe ( thyself),
thou
egli si levera,
he will rise
ndi ci leveremo,
v6i vi leverete,
ice
eglinosi leveranno,
theywill
io mi
Indefinite
s6no
levato, a,
tn ti sei levato, a,
egli si e levato, a,
noi ci siamo levati,e,
v6i vi siete levati,e,
eglinosi s6no levati,e.
Pluperfect
io mi
levato, a,
tn ti eri levato, a,
egli si era levato, a,
n6i oi eravamo
levati, e,
v6i vi eravate
levati,e,
era
eglinosi
erano
levati,e.
Past
Io mi
Anterior
ffii levato, a,
will rise
{ourselve.s).
^yourselves j.
{themselves).
rise
(Passdto Indejinito).
risen
I have
(myself),
'thyself),
(himself),
hast risen
thou
he has risen
have
we
risen
have
you
che
(Piu
I had
ice
(myself),
risen
(ourselves),
risen
hiid risen
they had
(thyself),
(himself),
risen
had
you
(ihemsdveJ',
Perfetto\
risen
he had
(yourselves)
risen
hadst
thou
(ourselves),
risen
theyhave
(yourselves),
risen
(themselves).
(PassdtoRimSto).
J had
tn ti fdsti levato, a,
6glisi fu levato, a,
thou
levati,e,
v6i vi fdste levati,e,
Eglinosi ftirono levati,e,
we
n6i ci fnmmo
(himself),
shall rise
you
Past
(thyafifpy,
{himself).
(jmrselves).
rose
risen
hadst
he had
you
(myself),
(thyself),
risen
risen
had
had
theyhad
(himself),
rixen
risen
risen
(ourseives).
(yourselves),
(themselves).
iomi
saro
tu ti sarai
eglisi sara
ndi ci
(Futuro Anteridre).
Anterior
Future
thou wdt
levati,e,
we
levati,e,
levati,e,
eglinosi saranno
vdi vi sarete
risen
(ourselves).
will have
risen
(yourselves'),
(thou^ (thyself).
(him) rise (himself).
let (us)rise ' our'^elves).
rise (ye) (y"urseJves\
let (tkem) rise (themselvesy.
rise
let
levino,
(Condiziondle).
MOOD
CONDITIONAL
{Pres^nte).
Tense
Present
(myself).
(thyself).
rise (himself).
he would
should rise (ourselves).
we
rise (yourselves).
you would
rise (themselves).
would
they
egli si leverebbe,
ndi ci leveremmo,
v6i vi levereste,
eglinosi leverebbero,
Past
(Passdto).
Tense
Form.
First
1 should
sarei levato, a,
tu ti saresti levato,a,
eglisi sartbbe levato, a,
io mi
we
fdssi levato, a,
fdssi
tu ti
levato, a,
I should
egli si fdsse levato, a,
he would
levati, e,
vdi vi fdste levati,e,
ndi ci fdssimo
levati,e,
SUBJUNCTIVE
Present
levi,
che tu ti levi,
ch' egli si levi,
che ndi ci leviamo,
che vdi vi leviate,
oh'
eglinosi levino,
oursAves).
risen
(themselves)
Form.
Second
io mi
himself).
risen ( yourselnes).
have
theywould
"
risen
have
would
you
levati,e,
risen
have
should
risen
have
have
he wotdd
^myself).
(thyself).
risen
have
thou wouldst
levati,e,
levati,e,
eglino si sarebbero
ist rise
woul
thou
tu ti levnresti,
ch' io mi
rise
I shouH
leverei,
eglinosi fdssero
{themselves).
risen
(Imperativo).
mood
levatevi,
noi ci saremmo
voi vi sareste
riaen
they will have
levati,
ch' egli si levi,
leviamoci,
io mi
nsen
shall have
you
IMPERATIVP:
oh' eglinosi
have
he will have
levato, a,
(myself).
(thyself).
{himself).
risen
I shall have
levato,a,
levato,a,
saremo
103
VERBS.
REFLECTIVE
thou
we
have
would,
have
have
(myself).
(thyself).
(himself).
risen
risen
have
theywould
ris^n
(ourselves).
risen
(yourselves).
risen
(themselves).
(Soggiuntivo).
MOOD
Tense
hare
wouldst
should
you
risen
have
(Presente).
rise (myself).
that I may
that thou mayst rise {thyself).
rise himself).
that he may
rise (ourselves).
rise (yourselves).
may
rise (themselves).
that theymay
that
we
that you
may
104
VERBS.
REFLECTIVE
(ImperfStto).
Impebfect
oh' io mi
ohe
oh'
tu
that
levassi,
ti levassi,
that
tgli si levaBse,
ohe
ndi ci levassimo,
che
vdi vi levaste,
ch'
that
oh' io mi
sia
levato, a,
ohe tu ti
sia
levato, a,
egli si
Tense
risf
might
ttieymight
rise
(ijourselves).
(themselves).
(Passato
that I mxiy have risen (myself)
that thou mayst have risen (thyself
.
levato, a,
che n6i ol siamo
levati,e,
che v6i vi slate levati,e,
ch' eglino si siano
levati,e.
sia.
Pluperfect
ch' io mi
might rise (mynelf).
mightst rine {thyself;,
he might rise (himself),
we
might ri"^e(ourselvt^s).
that you
that
eglino si levassero,
Past
ch'
I
that thou
fdssi levato, a,
that he may
that we
may
have
have
that you may
that they may
(Piu
che
J
risen
(himself),
ourselves
nsen
have
risen
have
risen
.
(yours Ives),
(themselves).
Perfdto
ti fdssi levato, a,
ch' egli si fdsse levato, a,
that thou
tiiat
(myself),
(thyndf).
mightst
lie might have ri^eu (hims If),
che noi ci fossimo
that
we
che
that
tu
levati, e,
v6i vi fdste levati,e,
oh' eglinosi fdssero levati,e.
che
might
1
ave
risen
have
might
risen
have'risen
(ourselves
.
that you might have risen yourselves),
that they might have
risen
'^thtmr
selves).
INFINITIVE
Present
ley"rsi,
MOOD
(Presente).
to rise
Past
(Infinito).
(oneself).
(Passdto).
essersi levato
essersi levata
to have
Essersi levati
risen
ihemselves).
(oneself
^
essersi levate
GERUND
Present
(Geriindio).
(Presente).
levandomi,
rising(myself),
levandoti,
risng (thyself),
risviq(himselfherself).
levandosi,
levandooi,
levandovi,
risinij(our selfes).
rising(uourselves).
rising(themselves).
levandosi,
Past
essendomi
essendoti
lev"to, a,
levato, a,
essendosi
levato, a,
essendcoi
levati,e,
essendovi
levati, e,
essendosi levati,e,
(Passato).
having risen
havingrisen
having risen
having risen
having risen
having risen
(myself),
(thyelf).
(himself,herself),
{ourselres).
(yourselres),
(themselves).
(Participi).
PARTICIPLES
Present
105
VEHBS.
REFLECTIVE
{Fresente).
(not used.)
Past
Singular.
(Passdto).
.
Mas.
levatosi,
Fern,
levatasi,/
\
risen
herselfy.
(himself,
rUen
(themselves).
Plural.
levatisi,
Mas.
j
Fern, levatesi,
Eemarks.
the
1. When
is
Negative
the
Reflective
noun.
Thus,
Present
is
The
2.
as
follows
Verb
Reflective
ti
si
ci
vi
si
3. The
ice
ti
non
non
non
4.
do not
you
theydo
is
not
rejoce (i/ourselves).
(themselves).
rejoice
conjugated Interrogatively^
do
Verbs,
do
Aocdrff:^rsi,)
'/
rejoie (ourselves)
we
do you rejoice(yourselves)
?
?
do they rejoice
(titemseloes)
Verb
which
} ^o perceive.
.
lormentarsi,to
Affrettar^di,
i
rejoice
(himself)
used
follows
do
with
Interrogatively
:
T not
rejoice(myself)f
?
not rejoice( thyself)
i
does he not rejoice(himself)
?
do we
not rejoice(ourselves)
?
do you not rejoice{yourselves)
1
do they not rejoice themselves)
dost thou
\
in
Italian
are
Reflective,
are
in Eno;lL"h:
Intranstive
Avvedersi,
rejoice(myself)f
f
rfjoice(thyself)
thou
does he
Reflective
Many
I
dod
rallegroio ?
rallegritu ?
si ralleg*a egli?
ci rallugriamo noi ?
vi rallegratevdi?
si rallegranoeglino?
mi
non
non
Ad
he
.
dost not
:
Negative,is conjugatedas
non
rejoice(myself
rejoice(thyself),
does not rejoice(himself),
do not rejoice(ourselves),
thou
rallegroio t
rallcgritu 1
ralldgraegli1
rallegriamo noi 1
ralleg ate voi 1
ralldgrano eglino1
mi
Pio-
Inaicative
/ do not
mi
non
Reflective
:
rallegro,
ti rallcgri,
tu non
si ralltg^ra,
egli non
ci rallegriimo,
noi non
vi rallegrats,
voi noa
eglino non si rallegrano,
io
the
the
Railegrarsi,to rejoice,
follows
as
before
always placed
in
conjugated negatively,
is
Verb
fallasleep.
to hasten.
Alz^r."i,
Ammo^lidrsi,
Annoiarsi,
to rise.
Appoggidrsi,
to lean.
to take
to
a
vrlfe.
get tired.
106
REFLECTIVE
VERBS.
Ingegnarsi,
(o endeavour.
Inuamorarsi,
Lamentarsi,
to
to surrender,
Levarsi,
to rise.
to abstain,
Maravigliarsi,to
marvel.
get a
Approssira^rsi,
Aceostarsi,
to
approach.
Avvicinarsi,
Arrendersi,
ABtenersi,
sad.
to become
Attiiatarsi,
Avanzarsi,
Avviarsi,
to advance,
to
start,
Bagnarsi,
to bathe,
CornpiacfTsi,
to be
Contentarsi,
Crucciarsi,
Adirarsi,
to be
to
Maritdrsi,
to
Oflfendersi*
to take
Oppdryi,
to oppose.
to repent.
Peptirsi,
Querelarsi,
pleased,
satisfied.
\to get angry.
Arrabbiarai,
delight.
to forget.
fallin love.
complain.
to
husband
offence.
complain.
rejoice.
Rallegrarsi,
to
Ricordarsi,
to remember.
Riposarsi,
Rdmpersi,
Sbrigarsi,
Sentirsi,
to rest.
to
Scorddrsi,
to
Spicciarsi,
Svegliarei,
to awake.
to break.
to make
hade.
Dilettarni,
Dimenticarsi,
to
Dolerrfi,
to
Fidarsi,
Imbarcarsi,
to trust.
Impadronirsi,
to take
to
Iiifastidiriii,
to
to be ashamed.
grieve.
to embark.
fed.
forget.
to hasten.
possession. Vantarsi,
Vergognarsi,
get weary.
ioast.
XLI.
Exercise
A.
fortuna.
te della tua buona
con
rallegro
te ne sono
obbligatissimo.3. Egli non
2. Grazie
mille,
si accorgeva
che
1. lo mi
mio
caro,
noi
avevamo
non
subita !
abbiamo
]o
e
io ho
tutti si alzarono
9. Si
maritata.
e
7.
Quando
salutarono.
8. Si
si h
ancora
annoiata
io
portarmi
a
entrai
Carlo
h
nella
ammo-
Emma
ammogliato, ma
questa
?
scorsa
signor mio?
sera,
in
sua
vecchierello ?
quel
povero
11.
cadere.
lezioni.
Ella
la notte
compagnia. 10. Su che si appoggia
Egli si appoggia sul bastone per non
Approssimatevi,ragazzi,ed io vi detterb le vostre
che cosa
io ne
Egli mi si accostb per domandarmi
annoio
mi
non
non
perditache
Giovanni, affrettati
sortire.
mi
della
avveduti
ti addormentasti
6.
da
e
Nossignore,Carlo
gliato?
ora
ci siamo
mezzanotte.
a
cappello,perch^
camera,
si
che
5. A
addormentai
lo mi
il
4. Noi
sedie.
12.
pensava.
1.
2. Did
3. We
do you rejoice,
boys? Because we shall have a present.
sister
to
rejoice receive a present? Yes, sir,she rejoiced.
your
had a present. 4. Do you
should all rejoiceif we
prceive
Why
that you are wrong ?
I am
right. 5 Did
No, sir; they
(masc.)perceivedtheir
your
little brother
half-pastei.iht o'clock.
7. l"id the
what
at
No, sir,I do not perceiveit ;
they (masc.) jxirceivetheir
{hour)did
time
Yes, sir,the
hat?
you your
8. Will you
make
haste.
you, sir.
hatter
loss this
but
I think
loss
last
He
6.
me
this
At
fellasleep
haste
make
brought it to
night?
morning.
fall asleep?
hatter
that
bring
morning.
to
Yes, sir,I shall go out, but I shall not
go out to-day?
did you get up (have you risen)! To salute
9. Why
10.
On
what
day
will he be married
?
He
will be
mar-
108
io
IMPERSONAL
mi
bene.
sento
12.
VEHBS.
Perche
vi
vantate
d'
tale
una
azione ?
Vergognatevene.
1. Have
advice.
your
sir,she
trusts
him?
trust
him
forgottenmy
you
if he
2. Does
advice?
she trust
her servants (Jem.),
and
Because
he is an
honest
were
thief?
a
No,
No, sir,we
her
have
gotten
for-
not
?
Yes,
{fern.)
3.
do
everybody.
Why
you
servants
4. Would
man.
sir,I should
not
trust
you
him
trust
if he
were
thief. 5. Why did you embark
in such a difiBcult undertaking?
This undertaking is not difficult. 6. On
what
ship will they
embark
will embark
? They (jnasc.)
The Columbus."
on
(masc.)
take possessionof his money
7. Shall we
?
No, sir ; we should be
8. Why
do you
I am
not rest ?
Because
tired. 9.
not
wrong.
a
"
V\ ould
you
rest, if you
you
10.
Of what
ashamed
of not
tired.
sir,I
am
feel well
ashamed
were
do
as
boast?
I do not
having {not to have) learnt
of it.
12.
Do
Impersonal
"
ImpersonalVerbs
other
no
Yes, sir,I
you
should
rest if 1
boast,sir.
were
11.
lesson ?
your
feel well ?
No,
sir,1 do
Are
Yes,
not
I feel ill.
;
XXIII.
have
you
tired ?
form
Verbs
either
are
but
the
{VerhiImpersondli).
reallyimpersonal,i. e., they
third
Impersonal,althoughthey may
they are used
person, or
be conjugatedlike other
Verbs.
1.
Impersonal Verbs, reallyso,
aooade,
it
avvilne,
didiacoia,j
dimdia,
gala,
gixiaooia,
happens,
used
are
impersonally
it is enowjh.
it is necessary.
bisogna,
it is proper.
it pains.
it is wanted.
convicne,
rinoresce,
ooodrre,
Besides
the
other Verbs
these,many
third
person
singularof
thus,
fa bel tempo,
uempo,
fa oaldo,
it is fine weather.
it is bad
weather.
it is hot.
fa ohiaro diltina,?7 is mnnnlight.
fa freddo,
it is cold.
fa
"
it freezes.
bista,
fa cattivo
:
it thaws,
2. Verbs
with
are
pdlvere,
it is
dusty.
formed impersonally
fdre,6ssere,and av^re:
are
IMPERSONAL
109
VERBS.
irregularVerb dov^re (seep. 14n) is ii^ed for the
Enj^lishmust, to he obliged:the followingverb being put
in ihe infinitive without
as
sciivere,
: lo devo
preposition,
/ must write ; tu devi veniie, thou shalt he obliged
to come.
The
a
is often
Bisogna
used
of dov^re
instead
the Infinitive, if used
does not
and
take
in
before
a genei al sense,
preposition
If
live.
there is a
however
as
:
bisogna vivere, one must
ing
noun
or
subjectof the sentence, the verb followpronoun
in
the
be
must
Subjunctive,as : bi"6gna che
bisogna
put
a
noi
as
viviamo.
ho
:
we
dargliuno
da
Bisognare
verb,
as
:
mi
bisogna
Tonipound
Auxiliary av^re
ha
snonato
night;
4.
ci
or
ha
^ssere
or
must
un
Tenses
of the
the
it has
av^re
dollar.
a
take
Impersonal Verbs
verb
struck
wlien
pioviitola notte
nevicato
oggi,it has
vi e, vi sono,
give him
also for must,
if
when
are,
is used
da
ccnjugated as a iironouiinal
hat.
I want
a new
cappellonuovo,
want
the
is
transitive,as:
midnight; and the
verb is really
impersonal,
it has
scorsa.
e
There is. there
5. All
sctido,I
niezzanotte,
Auxiliary
as;
Avere
to
means
3. The
the
livf.
must
snowed
rained
last
to-day.
there will he, etc.,are
rendered
with
vi sara, etc.
ImpersonalVeibs
are
only in
used
the third person:
thus,
Pi6vere,to
*
rain.
INDICATIVE
CONDITIONAL
Present
Past \st Form
Past 2nd Form
MOOD.
MOOD.
pioverebbe,
sartbbe
piovuto,
fdsse piovuto,
it would
rain.
it would
have
rained.
it would
have
rained
(No Imperative.)
SUBJUNCTIVE
Present
ch'
Imperfect
ch*
Past
Pluperject
eglipiova,
eglipiovesse,
eh' tgli sia piovuto,
ch' egli fosse piovuto,
MOOD.
rain.
that it may
that it might rain.
that it may
have rained.
that it might have rained.
110
IMPERSONAL
VERBS.
MOOD.
INFINITIVE
Present
\ Past
to rain.
pidvere,
piovdto,to have rained.
essere
GERUND.
Present
Past
raining.
having rained,
piovendo,
piovdto,
essendo
PARTICIPLES.
Present
(Not used.)
Fem.
Masc.
piovtito,
piovuti,
Past, Sing.
Plur.
Bisognare,to
rained,
piovnta
piovute,
rained.
he necessary.
INDICATIVE
MOOD.
it is necessary,
it was
necessary,
Imperfect
Past Def.
bisdgna,
bisognava,
bisogno,
Future
bisognera,
Pa^t
e
was
necessary,
it will be necessary,
it has been necessary,
era
it had
Present
Indef.
Pluperfect
it
Past
Ant.
bisognato,
bisognato,
fu bisognato,
Fut.
Ant.
sara
Past
Ist Form
Past
2nd
Form
it will have
bisognato,
CONDITIONAL
Present
been necessary
been necessary,
it had
been
"""'"
MOOD,
bisognerebbe,
sarebbe
bisognato,
it would
it would
he necessary.
have been necessary,
fosse
it would
have
bisognato,
been
necessary.
{No Imperativeby itself)
SUBJUNCTIVE
Presertt
ch'
Imperf
ch'
Past
ch'
Pluperf
ch'
MO(JD.
egli bisogni,
eglibisognasse,
egli sia bisognato,
eglifosse bisognato,
INFINITIVE
Present
Past
that it may
be necessary.
be necessary.
that it may
have been necessary.
that it might have been necessary.
that it
might
MOOD.
bisognare,
essere
bisognato,
to be necessary.
to have been necessary.
GERUND.
Present
Past
bisognfindo,
essbndo bisognato,
beingnecessary,
having been necessary.
PARTICIPLES.
Present
(Not used.)
Masc.
Past
Sing, bisognato,
Pltir.bisognati,
Fem.
bisognata,
bisognate.
been necessary.
been necessary.
IMPERSONAL
Ill
VERBS.
XLII.
Exercise
A.
1. Piove?
Nossignore, non
piove. 2. Ha piovuto ieri sera a
ha piovuto a
ha
Jeri sera
Londra?
non
piovuto in Londra, ma
Parigi. 3. Che e accaduto ? Nulla, signore. 4. Ha gelatola notte
la
ISissignore,
scorsa?
Oggi
tuonato
e
Tuona,
it did
morning
Yes,
hail?
7.
?
it thunder
Does
9.
The
melted?
happen
?
nevicato
ha
tutta
neve
1^
10.
piovuto.
didiacciata.
e
and
it does
5.
freeze.
not
happen.
punished by my
lightens. 10.
\V hat
12.
Is the
snow
will
What
11.
it is frozen.
melted;
is not
been
Yes, sir,this
morning?
This
will
Nothing
this
It
it rain?
fallen. 2. Does
has
freezing?
It thunders
snow
I have
?
Is
snowing ?
it been
Has
8.
Lampeggia?
7.
morning it did freeze. 6. Did it
it hailing? No, sir, it does not hail.
Yes, sir,it has snowed, and it is freezing.
morning ?
sir.
boy
it rain
4. Is it
ra^n.
it freeze this
Did
3. Did
rain, sir.
not
The
happened?
has
1. What
does
nevica.
grandina,ma
ieri.
8. Ha
lampeggio
lampeggia.
non
ma
Questa mattina
5.
gelato.
lampeggia,ma
is ossignore,
9. Jileglipiovuto ?
non
il
La
11.
tutto
giorno.
lampeggiato
non
la notte.
12.
Non
6. Grandina?
gela.
ha
notte
scorsa
day
happened yester-
has
father.
Basta, basta,non
pariate piu,capisco. 2. Vi basta una tazza
Mi
vi bisogna ?
3. Che cosa
mi basta.
di caffe ?
tazza
una
!Si,
4. Le bisogna un' ombrello ?
Nossignore, mi
bisognano danari.
nulla.
6. Se Ella
A
5.
me
non
bisogna
bisogna un bastone.
mi con7. Cio non
parte per Parigi,Le bisognera un abito nuovo.
1.
8. La
viene.
Mi
bisogna
Mi
casa?
A
me
pare ch'
place
non
tazza
di te.
12.
do
1. What
want?
Two
bicchier
un
She
essa
aver
A
me
wants
an
mi
un' arancia ; ma
abbia
sembra ch' egli
I want
umbrella.
4. Will
a
3.
you
Yes, this
1. Fa
a
Fa
caldo
mezzanotte
caldo
seems
questa
fa sole.
una
ragione.
What
2.
does
she
(masc.)want?
hat did
8.
It
this
that^
seems
10.
that
mattina.
fa chiaro di
perche
me
questa
they
anything ? No, sir,thanks ;
his misfortune
pain you? Yes,
7. Is
cousin (/em.)pains me.
W
is sufficient.
to
pare di
placeavere
piacerebbeavere
she is wrong.
11. One cup of tea is sufficient for me.
sufficient for you ?
Y^'es,
sir,thanks.
9. It
new.
?
occorre
want
this sufficient?
proper.
of wine
Le
cosa
hat.
new
Le
cosa
un'arancia?
11. Le
sir,it pains me.
is not
Che
10.
anything. 5. Does
6. 'The illness of my
want
9. Che
rincresce.
d' acqua.
sia umida.
want?
you
bottles of wine.
I shall not
mi
malattia
sua
2.
luna.
6. lo
Oggi
Is
one
strada
passeggero
is not
bottle
giardino
polvere. 5.
oggi perchd fe
fa fi-eddo. 3. Nel
4. Nella
non
12.
This
coat
fa
112
ADVERBS.
umido
7. Fa
questa sera ? Nossignore,non ra umido, h bel
stellata.
8. " meglio studiare che divertirsi.
notte
tempo, e una
10. Bel proverbioitaliano equesto:
Uhi
9. V'ha
tempo a tutto.
11.
al
di
A
ha tempo non
chiaro
mo
aspettitempo.
passeggiare
fa freddo.
12. Pare che geler^. Nossignore,
a me
Imia, non
paie
vento.
che pioverii.
take
a
3. I shall
walk.
the
Because
it hot?
take
not
shines.
sun
2. It is
walk ; it is
is hot.
iVo, sir,it
1. Is it cold?
a
moonlight; I shall
dusty. 4. Why is
Is it damp?
it is fine
No, sir,
lesson than to play. 7. This
5.
6.
to learn your
starry night is beautiful; I shall take a walk.
that it will rain.
9. It seems
There is no time.
11 is better
weather.
bottle of wine, or
that this room
seems
a
and
a
cup
is
The
Adverbs
are
12.
damp.
butter will be sufficient for
XXIV.
1 want
of coffee?
A
used
time?
Do
you want
of tea.
11. It
cup
of coffee and
bread
some
me.
to
(Avverbi).
modify verbs, adjectives,
or
other adverbs, and are invaii ible.
There
are
eight dirlerent kinds
they are
Is there
10.
a
cup
Adverbs
"
8.
of Adverbs
in Italian
;
:
(a.) Adverbs
of
time,
avverbi
di
tempo.
place,
avverbi
di
ludgo.
avverbi
di mddo.
(d.)Adverbs
of manner,
of quantify,
avverbi
di
(e.) Adverbs
of
affirmation,
avverhi
affermativi.
(/.)A"lv"'rbs
{g.)Adverbs
of
negation,
avverhi
negntivi.
of
.loubt,
avverbi
di dubbio.
(6.)Adverbs
of
(c.) Adverbs
Adverbial
(Ji.)
The
expressions,
Adverbs
awerbidli.
either
6ra, now;
naturallyso, as:
from
adjectivesor participles,
facilm^nte,easily
passionatamlnte,
;
passionately
;
are
B^mpre, always:
is
mddi
quantita.
or
are
formed
etc.
pidno,quietly,
Remarks.
1. Adverbs
precededby
formed
are
1
or
felloe,
dfiloe^
Adjectivesending in
r) by adding m^nte
Adjectives.
oost"nte,
from
:
as
Adverbs.
e
(not
113
ADVERBS.
*2. Afljectives
ending in
final
take
and
e
preceded by
e
to become
mente
Adverbs
1
as.
:
Adverbs
Adjectivesending in o are changed into
adding mente to their feminine singular: as,
3.
Adjectfvesai
masculine
4. Some
undergoing
without
e
also used
modification
any
:
drop the
r
or
as,
by
b
Adver
as
pr6sto,quickly
;
etc.
fisso,
fixedly,
5.
become
can
first and
the
Only
adverbs
second
Numbers
primieram^nte, first;
as,
:
Ordinal
of the
secon-
dariam^nte, secondly.Thirdly, fourthly,etc., are
in t"rzo luogo,in quarto luogo,etc.
lated
trans
.
form
6. Adverbs
like
added
Adjectives,the
the
;
as,
felioemente,
fiEioilmente,
and
Superlative Relative.
Comparative.
Positive.
7.
Comparatives and Superlatives
adverbial
ending m6nte
being
their
pid felicemente,
il p d
piu faoilmente,
11 piu
felicemente,feliolssimamente.
facilmente, facilisaimambnta
followingrear Adverbs
Superlativesirregularly.
form
The
Comparative,
Positive.
Superlative Absolute
their
Absolute.
bene, well,
meglio,hetter.
U
meglio,best
male, hadly.
peggio,worse,
il
pe^o,
8.
and
B"ne, mdle
diminutive
il
worst.
pid,most.
il meno,
\
benissimo,
ottimamente, /
very
well.
malissimo,
1
very
pessimamente,
/ hadly,
moltissimo,verymwh.
least
pocMssimo,
very little.
take the augmentative
poco sometimes
and ino : as malone,very
terminations
one
and
hadly; henino,pretty well; pochino,very
9p Adverbs
Comparatives
Superlative.
Relative,
pid,more,
mdlto, very,
pdco,little, mtno, less.
.
may
be
repeatedin
order
little.
to
increase their
114
ADVERBS.
meaning-: as,
or
second
a
etc., or
presently,
6T",Ju8t
time,
Adjectives are
rather
than
the subject
ddrlo, he was lookingat
10.
A.
Adverbs
Gia often
see
you
means
very ;
adverbiallywhen
the verb: as, egliera
him fixedly.
they modify
used
of
lative
super-
they are already reall/
assaissimo,very much.
Time
of course:
fibso
a
guj^i
(Avverbidi Tempo),
Gia,Ella ml vede, o/cottr"e,
as,
me.
Gia with
gik tutto
a
cio
Gia, when
di
made
when
even
: as, ass^,
superlative
be
negative means
ch'eglidice, I
rather
do
a noun,
precedinir
not
not:
as,
lo
cr6dc
non
believe all that he says.
/ormer ;
means
as,
il
gik
re
N^poli,the former King of Naples,
Exercise
1.
Quando
I*altro.
e
Ella arrivata
2. Avantieri
io
era
a
a
XLIII.
Londra?
Parigi,oggi
ieri
lo arrival a Londra
Londra e domani
a
sono
116
ADVERBS.
4. Noi
tarvi.
che
giu nella
son
le scale
cucina
per
noi
1. Where
2. Who
were
3. Who
4. We
doctor.
been
is
My dog
ago ?
have
?
I
Mr.
S.
was
down
was
here with
The
looking for
Not
yet, sir.
6.
Have
in the
library.
his servant
is inside
box ?
that
my chair ?
downstairs
?
Yes,
is underneath
you
been
been
at the
Whence
10.
theatre
does
London.
11. Call your
She arrives from
dog from
the table. 12. I shall wait for the doctor here,in his library.
arrive?
under
C.
Adverbs
si
1. Come
quellodi
stato
oggi.
sorella
volentieri
mio
Dopo
tutto
11.
you
malincuore
questo, che
lo pure
learn
mi
cosa
bene
do
Sm
remaiki
pensate?
12.
page
lo
Egli e
?
lansruafje
learn
on
e
la
come
tempo
a
Perche
forse
e
scrisono
prima
a
di
Milano
lingua italiana.
disegno. 9. lo passeggeri
permetter^ di accompagnarla.
ne
you
buono
al teatro
Ella
si
fratello si
il
lo credo onesto.
What
andare
la musica
the French
willingly
unwillingly.2.
molto
la lezione?
cugina?
sua
volentieri
Ella
se
e
Essa
?
Mio
d cos!
non
ho avuto
non
Non
6. Dov'e
impariamo
impara a
suo
imparata
5.
sera.
Lei,
con
caro.
1. Do
ieri
fratello ?
esercizio
Perche
avete
non
la lezione.
7. Noi
Mia
10.
e
al teatro
imparare
8.
ieri :
Questo
3.
perche?
4. Perch^
verlo.
si chiama
Come
2.
Francesco.
chiama
di modo).
(^Avverhi
Manner
of
pronuncia questa parola,signor maestro
pronunciacosi.
it
Da
12.
{masc.) of the
everywhere. 5. Have
sir,to call the servant (masc). 9. Have you
been elsewhere.
have
last evening ? No, sir ; we
she
arrivate?
servant
you
What
7. What
my father.
8.
your chair.
0*d
abbasso
domattina?
ragazzi.
been
present for
a
is under
giu per
e
la tavola.
sotto
e
waiting there?
is
there ?
up
suo
su
scatola ?
quassu
10. Donde
altrove.
canino
i libri
su
8. Andate
9. Sarete
serva.
volte
questa
sorella Kosina.
morning
hour
an
c' e dentro
cosa
Portate
5.
molte
stato
sono
cattivi
e
this
you
here
was
(masc).
you
There
buoni
cercarlo.
a
saremo
11
11.
Parigi.
si trovano
per tutto
lo
la
Nossignore,domattina
lo arrivo da
H.
mia
chiamare
a
e
7. Che
cappello nuovo
un
nella
li
quk
libreria.
stanco.
sono
e
stati
siamo
male,
penso
rovinato.
quasi
ne
No, sir,T
willingly?
114,
The
learn
Italian
117
ADVERBS.
3. He
language.
not
you
5. Allow
here
almost
whole
to
me
a
wifh
pronounced
4. Why
were
with niy lathn.
Willingly. 6. He has had
elsewhere
was
he
now
so.
willingly,
12. He
will be here
.
.
quanto,
a
sufficienza,
poco,
p-u,
i"ufficiently.
much
It
cousin
has
ha
by
di
many.
as,
:
tiio cugino,
*
beautifulsongs.
many
without
used
much, very when
means
much,
followed
assai di belle canzoni
more.
plenty,
assai,
when
as.
.
I
piii, /
bizzcffe,
a
.
more,
stilly
hy little.
pdco
a
much
as
vie
many
words
litle
a
via
thy
is called
always
evening with
this
ancora,
means
8he
di quantita),
(^Avverhi
Quantity
of
tanto
Assdi
7. Is this well?
la"1ycalled?
that
is
is ill.
do "ou pronounce
these words?
These
him
10. 1 go with
willingly. 11. 1
Adverbs
D.
his brother.
as
sir.
you,
How
8.
How
lessons
learn my
all his friends.
I
wine, and
of
bottle
9.
studious
as
morning?
come
is bad.
No, sir,that
Mrs. Large.
are
is not
this
the
:
preposition
as.
ha
belle canzoni
beautiful
songs
very
tuo
XLVI.
Exercise
Quanto costaquesto
1.
Le
i
costarono
3.
Questa casa
a
bito,
perche costa
quest'
lire sterline.
prero
bell'abito
un
tue
Essi
cavalli ?
suoi
abito
quest'
erano
vino
a
8. Ne
assai
assai belli.
non
1'2. Poco
bizzeffe.
com-
iline per
ho avute
7. Tanto
costa
abba.Ntanza?
Si,
ho abbastanza.
ne
Si, grazie,
bei cavalli?
Quel signori
avete
sufficienza?
a
que'signoridi
cavalli assai,ma
errori
cinquanta
4. Non
quella.
abitavi.
dove
altro.
quell'
Ella
Hanno
10.
di
meno
dimenticato
era
quanto
9. Ha
signore.
hanno
mi
duecento
costarono
nu
costa
due scellini. 2. Quanto
costa
trop]io. 5. Quattro lire st
da cbe
6. " tanto
tempo
troppo.
sono
non
che
nuove
Esso
libro?
cugino,
thy cousin.
has
a
quellatua lettera
imparero a scnvere
In
11.
poco
ci
e
leggerebene.
much
1. How
2. That
those.
one
4.
does this
costs
Would
less than
they
(masc.)wotild cost much
Yes, sir,because
cost
looking-glass
it is
a
cost
this
less it
less.
very
one.
?
Twenty-fivepoimds.
3. Thes'-
cost
as
old?
they (masc.)
you forgottenwhere
were
5. Have
long
time
since
I had
news
much
as
'Ihey
I live?
of you,
118
ADVERBS.
6. Have
enough.
I have
Yes, sir,thanks;
enough wine?
you
7.
I shall learn the Italian language well, but little by little. 8. This
sufficient. 9. Can he write Italian well ? Not
is too much
; that is
I paid
have
much
10. How
well.
paid for this horse?
you
very
and
ninety-five pounds
It
12.
E.
much
as
was
Adverbs
'
oerto, di oerto, )
certamente,
"
siouramente,
)
Egli lo avrebbe
Ella tutto
hallo air ambasciata
Ella,signor Conte?
2. Crede
6. Ella
tutto.
7.
festata
col maestro
domani
Signor B.
11.
cercasempre.
Per l'appunto.
rado.
1. It is of
course
2. We
your
be
(fern.)
she will be there.
rich.
6. Has
believe his
at
5. Is Mr.
our
11. is he mistaken?
madam.
if you
with
were
F.
now
Adveres
with
your
of
La
12.
1'ho trovato
e
al
essere
Ella
si trova
casa
pranzo
Ella
10.
cercava.
a
suo
gik
di
casa
a
there
also?
to-morrow
Yes,
4. Will
sir.
niiht?
Certainly
he is extremely
rich ? Yes, sir,
his new
fib? Yes, sir. 7. Do you
S. very
story? Certainly,I
alreadyhad
you
9. Have
they
be
theatre
he related to you
(wasc.)been
caro,
era
h da
per
tali storielle.
crede
se
4. Ci
Ella
shall
you
the
3. II
that I shall be at your house at eight
certainlybe there with all our
understood
evening.
(masc). 3. Will
friend
mio
9. lo appunto
In fatti h cosl.
o'clock this
magnifico.
T appunto,
felicissimo di
saro
i mezzi.
aveva
ne
s'iutende
5. Gi^
Per
?
8. lo
non
Jo lo credo di certo.
dawero
lu
Si, signore.
di certo.
mi
friends
Spagna
di musica.
sera
aiutato,ma
narra?
cio-che ej?li
s' inganiiadawero,
Ella dal
certainly,yes.
XL VII.
certamente
di
of course.
gia,
mai si,
certainly.
Exercise
1.
old horse.
your
dawero,
truly.
)
appunto,
^^
^
per 1' appunto, j
yes.
in fact.
infatti,
much.
too
was
{Avverhid' affermaziSne).
Affirmation
of
gi,
paid tor
have
you
as
11. That
shillings.
ten
do.
8. Of
course
dinner?
your
friends (masc.)at
you
Yes,
the
concert?
Yes,
12. Would
be
happy
Certainly.
parents? Certainly.
Negation
believe thing.
every10. Have
sir.
you
(AvvSrbtdi negaztSne).
I
.
either.
neither,
not
at all.
not
even,
not
yeU
119
ADVEliBS.
Bemarks.
lo
non
Non
the verb, whilst
amo
non
lo credo
verbs
non
is used
is
justwhat
conveying
che la donna
He
that the
nega
denies
Proibiro
cht- Carlo
forbid Charles
Non
I do not
6. After
a
If the
verb
second
eglinon
deny
titat he
che
che
the accessory
verb
Ne
.
:
.
be
7. If the
the
the
(not) dead.
vittiraa.
glicada
jail his
victim.
che
non
as,
:
(not) love
does
me.
required.
the negative,the
is
non
:
as,
die.
I fear he may
I fear he might come.
then
negatively,
is used
I
verm,
I
future with
non
:
the
as,
fear he will not die.
fear he might not come,
which
before the verb
require non
ne
be
m' dmi.
morrk,
non
this must
non,
precedes
as,
Eglinon
of
.
is
in the
used
consequence
taking place: thus,
sia mdrta.
non
sentence
be
must
Temo
them
v^nga,
non
Diibito clie
6.
mudia,
non
as,
at all.
the
as
;
from
to
:
negation,or hindrance,
is not in
sentence
accessory
with
is put in the subjunctive
Diibito
second
believe it at all.
expressing doubt, non
verb
Temo
(b) If
I do
is u.^ed with
ch*
nego
verb
like wine
tent^nce
accessory
of
I do not
non
negative verb
the
precedes the
woman
I shall
a
non
sentence
EgU
mica, punto,
addition
not
as,
I will not, "c.
the
hindered
or
(see p. 56) :
vdglio,
non
ideas of
accessory
is denied
repeatedin
(a)
mica,
the
in
When
4.
punto il vino,
non
After
3.
\ lo
strengthenedby
is
f(How
which
in Italian
I do not love.
amo,
2.
verb
precedesthe
Non
1.
ve
ne
verb
Indicative
m
v
diminution,
or
ly be used
in the
being changed
Mood
:
He
ino,
drinks
of the sentence
first
part
augmentation
non
ne
acqua
without
the
a
a
cne
ndi
pensassimo.
che
ndi
non
we
comparative
Subjunctive
Eglih
i" richer than
wine.
then
nejjjative,
as,
pillricco
nor
part of that sentence,
Egli h pillricco
He
water
includes
second
from
neither
pensavamo.
thotight.
to
the
120
ADVERBS.
XLVIII.
Exercise
ho ancoraveduto
1. lo non
2. Siete voi
A
statu
dal do'.tore?
statu
4. io
teatro.
lo rendercbbe
nie
buon
Non
odomanL
visiter^oggi,
3. lo
ancora.
gli prestur^
nemmeno
non
mai.
Io
5.
Io
mica
molto
credeva.
non
1. Have
12.
lo
been
you
yon
Because
he is
him.
seen
he
6. Is
7, Do
love
a
she
1 do
him?
11. Would
penny.
J never
G.
of his
lend
you
12.
Adverbs
1. Sareste voi contento
2. Sarete
no.
voi
se
9.
aveste
povero
lend him
you
yet
an
you?
her.
seen
8. Do
doubt
you
of his
Will
not
anythintr,
were
never
goodness.
nor
10.
me.
him?
I have
beer.
Do
io
2. Do
believe
not
n")r
che
yet, sir.
modesty
wine
Egli
10.
tanto.
not
has
liim money
if he
Has
he offended
Exercise
piu
Not
gix)dnesslor
you
even
a
honest man?
He
has
not
{Avverhidi duhhio).
Doubt
of
She
all.
at
arrivino.
h
Mr. B. ?
seen
maestro
soltanto per c^rreg-
y"m
neither
I shall not
money.
at all.
me
you
B.?
has
him
love
lend
offended
He
money?
some
Mrs.
doubt
not
Why
Egli
7.
8. II
mia.
ainasae
S. ?
do
I like neither
not
I do
goodness?
3.
4. Have
seen
like wine?
you
sir.
good boy ?
a
lend him
No,
boy.
bad
5. Has
of Mr.
the house
at
lx?lieve him?
credeva ch' eglimi
non
raai
sono
glicredo piinto.
non
lo ricnver6 a casa
offcso,io non
l
o
piiniia scolare,non gi^ ch'eglinon I'ami, nia
gerlo. 9. lo "liibito molto che le tue sorelle non
11. Quell'uorao
bontk.
ha n^ modestia
non
ne
ha
mi
non
soldo; e^linon
cattivo,cgli ha
un
lo credo
lioa
crede Ella?
6. Gli
cuoie.
zio; malo
tuo
XLIX.
un
regalo? Forse lo sarei e forse
invitati
al i^anzo
del duca?
Probabilmente.
della
al
domani
teatro
reuina
sera.
prohabilmente
3. Noi saremo
4. Se io avessi danaro
avrebbe
re^ialo da
un
abbastanza
7. Io mi
cmprerei quel j:iardino. 5. Ella
stndiosa giovinetta.
madre, se fosse una
sua
la
la studiassero.
lin-iua italiana,
se
imparerebberosubito
ammalato
era
aver
mangiati
quasi quasi
per
troppo mac-
cheroni.
8. Carlo
6.
Klleno
ha
9. Eijliracconta
ora
quasi diciassett**nnni.
stone, e pure io non
glicredo. 10. S' Ella fosse mia arnica,io
La consiulierei di imparar bene le sue
lezinni.
11. Possibilmente
noi ci saremo
tutti.
12. Se ci6 fosse probabile,
io crederei che fosse
molte
accaduto.
1. Were
yon
invited to the ball of the earl ? We
vited
not inwere
shall
be
invited
at
his dinner next
perhapswe
to his ball ; but
121
EXPKESSIONS.
ADVERBIAL
Queen's Theatre ? I
much, if you studied
be, next Friday,at the
you
learn
be
there. 3. You would
shall probably
2. Will
week.
much.
old as my
his exercises
Emma.
If
had
we
nearly fifteen
10.
If he
12.
Probably it is
H.
we
if I had
all those
houses.
so
tall
as
cousin
my
at each
maccaroni
eat
certainly
happen,if you
a
were
one
bad
so.
expressionsare
preposition.
terminations
is very nearly
boy if he learnt
exchange
buy
she is not
he would
Adverbial
The
should
{Modi avverhidli).
Expressions
Adverbial
good
a
this bill of
old,yet
money
would
This
5. She
be
would
pay
money,
years
had
11.
of illsdinners.
boy.
7. 1 should
well.
8.
the money.
9. She is
6. He
sister Rosiiia.
as
old.
nearlyeighteenyears
She is
4.
and
one
the
with
formed
oni added
to
help of
few
a
some
tives,
substan-
verbial
fonn also adaugmentative signification,
expressions.
adverbial
Some
expressionsin the different classes of
others
most
adverbs
are
given above ; we subjoin some
commonly used :
without
an
bocconi,
\
boccdne,
/
a
procumbent.
hanging down,
creeping on
carpone,
daoapo,
aboooa,
a
mente,
j
a
memdria,
/
a
voce,
"i
viva
a
bello stiidio,
j
a
pasta,
a
bella
a
caso.
1
a
word
of
mouth.
manoa,
chance.
the
right.
on
the
left.
j
confusedly,
ad
all at
oioe,
gara,
in emulation,
da
appnnto,
exartly.
da
faor di
extremely.
in
at the utmod.
once.
\thatis
to say.
dire,
bauda,
\aside.
disparte,
banda a banda, Wi rough
proposito,
misura,
tratto,
un
da
a
"about.
dipresso,
al pillal pid,
a soqquadro,
mixedly.
by the by.
a
spiteof.
un
vale
alia rinftisa,
in
all' incirca,
a
on
\
breve,
j
comodo,
ad onta,
in short,
in
|
iulnow and then.
quando
quando,
)
fino a quando,
until when.
beir
)
a
agio,
"at leisure,
afSdrnod'6ggi,h^"'-"
by
aloud.
'
in earnest.
di tempo in tempo,
con
)
destra,
diritta,
sinistra,
a
by
pdsta,
)
a
by heart.
purposely.
per caso,
ad alta voce,
per
da senno,
usually.
di
/
a
mouth.
sdlito,
four,
tastone,
cheaply,
from the begti
ning.
of
by word
all
rollingabout,
groping about.
rotoldni,
a
meroato,
astride,
cavalcioni,
ciondoloni,
voce,
budn
a
parte
a
and
parte, / through.
122
da
a
b61o
s61o,
quattr' dcchi,
a
di mala
ADVERBIAL
EXPRESSIONS.
\tete-a-tete.
in vece,
instead,
6gm qual vdlta,
per esempio,
whenever,
v6^1ia, \unwiUzngly.
ischerzo,
per r appnnto,
malvolentieri,
di buon
grado,
Iwillingly.
di budna
vdglia,
di
di nuovo,
par tempo,
il pid presto
for
the
in mddo
future.
in
moment.
a
As
said in Remark
we
used
as
\
a
/
pdco,
momenti,
(of value).
dear
oaro,
budno,
trovar
agreeably
budno,
find
to
1. Noi
falBO,
to
sing badly,
veder
chia: o,
si diritto,
to
see
diritto,
Bentir budno,
sentir cattivo,
(of
nient.
conve-
per trovare
spilla. 3.
una
al petto. 4. Era
pugno
5. lo ho la niia lezione
imparata.
cameriere,
che
sei, signore. 10.
nbbid.ro di buon
che
lo
12.
grado.
Ejiliera
noi camminavamo
6. Ella
carpone
a
imparo
viva
a
voce,
siudio.
hello
a
2.
ctm
tutto
mente
a
un
taafone.
I'avrete
ajipena
A
proposito,
9.
qui? Per solito qu\ si raaiigiaalle
orchi.
11. lo vi
parlarvia quattr'
lo lo incoutro
ogni qual volta passo
si pranza
ho da
ora
to smell
to smell
fratello rotoloni
tuo
la lezione
reciterete
lo insuliammo
a
suU' altro.
cosi scuro,
a menioria.
7. Voi
upright,
straight,
nicely,
badly.
to write
L.
('arlo mando
8. Noi
sahiio.
clear,
to stand
scriver
cavalcioni 1'iino
a
eravamo
also
oantar
Exercise
quellastrada.
1. He
was
that
we
sprawlins with
sent
must
all learnt
have
Yes, sir,I
have
throngh this
willinglyoi)ey my
some
bread
11.
butter.
generallyat five o'clock.
as
soon
on
5. Have
heart.
9.
master.
him
blow
6. We
7. Hesouoiht
street.
and
1 met
by
it
a
3. I have
about.
grope
it by heart.
learnt
pass
and
the
7nuch
Adjectivesare
some
tene
taste).
We
way.
"
slowly,quietly.
loudly,drongly.
fdrte,
dark
a
once,
so
tra
4, p. 113,
Adverbs, thus
piano,
per
sible,
pos-
attimo,
on
un
at
pid,
tanto
d'do-
chio,
as
soon
in fuch
che,
piedi,
due
su
\inshort.
in Bomma,
in un
batter
as
posBibile,
hy stealth.
in avvenire,
in Hne,
exactly,
mostly.
early,in time,
piii,
lo
per
again.
di nascdsto,
di soppiatto,
in
per
gradually,
in mano,
mano
for instance,
in jest,
By
10.
as
the
He
him
bis
chest.
learnt
you
meet
on
out.
me
4.
psalm ?
a
we
8. I shall
cup
speak
12.
heart.
this
purpose.
to
wants
by
so
whenever
you
by, give
I went
it
learnt
2. It is
We
to
of coffee
you
dine
vately.
priher*
124
PKEPOSITIONS.
morning when
this bill of
punished
of the
of
Italian lesson.
our
8. In
of Mr.
exchange?
instead
me.
It is in favour
10. iShe did not
whose
13.
favour
9. You
learn her
is
will be
lesson,in spite
of her auut.
have any dinner
11. He will not
of his illness. 12. His castle is on this side of the river.
jioodadvice
account
on
had
vre
B.
The
Prepositions
governing
Dative.
the
followed
are
followingprepositions
by
the
tion
preposi-
a.
1. Fino
a
che
?
aspetterete
mi
ora
dirinifjetto
all'ospedale.3. La
Fino
casa
sua
alle sei.
era
2.
Egli abita
in faccia alia mia.
4.
delizie. 5. Cercate il mio
Egli obli6 i suoi doveri in mezzo
a tante
dentro
altia
6.
Gli adulatori t"ono sempre
a quell'
camera.
cap[)ello
ricchi. 7. Oltre a queste due case, egli ha
attorno
agli uomini
grandi proprietyin provincia. 8. In rispetto a qiiesto affare,
un
bisogner^ pensarci. 9. Ej,li si gitto addosso a me
cane
come
arrabbiato.
10.
aspettero neanche
non
diatamente.
1.
lived
C
12.
to what
Up
till four
sino
at him
like
11.
We
12.
There
a
to
mad
oltre
a
11.
lo
imme-
mille persone.
did she wait for me?
She waited for you
live opposite the new
church.
3. He
him
house last; year.
4. He has always around
5. Inside this box there is a new
hat for you.
2. We
oppositeour
I have
aftjiir,
a
time
o'clock.
hat, 1 have
doniani, e sarete pagato.
stassera,io ho bisogno di danaro
a
al teatro
erano
Hatterers.
many
6. I thank
you
very
that
sino
Aspettate
for your
much
brought
you
speak about
one.
10.
a
ring
7. Besides
to me.
As
8.
for this
watch.
a
friends. 9. The
dog went
him
o'clock.
until seven
lor
house, until three o'clock.
goodness
and
it with
my
I shail wait
but at our
shall not wait h"-re,
there over
three thousand
were
people.
125
PREPOSITIONS.
C. Prepositions
avanti,
before,
oiroa,
about.
1
cdntro,
contra,
in the other
included
ca:bes, if
other
as
the
fallowingprepositions
govern
The
Accusative.
the
governing
Aecnsative,as well
lists of pp. 123-124.
against.
j
after.
according.
before.
ddpo,
glusta,
innanzi,
saJvo.
except.
ecoetto,
dentro,
inside.
mediante,
by
All
of.
means
Participlesused
and
Adjectives
Pjepositions
as
as, ras^nte, along; sdlvo,
nonostante, notwithstanding
;
; mediante, hy means
Accusative
the
govern
accept;
case
:
etc.
Llll.
Exercise
si combatte
Non
1.
lire di rendita.
6. Tutti
si
ordini.
sua
dal
pranzo
la reUzione
Giusta
La sua
carrozza
1. He
offeso contro
casa
del
2.
passo
They
amongst
the trees
e
e
rasente
Egli
lungo
te
10.
e
Very
in
the
of
war
without
talked
4.
were
6. He
in your
sorella.
11.
12.
"ou
talked
3. She
now.
He
and
has
just
was
other
many
I
now?
was
during the concert
not
We
D.
Prepositions
fev^r
da.
la
fumnio
eighteenhundred
money
of you.
5. Where
12.
by
Noi
sia finita.
tua
che la guerra
8.
long walk.
9. 'ihey (masc.)will dine without
us, because we
in time.
10. A^^reeablyto his letter, I shall
pounds. 11. She has been for a walk, in spiteof
mother.
il fiiime tutta
la mia.
presso
grado
mal-
casa
la nostra.
(masc.)are
we
nsci di
garden.
;
7. We
went
along the river for a
please him.
he is still very strong.
Notwithstanding his illness,
did
music
7.
camminammo
situata
sembra
giornale,
at dinner, and
near
nie
houses besides this one.
from.
me
s'aflfondo.
ternpestail vascello
signer Gnglielmo,eccetto
fought against us
seventy.
the
Noi
8.
la
eccezioiie.
affogarono,
9. La
a
5. Durante
senza
i miei
mattina.
tntti
Eg1i e
2.
nominato
eglim
mdle
il fato.
padre senza ragione. 3. Mediante lemieracomandazicni
a
quel posto lucrative. 4. Noi posstdiamo oltre
mio
contro
contro
shall not
go for
a
governing
prepositionsgovern
These
are
walk
shall
him
a
lew
of her
the orders
ai^aiiist
your
the
be there
not.
lend
orders.
Ablative.
the Ablative
and
discosto
fine da,since;Itingi,
are
lowed
fol-
da,/ar
126
CONJUNCTIONS.
Inftl6ri,
except,is "lwa.y8
precededby
the word
it governs
:
thus,
Da
infudri
me
Except me,
Note.
"
The
followingcases
prepositionis
c' era
non
there
was
nessiino.
nobody.
sometimes
omitted
in
Italian
in
the
:
"
words
are
joined together: as, caposcuola, capocdccia,
(a) When
of capo
instead
scuola, head or founder of the school
della
capo[)arte,
caccia, head of the hunt ; capo della
parte,
(of arts) ; capo della
leader of the party. In the plural,only tho first word
is modified:
capiparte.
capiscuola,
capicaceia,
Strozzi, in the house of Strozzi ; vengo da cdsa Palmieri,
(6) In easa
I come
from the house
of Palmieri, "c.
(c) The
pronouns
(d) The
time
:
Pescia
Mr.
preposiliona
is omitted
in
the
dative
the
of
personal
mi, ti,ci, vi,le,gli,Idro,si (see p. 78).
prepositionin
as, lo vidi la state
dal Signer Fidri
Fiori's,August
XXVI."
5th
:
omitted
is often
scdrsa, I
saw
him
in
lant
ablatives
summer
;
referrinsr to
egli arrivo
il ciiiqne
at Pescia
acosto, he arrived
instead of nella state,vel quiniogidriio,
"c.
Conjunctions
a
at
{Congiunzioni).
Conjunctions are of two kinds in Italian, i. e., copulative
used to joinwords
when
when
or
sentences, and disjunctive
employed to separate them.
127
CONJUNCTIONS.
B.
Disjunctive
Conjunctions.
neppdre,
not
even,
nemmeno,
niente
di
nevertheless.
meno
but.
ma,
All
the
those
marked
with
that.
without
che,
nuiladimeno,
nullameno,
senza
eziandio,
1
ma
/
anco,
hut also.
fnonostante che,
tper quanto che,
notwithstanding,
peroio,
altresi,
nevertheless.
per altro,
however.
houcever.
besides.
in
\ requirethe followingverb
subjunctive.
Pure, yet,is used
onlytoo
means
:
^glie
Perche
for per
troppo
pur
why
troppo,
; pur
it is
vero,
only too
true.
to be mistaken
because,and it is not
and
che,which
.
.
also hoicever,even
mean
a^,
means
.
to
however.
means
Exercise
LIV.
CopulativeConjunctions.
A.
1.
Egli e
buona,
e
cittadino
un
prego
libri e quanto
i miei
ricco
prestarmiil
La
prest6 un libro,ma
copiassi. 5. Bisogna
6. Noi
eravamo
sorelle.
sue
Se anche
onesto.
10.
sna.
11.
Io
sono
pero
antral nella
1. He
sua
our
be with
5. He
studious
a
casa
ricco quanto
e
sicuro di
non
padre non solo
pittnre perch^ le
premiata.
essere
lo incontrammo
Creso,io
lion
le
con
fossi invitato
volete
qui,giuocliiamouna
perdere. 12. Egli mi
whilst
room
a
casa
puniti.
essere
lo crederei
9.
uomo
partitaalle carte.
saluto
you
boy
as
as
soon
well
as
as
speakingof
praised. 3. We
were
we
a
4. I shall
is
che
visiterei,
qnand' anche
good boy, you will
he came
dinner,when
are
desidera
se
siate cattivi,se
Ella
4. Tuo
appena
io
camera.
in my
"was
yon
begun
Poiclie
egli studii
usciti di
Ella fecosi
presterovolentieri
delle
anche
prestommi
ch'
appena
lo
7. To non
Ragazzi, non
eglifosse tanto
8.
desidera.
altro Ella
mi
3. lo Le
libro.
sue
2. Giacch^
possente.
e
be
in
with
had
all his friends
1 shall have
an
you.
obedient
finished
one.
vided
2. Pro-
scarcely
(wa.sc.).
this letter.
6. He
was
idle,
128
INTERJECTIONS.
therefore he was
punished by his father. 7. She is now eighteen
of all my
sisters. 8. We
met
years old,and she is also the tallest
him
as
I would
comino;
were
we
and
study
shall
speak to you
his master
might
11. He
that affair.
about
punish him.
not
idle,
here, 1
are
yuu
ord" r that
in
away
is a tall and a strong
ran
He
12.
tiian be
Sooner
Whilst
10.
sometlnng.
learn
9.
of the concert.
out
man.
Conjunctions.
Disjunctive
B.
della
1. Desidera
lo stesso
non
ma
francesi,
inglesine
Datemi
o pesce, h
fraucesi
?
Essi
o
inj;lesi,
questi soldati
2. Sono
me.
per
n^
sono
del pesce ?
o
came
came
o
ilaliani.
sono
3. Desiderano
del vino?
birra oppure
Quel signoridesiderano
4. Purch^
oggi
impariatele vostre lezioni,avrere
quel signoridella
e
birra
e
vino.
ciascuno.
bella arancia
una
(lessi
con
lamentarsi.
a
mai
amer^
amo.
egliavrebbe seguitoil mio
ha nerameno
uno
egli non
che
8caccer5
di
mia.
casa
ariche ostinato.
scellino.
10.
Giovanni
11.
Sebbene
12.
lo crederei
se
neppure
lo
ve-
di finirla,
nondimeno
consigliai
Per quanto ch'egliami me, egli non
8. Egli era airabbiatissimo,
senza
9.
6
molto povero,
censigiio. Carlo
7.
io lo
quanto
Non
6. lo lo
gli occhi miei.
eglicontinue
mi
5.
tuo
nii
O
uhbidite,
o
vi
solo stupido, ma
non
vecchissimo,
egliha ottioaa
era
zio sia
salute.
Although ihe is
girl. 2. [)o }oa want
1.
or
that
my
5. This
4. Provided
story is only
Whether
true
I
coffee?
Why
3. Although
one.
advice.
have
she is
very young,
this book or that?
too
neither
Give
me
well, he
and
sttidious
either this
would
not
one
follow
diligent
you
you will have a present.
6.
true, although so difficult to believe.
tea
a
nice
nor
story. 7.
coffee,but I
punished?
been
you
him
good
very
are
not, it is
or
want
I advised
a
Do
you
want
I have
Because
want
tea
some
wine.
not
learnt
or
8.
my
old he may be, he is not yet a hundred
lesson. 9. However
10. I want
not only books, but also pen and ink.
11. I
years old.
1
shall
hut
be
nevertheless
liall
at
not
next
am
very well,
your
have a prize if he were
week.
12. He would
studious,but he is
very idle.
French
XXVII.
ah I
fthi I
eh!
m\
\
\
Interjections
"
iezioni).
{Inter
ah I
oibo!
alas !
possibile!
jie.
good gracious!
avanti!
forward!
1,^77-1
hallo
r""^'
is
evYiva!
Ola!
oh!
iitto!
hush!
courage!
inirno!
courage!
oniil
viva
!
hurrah!
woe
me
I
"
oTiime !
f
129
INTERJECTIONS.
gn"i !
I
woe
S"^
?"po1u"Bicoo!}
*"""'""'
li'.
^
) "*'
deb !
alas !
fadri !
begone1
via !
away
zitto agree, like adjectives,
in
the person spoken to : as,
and
1. Bravo
with
number
!
1 Carlo, hai oantato
Bravo
gender and
benissimo.
Charles,thou hast sung very well.
Brava!
signoia l^iuma,;"llaballa a maraviglia,
Well done ! Madam
Emma, you dance beautifully.
Zitti ! lagazzi,non
late ruraore,
Hush!
children,do not make any noise.
Siguoiiue,]!er carita btatevi zitti- !
Well done.
Young ladies,for heaven's i^ahe,keepquiet.
the adjectivemust
sentences
precede
interjeotive
in
the
wLich
accusative
is
: thus,
put
personal
pronoun,
2. In
the
Ahi
!
that thou
di; the
Oh, that hoor
4. When
person,
a
an
Oh, quellezdtico
Quel
caro
That
dear
Quell
That
5. Gudi
!
woe
bv
}"recefled
I
vecchio
old
man.
good woman,
! takes
del
donna
buona
a
with
is used
noun
appellative
is
this is
name,
!
people!
precededby
!
scidcca di Maria
Oh, qiieila
that
Oh,
foolishMary!
di Cdrlo !
the foi mer
povcri lore
! poor
as.
Charles !
an
!
Alas
art I
is with
adjective
coming first :
adjective
3. When
a
Oh
te !
mispra
Oh ! wretch
of
name
di with the article
:
as.
signor Raffaellel
Raphael !
bigndiaB.
Mr.
della
!
B. !
Mrs.
dative
the
:
as,
Gudi a te, se noti mi ubbidisci !
Wop to thee, if thou dost not obey me!
Guai ai codardi!
Woe to the cowards
!
expt-epsing
grief,the pronoun
interjections
it :
precediiig
put in the dative,the adjective
6. After
also be
Oh
Oh!
!
pdvero a
poor me,
me,
how
qiiaitosono
unhappy I
infelicel
ami
may
as,
130
IRREGULAR
VERBS.
LV.
EXEBCISK
Oh, che bella maschera, ma
ti ho
pitture! 3. Ehi, fern)ati,
Corro dal medico,
5. Zitto,non
1.
]fc
!
eglipossibile
svegli. 6.
ha cervello !
non
da
parlare. 4.
che il bambino
far rumore,
Cosi
e
Oh, che belle
Ehi,ehi,dove corri?
tropjK)!
pur
ho
bisogno di voi. 8. Viva 1' Italia,viva la
il nemico ! 10. Guai
e battete
dunque, soldati,
volger^le spaileal
bella !
I
me,
poor
ruined!
am
Hallo,stop, I have
it is
speak to
to
quel
a
tall man
avHnti,
9. Animo
sohlato
che
questa si che 6
Bacco!
what
you.
beautiful
a
are
a
picture!
Y(-t,
{X)ssible?
Is this
4.
7. Woe
Queen !
let us
Courage, soldiers,
8.
for the
beat
our
10. Woe
haste,Charles, I have need of you.
bad boy!
11. Hush, baby, hush !
9. Make
!
if you
you,
di
6. Hurrah
5. Enuland for ever!
who
shall run
those
to
away!
a
Oh,
2.
so.
enemies
Corpo
11.
liberty !
si
non
7. Avanti,
All' erta, sentinella ! All' erta sto !
12.
Oh,
1.
3.
nemico.
2.
12.
Oh,
to
what
!
II.
XXVI
Irregular
"
( Verbi
Verbs
be
Irregular Verbs
may
They follow in most, though
and
Supines of the Latin
into
divided
in
not
three
classes.
the
all,cases
from
verbs
Irregoldri).
which
Perfects
they
are
derived.
The
Fiasr
Class
includes
in
their irregularities
with
common
verbs
other
which
verbs,
have
so
that
be classed togetherin diffeient groups,
according
I
n
we
irregularities. each group
give only the
they can
to
all those
their
of one
Verb,
iiTcgularities
understood
to
being
group
other
the
be
Verbs
conjugated
of
in
the
the
same
same
way.
The
StcoND
which
of
also
Class
Class
all those
includes
includes
subjectedto
be
cannot
Verbs
Verbs, the irregularities
which
have
rule.
any
only
the
This
Past
irregular.
Participle
The
Third
Class
contains
The
The
followingVerbs,
Conjugation,have
and
Past
the
the third
Delinite
and
First
almost
an
Verbs.
Class.
all
first and
person
also
all the Defective
of the
belongingto
the Second
third
of the Singular,
persons
Plural iiregular in the
irregularPast Participle.
132
IRREGULAR
2. Past
V61gere,to
Past
VERBS.
Def. in
si.
Past
Part, in to.
(Lat.volvo, volvi,volutum).
turn
Past
Definite.
Pabticiple.
Masc.
io ydlsi.
volgeati.
4g]ivdlseu
tu
So also
ndi volgeramo.
vdi volg^ste.
"gliaovdlaero.
vdlto.
vdltL
perceive,
adjoin,
pifingere,
Fern.
Tdlto.
Tdlta.
:
accdrgersi,
aggiuagere,
assdrgere,
as8uinere,t
to
attingere,
to attain.
to
pfn^ere,
to weep.
\
to
to rise,
dipmgere, /
to
paint.
congiiiiigere,
to
consiimt;re,t
to consume,
contdrcere,
to contort,
convincere,
to convince,
offer.
pre8iiraere,t to presume.
to prick.
piingere,
raggiiiiigere,to rejoin.
to push ha^k.
rfepingere,
to
ria.ssilmere,t reassume.
to refract.
rifrdngere,
to rine again.
risdrgere,
to dye again.
ritiiigere,
turn again.
to
ritdrcere,
desiiinere.t
to
assume,
sciugere,
to untie.
dUgiiingere,
distinguere,
distdroere,
to
(Hsjoin.
to turn
to
distinguish,
sconvdlgere,
scdrgere,
to distort,
fmiingere,
to
to
soggiungere,
to add.
cfngere,* ]
cfgiiere, J
corapiingere,
compiiiigere,
dive'Uere,
divdlgere, )
asmme.
to
gird.
to
pity,
afflict,
join,
to
uproot.
unfold.
to
disvdlgere,J
em^rgere,
to emerge.
extinguish,
estinguere,
e"tdllere,
to
fiiigere,
to
frangere,* ]
frd-giiere,J
to break.
to extol,
The
to rise.
sospingere,
to
push forward.
spiugere,
to
push.
|
i
to revolt,
to
to
dip.
complicate,
to distort,
up.
to untwist.
tignere,
infringe,
to discolour.
to root
to immerse,
to
submerge.
Bommergere,
to arrive.
indulge,
round.
perceive.
dry up.
sdrgere,
svdlgere,
tingere,*
to
to
to
stingere,* )
stfgnere, j
Btdrcere,
feign.
to brfak.
to colour.
tdrcere,
to tunst.
traydlgere,1
stravdlgere,
J
io turn
over.
lingere,
vfiicere,
to anoint,
vdlgere,
to turn.
to urin.
to milk.
has also the Fast
Presumere
t The
to
svellere,
giiiogere,*\
g'iUgnere, j
immergere,
indiilgere,
iiifrdngere,
infrfng^re,
insdrgero,
intfngere,
invdlgcre,
milugere,
*
porgere,
Tenses
m
is
of these
changed
V^rbs
into
n
are
ia the
Definite
formed
in
presom^L
from this TnflDltiTe only.
irregularterminations.
lEBEGULAK
133
VERBS.
Exercise
LVII.
1, Io
che sarei stato felicissimo di riceverlo a casa mia
glirisposi
la spada e monto
cinse
cavallo.
3. !Mia sorella
a
generale
4. Perclieha tuofiatello pianto? Egli
giunse "la Milano ieri sera.
2. 11
il maestro
ha pianto perclife
Io ha
biasimato.
5. Koi
Io abbiamo
al ttairo.
6. Dopo aver
ragjLunto prima che egli I'osse entiato
aDche
parlato, egli soggiunse
quests yarole. 7. Egli fu
piantoda
tanto
com-
disgrazia.8. ^iuo fratello fingedi non
Chi
ha
P.
9.
dipiuto questo bel quadro? II nostro amico
capire.
io ha dipiutopochi anni fa.
d'olio.
10. Le mie
mani
unte
sono
II. Egli si e molto
distinto agli esami.
12. Egli ha risoluto di
tnigliorursi.
tiitti uella
sua
1. We
2. "Where did you
repliedto him that we had no morey.
We
did he
his house.
3. What
rejoin him?
rejoinedhim near
neat
?
He
With
swid
he
that
4.
next
was
(soggiungere)
right.
say
what
have
they (ftm.)anointed their hands?
They (f^m.)have
anointed
their hands
wiih oil. 5. He
feignsto be asUep. 6. He
himself at his last examination.
7. The king
greatlydi.-tiiiguished
ihat
has
resolved
all
others.
He
8.
distinguished
captain amongst
the Frercli language as soon
to Lam
as
pcssiMe. 9. He painted
that picture when
he was
twenty-seven years old. 10. By whom
has this btautilul picturebeen painttd?
By my fiirnd P. 11. All
friends
in my
babv has cried
mislortune.
12. The
pitiedme
my
all night.
3. Past
Bef. in
ssi.
Pad
Part, in
sso.
Deprimere, to depress(Lat. deprimo, depressi,
depressum),
*
The
i is changed iuto
e
in the
Irregularterminations.
134
VERBS.
IRREGULAR
Conc^dere
succ^dere
and
also the
have
regularforms.
drop the u in their Past
io perc6ssi,
etc.
Definite and Past Participle
: as,
mosso,
Rifl^ttere is regularwhen
meaning to reflect.
Verbs
and
uotere
ending in
uovere
Exercise
1. II
re
ha
al
concesso
generalela grazia
2. Le leggiin Roma
amorfe.
LVIII.
del
affisse al
erano
soldato
condannato
Campidoglio.
3. Cristo
fu crocifissope'nostri peccati. 4. Chi ha crocifisso Nostro Signore ?
I Giudei
Lo crocifissero.
5. Come
esprimere la nda gioia a tal
Hi o 1'altro si vendicano
de" loro
?
G. i popoliopj)ressi
un
nuova
oppressori.
Io
ho
non
magine
e
7.
fu percosso
|)er di dietro da
di queste case.
riscosso la rendita
Egli
ancora
riflessa ndlo
alia
abhastanza
offerta.
tua
tutti commossi.
specchio.
12.
Io
fui
10.
11
11.
Io
suo
promosso
non
assassino.
un
9. La
ho
sua
8.
im-
rifltttuto
ancora
eloquente discorso ci ha
di batca^itano sul campo
tagUa pel niio valore.
1. That
captainwas promoted on the batth field. 2. The king
granted a Tree pardon to the prisoner. 3. He was struck by a man
in the street.
law
affixed to the Capitol. 5. That
4. That
was
peoplewas
oppressedby a ba 1 king. 6. He was crucified for our
7. He
sins.
they
expressed ids joy with a loud voice. 8. Have
(masc.)collected the rent of your
cousin (masc.)? Not yet, sir.
speech.
and
l'". Have
you
I sl"all follow
looking-glass?My
brother with
house
9. 1
and
of the
moved
was
by
about
reflected sufficiently
advice.
your
own
11.
"What
image.
12.
in ssi.
Past
He
house
his
of your
eloquent
it?
Yes, sir,
is reflected
has
struck
by
my
that
little
bis stick.
4. Past
Scrivere,to
Past
Def.
write
Part, in tto.
scriptum).
(Lat.scribo,scripsi,
Fast
Depintte.
Masc.
Participle.
Fem.
Io scrtsBi.
ndi sorivemmo.
scrltto.
BcKtta.
tu scrivesti.
vdi scriveste.
scritti
scrltte.
^glisciisse.
^glinoSi-riBsero.
IKREGULAR
So also
135
VERBS.
:
from
Ergere has the Past Definite and Past Participle
er^ggere.
Addurre, indurre,tradurre, sedtirre,dedurre, condurre,
and prodtirrefoim iheii- Regular Tenses
from
their
ridtirre,
old infinitives,in cere, adducere, inducere, seducere,tradu-
rondHcere, etc., of which
tlieyare a contraction
adduco, egliseduce, che eglinoconducano, etc.
Past
The
Participle of verbs ending in cere
cere.
io
ends
in
otto,
Exercise
ha
4. Noi
torto.
aveva
urre
LIX.
corretti i nostri
3. lo addussi
miseria.
or
thus,
tradotto,cotto,ridotto,indotto.
as
1. II maestro
,
tutte
esercizi.
2.
le mie
ragioni,ed
protettida lui.
fummo
Egli e ridotto alia
egliatFernio che io
6. Chi ti protesse?
dai nemici.
7. Avete
cugino. 6. La cittk intera fu distrutta
11 negligiamo
Nossignore,noi non
neglertoi vostri doveri?
mai.
8. Tuo
cugino si e condotto niolto male in questo afifare.
furono
9. Molte
erette al primo re d' Italia in diverse
statue
citta
della penisola. 10. Gli eressero
statua
una
perche fu grande oratore.
Mio
voi
11. Chi
Le
conto.
suo
scritto?
ha
]"
12.
11 libraio mi
fritto il
it.
2. To
before him
4. We
were
has
11 pesce
pesce?
signore;bisogneraaspettare ancora
1. Who
ha scritto
un
he been
has
reduced
and
mi
non
lia inamlato
e
ancora
il
Iritto,
poco.
corrected this exercise?
what
e
by
The
master
has corrected
his laziness !
he
3.
I
brought
affirmed that I was
good reasons,
many
wrong.
protectedby the general. 5. Who protectedyou? My
*
The
i is
f
The
u
changed
is omitted
into
e
in the
in the
Irregularterminations.
Irregularterminations.
136
the whole
destroyed
I have
himseli very
been
lie had
Because
fa
poco
lo
6. lo non
rincresCH
10.
L*
avaro
aver
paga
rincrebbe tale
1. I do
multo
11.
written
by
him?
statue
a
Who
has
cousin
my
danari
non
mntato
molti
della
mezzo
4. Ella
scorso.
molto
cresce
moltissimo.
presto.
7. Mi
8. tili rincrebbe di
per aiiitarlo.
riconosciuto appena
eglientr6 nella
accrebbe le
di cento
conosciuto
fratello per
tuo
dall'anno
Quel ragazzo
9. lo 1'ho
lu accresciuta
lo
they erected
statues.
io 1*ho
Sissignore,
cresciuta
5.
non
statue
a
(Lai. crescere).
passato.
riconobbi,perchd egli era
molto
erect
Past Part, in iuto.
2. Io conobbi
zia.
Tanno
ritornare alia scuola.
camera.
10.
Have
many
letter has been
grow
e
they
him
Cr^scere,to
tua
"lid
lesson last evening.
my
3. Ella
signora B.
crehbe
man.
bbi.
di
casa
a
Why
Ella il signorB. ?
1. Conosce
destroy? They
Why do you neglect your lessons?
"iid he behave himseli ?
8. How
He
Def. in
5. Past
anni
did the enomies
erected
That
I wrote
12.
9.
great
a
letter?
this
(/em.).
well.
have
They
king?
written
7.
town.
them.
neglected
never
behaved
to the
6. What
protectedme.
brother
sua
VEBBS.
IRREGULAR
sue
ricchezze
lire all'anno.
con
I'usura.
12.
A
tutti
11. La
quanti
nuova.
know
Mr. B., but ray brother has known
him a
that gentleman in Paris," hen T was
there with
all knew him
father.
3. We
he lived in the house oppowhen
my
site.
4. They (ma^'c.)
recognisedme as soon as I entered ilie room.
because slie had grown
5. I did not recognise
your sister,
very much.
and
6. She recognised
asked
of my
for news
at once, however,
me
m"'
family. 7. I regret very much not to have anything,or I should
help you willingly. 8. She regrettedto go to school again. 9. You
littlesince last year.
10. My sister has not grown
have grown
very
long time.
at all the
is very
usury.
not
2. 1 knew
last month.
happy.
12.
My
11.
He
is
a
father has increased
miser, he
increases
his money,
and
his wealth through
Def. in
6. Past
137
VERBS.
IBREGULAK
Past
ulsi.
Part
in ulso.
to expel(Lat. expello,
expuli,expulsum).
Esp611ere,
Past
Past
Definite.
Participle.
Masc.
Fem.
esptilso.
noi
espellemmo.
espfilsi.
espellesti. voi espelleste.
egliespulse. eglinoespulsero.
io
espllsa.
espulse.
tu
So also
:
I
ripellere,
\espellere,
to excite.
impellere,
repeilere,
to
repel.
Exercise
to
to
repel.
expel.
LXI.
Egli fu espulso perche era un allievo disobbefliente ed ozioso.
di casa
2. Io lo espulsi
mia, perche era uno stupidoservitore. 3. La
ha
(iivelto molti alberi nel nostro
di
ieri sera
tempesta
giaidino.
4. Egli fu irresistibilmente impulse a yartirepel campo
di battaglia
il nemico
e diieiider^ il sno
e lo
]taese. 5. I nostri soldati repulsero
sconfissero completaraente. 6. La
sua
petizione fu ripulsadal re.
7. Voi sarete tutti espulsida quet-tascuola
sarete buoni
se
non
fu
la
8.
Carlo
tutta di
senza
sua
;
era
espulso
colpa
colpa
ragazzi.
Amor
di
lo
tale
9.
a'.ria
Enrico.
azione valorosa.
10.
impulse a
i
11
Un
motive
tale
commisero
delitto.
imptlleva,
ignobile
quando
11. 11 generale ripulse con
sdegno la proposta di arrendersi al
nemico.
li. lo mi lascero impelleresoltanto da nobili molivi.
1.
1. He
be
us
The
school this
3.
disobedient.
expelledfrom
was
if yon are
expelled,
from
house.
our
4. Who
expelled him.
master
morning. 2. You
They (wiasc)will
expelledthy brother from
5. Has
he
been
expelled
will also
not
expel
school?
from
his
scliool?
No, sir,he has not been expelled. 6. Will they (masc.)
expelled? They (masc.)will be expelledif they (masc.) are lazy
and disobedient.
will they (masc.)be expelled
7. By whom
? By
be
their master.
the enemies
8. Who
soldiers repulsed
and
b( at them.
incited him to so noble a
9. What
deed ?
Love of hisconntrv.
has been repulsedby
10. My petition
tlie king. 11. The wind
has uprooted several trees in their garden.
12. That tree has be en uprooted last night.
7.
Past
Rompere,
Past
to
repulsedthe
enemies
?
Our
Def. in ppi. Past Part, in tto.
break
DErmiTE.
(Lat.rumpo,
Past
rupi,ruptum).
Participle.
138
VERBS.
IRREGULAR
So also the
compounds
corrompere,
to
dirdmpere,
to ruth
:
1. La
4.
ha rotto
serva
ho- rot
Dopo
ubbriacHti.
Questo
2. Che
ha Ella rotto ?
cosa
bastone
il rnio
ruppi
coiitro
un
lo
sasso.
essendosi
tutti i bicchieri e tutti i piatti,
eglinoruppero
cena,
LXII.
bicchiere.
iin
3. Jo
nulla.
to
forth.
out.
Exercise
non
to hurst
IpronSmpere,
corrupt,
uuo
iiuovo.
bisogner^metteme
6. Egli si corruppe
in compagniadi quel cattivaccio.
7. Se foste suo
amico, euli vi corromijerebbe. 8. Egli si e rotta la gamba utllo
Essa
?
fu
le S'jale. 9. Da chi fu rotta questa bottiglia
scendere
di me.
in insulti coutro
da Carlo.
10. Egli proruppe
11.
rotta
5.
Piove a]la dirotta !
1. He
broke
last
broken
never
not
12.
evening.
anything.
break
it, Charles
Yes,
and
burst
9.
Why
your
broke
With
forth
do
it,and
I shall pay
12. Why
stone.
windows
broken
has
by
insufts
for
a
did
he
was
He
drunk.
8. Past
Chi^dere,to
Past
Def. in
oak
one.
11. How
broke
si.
break
that
any
Masc.
^glichie'se.
eglino chiesero.
So also
to ask
nascdadere,
to hide.
amici?
but
Fem.
chie'sto.
chiesta.
chi^stL
ohi^ste.
Irispdndere, to
Icorrispdndere,to
again,
chiesi al maestro
chiese
il
Eglino mi
Le chiederei mai
suo
della
parere.
chiesero di
c\b che
Ella
reply.
correspond.
LXIII.
Exercise
2. Ella Le
reason,
:
richie'dere,
1. Io
I
Participle.
Past
tu ohiede'sti.
broken
windo^v?
quae^ivi,quaesitum).
(Lat.quaero,
ndi cliiedemmo.
vdi chiede'ste.
was
Part, in sto.
Fast
Definite.
io chi^ri.
?
dmnk
did you break it?
all the glasses
in the
without
them
broken
I have
Because
glass in
man
I
against everybody.
the
that
plate?
stick
8. He
and
me
me?
to
new
7. Is my
brother.
your
this
break
}ou
it.
against
of that house?
only because
did
Why
t'ds money
pay
broke
10. Who
you
umbrella.
a
6.
bn^ken
in
paga.
ing-glass
2. She has broken that looktwo
cups.
I
3. Who
breaks
has to pay.
have
4.
5. They {masc.) broke all the glasses
alter
drunk.
sir,it lias been
rotto,
e
Chi rompe,
glassand
a
dinner,tliey were
did
vetro
carta
o.
('he
per
cosa
scriverci i miei
Le
hanno
accompagnarlial
non
ha.
esercizL
chiesto i suoi
teatro.
4.
Io
non
5. Io ho richiesto Carlo di
140
IKREGULAR
1. Le
furonp
pecorelle
ha
amico
sotferto molto
peste.
mi
ha
salvato.
viaggioa
sua
maggio.
scorso
cosi lo ha
offerto la
casa
2. II
3. Noi
io
; ma
suo
abbinmo
delle continue
causa
tem-
preferiscovivere
del
sepoltoieii al cimitero
fu
all'albergo.5. Euli
lo
tosate
il nostro
durante
Ella
4.
tutte
la ferita e
succhiata
VERBS.
nord.
6.
Egli
ha mesciiito 1'acq via ed il vino.
ha desistito dall' au7. Alia fine e"^li
ha aperta la porta? Io ve I'ho aperta, signor
8. Chi mi
noiarmi.
9. Quell' ospedaleha esistito da
buoni
risoluto di essere
maestro.
10.
N^oi abbiamo
piiifli tre
e
secoli
the
been sheared.
he saved
Ye",
2. Who
hotel.
sucked
his life. 3. Have
I suffered
offer you
sheep been sheared
?
mucli
He
very
offered
5. Did
not
take it.
the
northern
me
offer
you
6. Where
you
?
suffered
His
much
danaro.
They have
year?
his wound
brother
during
not
yet
; and thus
the winter?
through the great cold. 4. What did he
his house ; but I })referred
to live at the
him any money?
Yes, sir,and he would
has he been
cemetery.
this
mezzo.
fanciulli per il
ptccati. 12. Noi
fiitnro. 11. II prete lo ha assolto di tutti i suoi
lo abbiamo
tutti assistito co' nostri consigli
e col nostro
1. Have
e
studiosi
7.
What
buried?
has
she
He
has been
poured here?
buried in
She has
8. What
have you poured into my
poured water and wine.
glass?
wine.
9. Have
tlie
and
ot^ened
door?
Mr.
Only some
Yes,
sir,
you
lias
to
she
B. wants
to speak
10. What
resolved ?
She
has
yon.
resolved to study the Italian language. 11. I have assisted him
"
These
Verbs
hare
alno
a
regular
Past
Partidple.
has, b^sidee its regular forni8,hii irrenular Past
p. 134, 4, and an Irregular Kutur"'.like cadire, p. H2, 3.
t VJvere
Definite,like
IRREGULAK
with
my
from
advice
and
iug
her.
anuo}
Note.
We
"
the
Irregular,
.
iu vado,
Andare,
tu vai.
She
12.
money.
Persons
and
or
has at last desisted
Tenses
Tenses
which
are
bein_^omitted.
(^Lat.
vadere).
to go
Indicative.
vo.
or
my
give in full all
Kegular Persons
1
Present
with
141
VERBS.
Subjunctive
Present.
ej;liva.
I cli'io vada.
vada.
cli'egli
eglino vanno.
|che
cli' e'glino
vadano.
vada.
tu
Future.
Conditional.
io andro.
noi andremo.
io andrei.
noi audremmo,
tu andrai.
voi aiidrdte.
tu audresti.
vol aiulrtste.
egiiandra.
eghuo
egii andrebbe.
eglino andrebbero.
audranuo.
Imperative.
va,
All the
compounds
of andare
conjugatedin
meaning to examine,
except riandare,when
way,
go.
the
are
Fame
which
is
regular.
LXV.
Exercise
Io vado
1.
di
3. Ella
vai allascuo.a.
alia stazione
andiamo
4. Noi
zia.
sua
2. Tu
al concerto.
della
va
a
casa
5. Noi
ferrovia.
dal dottore,quando Io incontrammo.
6. Eglino andarono
al teatro
domani
sera.
i^arigicol signor B. 7. Noi andiemo
andavamo
a
8. Io andri i
andato
Milano
a
nulla
10.
pa"lre.
saremfno
Io
quando
casa
a
Noi
avessi
se
passeo;giata
suo
con
11.
te.
per
trovato
lui alia
con
cercava.
andati
12.
9. Egii e
tempo.
ho
Vattene, io non
Io
avessi
insieme, se
II maestro
gli permise di
andarsene.
1.
Go
church.
I
away,
3. Where
have
are
nothing
you going?
for
I
you.
am
2.
going to
I
am
goinsc to
the house
of the
she go to the concert ? She did not go there,because
shall "iO to the concert
time.
5. We
lo-night. 6. 1
house.
7. He
gone with him if I had found him at his
doctor. 4. Did
she
had
no
should have
will go to London
next
Saturday. 8. She is gone to the house of
her aunt.
9. W^here are they (ma^^c.)
sjone? They (masc.)are all
gone
the
to school.
10.
railwaystation ?
are
(7nasc.)
now
verb
has also the
go to
They
going away.
2. B^vere
This
11. Shall you
go with him.
12.
I shall go there at five o'clock.
I shull not
forms
or
b6re, to drink (Lat. bibere).
its tenses
regularlyfrom
followingirregularforms :
b^vere, but it
142
IRREGULAR
VERBS.
Definite.
Past
Future.*
io bero.
e'glinobe'wero.
io b^vvi.
^glibevve.
ndi
voi berete.
berai.
tu
beremo.
eglibera.
egiinober"nno.
Conditional.*
Past
io berei.
iioi bLrenuno.
beresti.
^gli bt$rebbe.
voi bereste.
be6to.
berebbero.
e'glino
beuti.
tu
Exercise
il vino
1. Io bevo
liquori.4. Noi
Io
8.
quel vino,
salute.
bo
6.
birra.
bevo
colazione.
se
Egli ha
bevuto
beute.
2. Tu
che
bevi
1'acqua.
5. Che cosa
acqua.
acqua
acquavite. 7.
sete.
aveva
perclie
p(.Tmetteste. 10. Noi
bevuto molto, e tempo
Io
be6ta.
bevono
Eglino
Egli bevve
me
11.
mai
beviamo
non
"
LXVJ.
la birra.
e
Participle.*
3.
Egli beve
bevete
Io bevvi
voi ?
birra
9. Io beverei
beveremo
a
di
tutti alia tua
che finisca.
12.
Io
non
acquavite.
drink, I am thirsty. 2. I drink water.
wine?
drink
4. Are
3. Do
No, sir, I always drink water.
you
of
drink.
wine
5. What
a glass
to
you thiisty? Yes, sir,give me
1. Give
to
water
some
me
?
I shall drink a bottle of wine.
drink at luncheon
will you
6.
We
health.
shall
his
7.
drink
drank
not
ThVy
anytliingnow, we
I never
drink brandy,
not thirsty. 8. Do you drink brandy?
are
only drink water.
10.
glassof water.
I
not.
11. She
thanks.
your
9. What
Will
you
has
never
will
she
drink
a
drunk
drink
?
She
will drink
a
glass of liquor? Certainly
12. We
wine.
shall all drink
health, sir.
3.
its
and
verb
This
Cad6re, to fall(Lat.cadere).
compounds
have
the
gular
followingirre-
forms.
LXVII.
Exercise
1. Io
cadde
non
sul
caduta?
mai
sono
caduto.
ghiaccio. 4.
Egli
Nossignore,io non
2.
per le scale. 3. Ella
strada.
5. i, Ella mai
Egli ^ caduto
cadde
sono
nella
mai
caduto.
andrai in fretta. 7. Non
bisoc^na correre
per
che alia fine eglicadde.
9. io
tanto
correva
paura
di cadere.
*
10.
These
11
falegname cadde
irregularformB
are
mostly
non
non
6. Tu
cadere.
correr6
cadrai
8.
se
Egli
percheho
dalla finestra del terzo
used
m
poetry.
Se noi non
12. 11 bicchiere cad(le
2. You
stairs.
these
tell down
never
noi
corso
cadut'.
saremmo
non
si ruppe.
e
tVU in the street.
1. He
3. 1
avessimo
11.
piano.
143
VERBS.
IRREGULAR
much.
fall if you
run
so
4. They all fell on the ice.
will
5. l^he
will tall if you go on the
she ran
too
tell because
she is afraid of falling.
ice. 7. She will not
go on the ice,because
floor. 9. I am
not
first
the
window
of
the
8. The joinerfell from
11.
time.
afraid of falling.10. They (masc.) fell at the same
6. You
much.
tell yesterdayin the
Several houses
old,it
too
will
house
is
certainlyfall.
Cogliere,contr.
4.
That
12.
street.
next
corre, to
collegi,
gather(Lat. colligo,
collectum).
io
Past
Present.
Indicative
eglinocdlsero
io cdlsi,
eglinocolgono.
cdlgo.
Definite.
colse.
e'gli
Subjunctive
Future.
(Also formed
lo
corro.
^h' io
regularly.)
noi
che
tu
oolga.
colga.
eglicorra.
eglinocorranno
Conditional.
formed
(Also
^"
Parttciplf
rARTiciPLE.
cdlta
colti.
cdlte.
"?' corremmo
^^"^!^'
^^ correstl,
voi
eglicorrebbe.
eglino
correste.
correb-
bero.
conjugatedsc6gliereor sc6rre,to choose; racco-
also
are
regularly.;
.
''
cdlto.
^glicolga.
eglino col-
gano.
vdi correte.
So
ch'
ch
corremo.
tu corral
Past
rAST
Present.
disciorre,to untie ; sciogliere
or
gliere,to reap ; disciogliere
to untie ; togliereor torre, to take off; distogliere
or
sciorre,
to distract.
distorre,
or
LXVIII.
Exercise
Io
1.
ho
che
fiori,
ando
nel
prato
per
5. Noi
permetteste.
codesto
10.
11.
Io
nodo.
Quel
a
giardinoe li ho messi suUa
coglierele margheritine. 3. Io
4. Io correi
abbiamo
non
6. Egli raccolse le
quest'anno.
a
questo car)pello
per regalarlo
mente
nel
erano
Emma.
quella rosa
corro
lo
colto i
2. Ella
tavola.
quel garofano,
raccolto
ancora
frutta nell'orto.
sua
cugina.
7. Luisa
8. Io
1. Which
one.
in my
wheat
molto
difficile a scionodo
9. Questo e un
gliere.
mi distolsero dalla lettura di questo libro.
ra^azzi
next
mi
of these
garden.
has
month.
not
books
this knot.
2. Untie
me
facilsciogliero
distolgocosi lacilmente dallo studio.
Io scerrei quello.
tu ?
questiorologisceglieresti
non
se
il grano
ha scelto
4.
Go,
yet been
7. Do
not
12.
Quale
di
will you
choose ?
I shall choose
this
beautitul flowers
3. 1 have gatheredsome
and
gathera few flowers
gathered. 6. The wheat
talk
so
much,
you
for
me.
will be
distract
me
5. The
gathered
from
my
144
VERBS.
IBREGULAU
would
would
colour
gather
chosen
that
chosen
my
book.
good
not
Indicative
ndi didmo.
ch'io dia.
voi date.
che
eglidk.
egliuo ddnno.
ch'egUdia.
Past
tu dia.
Definite.
j'
i.,
eglino dettero,
diede, die.
"^
diedero.
io daro.
darai
eglidari.
^
i-
'
i
"i
'*'^^"_
'V^^'
^"^"'^^^*""^"-
^^
tu
the
on
vdi dareste.
daresti.
eglidarebbe.
of dare of three
accent
ndi daremmo.
io darei.
compounds of dixe with more
regular,aa circonddre, to surround,
an
Imperfect.
"
^^^'^^""-
than
All
Compounds
iidi "iiamo.
vdi didte.
Conditional.
ndi daremo.
vdi darete.
egliuodaranno.
tu
che
che
cli'eglinudiano.
"^^t"'"??"'
or
Future.
which
you
have
Present.
Subjunctive
(letti.ndi demmo.
eglidette,or
bach,
You
12.
Scbjunctive
Present.
.
take
Will
11.
Certainly,sir.
tu dai
io do.
diedi,or
10. What
like it.
Ddre, to give{Lat.do, dedi, datum).
5.
io
9. 1
others.
many
colour.
black
The
V
sister?
for
rose
very
a
have
you
amongst
colour, I do
that
chosen
have
not
this dress
chosen
8. I have
lessons.
e'gliuodarebbero.
three
are
syllables
etc.
syllables,like rid^e,
final vowel
io
to
give
of those
persons
giveback ;
rido, I
syilibles: as,
only
etc.
back,
gives
The
(tfdare are originated
by the old form
irregularities
of its Infinitive,
ddere (now obsolete). Thuft
which
was
this verb is conjugatedrather like tlie second
C'njngation
in ere, to which
it formerly belonged,than like the first
have
two
eglirida,he
in
conjugation
are.
Exercise
1. Io do
LXIX.
libro alio scolare. 2. Tu mi d^i un Hcchiere.
3.
anello.
4.
Noi
un
diamo
del danaro al servo.
5. Voi
date delle lezioni d'italiano agli allievi. 6. Eglino danno
delle
frutta ai loro amici.
7. Dammi
ho
ne
qu- llo zucchero, perch^ non
Ella
un
dk
mi
.
nel mio
8. Mi
te.
tamente,
con
darete
oggi,siiinor
Cer-
maestro?
piaccre. 9. Che
gran
giatori? Eglino
mi
10. Che
Ella dato
ha
cosa
lezione
una
hanno
dato
a
quel
dispacciopel generaleB.
11.
darei molto
avessi.
volentieri
ne
se
Le hanno dato quel viagcosa
delle vedute del Lago di Come.
Mi
corriere?
Io
gli
ho
daresti tu del danaro?
12.
Io
glidar6
un
dato
To te
un
ne
bell' oroloi^io
domattina.
1. I shall
give
us
our
give
him
a
lesson now?
watch, if he is a good boy. 2. Will
He will give us our
lesson to-morrow
he
IRREGULAR
145
VERBS.
have you givenhim ? Nothing,sir. 4, What
3. What
1 shall give you a very good book.
nie?
5. Give
give
I
He
6.
his
souie
some
son
me
thirsty.
water, am
gave
money.
7. 1 should not have given him this book if he had heeii a lazyboy.
9. 'Jhe traveller gave
8. I shall give my courier a letter ibr Mr. B.
of
the
ttie
servants
10. I have given
hotel.
to
some
(masc.)
money
11. Slie gave her music to her cousin
all my books to our master.
(fern.).12. They (masc.)have promisedto give us a very good
morning.
will you
dinner.
6.
Dire,to
say
{Lat.dico,dixi,dictum).
arise
followingirregularities
The
the verb
from
conjugatedfrom
its old infinitive dicere
Present
j
Indicative.
^ji'
diciamo.
vdi dite.
io dico.
tu dici.
eglidice.
Subjunctive
io dioa.
^
\etu dica.
""^ ^S^^^^^^a.
110!
eglinodicono.
being
(now obsolete).
Present.
ch.- noi diciamo.
che voi diciate.
cb
eglinodioano.
Imperfect.
Imperfect.
,
10
..
,
diceva.
tu dictvi.
dicfcva.
e'gli
,.
,.
,
dicevamo.
vol dicevate. ,
eglinodictvano.
DO.
cli'io diceesi. clie ndi dicesr'sio.
che tu (iiceshi. clie voi cliccste.
^^, ^^
j- ^-^.^ggg ^^^
j^^^ ^j^..^
"
ggj."
Gerund.
Past
io dissi.
dicendo,
Definite.
Past
iididicemmo.
detto.
diceste.
tu (licesti.
vol
disse.
e'gli
eglinodissero.
detti.
saying.
Participle.
detta.
dette.
conjugatedmaledire,to curse;
to hless ; predire,
to contradict;
benedire,
contradire,
tojpredict;
and other compounds of dire.
In
the
same
way
are
Exercise
LXX.
1. Io dico sempre la verity e tu dici delle bugie. 2. Che cosa
3. Egli dice che non
Jo dico che non e vero.
capisce
questa
Io
dissi
che
andato a visitarlo questa sera.
4.
sarei
5.
gli
parola.
andato
Londra.
Io
dir6
disse
che
6.
"j"j\\ci
a
suo
gli
padre era
condotta.
cib che penso della sua
7. Se eglidicesse la verity noi
desiderava nulla
tutti glicrederenimo. 8. Luisa ha detto clie non
ando.
Dicendo
tali
9.
10. 11 dottore
se
ne
parole,
egli
quest'
oggi.
ben detto che
c'era jtericolo.11. Io gli aveva
disse che non
mi dice.
sarebbe andato cosi!
12. Io ciedo tutto cio ch'egli
dici?
1. I said to him that I should visit him this evening. 2. He says
that this is not true.
3. He always tells the truth. 4. He said
that there was
he
5. Did he say the truth? No, sir,
greatdanger..
she
I
tellslies.
6.
believe
what
Do
lieve
bealways
always
says?
you
what she says. 7. I have told him that before. 8. 1 should
#
146
IRREGULAR
not
this,if it
say
ill. 11. Whatwill
was
I wish
to have
to tell
me
at dinner
them
with
No, sir,1
anything?
do not
wish
noi Gi
ddlgo.
Subjunctive
Present.
dolga,
ddglia,
che tu ti dolga,
or
ddglia.
^^^'
si ddlga,
^^l'^
or doglia.
dogliamo.
che
eglino
dol-
si
gono.
Past
LFEFINITE.
J^ASTDefinite
ddlsi.
cgh
che
ci
voi
vi
gliate.
eglinosi
ch'
gano,
ddlse.
si
noi
do-
gliamo.
or
egli si dudle.
egliuo si
Present.
eh' io mi
tu ti dudli.
mi
12. Do you wish
to tell you
anything.
to ache, to complain*
dolersi,
(Lat.doleo, dolui,dolitum).
Indicative
10
Friday.
next
me
and
Dol6re,to pain ;
7.
io rai
What
10.
good.
is Dot
her mother
9. I wish to tell him that his behaviour
did she tell you ?
She told me
that
tell
That
Mends(masc.)?
you
your
true.
not
were
VERBS.
or
do-
doldd-
gliano.
ddlFuture.
gero.
dorro.
ndi ci dorremo.
^u ti dorrai.
vdi vi dorrete.
eglisi
si dorranno.
e'glino
io mi
e
1
,
^
Gerund
(alsoformed
J
,
,
.
regularly),
dogliendo.
Exercise
dorra.
LXXI.
2. Mi dolgono le orecchie.
duole la testa.
3. Questa
le
4.
dolevauo tutte
mattina
mi
ti duole?
Che cosa
Mi
ossa.
duole il dito rni"j;nolo.5. Mi
dolsero i denti tutta U notte.
6. Le
la mascella.
duole
7. Gli dolevano
gli occhi. 8. E^li cammino
9. Non
mi duole nulla.
tanto che i piediglidolevano.
10. Mi ha
Mi
1.
il capo.
duole sempre di
doluto
1.
My
I walked
Non
11.
mi
dolgo
di nulla.
12.
Tuo
fratellosi
qualche
cosa.
head aches.
2.
much.
My
4. Your
3.
eyes ache.
feet will ache
My feet ache because
if you walk so much.
of
complained her servants
(fern.).
does she complain of?
7. I complain of nothing. 8. What
She
9. I shall complain of
complains 'of her long lesson.
you to our
10. I would
not complain for such a littlething. 11. They
master.
(masc.)always complain of your behaviour at school. 12. My little
5. She
too
complainsof
fingeraches
8.
very
Dov6re,
me.
6. She
much.
to he
to
obliged^
owe,
(Lai. debeo, debui,
must
debitum).
Present.
Indicative
io
devo, dfcbbo.
tu devi, or
egli deve,
or
Subjunctive
ch' io
deggio.
dei.
or
dee.
*
or
deva.
che
tu
che
ndi dobbiamo.
che
\6\ dubbiate.
Uh'
e'glmodebbano.
debba, or deva.
ch' e^li debba, or deva.
ndi dobbiamo.
Egliuodevono,
debba, or
Present.
debbono.
Dolere Is only used
as
-
an
Impersooalverb.
See p. 108.
148
VERBS.
IRKEGULAR
All the
to make
fdre,as rifdre,
again; 61sto imitate,
gularities.
irrecontraffdre,
etc.,have the bame
of
compounds
fdre,to undo
;
LXXIII.
Exercise
1. Che
detto?
Nun
fatto?
5. Noi
9. Noi
tatto nulla.
lo
parlare "li
a
Non
li hanno
cosa
biso^^namai fare una
agliinfelici. 6.
del bene
sempre
7.
rioorrere al
Che
cat-
Ella
bisogner^lare
cosa
giiulice. 8.
lo
Le
non
ho
dovere.
10.
})rontia fare il nostro
mi
sentiva
ammalato.
giorno,perche
accompagnanni alia passeggiata,perche Le
il
tutto
Fai il sordo,perche
12.
importanti.
cose
3. Che
tiitii
siamo
il piaceredi
Fatemi
ho
4.
fatto ci5 che ti ho
tu
ora.
or
ubbidirnji.
non
ho fatt*" niente
non
11.
a
ISari necessario
in tillcaso?
lo faio
battuto.
facciamo
male
fatto molto
2. Hai
fo nulla.
non
signore;
ancora,
Essi mi hanno
tiva azione.
ha
lo
fai?
cosa
hai
non
vogliadi ascoltare.
1. What
were
doing nothing,sir.
I have
What
6.
4. What
now.
did he beat
Why
5.
me.
time
no
I entered
the room?
you doing when
3. I shall do it
2. Do this at once.
You
presently,
do to youV
Me has beaten
Because
I did not do my exercise.
write
must
letters for
two
7.
me.
1 will do
do this for me?
Will
was
he
did
you?
1 do now?
must
I
a present.
it,if you make
me
you
has done that?
8. Who
Charles did it an hour ago.
9. Will you
do me the favour of accompanying me to the house of Mr. B. ? Yes,
sir,willingly. 10.
12. We
10.
What
have
several letters to my
always do good and
written
Morire,
to
die,and
we
lo
inu6io,or
indro.
never
buni,
mu6re.
e'gli
eglinoinudiono,
mudrono.
che
or
JDep.).
I'o mudia,
or
mudra.
tu
madia, or
egli
P*re8Ent.
or
mudra.
ch' ojjlino mud-
mudra.
oh'
duties !
dying (Lat. morior,
Subjunctive
ch'
tu mudri.
he
I have
morning?
Children,do your
do evil to anybody.
|
Present.
this
11.
morirsi, to
murtuus
Indicative
done
you
friends.
iano, or
mud-
rano.
muoia
Future.
Conditional.
(Regular also.)
io morrd.
tu
raorrai.
eglimorra.
(Regular aho.)
noi morremo.
voi niorrete.
io morrei.
tu nu"rre8ti.
vdi morreste.
e'glinomorran-
6glimorrebbe.
e'glino
no.
Past
mdrto.
mndri.
nidrti.
Exercise
tutti moriremo
Enrico mori ieri
sera.
niorreb-
bero.
Imperative.
1. Noi
luii raorremmo.
Participle.
mdrta.
mdrte.
LXXIV.
quando piaceraa Dio.
2. 11 mio
in quellacasa?
Una
3. (..hih morto
amico
bam-
bina di
cinque
pochi mesi.
nulla.
quarto.
un
e
6.
E^li
d' un"
morrai
monk
In
se
indigestioue
avveleuato.
mori
di
will
5. is your
good health.
mod
un
tanto.
Di
clie malattia
mori
n
11 mio
11.
far
a
Parigi. 7. Tu
Egli crede che npn
in quella battaglia.
8.
fanciuUo.
6. All
battle
More
your
povero
nonno?
vostro
of
old.
Indicative
old
Of
11.
Several
Par^re, to
a
No, sir,she
dit^d very
8. How
Mentana.
thousand
Huw
was
k
cane
Egli
what
men.
seem,
to look
she
ch' io
brother
died of
che
parono.
Present.
ch'
paia.
paia.
eglipaia.
tu
eglino paia-
no.
Conditional.
ndi
io
parrel.
tu parresti.
e'gli
parrebbe.
eglinoparvero.
paiTemmo.
vol parreste.
e'gliuo parrebbero.
Past
Future.
parrcte.
eglino parranno.
must
not
be used
Participle.
(Regularalso.)
ndi parremo.
vol
verb
She
die?
Subjunctive
Present.
pdrvi.
ejjliparve.
e'gli
parra.
My
7.
(Lat.pareo, parui,pariturn).
io
This
is not
died in that fire.
men
Definite.
io parro.
tu parrai.
died last year.
dead, she is in
young.
illness did
ch'
Past
He
died at that
men
many
died for his country
9. He
he died?
He was
twenty-
he when
io
p^io.
eglinopaiono,or
die?
grandfather
Iriends
our
than
10.
very young.
three years
12.
did
granduiother dead?
the
at
battle?
II.
maiigi
alle
mori
avendo
non
andare
raille soLlati morirono
12.
4. When
man.
fever.
dalla noia
voglia di
Essa
?
raorta
essa
e
died of gout at ninety years of age.
2. She is too ill,she
die.
this morning? A poor
died in that house
ii. Who
soon
died
ora
niuoio
podagra.
I. He
old
mi
dalla
muore
iiueirincendio
mono
lo
9. Piii di
mai.
10.
si
che
4. A
5.
149
VERBS.
IRREGULAR
parso.
parsa.
parsi.
parse.
when
it
might
be
mistaken
and
parare, to adorn : as, noi pariamo, we seem
the verb sembiare, to seem,
should
in huch case
for the verb
we
adorn;
be used.
Exercise
1. Io
LXXV.
salute.
ho buona
paio ammalato, ma
debnle
sei
di me.
in latti
piu
giovineforte,ma
ma
francesi,
paiou'*iriglesi.4. Eglino ])aiono
2. Tu
3.
sono
pariessere un
Quelle signore
italiani.
5.
Mi
Le
6. Che cosa
a studiare.
temfto che voi cominciaste
pa,re ormai
Esso mi pare molto hello. 7. Pareva
lato,
ammapare di quest'aMto?
Voi
ch'
salute.
il
medico
disse
8.
buona
semma
egliaveva
150
VERBS.
IRREGULAR
brate
pitiricco
mattina,
di
ora
ma
quelche
9. 11 -tempo pareva cattivo
siete.
bello.
h molto
|"are di
ra-ione?
Mi
10.
look
I know
that
Stems
but
ill. 2. I look ill,
very
4. He
gentleman.
that
1
Nossi;^nore,io
molti
sarebbero
quitewell.
am
3. It
to be a
seems
'1he
6.
quella
cono-scere
Le pare ch'.io ablda
11. Non
Biunora.
die
Ella
12. Ei pareva
ch'
credo
abbia torto.
andati al suo concerto, ma
poi non ci fu nessuno.
1. You
questa
very rich
weather
seems
5. She seems
to be a poor woman.
man.
l^eiutiful. 7. He looked a very lazy boy, but he was
very studious.
9. This room
school.
to
that
she should go
8. It seems
to me
11. You do not look
10. He looks like a soldier.
seems
very coM.
in good health.
12. She seems
a very
good girl.
Porre,to put {Lat. pono, posui,posituna).
12.
verb
This
its
forms
mostly
irregularities
the old
from
infinitive ponere.
Present.
Indicative
10
pongo.
tu ponL
Subjunctive
noi
pomamo.
ch'ioponga.
vdi
pontste.
che
cljendiponiamo.
che
tu ponga.
eh'
^glinopongono.
6glipdne.
Present.
\
di
poniate.
pdn-
ch' dj"lino
e'gli
pdnga.
gano.
Imperfect.
io poneva.
Imperfect.
ponevamo.
vdi ponevate.
ch* io
eglino
che
noi
tu
ponevi.
e'gli
poneva.
poneva-
no.
ch'
che ndi
ponessi.
ponessimo
ponessi.el'o vdi poneste.
e'gli
ponesse. ch'eglino
poneitu
sero.
Past
Definite.
io
pdsi.
ponesti
^glipose.
Gerund.
noi
ponemmo.
vdi pen late,
tu
ponendo.
pdsero.
eglino.
Past
Imperative.
pdni
pdsto.
pdoti.
ponete.
The
same
to
comporrej
;
between ; sovrapporre,
imp6rre,to impose^etc.,
put upon;
to
suppose
;
deporre,to
soprap-
or
have
all
the
irregularities.
1. Dove
hai
nella libreria.
trovo.
supporre,
to compose
Exercise
posi
pdsta.
pdste.
;
compounds disporre,to dispose
sottopporre,to put under ;
depose; frapporre,to put
porre,
Participle.
il mio
posto
LXXVI.
lettere?
le mie
To le ho
poste sulla tavola
2. Chi ha
bastone
4. Poiii
josto questa sedia qui? La serva.
diotro la porta qnando entrai,ed ora
quest'abito
bisogneraporre queste
merci
nella
?
mia
camera
da
letto.
Ponetcle nel magazzino.
dispongodi nulla in questa casa,
perch^io
non
ne
sono
3. Io
Io
non
5. Dove
6. Io
il
non
padrone.
che noi
7. Egli suppone
visitato da Inngo tempo.
d'
coii:posto la musica
intraprese?Al
un
fuori
siamo
8. Che
prego
1. I have
put
my
box.
In
behind
stick
put your
hat?
room,
your
I'hey (masc.) put
4.
the door.
their
came
composed
(ma.sc.)
They (muse.)deposed their king, because
that
ot
as
me
like.
you
new
bad.
wms
7. The
6.
jects
sub-
and
have
composed some
is always very nice.
those
12. Put
they
when
room
for bis sister.
song
he
Ti
will dt pose
him.
8. A very
the enemy.
9. Have
you composed
im[)0^edby
was
anything? Yes, sir, 1
music composed by him
of
rebelled
have
king
tribute
heavy
a
12.
soggiogata.
that
in
coats
5. He
in.
sue
impose
2. Where
have
you
the letterinside that
3. 1 put
sir.
11. 11 nemico
averla
a
alle
frapponiostacoli
di aiutarlo.
quella nazione dopo
disporredi me a tuo piacere.
tributo
gran
ci ha
citta,e percionon
Ella composto?
lo ho
9. Quel re tu depostodal
ha
Perche
lU.
io cerco
contrnrio
di
cosa
canzone.
nuova
uua
dai suoi sudditi ribellati.
tronu
151
VERBS.
IRREGULAR
new
11. 1
bottles
lo.
music,
The
beg yon to dispose
that table and go
upon
away.
Pot^re,to he able {Lat. possum,
13.
Present.
Indicative
Subjunctive
;
Present.
che
noi
che
vol
jch'iopdssa.
noi
possiamo.
eglinopossono.
eglipu6,orpudte.
io posso.
tu pudi.
potui,fut.potero).
che
eh*
tu
pdssa.
eglipdssa.
'
ch
D'^cciamo.
possiate.
eglino pdssano.
Conditional.
Future.
io
noi
potremo.
voi potrete.
eghno potranno.
potro.
tu
potrai.
e'gli
potra.
Definite
Past
The
has
io
noi
tu
voi
potrei.
potresti.
j
'
e'gli
potrebbe.
potremmo.
potreste.
e'glino potrebbero.
both
the
regular forms,
like
tem6re, p. 61, 1.
LXXVII.
Exercise
spendere tanto danaro, perche non ne ho. 2.
quel libro ? Io non
prestrtrmi
perchenon h
posso prestartelo,
il mio.
Ella accompagnarmi alia passeggiata? Io non
3. Puo
andare altrove. 4. Noi non
devo
possiamo sofifrirela
posso, perche
1. Io
posso
non
Puoi
5. Sarei felice di poter accettare
il suo
arroganza.
invitato di gi^ ad un
6. Potrebbe
altro ballo.
sua
sono
quella statuetta?
7.
8. Puo
mente.
essere
displaceche
Mi
potrestevoi farmi
Cosa
le sei.
verso
compagnia ? Io
questa parola?
I'acqua
favore ?
1. Can
Ella
non
Mi
you
9. A
saro
Essa
se
a
casa
che
ora
essere
da
si
Lei
give me
mia.
essa
non
e
posso,
?
Io vi punireisevera-
niia alle
potro
alle otto.
avere
cinque?
il
lo ci
potro
piacere della sua
10. Come
pu6 tradurre in due
mischiare.
12. Puo
si possono
assolutamente
e
non
vi disubbidissi
invito,ma
Ella darmi
tradurre
11. L'olioe
si puo
modi.
Ella
farmi
questo
impossibile.
that book ?
I cannot
give it
to you
because
152
IRREGULAR
it is not
No,
2. Can
mine.
sir,thanks
; 1
to
the
able
to
go
4. Will
to France.
go
severely.
No, sir,I
9. Could
hour.
theatre
cannot.
10.
dinner
at
bent
8, Can
she
this song
me.
punish
sing
you
1
be
concert.
moat
you
this
song?
well.
learn it in half
can
an
Yes, sir,and they
they (masc.)speak French?
languages can you speak? I
How
languagescan you
many
several
languages.
speak
Can
speak Italian also. 11. \Vhat
speak English and Italian. 12.
can
can
I
speak ?
14.
can
to
Indicative
Pkesent.
ch
Definite.
rimaaero.
e'glino
i
tu riraarrii.
ndi riraarremo.
vdi riraarrete.
"glirimarra.
e'glino
cercar
solo.
lettvre?
male
4. Noi
Non
mi
aspettarmimentre
qui. 2. Io
alia
ritomo.
vino che
gola.
riinarremmo
nulla.
8.
Egli
rimase
3.
cantina
vino di Cliianti. 10. Io ho
di
bottiglia
rimangono
ne
12. Noi rimarremo
me
Quando
6. Che
a
casa
noi
tiitto
partimmo, egli
co?a
non
amm;dato.
ci rimane
possiamo
non
danari,aventi
e
rimasto?
al mio
sino
9. I)i tanto
che
di
sasvso
a
sola
una
regalati
quasitutti i miei
ben pochi. 1 1. Ella rimase
ora
alia posta "
il giomo
corro
per farle piacere,ma
5. Egli rimase
senza
letto,essendo
in
io
rimasi
che rimanga qui
Ditt-gli
7.
nella nostra
avevamo
rimarreb*
e'glino
LXXVllI.
padre ci aspetta.
sciupatiqnand'era giovane.
h limasto
voi rimarreste.
Participle.
Past
Io limarro
perche nostro
doli tntti
ndi riinarremmo.
rim"sto.
voi ad
rimarrete
percheaveva
casa,
rimase
j^ rimarrei.
rimar-
Exercise
le mie
Conditional.
^"'0'
ranno.
1. Dove
mangano
itu rimarresti
eglirimarrebbe.
Future.
io rimarrd.
rimanga.
ri-
4glmo
eglirimanga.
|
eglirim^se
eh'
cli'io rimanga.
clie tu
io rimasL
Present.
Subjunctive
i
eglinorimangono.
Past
remansi).
remain^ to stop (Lat.remaneo,
Riman6re,
iorimjlngo.
a
I could
hour?
an
the
to
go
Yes, sir,she singsvery
sing?
in
evening?
3. I shall not
No, sir,but 1 shall
year?
7. Can
this
us
I must
to-morrow;
cannot
karn
with
alreadyinvited elsewhere.
am
6. You
yon
be
you
able to go to Italythis
could you
do?
5. What
be
you
VERBS.
tale
lihn ;
nuova.
oggi perchepiove alia diri)tta.
quest'
from
2.
the post-office.
where you are tillI return
3. He says
astonished (di sasso)at snch new.s.
he is ill. 4. I
that he will remain
at home
(at home) because
in Rome
three weeks
5. I remained
did not stop lonir in London.
only. 6. She remained with my mother, to talk to her about you.
much
wine
to you?
7. What
did remain
Nothing, sir. 8. How
1. Remain
We
all remained
remained
after
{masc.) drank
dinner?
it all.
No
9, The
wine
remained
captain remained
after
dinner, they
alone, because all
his soldiers
ran
1 1. 1 shall remain
alone
Whenever
of salire could
form
a
of salare,to salt,it takes
noi
the
1
:
for
noi
as
SHgliamo.
Present.
tu
che
vol
sagliate.
ch' eglino salgano, or
Exercise
1. Io saliva le scale
Bianco
certo
5. Puoi
tu
a
salire
fa?
una
Io
tan to alta
e
Egli
No,
che si
3. Io
settantotto.
ottocento
4.
qnel-muro?
su
2. To salii sul Monte
le scendevi.
tu
quell'altezza.
6. Quella tone
salita
quando
saliscano.
LXXIX.
agosto del mille
il sette
saliamo,
!"alit"ca.
or
saljra,
saiga,or ball sea.
cli' e^li saiga,or salisca.
che noi sagliamo.
che
egiinu salgono.
saliio
form
a
ch'io
salisce.
egli sale,or
mistaken
Subjunctive
Present.
salisoi.
tu sali,or
leap").
ascend,etc.
salisco.
io sa1s:o,or
be
before
g
a
salt; noi sagliamo,we
Indicative
n
renia
for him.
all my pupilswill have
all aione.
(Lat. salire,"to
Salire,to ascend
15.
we
when
liouse,
like to
not
here to wait
shall remain
in this
IjJ. I should
away.
gone
We
10.
away.
153
VERBS.
IRREGULAR
sail
esso
nieco
e
spende mezz'
tioppo alto per nie.
a salirla. 7. Ho
oia
lunghissimascalmata per trovarti. 8.
salii su queir albero per cogliere
ciriege.
salisti poco
Dove
9. Salire
fticile,
e
fin qui,ci
saliro mai piia
discendere e difficile. 10. Io non
12.
Dante
disse:
il fiato. 11. Non
salire cosi di Iretta.
ma
"
Lo
1. We
ascend
e
e
duro
'1 salir per
calle
you
ascended
Blanc.
3. With
Have
ascended Mont
With
Blanc?
some
have
Mont
tain?
any mounwhom
did
Who
Engli"hmen. 4.
Why has he gone
Ci arles,sir. 5.
gone
up that tree?
tree?
To gather cherries. 6. It will be for him
down
come
it is too
many
ascend
than
high
lor
up.
me.
8.
more
7. Can
ascend
you
of
out
stairs
I
am
I
to-night,
had
have
to ascend
16.
so
many
Sap^re, to
stairs to
hnow
that
ascended
I
I
it.
11. Have
spent
if 1
were
too
10.
enough of
ascended that tower?
Yes, sir,and
you ever
in ascendingit. 12. I should like to visit him
up
is
difficult to
moro
that wall ? No, sir,
breath, 1 have
upstairs(salire)with me.
9. Come
stairs.
any
to go
perdo
1'altrui scale.**
presently. 2.
shall ascend
Yes, sir,I
you
Quanto
scendere
non
Rosa.
il Monte
half
caim("t
an
not
hour
obliged
find him.
Tof
intellectual
knovsrledge).(Lat.
sapio,sapivi,or sapii.)
Indicative
io
so.
tu sai
noi
Present.
Subjunctive
Present.
i^appiamo.
eglinosanuo.
ch' io
che
noi
che
che
vdi
ch'
^glisa.
I
sappia.
sappia.
e'gli
sappia.
tu
ch
sappiamo.
sappiate.
Eglino sappiano.
154
IRREGULAR
Imperative.
Definite.
Past
10
VERBS.
eglinoseppero.
seppi.
sappi.
sappiite.
egliseppe.
Conditional,
Future.
10
io
sapresti.
egli saprebbe.
sapremo.
voi saprete.
sapro.
saprai.
eglisapri.
til
e
noa
nulla
so
3. Ella
proposta.
molte
Ba
lingua,
ma
subito
sapio
4. Io
LXXX.
se
cio
e
veio
saprestile
tne
lezioni
tutto.
10.
Io
mi
del
procedere?
suo
mia
I
sir,he
Yes,
No, sir,and
euro
I know
Do
2.
blamed
nothing of
by
that
was
at
was
know
was.
Sed^re, to
Possed6re, to
me
10.
siedo,seggo,
I do not "know
yet,but
gentleman ?
know
she
her
you
some
I knew
lessons?
4. I do not
do you
his
it
know
proposal? Yes, sir,
know
years
ago.
him
very
your
I do
9. I did
or
seggiamo.
voi
sediate,or seggiate.
ch' eglino siedano,or seggano.
seggio.
seggiarao.
Past
(has the
two
Imperative.
sl^di.
seggono
Definite
forms
see
conjugation,
Subjunctive
of
Gerund.
the
regular
p. 61, I.).
Present.
eh' io sieda, jse^ga,or ^e^gia.
che tu sieda, segga, or se^gia.
eh' eglibieda, segga, or seggia.
?
not
he
well when
duties?
Yes, sir,
sie'de.
e'gli
eglinosiedouu,or
not
brother John
my
che noi scdiamo,
die
^ie'di.
noi sediarao,or
care
of it?
{Lat. sedeo,sedi,sessum).
{Lat,possideo,
possedi,
possessum).
Present.
or
ho saputo la
non
sit down
possess
Indicative
Io
12.
it this is true?
know
last year.
11. Do you
know
them.
I
of
12.
nothing it.
17.
tu
know
you
8. Do
with
poco saprete
la ragione
Sapete voi
5. What
in Milan
I know
io
this
stick
whose
school
9. Era
her music-master.
you
8. Tu
hai torto.
(conoscere)that
3. Did
affair.
6. Do
it.
I shall accept it. 7. Do
know
if that is true
not.
or
Yes, sir,he
know
B.
Io
parlarle.6.
jier
ha binsiraato.
mi
languaae?
you
and
know
signore.
signoraB.
posso accettare
di te.
5. E^jli
non
prima
11.
saperlo.
la so,
non
anything about
to know
di
uncle, Mr.
is my
she was
io
studiate.
le avessi
the Italian
know
you
studying it.
am
falso.
o
se
Io
che
Sappi che tu
7.
oggi ed il maestro
quest'
lezione
1. Do
non
bene
sa
che la
2. Sai tu
seppiquesta notizia
ie conosce
abbastanza
non
sapreb-
bero.
quest'affare.
di
partitaper Milano?
codesta
eglino
eglinosapranno.
Exercise
1. Io
noi ijapremmo.
vdi sapreste.
sapreL
tu
noi
(Regularalio,')
segg^ndo.
156
IRREGULAlt
To sto
tina?
VERBS.
4. Dove
bene,grazie.
Taltra
siete stato
5. Che
del
sera?
facendo
lo
medico.
stavauo
casa
cosa
gli
quando il maestro arriv6?
Eglino stavaao imparando le loro
circa due mesi.
lezioni. 6. Egli stette ammalato
7. Come
sta tuo
Mio
padre sta benoae, e vi saluta. 8. 8e io stessi
padre,CaiHo?
il me"lico.
male manderei
9. Dove
sta il mio
a chiamare
cappelloV
sedia.
10. Dove
II suo cappellosta suila sua
stava
vostro fratello
ieri?
Egli stava a Londra; ma oggi egli sta a Parigi. 11. Noi
B. per coininciare il nostro
stiamo
12.
aspettandoramico
pranzo.
il
vi dice.
maestro
Ragazzi,state attenti a quellodie
alia
stato
sono
scolari
1. How
do
I
sir?
do,
you
quite well, thanks.
am
?
2. Where
1
was
writing a letter
4. Where
book.
is
room.
am
(stare)writing a
He is doing his exercise.
5. I feel very ill to-day,I
your brother?
He is very well.
have eaten
brother?
6. How
is your
too much.
7. What
are
they (mane.)doing? They (masc.)are doing nothing.
8.
when
{stare)you
were
in the
Why
are
9. Have
10.
are
Be
I
there?
you
you
room
been
ill?
here
waitinglor my
No, sir,1 have always
am
attentive,boys, this lesson must
you
minutes,
19.
the
1 entered
3. I
next
not
attentive?
I shall
I
am
not
friends
been
be learned well.
well.
(ttiosc).
Stay here
12.
well.
very
11.
Why
a
few
return.
soon
to put
Sp^gnere, to extinguish,
out
(Lat. exstinguo,
exstinxi,exstinctuin).
Indicative
Present.
|
{Regularalso.)
I
io spe'ngo.
ndi spenghiamo.
e'glino sp^ngono.
Subjunctive
{Regular also.)
ch' io spenga.
che tu spe'nga.
oh'
Present.
che n6i
spenghi-
amo.
^glispe'aga. ch' e's^linospengano.
Past
Definite.
io
ep^nsL
^glispense.
Past
eglinospenssro.
Exercise
1. To spengo
la
lampada.
lanteina.
Kon
ancora.
6.
il lume.
4. Voi
Eglino
8. Ha
fuoco h spento.
11.
Spegnete
prima di mczzanotte.
spento.
spenta.
spenti.
speute.
LXXXIII.
2. Tu
spogni la candela. 3. Ella spogne
il
5. Noi
luoco.
non
spcjnete
si)egniamo la
7. Avete
sjiengono il gas.
S|)enta la candtla?
ella spento la lanterna?
Sissignore. 9. II
10. Chi
tutte
Participle.
ha sjjento il lume
le candele.
12.
Noi
?
non
Carlo
lo ha
spegneremo
s|iento.
il gas
Have you put out the fire? Yes, sir. 2. Extinguish all those
candles.
3. Who
put out th"' fire? The servant
(fern.)put it out.
4. iShe has not yet put out the fire. 5. We
will put out the fire
before going to bed.
6. You
must
that
out
put
light. 7. They
1.
IRREGULAR
(masc.)must
8.
Do
the .uas, before
Because
out
their candles
out
put
extinguish
not
it
is
that
when
fiie,because
o'clock.
ten
10.
put
put
you
out
9. He
out
jmt
the
candle.
my
out
gas?
Put
12.
all the tires in the house.
Tenure,to
20.
Indicative
io ten go.
tu t*.e'ni.
hold
{Lat. teneo, teiiui,
tentum).
Present.
Si BJUNCTivE
ch' io
eglili^ne.
e'glino
tcngono.
Mood.
che
te'nga.
ndi
mo,
che
io te'nni.
ch'
tenghiateniamo.
che vdi tenghiate,
te'nga
tu
or
tenicitf.
or
Definite.
Past
ch
egliteuga.
te'ngano.
'e'glino
eglino tennero.
Conditional.
eglite'nne.
Future.
io terro.
tu
to bed.
tliey(masc.jgo
1 fei-lcold.
have
Why
11. 1 sliall
midnight.
157
VERBS.
io terrei.
ndi terre'mmo.
tu ttrresti.
vdi ttrreste.
egliterrebbe.
terrebbero.
e'glino
not tcrremo.
teirai
Imperativf^
vdi terrete.
egliterra.
tie'ni.
egliuo terranno.
to belong; conten^re,
compounds apparten6re,
; sosten^re,to uphold; otten^re,to obtain.
this is
is conimonly used instead
of av^re, when
So also the
to contain
Tenure
not
used
as
auxiliaiy.
an
Exercise
lire in saccoccia.
1. Io
non
LXXXIV.
tengo due
tengo nulla in
tasca.
3. A
chi
2. Che
cosa
Io
tieni in tasca?
aipartienequel giardino?
Et^so
di quHuto si spende.
4. Bisogna tener ctnto
ap] artiene a mio zio.
6.
Da chi tiene Ella
battesimo.
5. 11 signer zio mi ha tenuto
a
mi
tenua
tutti Io
azioni.
ter.eva
molto
pel che
quadro? Esso mi fu regalato dal duca di B. 7. Kon
ho tempo da perdere.8. Noi
a bada piu lungHmente, io non
tenevamo
galantuomo, i rima di sapere le sue cattive
] er un
la tavola.
10. Egli non
sharazzare
Io
ti
9.
turd
mano
a
bel
questo
conto
del
danaro
deve
qui
non
3. Do
4. We
6. In
yictureinto
aiuiare
e
i
povereUi.
molto
12.
ricco.
Tieniti
11.
Chi
dall' altra
tiene
parte,
posto.
have
the other
haptism) 8. From
(fern.). 9.
cousin
danaro, essendo
you in your pocket? I have only a few shillings.
fathei has given you.
value
the money,
which
must
your
of the money
spend? Yes, sir.
kc'p an account
you
you
5. Help me
to do this
will all htlp you to clear the table.
You
what
I help you?
can
can
help me in carryingthis
1. What
2. You
c'
suo
room.
whom
I
7. He
do
you
(heheld
my god-f'ath^r
hold this present? Fiom
was
always thought
(held)him
a
gentleman.
me
at
my
10.
158
him
bold
We
VERBS.
IKBEGULAR
for
{Held)by everybody a
pupil (jnasc). 11. He is thought
lazy boy. 12. We shall keep an account
studious
very
a
very
of this.
to draw,
of trdere),
(contraction
traho, traxi, tractum).
Trdrre
21.
eh' io
iidi traiamo.
io traggo.
tu trai.
Cijlitrae.
Present.
Subjunctive
Present.
Indicattve
voi tiaetii.
che
e'glinotraggono.
oh'
iioitraiatuo.
die
tragga.
tu
pull {Lai.
to
olie vdi traiate.
tra;"ga.
cli'egiino tiag-
e'gli
tragga.
gano.
Imperfect.
Imperfect.
noi traevamo.
io traeva.
che
ndi traessimo.
tu traevi.
vdi traevate.
oh' io traesbi.
traeva.
e'gli
e'glinotraevano.
che tu traessi.
clie \6i traeste.
ch'
eh' eg
e'glino
Past
traesse.
e'gli
Definite.
io trassi.
noi traemmo.
tu truest!.
vd
eglitrasse.
e'glinotrassero.
Gerund.
traeste.
traendo.
Past
Imperative.
trae'te.
trii.
So also the
contract
;
sottrdrre,to subtract
da
1. Io estrasgo il sugo
Partioiplk.
tratto.
tratta.
tratti.
tratte.
compounds attrdrre,to
;
attract
;
contrdrre,to
detrdrre,to detract,etc.
LXXXV.
Exercise
2. Tu trai gran profitto
bella rendita da codeste case.
quest'arancia.
3. Ella
proiessione.
dalla tua
traea-
sero.
trae
una
profittotrasse il tuo amico dal suo ultimo viaggio? Fgli
guadaiiuocirca mille lire. 5. Che partito ne trasse? Egli ne trasse
di la che m'impeditedi
11 vantaggio possibile.6. Traetevi
tutto
4. Che
8. Io rstrassi un
Ittsisiere.7. 11 gas si estrae dal carhone.
ago dal
9. Non
mi distrarre,
ptrchfelio da lavorare.
piede del tuo cane.
11
La calamita attrae il
10. Egli attraxse tutta la mia attenzione.
12. Ella estrasse
ferro.
what
By
1.
do you
derive
3. We
shall
from
6. He
this
is
a
pin
gardens.
traot
draw
coal.
5.
I shall
from
my
9. Tnke
10.
You
from
aw
quellearance.
the
juice out of this
our
orange.
7. Extract
attention.
finger. 8. He derives a good rent from those
(draw) yourselfaway from tliat place,you dis-
will distract his brothers
d
extract
great orator, he always attracts
iiot
not
da
attracted ?
must
me.
il sugo
By loadstone. 2. What
profit
thousand
?
a
profession Nearly a
your
year.
all possil'le
advantages from it. 4. Gas is extracted
is iron
from
tutto
great profitfrom
distract me,
I have
to
learningtheir lessons.
that.
work.
12. We
11. He
shall
IKKEGULAR
Udire, to
22.
Indicative
(Lat. audio, audivi, auditum).
Present.
io odo.
Subjunctive
egli ode.
egliiioddono.
odi.
tu
hear
159
VERBS.
Present.
ch' io oda.
ch'
e"li oda.
che
oh'
ddano.
e'glino
tu dda.
Future.
Conditional.
(Regular also.)
io udro.
11 6i
"
tuudrai.
udra.
egh
udremo.
(Regular also.)
vdiudrete
egliuo udraimo.
Imperative.
io udrei.
noi udremmo.
^^^ ^^^^^^-
^.^j ^^^^^^^^^
egliudre'bbe.
eglino udreb-
6dL
bero.
Exercise
1. Io r odo
vi odo
io
ella
tare
can
sorda,ella non
Sissignore,noi la
quel
air
im
egli
vi
domani
9. Non
udra.
10.
Udiste
11.
]o andro
di B.
al concerto
sera
stassera
tare
can
12.
Io
musica?
molto
Quel ragazzi sono
4. Se
ode.
quellabella
I'dite voi
Io udio
Io
7.
5.
perche non ci eravamo.
Nossignoie,io non c'era.
Opera?
tenore
piio udirti.
udiamo.
6.
po' piiiforte,(d
concerto,
Sissignore,
3. Ella
vi odono.
eglino non
piacere. 2. Mioditu?
mi
e sorda,ella non
gran
distintamente.
e
Farlate
con
LXXXVI.
lontani,
al teatro.
8.
la udimmo
a
voi la S. cantare
ad
udire
feci mostra
quel
di
non
udirlo.
1. Do
sing.
could
not
not
far.
so
sing
8.
in
him
hear
you
3. We
shall
hear
him,
6. He
the
new
her very well.
11. The
me.
I
23.
io
too
are
esco.
verb
him
to-night.
4.
hear
5. I should
7. Will
her, if I
to
hear
1
was
him
you
go
I cannot, 1 must
go elsewhere.
her sing. 9. They (fem.)heard
believe
far to hear
(mostra)that
you.
12.
she did not hear
shall all go to
We
go out
^Lat.exeo, exii,exitum).
Subjunctive
Present.
egliesce.
ch' io
eglino escono.
che
tu
esca.
esca.
Prbsent.
ch'
egliesca.
ch'
eglino
Imperative.
This
yet heard
speak.
Uscire, to
tu esci.
hear
to
made
10. She
Indicative
me.
to-night?
went
hear that great orator
far.
too
heard
opera
boys
her
was
has
They (masc.)all
Yes, sir. 2. I have not
sing at the concert
?
hear
es-
oano.
its
owes
to
irregularities
the
old infinitive
escire.
Riuscire,to
go
out
again, to succeed^has the
same
larities.
irregu-
160
VERBS.
lEEEGULAR
LXXXVII.
Exercise
1. lo
mi
non
ragazzi non
mai
escono
uscire
posso
lo uscird
quest'oggiV
il mio
cappello.
11.
12.
11
nove.
1. He
out?
at
out
5. We
you,
with
must
o'clock.
go out
not
They (masc.)went
leave.
in her
esce
senza
erano
le
eppena
he worth
You ^ro out too
brothers that they
No,
often,
can
go
{Lat.valeo, valui, valitum).
Present.
Sttbjunctive
e'glinovalgono,
ndi
or
vagliono.
ch'io
che
ch'
Definite.
io vulsi.
^gliuovalsero.
eglivalse.
valga, or vajjlia.
vaglia.
eglivdljra,or vaglia.
che
iidi vajriiamo.
che
vol
vagliate.
ch'eglinovagliano, or valgano.
Conditional.
{Begularalso.)
iidi
Prksent.
tu valjj;a,
or
Future.
vurro.
out?
11.
room.
out
leave.
you.
Indicative
Past
out
to go
without
Is she gone
10.
Tell your
12.
now.
Valere, to
v61go,
vagliamo.
8.
without
out
go
togetherwith
24.
io
senza
I shall be able
sir, but
now,
her mother
is with
sir,she
io
qu^
uscito.
Not
?
me
you at six
9. I should never
out
spesso
buon' ora,
a
uscirete
ora
if you please. 6. 1 cannot
shall go out together,
go
7. Will
leave to go out.
father has not given me
my
go out
you
che
pud
7. lo
often
with
you
with
aggrada.
uscire di
che
smemorato
casa
Le
8. A
Non
9.
cinque.
di
se
lavorare.
cosi
Egli e
uscimmo
padrone k
che
5. IJitegli
2. Is your master
gone
goes out with his brothers.
He went
o'clock did he ^o out?
Yes, sir. 3. At what
He went
out
him?
with
o'clock.
4. Who
went
two
out
alone.
out
Noi
le
verso
10.
permesso.
da
perch^ ho
ora
4. Quei
troppo spesso.
insieme,
usciremo
Perch^
esci ?
non
il loro maestro.
senza
Noi
6.
uscire,se glipiace.
non
una
molto
sento
Perch^
passeggiata.2.
bene.
3, Egli esce
per fore
esco
(Regular aho.)
varremo.
io varrei.
noi
varremmo.
tu varrai.
vdi varrete.
tu varrcsti.
vdi varreste.
egli varrk.
^glinovarranno.
eglivanebbe.
varrebbero.
e'glino
Past
Participle.
(Regular aho.)
vilso.
vdlsa.
vdlse.
vahd.
So also
to prevail.
preval^re,
Exercise
1.
mila
Questo anello
vale
Ifre sterline.
3. Quanto
vale duecento
LXXXVIII.
cinquanta franchi.
Dre sterline. 4.
vale
il
suo
Quell'abi to
2. La
caval
non
o?
tua
casa
11 mio
vale molto.
vale due
cavallo
5. 11 mio
IRREGULAR
valeva
pianoforte
161
VERBS.
lire sterline
quandd
vale
ne
ora
lo
carrozza?
quella
pagato
L'hai
r ho pagato cento
lire sterline.
pagata piiich'tssa valga.
molto piu se iosse d'oro.
7. Quest' orolor;io valerebbe
8. La
tua
3oltanto
vale
casa
quanto valga.
1. How
much
pounds.
2. It
worth
How
worth
watch
than
nuoro,
che
vale
non
fra due
11.
quanto
la
lo
so
non
quel cavallo valgamolto.
than
more
to
tan
anni.
4.
It is worth
3. That
mine.
house
a
hundred
house
is not
his. 5.
My
yours.
think
that
be
worth?
I
do not
jiarden
you
may
how much
it may
be worth.
6. Do
that
it is
believe
you
I do not think so.
this ?
this
7. I have pai"l
as much
as
(for)
than
worth.
it
is
You
8.
not pay anything mere
must
more
so
as
is worth
less than
do
it is worth.
10. That
9. Your
ring would
much.
worth
not
casa
molto
carriageworth ?
is your
is worth
era
hai
9. Quella
vank
lo credo
12.
much
much
know
Qn:mto
6.
piu della mia.
Quel cavallo
10.
tua.
oento
settanta.
house
be worth
That
12.
will be worth
if it
more
house
gold.
were
is worth
in
more
few
a
11.
thousand
many
years.
This is
pounds
sterling.
Ved"re,
25.
see
{Lat video, vidi,visum).
Present.
Indicative
(
to
Subjunctive
Regular also.
(Regular also.)
,
veggo,
tu ve'.
lo
ndi
veggio.
or
cb" io
che
veggiamo.
eglino veggono,
veggiono.
io vidi.
ch'
eglinoveggano
or
or
veggiano.
egliuovidero.
eglivide.
Conditional.
Future.
io vedro.
tu
veggia.
or
che
che
Definite.
Past
veVga,
tu vegga,
veggia.
eVli vegga, or veggia.
ndi veggiamo,
vdi veggiate.
eh'
or
Present.
vedrai.
io vedrai.
ndi vedremmo.
noi vedremo.
tu vedr^sti.
vdi vedreate.
v6i vedrete.
eglivedreTibe.
eglinovedrebbero.
earliuo vedrdnno.
egli vedra.
Gerund.
Impekative.
v4d\, or ve'.
"
Past
(
9
So also the
see
(Regular also.)
vegg^ndo.
Participle,
Regular also. )
vfsto,
vista.
vfsti.
viste.
to
compounds preved^re,to foresee; rived^re,
again,etc.
Exercise
LXXXIX.
3. Noi
mi vedi.
2. Egli non
mi vede.
1. Io ti veg2o, ma
tu non
vedere
noi
altri
vediamo
\k
dietro.
ti
4. Quel signorinon
possono
162
avvocato.
lo
con
te
6. lo lo
Parigi.
a
\"er la stiada.
cli'egli
passava
dal mio
oggi. 8. lo lo vedro domani
die
sarelibe
accaduto.
cio
9. lo non
poteva jrevedere
11. Eila mi ha visto
lo vedrei voleiitieri s'e^limi visitasse.
Dove
12.
lo hai tu visto?
tedesco.
di
a casa
i|uelsignore
I'ho
lion
10,
lo vidi
lo
le volte
finestra tutte
dalla mia
vedeva
lo
lo vedeste ?
5. Dove
qui dietro.
7.
VERBS.
IRREGULAR
visto
ancora
compa^nia d'assicurazioni.
thy sister to-day. 2. You will
Jo I'iio visto dal direttore della
1. I have
her, she
is
the
I shall
going
is
the
on
11.
saw
from
you
be
you
Have
shall
go
to
see
sir.
7.
He
?
my
and
me
sir, 1
am
Yes, sir,it
if you
see
you
it morrow.
to-
owes
No,
hat?
this
can
find
they (mane.) are
this morning.
see
window
too
us.
(Lat. venio, veni, ventum).
come
compounds
sowenirsi,
venire,to
our
see
4.
seen
Go
see
soon
lawyer.
to-morrow
you
10.
room.
shall I
Yes,
him
They (masc.)cannot
also the
;
man?
s^-e
you
9. Have
now.
3. Where
of your
sir.
5. I
yet,
that
see
Venire, to
26.
become
aunt.
house
table in the next
12. We
So
my
the
Not
Will
him
see
the doctor.
far.
at
yon
8.
money.
to
be
house?
new
6. Do
some
seen
with
going out
evening?
seen
yet
not
help; divenire,to
to succeed ; conpervenire,
sowenire,
to remember
convenient^to agree
;
;
Exercise
to
svenire,to
swoon.
XC.
dalla fabbrica di zolfanelli.
Io
1. Io vengo
2. Da dove vieni?
di
dalla
iHbbrica
3.
viene
Donde
seta.
Euli
quel signore?
vengo
viene
dalla
Borsa.
5. Io verr6 teco
Temeva
non
del buon
zio.
vino.
accettare
venire
passejigiata.6. PtTch^
trovarvi
8. Non
9. Convenite
lo udivamo
4. Noi
alia
meco
a
cai^a.
7. Vcnite
|k)8so Venire
che voi avete
tt^leproposta.
11.
Dante
a
non
]iranzo
perch^
torto.
dice
altra
flail'
vcnite
devo
con
me,
Non
h
mi
gran
?
avremo
qui
aspt'ttar
10.
che
a
camera.
trovarmi
mio
conviene
doloro
i|
164
I cannot
now?
pay me
wei-k.
6. Will
vou
does not
She will not
?
she sing to-night
feel well.
8. Will you go into the other
7. Will
fiiend
(masc.)
(it).9. Would
lend
you
bought to-day at (/row)
I want
now,
Yes, sir,I
here?
to come
to
you
drink?
to
those
me
will go there and
first
them
have
you
lend them to
I cannot
10. She
myself.
would
this
for
pay
you
Thk
Third
Verbs
Defective
followingverbs
The
have
all the
not
should
They
for which
Most
and
are
the
see
of the
to
be avoided
;
of
but
the
used
Forms
not
only
in
are
will
poetr}'-
given below
not
Only
Infinitive.
regular verbs.
(marked thus *)
obsolete
in order to facilitate
be marked
(p.).
exist.
Forms
in Use.
to freeze.
"Algere,
DEFmrrE.
Past
Participle
io* dlsi.
Present.
"algente.
alse.
e'gli*
2.
*Ancidere, to kill.
Past
Participle.
,
Anciso
3.
*Angere, to
(p.).
torment.
Indicative
Present.
egli"ange.
4.
*Arr6gere,to
add.
Indicative
Present.
Past
^gli *arr68e.
Gerund.
*arro3ero.
"g'"""^
"arrogendo,
*arrdgi.
Definite.
io "arrdsi.
e'gli*
arroge.
Imperative.
they
impersonalverbs,
give them
we
do
it is
12.
108-1
pp.
the
reading of the old Italian classics.
Forms
1.
because
defective
or
Chap. XXIII.,
followingforms
what
(VerhiDifettivi).
persons
for
mistaken
be
not
pay
12.
Class.
called
are
tenses
I would
ring?
not
will you
How
she regrets it. 11. Whom
advice,and now
my
all my
invite
friends (masc).
I
dinner
?
shall
invite to
follow
would
much
woith.
she
books, which
new
bookseller's?
the
read
not
tell my
tell him
to
room
next
No, sir,
anything to drink, they (masc.)are
sing,because
have
not
wine
some
5. Will
master.
I will pay
but
now,
you
pay
they (masc.) have
they (masc.)will
thirsty.
that Italian music
From
lessons ?
music
take your
you
VERBS.
IRREGULAR
Past
Partioiplb.
*"Tr6ao.
IRREGULAR
Infinitive.
6.
Only
*Av^llere,
to draw
Past
165
VERBS.
Forms
in Use.
out.
Definite.
Past
io *avulsi.
6.
be
*Cal6re,to
Participle.
*aviil80.
important.
Present.
Indicative
Subjunctive
*cale.
mi
mi
*caglia.
Imperfect.
Imperfect.
mi
mi
*caleva.
*calease.
,
Past
Definite.
Conditional.
*calse.
mi
Past
mi
*calera,or
to
*Coiificere,
consecrate.
Past
*carrebbe.
mi
Future.
7.
Present.
*carra.
Participle.
*caliito.
Participle.
"confetto.
8.
to
*Circonflettere,
Past
bend
round.
Participle.
ciiconfiesso.
9.
*Conquidere (p.),to
Past
conquer.
Participle.
conquiso (p.).
10.
*Cap6re, to hold.
Indicative
Present.
Subjunctive
*cape.
11.
Present.
*cdppia.
*Col6re,to worship.
Indicative
Present.
io *odlo.
egli*cdle.
12.
*Fulgere, to
shine.
13. *Genufl"ttere.
Past
See
No. 24,
Rifulgere,
p. 167.
to kneel.
Participle.
genuflesso.
14.
Gire
(p.),to
go.
Indicative
voi
Present.
Imperative.
gite (p.).
gite (p.)(voi).
Imperfect.
io giva,
Conditional.
gia
(p.).
givi (p.).
egli giva (p.).
io
giiei(p.).
tu
Imperf.
noi givarai)(p.).
voi givate(p.).
or
eglinogi'vano.
giano
Subjunctive.
cli'io
die
gis"i(p.).
t(i gissi(p.).
(p.). ch'egligisse (p.).
166
IRREGULAR
Infinitive.
Past
VERBS.
Only
Forms
in Use.
Imperf.
Definite.
che
tu
gisti(p.).
egli gi, gi'o(p.).
ndi giiiuno ' p.).
voi giste (p.).
dglinogiioiio (p.).
Past
che
ch'
udi
gis.^imo(p.).
gist* (p.).
egliiio
gisaero (p.).
voi
FlTDBE.
io
Participle.
giro
p.
,.
egli girk p.).
ndi gireino(p.).
vdi girete(p.).
eglino giranno (p.)
^to (p.).
15.
Slbjunctivb.
*Inficere,to infect.
Participle.
Past
*infdito.
16.
Ire
to
(p.),
go.
Indicative
Impebattvb.
Present.
voi ite
(p.).
fte (p.)(vdi).
Imperfect.
^li iva (p.).
eglinoivano
(p.).
Past
Future.
ndi iremo
Participle.
eglinoirdnno
ito.
Only
the
fp.).
vdi iretei (p.).
(p.).
following three
comf)Oiinds of ire have the
to inherit;circuire (p.),to go
forms, i.e.,adire (p.),
same
about
and
The
"'tlicr
*contraire, to oppose.
something;
like
are
compounds
conjugated regularly,
fiorire. See
p. QQ.
17.
Ledere, to
Past
hurt.
Past
Definite.
Participli.
le'sa
18.
*Licere,to
he allowed.
Past
Present.
Indicative
lice
Participle.
le'cito,
(p.).
licito (p.).
19.
*Lticere, to shine,has
regularlyin
Definite, thus
no
Past
all its other
It
Prtrticiple.
io liissi,
tu
luce'sti,
^11 liisse,
jugated
con-
Tenses, except the Past
:
Past
is
Definite.
ndi Incc'mmo,
vdi lucewte,
eglinoliissero.
Only
Infinitive.
20.
*M6rgere,
to
167
VERBS.
IRREGULAR
.
Forms
in
Use.
dip.
Definite.
Past
io* mersi.
21.
*01ire,to smell.
Imperfect.
Indicative
io oliva
egli oliva (p.).
(p.).
egliuoolivano
tu oli'vi (p.).
22.
*Pandere,
to
manifest,
to
show.
Subjunctive
Present.
Indicative
Redire
24.
Ri^dere
(p.) I
(p.),f
Present.
egli*panda.
*pandi.
egli*pande.
tu
23.
(p.).
,, ,,,^,".
io riedo
Present.
Subjunctive
Present.
Indicative
'
(p.).
tu rie'di (p.).
eglirieda (p.).
eglinorie'dano (p.).
egliriede (p.).
has no Past Participle. All its
Rifulgere,to sparkle,
other Tenses
are
regular,except the
25.
Definite.
Past
noi
rifulgesti.
rilulse.
e'gli
voi rifulije'ste.
rifiilsero.
e'g'.ino
tu
26. Rilucere,
above, No.
27.
now
28.
shine, is conjugated like
only the
and
Present
Imperfect
and
in its stead.
Sol^re,to
he accustomed.
io
io
See
Subjunctive Moods, and the
regulaily. It is obsolete. Serpeggiare
Subjunctive
Present.
Indicative
The
has
Indicative
all formed
used
lucere.
19.
of the
Gerund,
is
to
*Serpere,to wind,
Tenses
rifulgemmo.
io rifiilsi.
ch' io
sdglio.
sdglia.
tedglia.
eglisuglia.
tu sudli.
che
eglisuole.
i)6i sogiiamo.
eh'
che
iidi so;.diamo.
vdi sole'te.
che
vdi
sdgliono.
e'glino
ch'
Imperfectof
both
Moods
is
tu
sogliate.
eglinofcdgliuno.
conjugated regularly:
soleva,io sole^si,etc.
Past
Present.
Participle.
sdlito.
Gerund.
solendo.
168
VERBS.
IRREGULAR
XCII.
EXEBCIME
lo
1.
?
parlaFiili
occhi
losoii
suoi
non
ai
quest")
Egli
11.
d'
ito
I
1.
used
evening
the
promenade.
Ike
to
he
gone
I
going?
but
12.
It
Such
is
am
not
a
quell'
perchfe
9.
Le
te
in
mi
nedeve
anche
Arrugi
stelle
stato
Non
6.
genuflessi
12.
gli
h
Non
7.
tuiti
eravamo
mattina.
solito
tu
Lucevan
armadio!
lecito.
e
"
dWo.
e
lui.
per
non
were
?
going
see
11.
is
not
day.
I
evening?
accustomed
is
star
down
IViends
my
It
is
allowed
me
in
in
3.
Where
this
2.
are
chiesa.
rilucevano
am
see
me
than
church.
country.
jiass
9.
that
at
are
ling
which
I
you
think.
Where
That
the
6.
to
matter
you
10.
gold
tomed
accus-
to-night.
it
to
morning
every
does
more
used
to
much
What
He
you
accustomed
(masc).
always
not
school.
very
7.
to
matters
at
to
shines
night.
at
knqeling
to
gold.
thing
It
all
morning
every
That
shine
stars
away
(fern.)
They
He
4.
5.
tlie
see
is
us
the
pass
honie.
at
Noi
every
with
to
"o
riluce
peggio
questa
him
see
dinner
to
sara
10.
trovarlo
asscL'giata.
riluce
Questo
8.
tuo.
|
Come
sei
3.
inusato.
to
to
come
if
a
splendore
uno
anello
errori.
tuoi
e
Quell'
studia,
non
affar
e
4.
5.
.s'egli
punto
calere,
Stella."
Dove
2.
ingegnere.
alia
parlai^ili
solito
poco.
dell'
casa
a
ti'una
p.u
ri|"ulitoda
caly
vederlo
soglio
8.
you
shines,
shinet.
IRREGULAR
LIST
ALPHABETICAL
169
VERBS.
OF
lEREGULAR
VERBS.
following list are excluded all those so-called
have
been explained
Irregular Verbs whose
irregularities
From
on
pp.
the
61-63.
Those
marked
thus
*
have
Those
marked
thus
f
are
Those
marked
thus
j are
also the
regular forms.
Impersonal.
Defective.
VERBS.
IRREGULAR
170
Definite.
}*re8pnt.
Infinitive.
"
he- reg,
io
Avvedersi,
Future.
m' avvidi
m' avvedro
benedissi
reg.
bevvi,bevei
reg.
bevvi
reg.
cdddi
cilse
cadrd
Past
Part
reg.
aware
come
to
l^evere,
dico
ben
hJess
to
Benedire,
drink
reg.
beo
to drink
Be're,
reg.
Cadere,to fall
cale
portant
imbe
to
JtCalere,
to
jCapere,
hold
leg.
beiito.
reg.
calera,carra
reg.
cape
fchiedo,
to
Chiedere,
bonede'tto.
ask
chidsto.
chiesi
\chie'ggo
gird
Cingere,to gird
cinsi
reg.
Cignere,to
cinsi
reg.
reg.
reg.
ointo.
c:nto.
circonflesso.
to
JCirconfle'ttire,
bend
round
to gather cdlgo
Cdgliere,
cdlsi
coglierd,
corro
culto.
cole
to worship cdio,
!Cole're,
Commettere, to
reg.
commit
Commudvere,
to
reg.
commisi,
commtttei
reg.
commdjjsi
reg.
move
Comparfre,
to
Compiangere,
pear comparisco
apto
comparso,
comparvi,
reg.
coa"jmrito.
reg.
compianto.
reg.
reg.
compdsi
comporrd
compito.
compdsto.
reg.
compressi
reg.
compresso.
reg.
compromisi,
reg.
pity
to
commdsQO
comparii
compicinsi
to finish
reg,
*Cdinpiere,
to
compdngo
pose
comCompdrre,
Comprimpre,
commesso.
compress
Compromettere,
to
compromettei reg.
compromise
Compiingere,to
reg.
regret
to grant reg.
*Coiice'dere,
compunsi
conce.""8i
reg.
reg.
compromesao.
eompifnto.
concesso.
H'oiicepi'sco,
Conccpire,to
ceive
con-
concepisce,
Hrd p.
eoncdtto,eoncepito.
reg.
oncepe,
:Srd p.
Condurre,
to lead
JConficere,to
pondiico
condiissi
reg.
confetto.
secrate
con-
to nail
ng.
Coiifiggcre.
to jo/" reg.
Congiuiigere,
nect
to conreg.
Coune'ttere,
conft-"i
reg.
congiiinsi
reg.
cuDned"i
reg.
*Coiid3oere,to know
condbbi
tocvnJConqiiidere,
qtter
conddtto.
reg.
confitto.
congiiinto.
conne-iso.
conosciiito.
oonqufso.
172
IKREGULAU
VERBS.
IRREGULAR
173
VERBS.
volve
,
JIre,to
He (2 per.
go
Ltruire,
to
instruct
istruisco
pi)
istriissi
iremo
only) ito.
(jpl.
reg.
isistru.to,
trutto.
hurt
Leggere, to read
lowed
he al-
JLicere,to
to
jLiicere,
shine
Maledire, to
curse
reg.
lice
lessi
reg.
Iilssi
reg.
maledico
maledissi
reg.
to
Morire, to
put
die
reg.
letto.
lecito.
maled^tto.
mersi
JMergere, to dip
Mettere,
le'so.
lesi
JLedere,to
reg.
mudio
misi
reg.
messo.
reg.
moriro,
mdrto.
moriQ
174
VERBS.
IBREGULAR
Nascdndere,
Future.
Past
Part.
reg.
miinsi
reg.
miinto.
move
reg.
mossi
reg.
moiao.
to hide
reg.
nascdsi
reg.
imscOiK),
milk
Miingere,to
Muovere, to
Definite.
PrcBent.
Inflnltiv*'.
nas*
costo.
reg.
Negligere,toneglect
to join
Ne'ttere,
reg.
OfFerire,to offer
to offer
Offriro',
to smell
JOli'ie,
Omettere,
to omit
Oppurre, to oppose
Oppn'mere, to op-
offen'sco
neglessi
negletto.
reg.
iiesso.
reg.
reg.
reg,
the Imperfect Tense
reg.
offerto.
reg.
olierto.
only (regular).
reg.
ornisi
reg.
omesso.
oppongo
opporro
oppifeto.
reg.
opposi
oppress!
re
oppresso.
ottdnni
otterro
g.
press
Otteue're,to
obtain
ottengo
JPandere, to
show
pandi, pdnde. panda 3
paio
parvi
percdsai
reg.
permisi
reg.
Pare
I e, to
seem
Percudtere, to
strike
Tenneitere.toallow
Persfstere,to
reg.
per-
reg.
sue-
j)ervdngo pervenni
per. Present
reg.
Subjunctive.
parro
pariito,parsa
reg.
percdss"".
reg.
permesso.
reg.
persisti'to.
perverro
perveniitu
reg.
reg.
pidnto.
p^nto.
reg.
reg.
sist
Pervenire,
to
ceed
Piangere, to cry
Pitigere,to paint
to rain
tlPiovere,
Porgere, to
hand
reg.
reg.
reg.
reg.
1 dngo
Pdrre, to put
Posyedere, to
pos-
tposseggo
piansi
piiisi
pidvve
pdrsi
pdsi
(
pdrto.
pdsto.
porro
poeeeduto
|pos8eder6,
rpg.
ipossie.io
(possedetti tpo^sedro
sess
Potere, to be able
| dsso
Predire, to foretellpredico
poteiti potio
pote'i,
reg.
preiiissi
reg.
pred^tto,
Prefiggere,topi'efixieg.
Presiimere,to pre- reg.
prefissi
reg.
prefi'sso.
reg.
jpresiiiisi,
presuntc.
tpresumei
sume
Prevalere,to prevailpvevalgo
prevalsi
prevarro
prevalso,prevaliito.
"Prevedere,
to
/ore-preveggo
previdi
prevedro
previst( 1.
produssi
reg
prodotU).
set"
Prod
u
ire,
to
pro
[)roduco
^
diice
promisi
reg
promes^o.
promdssi
reg,
promdsso.
Proi dtn pire, to burst reg.
proriippi
K'g
prordtto.
forth
Prot^ggere,to
protdssi
reg
prote'tto.
pilnsii
feg.
ptintow
Prome'ttere, to pro-
reg.
viise
Promudvere,
to pro- reg.
mote
pro- reg.
tect
Piingere,to prick
reg.
IRREGULAR
Infinitive.
Present.
Definite.
Raccdgliere,to pick raccolgo
175
VERBS.
Future.
raccolsi
\ raccori
up
Raggiungere,
to
raggiiinsi
reg.
Past
Part.
raccdlto.
( raccogliero,
6
raggiunto.
reg.
overtake
"Ravvede'rsi,to
pent
Redimere,
to
|mi
re-
\
re-
rav-
mi
ravvidi
rav-
ravvisto.
vedrb.
veggo
redensi
reg.
mi
res:.
redento.
deem
tR^'d^^ return
riedo
Reggere,
hold, to
reg.
Repellere,to repel
Reprimere, to re-
reg.
no
to
Sing,only,and
rule
reg.
press
Restindere,
off,to
to
cut
reg.
rescind
Resistere,
to resist
to push
Resjtingere,
reg.
reg.
hack
Restn'ngere,to
re-
reg.
strain
to take
Ria.-Jt'umere,
up again.
Richiedere, to requfst
to reRicoiioscere,
cognise
Ricuocere, to cook
over
again
Ridiiire,to reduce
Rifare, to ntake
again
*Riflettere,to
to
JRducere,
Rimauere,
re-
reg.
reg.
riduco
rifaecio
^'
reg.
reg.
to shine
to
reg.
flect,
re-
refract
Rifrangere, to
frad
to
JRifiiltfore,
sparkle
reg.
re-
reg.
rimango
main
Rimettere, to put
hack, to replace
to
Ririiuovere,
re-
reg.
reg.
move
t Ri
11 crescere,
gret
Risalire,to
to
re-
ascend
to remount
(tgain,
reg.
risalgo
ressi
riedano
rie'da,
reg.
Fr.
Subj.
retto.
176
lEREGtJLAR
Infinitive.
VERBS.
Present.
to exact
Ri8cu6tere,
reg.
payment
*Ri"6lvere,to
re-
reg.
solve
Ri.orgcre,to
rise reg.
again
to
Bispoiidere,
an-
reg.
Sirer
Ristnni^ere,to
re-
reg.
strain
coZottr reg.
Ritiiigere,"o
again
Ritdrcere,to
twist
reg.
a'jain
RiUfCire, to
sue-
ri^sco
ct-ed
Rivede're,
again
to
Roujpere,to
Salire,to
see
break
riv^ggo
reg.
s^lgo, sail- reg.
ascend
SCO
Sap^rc,to
Scalfriu
Icnoio
so
to scratch
to
Scegliere,
choose
scalfiseo
sc^lgo
Scignero, 8eiiigere,reg.
to ungird
to untie scidlgo
Scidglitre,
Sconimetteie,to hetieg.
Scontiggere,to de-reg.
feat
Scr)n
to
ettere,
join
11
Scondscere,
to
dis-
reg.
he
reg.
ungrateful
to subSconvdljjere,
reg.
vtrt
Srdi gt re, to
perceive
reg.
Scn'veie,to wr.te
Scudtere, to shake
to sit
St-de'r"-,
Seduire, to
*S
down
sedure
"o
ppellire,
reg.
reg.
\^^^^
sedifco
fcMrj/reg.
3
JSeipi r"', to creep se'rpe,
along
Smiismilngo
Siniingerc,
to st^weze
giier.
Smudv
to move
re,
p.
serpa,
3 per, Pr.
Subj.
smiinsi
reg.
smdasi
reg.
.
with
difficulty
reg.
smilnto.
IRREGULAR
Present.
Infinitive.
soflerisco
1o suffer
Soflferire,
Sotfnre, to suffer reg.
to add reg.
Soggiiingere,
be
to
accussoglio
JSolere,
tomed
Solvere, to dissolve reg.
Sommettere, to sub- reg.
mit
to
^opprimere,
sup-
reg.
press
Sopraggiun^ere,to
reg.
overtake
to put soprapponSopiapitdrre,
go
stand leg.
upon
to
Sopiastare,
over
Sorgere,to rise
Sospingere,to push
reg.
Sostene're,to
sostengo
sus-
reg.
turn
Sottomettere, to sub- reg.
mit
to put sottopdngo
Sottofidrre,
under
Sottosfare, to
be
reg.
under
sub-
Sottrarre, to
sottraggo
tract
Sovrappdrre,to put sovrappdiigo
upon
to
Sovrastare,
stand
reg.
over
Sovvenire, to help sovvengo
mi
sovveiiSovveiiirsi, to remember
go
Spandere,to spreadrt g.
Spegnere,to extin- syengo
guish
Spingere,to push reg.
Stare,
to stand
Stingere,to
sto
take
offreg.
the colour
Stdrcere,to distort
reg.
Stiavdluere. /o dis- reg.
tort
violently
StriDKere,
to press
Strilggere,to
reg.
melt
to
Strilvger.si,
to
fade
away,
"Succedeie, to
reg.
die reg.
sue-
reg,
ceed
to suck
Sug;;ere,
reg.
Suppdrre,to suppose suppdngo
VERBS.
177
178
Valere,
IRREGULAR
worth
be
to
VERBS.
valgo
valsi
vedn,veggo,
vidi
vedro
vrduto,
veni^i
verro
vtnilto.
varro,
vale-
vdlso,
valtito.
rf"
Vedere,
to
see
vfsto.
ve-cgio
Venire,
to
\incere,
Vivere,
Vole're,
Vdlgere,
win
live
to
to
ve'ago
come
to
be
to
willing
turn
viiisi
reg
re^
vdglio,
reg.
reg.
vi'ssi
vo'
vdlli,
vdlsi
vivro
vdlsi
vi'nto.
vitjso,
vorri)
voliito.
volgero
vdito.
vissiito.
180
VOCABULARIES.
udvo,
m..
(L. ovum.)
egg.
pe'nna,
/ p"n.
(L. peuna.)
quddro,w., paint- (L. quadra.)
ing.
,
udva, /.pi, eggs
4.
Vocabulary
Vocabulary 7.
arancia, /.,orange.
(A. ii"ranf?.)
asciugainano, m., towel.
(From
to
asciuy;are, wipe dry ; mano,
hand.)*
"
(I.
/laf.
w.,
cappello,
cappa,
albe'rgo,
m.,
hotel.
.
G.
"a
hooded
dito, m., finger.
dit
f
cloak.")
(L. digitus.)
church.
chie'sa,/.,
/. pi.,
fingers.
fi}:,\'m,f.,
daughter. (L. filia.)
fi;"lio,
m., yon.
dow.
fiue'stra,
/., win-
(L. filius.)
(L. fenestra.)
#0'"w. r?Yt/(L. CI vitas)
citth,/.,
dottdre,m., doctor. (L. docUir.)
way.
ferrovLi,
(L.
/, railferrum,
iron
inn.
osten'a,/.,
(L. trater.)
ndce. /.,walnut.
(L. nux.)
m.,
sapdiie, soap.
(L. sapo, -nis.) servo, wi., servant.
speziale,
m., chem
brush.
(L. scopula.)
spaxzola,/.,
brother.
(I. oste, from
L.
hospes.)
(L. servus.)
(I. spez e. spices,
ist.
arte, /,,art.
Cold I e, m., colour.
from
strada, /
(L. ars, artis.)
nU-eet.
,
road.
stratum, pavement,
from
Contraftinn
cousin,
tahle.
tavola,/,,
of L.
consobr.uus.)
faccia,/.,
/ace.
(L. facits.)
giiinli
\o,m.,garden.(ii.
girten.)
m.
h'bro,m.,
book.
8.
VocabUflary
J.
Vocabulary
bastd
e, m.,
m.
gioru"le,
stick.
news-
L.
Jsciugare, from
deprive oi juice;" hencf
"juice."
sucus,
""to dry,"
t
from
"to
e.\8ucare,
"to
dry," fr" m
also
F. essuyer,
"ohuid,"
covers
:
hence
t Basto,
II
lieiiiuHe ii eiicluseii
alw) F. chapeau.
caio,
car-
nis.)
(L. denarius.)
forma(L.L.
pdne,
bread.
Tw.,
p6ra, /,,pear.
t"',m., tea.
vino, m.,
wine.
made
in
mould;
ntage.)
F. fro-
a
(L. lae, lactis.)
(L. pa nis.)
(L. p.riim.)
(C. te.)
(L. vinum.)
or
Vocabulary
9.
nv
?affTa^ni/
'.bdton.
;
Idtte,m., milk.
p.uk-suildle."is pri.b.il)ly
Hiiiiig"to siippoit" (Ur,
dbito, m.,
O.ti, aod
A.-S. bat). So in
ooat.
"ii
rodt
(L.
from
L.
ticiiiii,
forma, because
journal.)
Cappa, cappillo,
pmbahly comes, no'
il.iin caput, but irom
the verb
capere,
from
Hcuce
meat.
cdrne,/.,
(L. anulus.)
(I. basto )X
(li. diurnfllis;
paper.
*
/.,wafer.
(L. aqua,)
birra,/.,beer.
(G, bit r.)
biitirro,
(L. butyrum.)
m., butter.
acqua,
danato,m., money.
formaggio, m.,
6.
F.
sternere.)
(L, tabula.)
L
(Gr. and
thtatrum.)
(L. liber)
(L. pictor.)
p\d6ie,m.,i)ainter
Bci'iiiiiiH,/.,
monkey.(\ siniia.)
se. Iia,
/.,chair.
(L. sei les.)
striilo,
(L. stridor.)
m., cry.
striJa,/.
pL, cries.
ane'llo,
w., ring.
(I..btrata,j/i.of
(L. color.)
cujj;iiiii,/.,c/M8/Vi,/.
(L.L. cilbiims.
cugiiio, m.,
L.
)
8{)ecie.^
6.
Vocabulary
via,
;
road.)
fork. (L. fiirca.)
f..rche'tta,/.,
frate'lio,
m.,
hcr-
berge, inn.
F. auber;"e.)
L.
(Gr. and
ecclesia.)
'
I.
(0,G.heriber":a,
tion.
military sta-
dress, (L. habitus; F"
habit.)
181
VOCABULARIES.
accidio,
m., steel. (L.L.
land.
Engaciare, Inghilterra,/.,
acierium, fiom
acie^, se. ferri, Ldndra, /.,London.
M.iiia, /., Mary.
i.e. liardeiieil
iron ; F. acitr.) Milauo,/.,Milan.
bicehiere,to., a (L.L. bicarium; Oianda,/., Holland.
G. bechcr.)
Farigi,/., Farifi.
glass.
P
cula
but
bottle.
e'.r"",
(L. Petrus.)
m., Peter.
(L.L.
boitigiia,
;
/.,
F. bnute.lle.)*Kdma,/., Rome.
liiis.ia,/.,Russia.
caflff,
(A. (jahunh.)
m., coffee.
colate.(S. chocolMte, bastdiia,/ Saxony.
cioccolata,
/.,chofrom Aiexiciin
signdra,/.,Mrs.,
(L. senior ; S.
F. Seilady.
senor;
cacu.itl,
cacao.)
eb
signdr. m., Mr., gneur.)
ebano, to., ebony. (L.
num.)
gentleman,sir,
(L. lignum.)
legno, TO., wood.
Sofia,/.,
iSopha. (Gr.Sophia.)
(L. marmur.)
to., marble.
marmo,
dro, m., gold.
(L. aumm.)
Vocabulary 11.
(L. p.aiis.,
pelle,
y.,xkin.
silk.
hair;
(L. seta,
seta,/.,
(In this vocabulary the idioms
,
,
F. hoi( .)
given
spada,/.,sword.
(L. spatha;
epe'e.)
stivale,
to., boot.
(L.
tazza,
L.
p. ll) are
ink-
on
not
re|ieated.)
calauiUa.)
(L.
calamaio, to.,
stand.
aesti-
vale.)t
(A. ta9a;
tasse.)
/.,cup.
F
caldo, oilj.,
warm.
(L. calidus.)
(L. charta.)
(L.
caj/tivus,
c"ria.,f.,paper.
F.
caitivo,adj.,bad.
hence
taken;
in
Italian,unlor-
miserablybud ; E caitif.)
See
complexion (also wax.
tunatc!
ceiM,
Voc.
10.
Vocabulary
1.)
cirie'gia,/.,
cherry.(L. ccrasnm.)
Alberto, to., Albe t.
America, /.,America.
Asa.
Asia, /*.,
coilaua,/.,cAam,
disgrazia,
f.,mis-
(L. gratia.)
fortune.
fame, /..hunner.
(L. fames.)
fico,TO.
(L. fieus.)
fig,rig-tree.
ifheet (of (L.
m
fdglio,
folium,
paper).
leaf.)
freddo,adj.,cold. (L. fiigidus.)
fieit",
f.,haste
(I. frettaie,to
rM",fiomL. fricaie.)
Berlino,/.,Berlin.
Biii'i'ie.TO., Briizil.
(L. caput.)
capitae,/.,
capital.
Carlo, TO., Charles. (L. Carolus.)
Cina,/.,China.
Dresden.
Dre"d.",/.,
,
Kmma.
fiinma./.,
Eniopa,/.,Europe.
ai
lollum,
neck ; I.encea
chain for the nt ck.)
Beip:io,TO., Helgium.
Fi
(L.
icia,
/., /'ranee.
many,
Germania,/,,Ger-
giud.'z'o,
ment.
m., judg-
Giovanni,
(L. judicium),
letter.
lettera,/.,
(L. littera.)
It-dl.money,
lira,/.,
to.,-Tohn.(L. Johannes.)
guantu, TO., glove. (L.L.guantus
Swedish
;
and
Danish, vante;
F. gant )
worth
lOd.,
(same as a iranc).
(L. libra.)
ma,lo,ad j bad.
(!".malus.)
,
me]
*
Th'^ root of thisJword
In -evfral
occurs
languages: J. botte.,"iic."k;" F.lottti
Gr.
^i)Ti";
/SovTi?,
;
t aestivale,from
wi"m
In
summer
"i
a-
butte;
K. butt.
besu", "summer,"
G. stitfeL.
; hence
about
f.,apple.
mente, /.,memory.
i\.
oieccj.ino, to., ear-
ring.
(L. malum.)
(I.,mens.)
(Lor: cchio,ear;
from L. auricula,
dim. of auris^
182
VOCA
BULARIES.
(Jj.
pRzienza,/.,
patientia.)passeggidta,/.,
patience.
pro- (I.paaseggiare,
from
L. pas(L. pavor.)
menade, walk.
fear.
paiira,/.,
to
m
(L.
regelare,
regfi.lo,
sus.)
present.
thaw; S. regalar,to melt, pdco,od/.and arir.,L. paucus.)
hence
fo coax
little.
; F. regaler.)
fhoe.*
prdnzo, m., dinner. (L. prandium.)
Scarpa,/.,
sete,/.,(hirst.
(L. sitis.)
procinto, (in) irr. (L. procinctus,
(L. volo.)
vdglia,
adv.,on the point, prepared.)
/.,wish.
(L.ratio.)
ragidne,/.,
reason, right.
stairs.
(L.
scala.)
scdla,/.,
,
Vooabnlary
12.
(In this Vocabuliiry the idioms
given on p. 24 are not repeated.)
accdrdo,m.,
(L. accordare,
agree-
ad
from
ment.
and
serva, /.,maid
vant.
tempo,
Aear".)
(O G balle ; E.
bdUo, m., ball
ball.)
(L.
budno, adj, good.
bonus.)
(L. campania,
camp^gna,/.,^eZ"i,
(L. se'rva.)
time, (L. tempus.)
m.,
termine, m., position.
(L. terminus.)
tetto, w., roo/.
(L. tectum.)
cordis, tdrto,
m.,
cor,
ser-
wrong.
(L. tortus.)
.
from
country.
a
campus,
Vocabulary
13.
affettndso,arf/.,
a/-(L.
affectuo-
sus.)
fectinnaie.
Si\to,adJ.,
htghftaU,(L. altus.)
plain.)
Zoud.
cantina,/.,cellar. (L, quintana;
a^j,,6t7"er. (L. amarus.)
amaro,
cantine.) applaudito,part. ( L. applaudere.)
capitdno,w., captain,(h. caput,
of applaudire,
capitis.)
to applaud.
carrdzza,
/.,carri- (I. carro ; L. attdre,m., actor.
(L. actor.)
F.
carrus.)
age.
sAtiice,f, axstresa. (L.
actrix,
c o n c e pconce'tto,
w., thought,(\j.
-icis.)
esteem, character,
tus.)
battaglia,/.,6af"Ze.
(L.L. batalia;
disacrdrdo,m., dis- (L. discordare.)
F. bataille.)
agrfement.
bianco,adj.,white. (A Teutonic
esercizio,m.,
ea;er-
(L.e\ercitium.)
cise.
^ssere,irr. v., to he. (L. esse.)
febbre,/.,fever. (L. febris.)
word;* F. blanc.)
bigio,
adj.,
grey. (L.L. bisus; F. bi.-",
perh.fromL. byssus, cotton colour.)
of,(\j.foras,out canale, w., canal. (L. canalis.)
of doors.)
fabbro, m., black- (L. faber.)
grddo.m., step,wiU,(L.gradus.)
smith,
pleasure.
famv^lia,
f.,
family.(L. familia.)
Italia,/..Z^t/y.
(L. Italia.)
felice,
adj.,happy. (L. felix,-icis.)
lezidne,/.,leioion. (L. le('tio,-nis.)
fresco,adj.,
fresh,(O.G. friso ; E.
(L. liber.)
libreria,/.,
library.
fresh: F.firais.)
new.
medico, m., physi-(L. medicus.)
adj..
gidvine.
young i^L.juvenis.)
fudri. prep., out
outside.
c/an.
n.,
raeicdto, w., market.
online,m., order.
pdrco,m.,
"
E.
sharp ;
young
man.
conflare ;
swollen. (L.
gdn fio,adj.,
(L.nrdo.-inis.)
F gonfler.)
i^a*"^. (L- 1^- parous,
grdnde,adj.,great,(L. .i^randis.)
from parco, ti"
tall,large.
keeppreserves.)
Probably
the
called became
(T;.mercatus.)
a
Teutonic
word
Itnlian Scarpa,
pointed.
:
O
scharf,
"shoe,"
is
so
*
O.G.
blanch;
blanche;
connected
glitUr:
F. blink.
M.O.
with
blanc; E. to
blinken, to
6.
183
VOCABULARIES.
cheek. (O.G. wanga.j
gndncia,/.,
Vooabnlary 16.
Itingo,adj.,long. (L. longus.)
maestro, m., master. (L. uiaj^ister.)
banchiere,m., banker. (I. banca ;
black.
O.G. banc.)
(L. niger.)
nero, adj.,
benevolo, benevo- (L. benevolus.)
ndnna,/.,grand- (L.L. uonna.)
mother.
le'nte,
adj.,benevolent.
ndnno, m., grand- (L. nonnus.)
bue, m., ox.
(L. bos.)
dear.
(L. carus.)
caro, adj.,
nudvo.
and
L.
weto.
(L. novus.)
elelante,m., elephant.(Gr.
a(//.,
small.
piccolo,
(Romance, pic
elepiius,
adj.,
-antis.)
"'
a
point.")
(L.
esta,estate,summer.
aestas,
(L. pictor.)
pittriee,
/.,painter.
aestatis.)
pdzzo, m., (a) well. (L. puteus).
adj.,strong. (L. furtis.)
forte,
profdndo,ao?/.,
deep.(L.profondus.) fortuiia./.,
/or^ane. (L. fortuna.)
cat.
(L. catus.)
prude'nte,
a"Z/.,2"rM(L. prudens, gatto,m.,
dent.
(L. diurnus.)
m.,
day.
gidini",
gen, -utis.)
oah.
(L. quercus.)
que'rcia,
/".,
grato. adj., plea-(L. gratus.)
sant, grateful.
secco, adj.,dry, thin. (L. siccus.)
severe.
(L. severus.)
adj.,honest. (L. inte"j;er.)
inte'gro,
severo, adj.,
traditdra, /., trai- (L. traditor )
intirao,
adj.,intimate. (L.intimus.)
tress.
inverno,m., winter. (L. hibernus.)
traditdre,m., traitor i,L.traditor.) largo,adj.,wide.
(L. largus.)
vecchio (aisoveglio),(L, vetulus, leone,m., lion.
(L. b o, -nis.)
and
old
liinie,
adj.
veclus.)
w., light.
(L. lumen.)
n.,
Ill la, /.,moon.
man.
(L. luiia.)
also
vincitdre,
m.,
(L. victor,from
(L. lupus.)
Iiipo,
m., wolf.
victorious, vincere.)
as adj.,
ndlte,/.,tiight. (L. nox, noctis.)
Vittdrio,m., Victor. (L. victor.)
nunumeidso, adj.,
(L. numerosus.)
merous.
(L. raga.)*
boy.
ragazza, /.,girl.
scolcire,
m., pupil. (L. sehola.)
earth.
tena,,/.,
(L. leira.)
ragazzo,
Vocabulary 14.
m.,
bello, contr. bel, (L. bellus.)
adj.,beautiful.
in
brackets
(Tne words
are
fidre,
(L. flos,
m., Jlower.
floris.)modifications of nouns
or
tives
adjecadj. aid 8.,(E.English.)
ingldse,
of the
force
termma; the
Englishman.
tions is explained on
pp. 34-3.').
italiano,adj. and (L. Italia.)
Several wurds alreadygiven in the
8.,
Italian.
vocabularies
here
are
repeated,on
lingua,/., tongue, (L. lingua.)
of the modifications.)
account
language.
addormentato, j)ar".,
(L. dormire.)
principale,adj.,(L.principalis.)
principal.
aggrinzito,part, (I.grinza; Teun'cco,adj.trich.
(G. reich.)
wrinkled.
tonic word.)
rose.
rdsa,/.,
(L. rosa.)
amaro
(amardgnolo,(L. amarua.)
red.
rdsso,adj.,
(L. russus, rare,
amarastro),adj.,
akin to ruber.)
bitter.
Torino,
m.,
Turin.
(L. Auguista
Tauriiiorum.)
6va, /.,grape.
(L. uva.)
villaggio,
m., wZZagfe.(L.L. villaticum
L.
(anellfno,
(L. anulus.)
anelluccioj,m., ring.
arbore (urboscello,(L.
arbiisto),
m.,
arbor.)
tree.
irora
*
villa;F.
village.)
violet.
viola,/.,
ane'Uo
(L. viola.)
L.
Gr. pd(co?,pa/cTj,
in
raya
.-uch
wears
Cod.
"
a
Theod.
ragged garment,"
; hence
one
who
garment, a slave or boy, like
puer, which bas boib loeaaings.
184
VOCABULARIES.
(bellfno,bel- (L. bellus.)
WIlo
adj.^beauliiicio)
tijul.
(G. gelb ; akin
gidllo(gialldgnolo),
to L. galbaadj.,yelloio.
nus,
whence
F. jauiie.
)
(L.L.bicarium;
(bicchie(L.
juvenis.)
(giovine'tto,
G.
gidvine
bicohieidu*), becher.)
giogioviiidtio,
glass.
a
vinastru) dj.,
(L.L. boacus,
(b 'SLhetto),
biccliieie
rino,
a
m..
bdsco
buscus, from G.
wood.
TO
young
yiiung ;
,
bu8cl),'"bu8h.") man
inaiiellato, part., (L. anulatus.)
brutto (bruttdccio),
(L. brutus.)
cuihd.
(tdj.,
ugly.
li'bro
li-(L.liber.)
(lil)reito,
(caracretta,(L. camera.)
camoia
bruccio, librilibiaccio,
ciuo,
cameraccia), /.,
ber.
camerdne, to., cham-
ti
lihrdiie,libret-
(oanino
cdne
(L. cams.)
ca-
n
o,
librettac-
cio),m., booh.
Citndne,
giiolino,
(L. lupus.)
lupa(lupicino,
liipo,
candcoi "),
to., dog.
and
m.
o),
lupacc
(L. capillus.)
capello(capelliiio,
/.,wolf.
oapelcapelliii'cio,
Idnc),TO., fiair.
cappello (cappel-(For etym.
Vue. 4.)
lucci" cappellachat
m
cio),
(manina. ma-(L. manus.)
mano
iiaccia),
/.,hand,
mandne, to.
see
marc,
sea.
to.,
(L.mare.)
,
capr
",
ca[)ra
(ca- (h. caper,
ca-
me'dico
medicus.)
(medicdii-(L.
Kolo, int'dicdne,
prelta,caprettina, pra.)
mtdiodstro),to.,
m.
and/.,
caprdue),
physiri'in.
goat.
(L. navis.)
nave,
(navicella),
cisa vcas^tta,('asue(L. L.
casa,
/.,ship.
cia, casdccia),/., Walloucase.)
nero
(neidgnolo,(L. niger.)
Ciisdiie,
TO., house.
a^j.,
iierfistro),
(L.
caballus.)
cavdllo(cavalluccio,
black.
Clival Iaccioj, to.,
horse.
cucin
I
(L. culina.)
(cnc'indccia),
/.,Mtchen.
(L. herba.)
er4rh.x (erbe'tta.
(L. nucleus.)
ndcci{"lo(nocoiole'tto),
TO., stone offruit.
(L. passer.)
passero, pd"hera(pasto. and /.,
serdtto),
baccia\/..gra^s.
sparrow.
failetta),
(*)
farfalla (fai
/., butterfly.
fidre
floris)
fiorel- (L.flos,
(tif)re'iio,
lino),TO., flower.
(L. infra.)
fra,jtrep among.
fratello (frafellino,
(L. frater.)
frafiatelliicdo,
ie\\6n^\m.. brother.
(.L.catus.)
gdtto,gdtta(gattilccia, gattino,gut,
TO.
tdiie),
and
/.,
eat.
"
"a
comes
butttrfly,'
From
]j.papilio.
I. parpaglidne : and prob.iblythrniKh the
bmterflv."
influence of O.G. flfaUra, "n
i U"e Walion
farfagli"ru,
far/alia
/aU,
pecus, pepe'cura (pecorellB,(L.
pi'coruccia), /., coris.)
to.,
(pecoriine),
sheep.
heavy.(L. pensare.)
pesdx\tv,adj.,
(L. persicum,
/.,
peach.
pesca,
peisica;lienoe
Fr. pg.he.)
(L. planta.)
pianta(pianticella),
/.,plant.
(For etym. see
piccolo (piccolino),
Voc. 13.)
adj.,small.
full. (L. plenus.)
adj.,
pie'iio,
piotor.)
pittdre(pittoruccio,(L.
is/er-
pittorlecio),
to.,
piiinter.
(L. pictura.)
painting.
pinui"tf.,
185
VOCABULARIES.
milsica,/.,musio.
(L. pauper.)
pdvero (poverello,
(L.musioa, from
(I'r.musikf.)
poveretto, pove-
student. (Iv. studens,
Btudente,m.,
poveraccio),
riiio,
adj.jpoor.
gen.
via, /.,way,
(L. pratum.)
(praticello),
prato
-entis.)
(L. via.)
meadow, field.
m.,
(L. quadrum,
quadio (quadietto,
a
quadsquare,
quadriiccio,
F.
la
cio, quadret- lie nee
"
"
tmo),
cadre
paint-
m.,
"a
anno,/.,year.
/.,com-
ros(rossiccio,
(L.russus,
rare
;
Wallon
red.
ros.)
sastro),adj..
and
L.
SatFo, /., tsappho,
(Gr.
Sapplio.)
name.
(L. suror.)
(sorellma),
/,,sister.
tavola (tavolino,
ta- (L. tabula.)
from
luecia,
L.L.
",
c
"iii-
from cum
parnum,
and paidd,bread.)
esposizidne,
/.,ex-
(L.
hibition.
mesc,
sitio,
(L. aetas, -atis.)
(L. nienais.)
(L. bora.)
(L. regimenturn.)
(L. scliola.)
(L. septimana.)
month.
m^
ex|)(
expositionis.)
eta, /.,iige.
dra,/.,hour.
re-
giment.
scudla,/,school.
settimana,/,
week.
.
Boldato,
m., sol Her.
from L.
'
I. sol lo, pay,
solidus,acoin.)
Vocabulary 20.
tavo-
(The
names
tavolac-
days of
tlie
voldne, m.,
(L. annus.)
(I. compagm
coiupagnia,
rtggimeiito,
m.,
rich.
proper
sorella
Vocabulary 19.
pany.
fjanie.")
ing,picture.
(T^.
querela(quercetta). quercus.)
/.,(qiiircione),
m., oak.
(See p. 183,
(nigaz/iuo,
ragazzo
note *)
ragazze'ttu.
ragazzaccio),
m., boy.
ricco (riccone),
(G. reicb.)
adj.,
rosso
road.
of the
week,
given on
and
the
months,
of tiie
sons
sea-
are
table.
p. 41.)
cia),/.,
vetulus.
io
Africa,
/.,Africa. (L. /i trlsa.)
vecc.
(L.
(verchietto,
SeeVoc.
(L c""fsis.)
vef'chidtto,
vec13.) classe,/.,class.
concerto, m., con(L.concertare.)
chierello, Vecchione,
cert.
vecehiac-
cio),adj. and
old, old man.
vino
indc(vine'tto,
\
cio),m.,
contemporaiieo, adj.,(L.contempo-
n.,
contempornneous.
(L. vinum.)
irine.
Vitt6rio(Vittoiino),
(L. victor.)
Emanue'le,
w.,
(L.
Emmanuel.
m., Victor.
Francesco,
Vccabulary
ran"u.".)
cdrto,adj.,short.
(L. curtns.)
ddlce, adj.,mild, sweet. (L. didcis.)
16.
fr.
Heb.
Emmanuel.)
(L. Franciscus.)
m.,
Francis.
Guirl elmo,
m., (L.L. Willelmus
(L. alacer,gen.
William.
and ( i ul inlmus,
alacris.)
fromO.G.Wi.Llm.)
genitdre,
m., father.(L. geiiitor.)
Napoleone, m.,
(L. h( ri.)
ieri,
adv.,yesterday.
Napoleon.
(L. serus.)
sera,/.,
evening.
piano, m., floor. (L. planus.)
adj.,
alle'gio,
merry.
Vocabulary 17.
Sunt'
Elena,/.,/S'a4rti
(L. Helena.)
Helena.
difiidle,
(L. difficilis.)
adj.,diffiultimo,adj.,last.
cult.
matiiro, adj.,ripe.(L. maturus.)
Vocabulary
ameno,
sant
18.
adj.,plea-(L. amoenus.)
(L. ultimus.)
Vocabulary
(The
Indefinite
given
cdsa,/.,
thing.
on
21.
Adjectivesare
p.
46.)
(L.L.causa,
thing.")
"a
186
VOCABULARIES.
Q"mma^ f.,flame. (L. flarama.)
deljito,
(L. debitum.)
m., debt.
minuto, m., mmwte.
doiiiaiidar'-(or di- (L. demandare,
(L. minutum.)
mor/a/. (L. iiioi talis.)
luoi tale,
adj.,
niandare),v., to " to entrust.")
ask.
persona, /.,j"er"o/i. (L. persona.)
due'tto,m., duet.
(L. duo.)
dui^ute, adv.,during.(L, durana,
Vocabulary 22.
gen.
(No words.)
fire,irr.
-antifl.)
do, (L. faceie.)
v., to
to make.
Vocabulary 23.
(L. generosus.)
abitiidiiie,
/.,habit. (L. habitudo.)
generous.
amuiaiutu, adj.,ill.(I. iiiHlato ; F.
(L. granum.)
prrano,w" wheat.
niaiude; from
/earn
iniparare,t".."o (L. par.tre.)
ingolo,m.,
corner.
aimoiare,v., to
an-
generdso, adj.,
L. maius.)
(L. angulus.)
(1.nnja. F.
en-
ijui; fiomL.
noy.
An-
w.,
thony.
arrivare,
v.,
infingardo,
adj., (I.tingere; O.
F.
lazy,slothful.
faint,
lazy.")
insalata,/.,"aZad. (I. salare ; F.
"
in od o, as in
estmihi
moiiio.)
Antdnio,
inco.itraie,
v.,tomeet.(L. contra.)
(L. Antonius.)
inveuchiare, v.,
to
ar-
(L.L.adripare.)
rive.
arrdsto,m., roast.
(I. rostire
F.
:
become
to
old.
laiiieiito,
m.,
plaint.
salade,fr. L.
sal,'salt.")
(I.vecchio. iSee
V""c. VS.)
(L.lamentum.)
com-
joiir, from
lodare,
v., to praise.
(L. laudare.)
O.G.
rostjan male, m., evil,pain,
(L. malum.)
to roast.")
ache.
(L. actio,-nis.) mangiare,v., to eat. (L.manducare;
F. man^rer.)
(I.ba-taie, lo
be suflScitnt.")
mattina.
(L. matutinus.)
/.,morn"
azidne,/.,action.
basta !
eninterj.^
ough.
biasimare,
v.,
"
(L.blasphemaie;
iiig.
F b.aiuer.)
me-tiere,m.,^andt-(L.mi nisterium ; F. nietic-r.)
Tjottegdio,
m., shop-(I.bottega; F.
crajt.
keener.
boutique; from
mdlto,a(iv andarf/.,(L.
mu.tum.)
to
blame.
Gr
and
L. apo-
much
ti
eca.)
natale,adj.,native. (L. natalis)
calunnidre,v., to (L.calumniare.) nemico, m., enemy (L. inimicus.)
calumny.
ombroilo,m., um(L. umbella,
hill of (L.L.cambiare,
hrella.
from umbra.)
cambiale,/.,
S. cambiar ; oiioraic, v., to
exchange.
(L. honorare.)
F. (dianger.) hoiKiur.
can tare,v., to sing.
(L. can tare.)
orribili-,
anf/ Zior- (L. horribilia.)
rible.
(L.
caulatii'.e./.,
cantatr.x.)
s""(/er.
cercai
e, v., to seek. (L. circare, to
ji"ese,m., country. (L.pagen8is,"a
,
'"
go
F.
round
*
farm,"
;
Irom
pagus.)
to
c'lieicher.)
(L. paiuie,
pagare, v., to pay.
a
nd
adv.,(L. qu( "mudo.)
come,
conj.
appease. ')
as, hnw.
parlare,
v., to speak.(L.L. purabocomprdre, v., to buy.(I^.
iaie)"
compnrare.)
cons.
e passegfi,ueiiza,/.,cou-(L.
(S"
passe'ggio,
conaequeum., j)romenadc.
tia.)
Voc.l2.)
giuta,
sftfuence.
think,
coiitadiiio,m.,
to
(h.
(I. contado,
pensare.)
]penBuTti,v
"
,
peasant.
country,
trom
*
Frmii
Gr and
d" or
I. conte; from
hence
L. oomes.)
paiole; palabm,
"
wo
L
"
iKirabola, a parable,"
""
.^pet-cU;" I. paiola; P.
whence
E.
palaver.
188
VOCABULARIES.
p^rdere,t?.,to lose. (L. perdere.)
piaoere,m., pica- (L. placere.)
ruggire,
v., to roar.
(Jj.nigire.)
sdrucire,v., to tear,(L. reauere.)*
to rend.
sure.
(L. sequi.)
pidDto,w., tears, (L. planctus.) Beg{iire,v.,tofollow.
to
serve.
(L.
servire, v.,
servire.)
crying.
(L.rex, regis.) tossire,v., to cough.(L. tussire.)
/ctngf.
re, m
riaccendere,v., to (L. accendere.)
lightagain.
Vocabulary 23.
rice'vere, v., to (L. recipere;
calzoUio, m., shoe- (L. calceolareceive.
F. recevoir.)
vndker.
rius.)
rimprover^re.
v., (L.L.repropriare
;
from L.
to- (I.mane,
domini,
adv.,
F. reprocher.)
to blame, to remorrow.
mane
; F. demain.)
preach.
esaminatdre,m., (L.examinator.)
rispondere,t?., to (L.respondere.) examiner.
,
reply.
soriidere,
to
v.,
(L.subridere.)
smile.
fatto,part, done, (L. factum.)
made.
insegnare,v., to
(L.L insignare;
F. enseigner.)
dere.)
premio, w., prize.(L. praemium.)
spendere,v., to ex- (L. expendere.)
written. (L. scriptum.)
scritto,part.,
peiid.
to (L. scrib^re.)
v.
irr.,
scrivere,
sper^re,v., to hope.(L. sperare.)
write.
succedeie,v., to sue- (L. succedere.)
scudo, m., dollar,(L. scutum.)
ceed.
snspe'udere,
v.,
suspend.
tergere,v.,
to
to
to
(L.
suspen-
teach.
wipe, (L. tergere.)
dry.
ucculere,v., to hill. (L. occidere.)
vendere, v., to sell. (L. vendere.)
virtu,/,virtue.
(L. virtus.)
(L. vita.)
\itayf.ylife.
Vocabulary 27.
(In tbis vocabulary the verbs
given on p. 71 are not repeated.)
ascoltare,
v., to
listen. (L. auscul-
tare.)
bene,
adv.,loell.
(L. bene.)
confidenza,
/.,trust. (L. coufidenI. ricco.
See
arricchire,v.,"oe"tia.)
rich.
Voc. 13.)
cudre, m., heart.
(L. cor.)
See
russus.
ari-osaire,v., toUush.(lj.
meglio,m., better (the).
(L. melior.)
Voc. 14, 15.)
occasidne,/.,occa(L.oecasio,
gen.
boUire,"., to boil. (L. ebullire.)
sion.
-nis.)
consiglio,
w., ad- (L.consilium.) onesta,/.,
honesty.(L. honestas.)
Vocabulary 25.
vice.
cucire,
pregare,
v.,
to pray.
(L. precari.)
(L. consuere.) prove'rbio, pro- (L.
m.,
p r o v e r
(L. dormire.)
sleep.
verb.
bium.)
fly,(L. fugere.)
richiesta,/.,
(L.requisita,/.,
request.
v.y to sew.
-
dormire, v., to
fuggire,v.,
to
run
to
away.
impailidire,
v., to (L. pallidus.)
become pale.
iufingardaggine,/.,
(I. iufingardo.risdrsa,
/.,
laziness.
See
inghiotti'ro,
v.,
to
swallow.
resource,
Voc. 23.)
(L. glulire
;
expedient.
F.
engloutir.)
part, of
re-
quirere ; F.
requete.)
(I.risorta,
jxir^.
of
risorgere.)
Vocabulary 28.
manii-a,/.,sleeve. (L. manica.)
(In this vocabulary the verbs
(L. mentiri.)
on^sto,adj^honest.
(L. honestua.) given on p. 72 are not repeated.)
to depart,
T^Q.viiie,v.,
{l^.paitiri.)
Like I. cucire, to sew, from L. consuere^
with 8 privativeand d euphunic
(L. punire.)
punire, v., topunish.
mentire,
v.
to lie.
"
189
VOCABULARIES.
(Per. schah,
king.)
'to take care
of,' storia,/., history(L. historia.)
stnru,fable.
etym. doubtful ;
". besoin.)
(G. schupfen)
zdppo,adj.,lame.
French.
(F.
francese,
adj.,
fran9ai8.)
health.
Vocabulary 31.
(L.salus,-utis.)
salute,/.,
'
bisogno,
m., want, (I.sogua,
from
need.
L L
.
isoldo,m.,
sod
scacco,
chess.
m.
iare,
solidus
(L.
penny,
.
care/
;
date,v.,
you
give. (L. dare.)
F.
sou.)
half-penny.
firinare,v., to sign.(L. flrmare.)
tcrlino,adj" sterling.
(E. sterling.) niandare, v.,tosend.(L. mandare
)
(I.ringraziare.
ringraziamento,m.,
Vocabulary
nation.
adj.,Greek.
latino, adj.,Latin.
(L. Graecus).
(L. Latinus.)
greco,
levaiite,m.,
east.
'
32.)
(L.and
(L. superbus.j
Vocabulary 32.
(L. bene.)
(L. doraiuium.)
be'ue,m., good.
dominio, m.. domi-
superbo,adj.,
proud.
(G. Oesterreich.)
trian.
Voc.
sudicio,adj.,dirty.(L. succidus.)
(In this vocabulary the verbs
given on p. 73 are not repeated.)
austriaco, adj.,Aus-
See
tlianks.
29.
accompagnare,
v.,
to accompany.
riere, m., waicame
(I. compania.
See
Voc.
(t.and
19.)
L.
mera.)
ter,a,,f.,waitress,
condscere,irr. v., to (L. c o g
I. levare,
n
ca-
o
s
-
know.
cere.)
(of the bun).) credere, v., to believe. (L. credere.)
(L. L o n g o
detto,part.,said. (L. dictum,
bardi.)
from dicere.)
(L. moiitMnus.) dissi,disse, said, (L. dicere,
past def.of dire, perf.dixi.)
(L. pagina.)
irr. V.
(L. parabola; dolere,v., to pain, (L. dolere.)
'
to rifce
LornLombardia,/.,
hardy.
wiOMwmontagna,/.,
tain.
pagiDa,/.,page.
/.,icord.
pardla,
-
F.
Reno, m., Bhine.
Svizzera,/., Swit-
parole.
SeeVoc.23.)
(G. Rhein.)
(G. Schweiz.)
zerland.
to hurt.
piacere,i-.,to please.
(L. placere.)
probabile,
(L. probabilis.)
adj.,probable.
raccomaiidare, v., (L.commendare.)
tirare, v.,
to
blow
(O.G. tairan,to
draw
(ofwinds).
vento, m., wind.
verbo, m., verb.
;
F.
to recommend.
tirer.) ringraziare,
v.,
(L. ventus.)
(L. verbum.)
to
thank.
urtare, v., to hurt.
(I. grazia; L.
gratia.)
(M.G. hurten,
tic
prob.fr. Cel-
"hwrdh,"
Vocabulary 30.
(In this vocabulary the
given on
Amleto,
aprire,
v.
p. 74
are
not
verbs
repeated.)
aspetto,m.,
appear-
vedere,v. irr.,to
venire,
irr. v.,
see.
to
(L. venire.)
come.
m., Hamlet.
to open.
push.
(L. videre.)
to
(L. aperire.)
Vocabulary
(L. aspectus.)
ance.
dovere, m., duty. (L. debere.)
entrare, v., to enter. (L. intrare.)
Evangelo, m., (L. evangelium.)
Gospel.
/.,(L.repraesenrappresentazione,
-nis.)
repreaentation- tatio,
33.
(I. a fare ; L.
facere.)
aiutare, v., to help.(L. adjuvare.)
content", adj.,con- (L. contentus.)
affare,
m.,
business.
tent.
di'co,pres. ind.
If
of
(L. dico,
irr. v., dire,to say.
cere,)
di-
190
VOCABULARIES.
divertimento,m., (L. divertere.)
desiderrfre,v..
to
(L. desiderare.)
covet, to loish.
amusement.
Zearned. (L. doctusj
ddtto,adj.,
nascondere,irr.
r.,
(L.
a
b
s c o n
-^
dere.)
to hide.
dil'^ito,
m., fault. (L. defectus.)
oziosn,adj.,lazy. (L. otium.)
stimdre, v., to
(L. aestimare.)
esteem.
occupdto, part, (L.occupatus.)
valorous. (L. valere.)
valordso,
adj.,
occupied.
husij,
studium.)
stiidi..,
m., study. (L.
ubbidire, v., to obey.(L. obwlire.)
Vocabulary 39.
veiitk,/.,truth.
{ L. Veritas.)
and
arrestare, v., to (L. ad
Vocabulary 34.
F.
arrest.
arrestare,
/.,pro- (L. provincia.)
provincia,
vince.
vieino, adj.,neigh-(L. vicinus. )
houring.
dance.
(L. balla.)
L.
bevere;
hev}ito,part.,drunk.(l.
bibere.)
note. (I.biglia.)
biglie'tto,
m., ticket,
(L.L. cantio.)
canzone,/.,
song.
hat(I. cappello.
cappelldio,
m.,
35.
Vocabulary
reter.)
balldre,
v., to
warten.)
gviiiTdive,v.,tolooh.{G.
See
ter.
Voc.
4.)
(L. comes, -itis.)
comes.)
coutedsa,/.,coMn"e"".(L.
delitto,m., misde- (L. delictum.)
coiite,m., earl.
Vocabulary
36.
corriere,m., courier. (L. currere.)
fucfle,m., gun.
(I.fuoco, fiom
li. focus.)
/.,inindigestione,
digestion.
meanour.
to wound.
(L. ferire.)
\eTirf,v.,
ininnocente,adj., (L. innocens,
(L. inUigestio, nocent.
gen. -entis.)
gen. -nis.)
invitare, v., to in- (L. invitare.)
malattia,/.illness. (I. malato.
vite.
SeeVoc.23.)
ladio, w., thief. (L. latro.)
prelien- lasciare, to leave.
prendere, v., to (L.
(L. laxare.)
v.,
take.
dere.)
liberare,v., to free.(L. liberare.)
provenire, trr. 17.,"o (L. provenire.)prigione,
(L. prehensio.)
/.,prison.
originate.
ruin.
to
(L. ruina.)
rovinare, v.,
sigaio. m. cigar. (S.cigarro.)
visitare,
v., to visit. (L. viaitare.)
Vocabulary
archite'tto,
m.,
ar-
(L.
adj.,mu-
(L. communis.)
tU4ll.
educ"to, part.,edu- (L. eJucare.)
cated.
meritare,
v., to de-
(L. m^ritum.)
serve,
morte, f.,death.
(L.
Vocabulary 40.
architec-
tus.)
chitect.
conmiie,
37.
accorrere, v., to
towards.
audare, irr.
run
v., to
(L. aditare.*)
go.
anteiidto,w.,
(L. ante, natus.)
an-
cestor.
approdare,v., to
mors,
(L. accurrere.)
tis.)
mor-
ashore.
go (O.T. apprticiare
fr.L. appropriurr,
from
(L. respectus.) ast^isttre,
risp^tto,
m., respect.
Vocabulary
38.
(L. quiounque.)
brain, (L. c e r e b e 1-
chiiinque, ,pron.,
whosoever.
cervello,w.,
apinion.
lum.)
v., to
bastondre,
v.,
propiua.)
help.(L. assistere.)
to
(I.b
a
s
to
See Voc.
"
Aditart,
quentaiive
"
from
is inserted,
n
dere.
as
n
e.
6.)
often to," is a frepo
In I. avdart^ the
aAire.
L. radirom
I. rendere
in
to
191
VOCABULARIES.
cammlnare,
v.,
to
(I.
walk.
cammino
;
L.L. camiuus,
a
way, hence
ammogliarsi,v.,
take a uife.
appoggiarsi,v.,
to
(L moglie ;
mulier.)
L.
to (L. appositus.)
lean, to rest.
cl.emiii.)
(L. coenare.)
approsisinjarsi,
v., to (L. proximus.)
(L. collatio ; S,
get near.
arrabbiarsi,
colacion.)
v., to get (L. rabies.)
(L. comoedia.)
angry.
arreudersi,irr. v., (I.rendere from
to surrender.
L. reddere.)
(L. costa.)
(O.G. danson, aspettare, v., to (L. aspectare.)
to draw, exwait.
tend.)
irr. v., fo(L. abstinere.)
asteiiersi,
F.
c, to sup.
cenare,
breakcolazidne,/.,
fast.
comme'dia, /., comedy, play.
coast
costa,/.,
danzare,
v., to
dance.
degcnerare,v., "o(L.degeneiare.) abstain.
L.
attri^tar;i,
v., to he (I. tri^te ;
degenerate.
saddened.
reside.
to
dimorare,v.,
(L.morari.)
tristis.)
difeonoie'vole,
adj.,(L. dis-lionoia- avanzarai, v., to ad- (I.avanti from
dishonourable.
bills.)
L.
vance.
ab
ante.)
irr. v., to (L. vidtre.)
avvede'ri-i,
gelare,t\, imp.,to (L. gelare.)
he aware.
freeze.
avviarsi,
v., to start. (L. via.)
gridare,
v., to shout. (L. qiiiritare.)
heal.
to
to
batie.lo,
(G. wehren,
(L. L. batum,
m., boat.
guarire, v.,
O. F. batel ;
defend.)
F. bateau.)
marcidre, c, to (F. marcher.)*
Colombo,
march.
m.,
lumbus.
Co-
sailor.
(L. marinus.)
{pi./.),(L. mille pas-
marinaro, m.,
compiacersi,
pron. (L. con-plahe
to
"u.,
suum.)
pleased. cere.)
palazzo,m., palace.
(L. palatium.) coutentarsi, pron. (L. contentus.)
passare, v., to pass. (L.L, passare,
v., to be satisfied.
L.
cruccidrsi,
v., to he- (I ciuccio,corfrom
pasrucio
from
come
supine
sum,
angry.
L.
cholera,
of pandere.)
"gall.")
suonare, v., to play (L. sonare.)
dettare,v., to dictate. (L. dictare.)
(music).
dilettarsi, v., to (L. delectare.)
Vocabulary 41.
amuse
oneself.
ad
and
dimenticarsi, v., to (L.dementare)
v.
corirr.,(L.
accdrgersi,
to become aware,
forget.
rigere: also
to (L. divertere.)
I.
divertirsi,
v.,
seorgere,
from
amuse
L. ex
oneself.
and
corriesercitt),
(L. exercitus.)
m.,
army.
to
trnat.
tidarsi,
(L. fidere.)
v.,
gere.)
accostarsi,v., "o (I.and L. costa.) grazie,/.p?.,thanks. (L. gratia.)
L. L.
imbarcarsi, v., to (I. and
approach.
addoi mentarsi, v., (L.addormire.)
eml)ark.
barca.)
to (I.padrone; L.
to fallasleep.
impadionirsi,^.,
adirarsi,v., to get (L. irasci.)
patronus.)
possess oneself.
intastidirsi,
(L.
faslidiosus.)
pron.
angry.
tidious.
aflfrettarsi,
v., to become fasv., to (I. fretta: see
miglio,m.
mile.
Voc.
hasten.
alzdrsi,v., to
11.)
enfer- (Lprendere;L.
altiare,intrapresa,/.,
altus.)
prise.
prt hendere.)
to (L. maritare.)
maritarsi,
v.,
marche, to
getup. (L. L.
from
*
In O.F. aller de marche
go from
border
to
border."
en
"
m^rry.
192
VOCABULARIES.
obbligdre, v.,
oblige.
perdita,
/.,loss.
to
v., to
(L. pluere.)
rain.
a
pianoforte,
m.,
pianoforte, or
piano.
rallegrdrsi,
pron.
v., to rejoice.
ricorddrsi,v., to
imp.
(L. obligare.) piovere,
re-
(L. pnlvis.)
(L. and I. per- polvere,/.,dust.
rincrescere, pron. v.. (L. crescere.)
dere.)
to regret (lit.
to
;
(I.piano-forte
L.
planus,
grow
agaifi).
sembrarc, v., to seem.
(L. simulare.)
s61e, m., sun.
(L. sol.)
stellato,
adj.,starry.(L. stellatus.)
(L. studium.)
v., to study.
(L.recordari.) stuiJiare,
fortis.)
See
(1.allegro.
Voc. 16.)
tuonare, imp. v., to (L. touare.)
thunder.
(L. pausare.)
adj.,damp. (L. humidus.)
mlut"re, v., to salute (L. salutare.) liniido,
to
sentire.)
sentirtii,
feel.(L.
v.,
Vocabulary 43.
soriire, v., to go out. (L. sortiri.)
F.
adv.,hard- (L. poena,
stauco, adj.,tired. (L. stagnare.) ii-ppina,
a
as
soon
peine.)
ly,
as,
subire, v., to un(L. subire.)
rnember.
riposarsi,
v., to rest.
dergo.
vantarsi,
v.,to boast. (L.L. vanitare
vapore,
steam.
m.,
vergognarsi,v.,
to
be ashamed.
scarcely
;
avantutri,adv., the (L. ab-ante-
from vanus.)
day before
yester- heri.)
day.
(L. vapor.)
cominciare,v., to (L. L. cominiverecun(L.
tiare, from
begin.
dia.)
L.
cum,
ini-
tiare.)
adv.,
ddpo,
after-(L. de-post.)
Vocabulary 42.
wards.
accadere,imp.v., to (L.ac-cadere.)
happen.
v., to (S.bastar.)
sufficient.
bisognare,
imp. v., (I.bisogna.See
Voc. 28.)
to be necessary.
underto
(L. capere.)
capire, v.,
bastare, imp.
be
poi,adv.,(L. de hora in
post.)
henceforth.
ieri V altro, adv., (L. heri,alter.)
the day beforeyesterday.
negdzio, m., jtnre(L. negotium.)
d' dra in
house.
ormai,oramai, adv.,(L. hora
ma-
henceforth. gis.)
now,
(L. primus.)
adv.,
before.
prima,
liina,(L.clarus,luna.)
serious. (L. serius.)
serio,
adj.,
moonlight.
seriamente, adv., (L. serius.)
convenire,t7. irr.,to (L. con venire.)
seriously.
be convenient.
adv.,often.
(L. sub inde
sovente,
didiacciare, imp. (L. glacies.)
stand.
chiaro
di
;
-
v., to melt
F. souvent.)
(ice).
fondere,v., to melt.
(L. fundere.)
grandinare,
imp. v., (L. grandito hail.
iiare.)
L.
lainpeggiare,
imp. (I. lampo ;
liiinpas.)
v., to lighten.
ne've,/.,snow.
(L. nix, nivis.)
nevicdre,imp. "., to (I.neve.)
adv., often.(L. spissus.)
siibito, adv., at (L. subitus.)
sp
sso,
once.
tanli, adv., late.
(L. tardus.)
teste, testeso, adv.,(L. ante istum
lately.
ipsum (antestesso);
fante
c
f.
fante.)
for in-
snow.
(jcc
orrere,
imp.
".,
(L. occurrere.)
pare're,
imp.
(L. tot-oito.)
adv., soon.
tdsto,
to be wanted.
v., to
(L. parere.)
Vocabulary44.
passeggiare,v.,
promenade.
to (L.
psissua.)
abbdsso. adv
be,
low, douynstairs.
(L.L. bassus.)
193
VOCABULARIES.
(E. shilling.)
(L. alter-ubi.) scellmo,TO., shilling.
suflBcienza (a)ad".,
(L.sutticientia.)
sufficiently.
chiamare,v., to call. (L. clamare.)
tanto,
adv.,as much. (L. tantnm.)
ci,adi\,there.
(L. ecce-hic.)
tantnmtanto
t
da per tiitto,
t
o
u
8
adv., (L.
quanto, adv.,(L.
;
altrdve,adv.,
eUe-
where.
much
as
as.
compd. with
de-ad-per.) trdppo, adv.,
everywhere.
too
quantum.)
(L. L. troppus
herd ;" F.
TOMc/i.
dentro,adv.,inside (L. de-intra.)
ddiule,
trop.)
adv.,whence. .(L. de-unde.)
dove, adv., where. (L. de-ubi.)
Vocabulary 47.
of giilso,
contr.
gill,
(L. dtorsum,
L.L,
ambaadv.,below.
josum, ambasciata,/.,em- (L. L.
fr.
sciare
amjusum.)
bassy.
la,adv., there.
baxia, "com(L. iliac.)
mission"
hac
fr.
qua e la. adv.,here (L. ecce
and there.
L. ambactiis,
et llao.)
from
O.G.
hac,
quassii,adv., here (L. ecce
above.
ambacht
a
sursum.)
here.
eoce
hie.)
(L.
adv.,
servant.")
qui,
Rosiua, /.,Rose.
(L. rosa.)
adv.,so
appiinto,
(L. ad-puncadv.,under.
sdtto,
(L. subtus.)
tum.)
of tiUiso, (L. sursum.)
contr
certamente,
su,
adv.,(L. certe.)
"
,
"
adv., above.
certainly,
d"yyeio,adv.,truly.(L.
de-ab-
Vocabulary 46.
vero.)
decosi, adv.,80, thus. (L. aeque-sic.) di certo, adv
certainly(L.
disegno,to., draw- (L. designare.)
certe.)
adv., seldom. (L. de-raro.)
dir-ddo,
ing.
diinque,
tunc.)
enormeme'nte, adv.,(L. enormis.)
conj.,(L.
therefore.
extremely,enormously.
malummalinfudre,
(a),(L.
gia,adv.,already (L. jnm.)
in fatti,
adv.,unwillingly,cor.)
adv., in fact.(L. factum.)
perche,adv., why. (L. per- quid.) ingannarsi,
inganno,
v., to be (I.
deceit"
mistaken.
permettere,irr. v., (L. permitto allow.
O.G.
from
tere.)
,
"
pronunciare,v.,
to
pronoiince.
however.
conj.,
(L. pronunti-
gaman,
are.)
"
trick ;"
(L. pure,
"merely.)
quasi,adv.,nearly.
(L. quasi.)
pure,
to
E.
game.)
magnifico, adj.,(L. magnificus.)
mezzo,
Vocabulary46.
adj., half, (L. medius.)
subst. TO.,
means.
(L. narrare.)
assai,adv., enough,(L. ad-satis.) Spagna,/.,Spain. (S. Espafia;
L. Hispania.)
too much.
bizzeffe(a),adv.,plenty. (?)
abitare,
v., to reside.
(L.
habitare
)
narrare,
v., to relate.
Vocabulary 48.
(L. constare.)
errdre,to., mistake. (L. error.)
ancdra,adv.,yet. (L. hanc-horam.)
irr. v., to read. (L. legere.)i bonta,/.,goodness.
le'ggere,
(L. bonitas.)
adv., less.
irr.
meno.
(L. minus.)
v., (L. corrigere.)
I correggere,
news.
I
to
correct.
(L.
nudva,/.,
novus.)
to doubt. (L. dubitare.)
pdco a pdco.adv.,(L. paucus.)
I dubitare,v.,
littleby little.
adv
ever.
(L. magis.)
jmai,
a
quanto, adv.jhow (L. quanto.)
mica,adv.,at all. (L. mica,
costare,v., to
cost.
,
"
much.
'
crumb.")
194
VOCABULARIES.
mod^stia, /., wodeaty.
non, adv.ynot.
adv.,not
nemmeno,
(a),adv., (L.
(L. modestia.) I propdsito
'
proposl-
well.
turn.)
i pu;rno, m., fist.
(L. pugnus.)
(L. non.)
(L. ne-minus.)I recitare,v., to recite.(L. recitare.)
I rotoldni,"idv.,roll-
even.
(I.rotolare
;
L.
rotulus.)
prestare,v.,tolend.(L. praestare.) ing,sprawling.
all.
sal
at
(L.
psalmus.)
mo, TO., ps(dm.
ado.,
(L. punctum.)
piinto,
reddere.
(L. obscurus.)
rendere, irr. v., to (L.
scuro, adj.,dark.
See Voc. 65.) sdlito (per), adv., (L. solitus.)
gioehack.
usually.
(L. spinula.)
/.,pin.
spilla,
tastdne,
adv.,
grop- (I.tastare, from
(I. consiglio
;
L.taxare, freq.
ing.
L. consilium.)
Vocabulary
consiglidre,v.,
to
advise.
49.
diica,
(L, dux, ducis.)
m., duJte.
fdwe,adv.,perhaps.(L. forte,forsitan.)
maccherdne,m.,
mac-
(I.
"
caroni.
macco,
bruised
of
viva
vdce (a),adv.,
word
of mouth.
hy
turn.
vdlta,/.,
t.ingo.)
(L.
viva
vox.)
(L. voluta.)
Vocabulary 51.
meal.")
in (I.onta ; fr. onire
ad
adw.,(L.possibilis.) dnta, adv.,
possibilmente,
to insult ;" fr.
spite.
G. hohnen
; Fr.
adv.,(L. probaprobai'ilmente,
honte.)
bilis.)
probably.
al di Ik,adv.,on the (L. ad-illac.)
re-ad-comracoontare, v., to (L.
other side.
relate.
putare.)
adv., at the (L. ad pedem.)
appie,
(L. regina.)
regina,/.,
gween.
foot.
Arno, TO., Arno (a (L. Amus.)
*'
Vocabulary 60.
a
bella
pdsta,adv.,(I.posta.)
purposely.
river).
adv.,before.
(L. ab-ante.)
(L. cambire ;
cambio(16ttera(li),
avanti
abello studio,adv.,(I.studio.)
I. cambiare,
/., hill of exE.
purposely.
canj^iare;
change.
a
ohaniTC.)
quattr'dcchi, (" to four eyes,"
adv.,privately. i.e. two percastello,
TO., castle. (L. castellum.)
sons
causa
only.)
(a),adv.,because. (L. causa.)
on
carpdni, adv.,
(L. carpus,
davanti,adv., be- (L. de-ab-ante.)
all fours,lit. on
the wrist.")
fore.
the hands."
dietro,adv.,behind. (L.L. de-retro.)
cavalcidni,adv., (I.cavallo ; L. favdre (a),adv., in (L. favor.)
astride.
caballus.)
favour.
(L. L. culpus ; fiume,TO., river.
cdlpo,m., blow.
(L. flumen.)
fr. L. colapiius; fdiza
(a), adv.,(L.L. fortia ;
hence Fr. coup.)
L. foitis.)
through.
into
insnltdre,
(L. insultare.) govematdre, to.. (L. gubema.
v.,
'"
"
"
"
8Ult.
memdiia, (a) adv.,(L. memoria.)
by heart.
m^nte, (a) adv.,hy (L. mens.)
heart.
governor.
tor.)
ludgo (in),adv.,in (L. locus.)
place.
me'zzo (per),adv., (L. medium.)
by means.
m..minister. (L.minister.)
dgni qudl vdlta,(Literally "at
miiiistro,
time,
mdnte,
every
turn.")
adv.,every
to., mountain.
(L.
mons,
chest.
p^tto,TO.,
(L. pectus.)
moiitis.)
to (L. praiidere; nomindre,
to (L. nominare.)
pranziire, v.,
r.,
dine.
nams.
sup. pranuum.'^
196
e
.
.
VOCABULARIES.
.
both. (L. et
et.)
e, conj.,
h
c
^, conj.,(L.jain-quid.)
.
.
.
bambfno, m., baby.(L.
g ia c
since.
inchidstro,
m.,
ink.
(L.
v., to
;
Roman
name
surfromGr.
encaiiat-
um.)
lameutarsi, pron.
a
Bambalio
lisping.")
(L.
corpus,
inierj., good
Bacchus.)
"
(L.laraentari.)cdrpo
complain.
not (I. nfe, pure,
neppiire,conj.,
even.
q.v.)
non-denondimeno, conj.,
(L.
veverthehna.
minus.)
obbediente, adj.,(L. obediens.)
di
Bacco
heavens
corrtre,
!
!
irr. v., to
(L. currere.)
run.
fermdrsi, pron.
to stop,
v., (L. firmare.)
obedient
liherikj.,
freedom. (L. libertas.)
mask. (A. maskharah,
occhio,m., eye.
mdschera,/.,
ohsti- (L.obstinatus.)
ostindto,adj.,
laughter.)
oh ! interj.,
ohJ
nate.
(L. oh !)
/.,game, deal. (L. partiri,possibile,
partita,
adj.,
pos- (L. possibilis.)
(L. oculus.)
purtitus.)
sible.
however. (L. per Loc.)
pero, conj.,
(L. piscis.)
m.,Ji8h.
peace,
pittiira,
/.,paint- (L.pictura.)
rumore,
ing.
possente,adj.,
paw- (L.L. ace.
spdlla,
/.,shoulder,(L. scapula.)
possentem, from
erjul.
m., noise.
sentinella,
/., sen-
(L. rumor.)
(L. sentire.)*
tind.
stdre, irr.
v.,
to
(L. stare.)
stand.
posse.)
vigipremiare,v., to give(L.praemium.) svegliarsi,
pron. v., (L.L. ex
hence
lare
to wake
a prize.
;
up.
F. s eveiller.)
che,
purci.e,conj.,
pro- (I. pure,
irr.
to
vided.
(L. volvere.)
q.v.)
vdlgere,
v.,
turn,
salutare,v., to sa- (L. salutare.)
hush! (an
onomat.
lute.
zitto,interj.,
L.
like
St.)
salute,
/.,health. (L. salus,salutis.)
scacci^re,v.., to
ex-
(L.L.
ex-captiare, from
pd.
cap tare ;
L.
F.
chasser.)
siciiro,adj., safe,(L. securus.)
certain.
(L. stupidus.)
stupido,adj.,silly,
Uupid.
suppdstoche, conj.,(L. suppositum-quid.)
provided that.
Vocabulary 66.
ammettere,
irr. v.,
(L. admittere.)
irr. v.,
(L.
to admit.
commettere,
compromettere, irr. (L. compromitV., to compromise, tere.)
m., judge.(L. judex,-icis.)
giiidice,
goveruo, ?/*.,govern- (L. guberna-
m^it.
grdve,adj.,serious.
Vocabulary
65.
he (L erta,
an
interj.,
the
eminence";
on
careful!
fr. L. erectus:
looh out.
E.
inimo
1 m.,
cour-
alert.)
(L. animus.)
age I
avanti ! interj.,
for- (L.
v)ard I
tio.)
(L. gravis.)
inno- (L.innooentia.)
innocenza,/.,
*'
all^rta !
commit-
tere.)
to commit.
cence.
libt-rtk,
/.,freedmn.(L. libertas.)
m^ttere, trr. v., toput.(L. mittere.)
(Gr. and L.
adj.,polipolitico,
tioal
politicus.)
*
ab-ante.)
where
Ti. senfina. "well-room
seniinator
was
the
give notice
of any
leakage.
of
a
ship,"
stationed
to
197
VOCABULAEIES.
hashi(A.
m., murprigione,! assassino,
shin.)*
'prisoner.
q. v.)
j derer.
(L.
capitolium.)
in.
Canipidoglio,
m.,
promettere, v., (L.promittere.)
'
Capitol,
to promise.
riaggiustare,v., to (L.ad-juxta.) cnmpo, m., field. (L. campus.)
che
quis,
cosa,
pron., (L.
readjust.
what.
causa.)
8Commettere,?rr. v., (L. commit-
(I.
m.,
prigioniero,
'
irr. (L. commovere.)
commuovere,
tere.)
connuctere.)| v., to stir {thesoul).
sconnettere,irr. v., (^L.
coiKcdere,irr. v., to (L. concedere.)
to disjoin.
mit
subtus
irr.
grant.
sottomettere,
v., (L.
coudannare, v., to (L. condemto submit.
tere.)
condemn.
nare.)
Christ.
Christus.)
(L.
Cnsto, m.,
le
irr.
crocifiggere, v.,(L. cruci affiVocabulary 57.
to bet.
gt-re.)
crucify.
(L.
di,
dies.)
day.
(L.
cingere.)
m.,
gird.
omgere,
(
L.
discursus.)
to
discorso,
speech.
w.,
(L. plungere.)
compiangere,v.,
elo- (L.
eloqueas,
adj.,
eloquente,
pity.
irr.
gen. -entis.)
quent.
dipingere,
v., (L. pingere.)
to
irr.
(L.exprimere.)
to paint.
v.,
esprimere,
irr. v., (L. distindistiiiguere,
express.
to distinguish.
(L, gaudia,pi.
g\6m,f.,joy.
guere.)
of gaudiuin.)
exami- (L. examen.)
esame,
m.,
nation.
gindeo,adj.,Jewish. (L. judaeus.)
irr.
to
par- (L. gratia.)
fiDgere,
(L. fingere.) grazia,/.,/ree
".,
v., to
wa/ce
don.
believe,to
(L. jimgere.)
migliorarsi,
pron.
v., to improve.
(L. melior.)
late.
legge,/.,
otterta,
/.,ojfer.
montare,
(L. mons.)
oppressore,
v., to
as-
cend.
gen.
m.,
op-
pressor.
olio,m., oil.
(L. oleum.)
piangere,irr. v., to
(L. plangere.)
irr. v., to
opprimere,
prima, odi?.,(L.
quantum
(L. opprimere.)
oppress.
peccato,m.,
cry.
quanto
imago,
-inis.)
(L. lex, legis.)
oiferre,
(L.
offertus.)
(L, oppressor.)
immagine,/.,image. (L.
feign.
giuiigere, irr. v., to
arrive.
sin.
irr. v.
percudtere,
to
,
(L. peccatum.)
(L. percutere.)
possible, primum.)
j strike.
irr. v., (L. re-adjun- I dpolo,TO., people.(L. populus.)
raggiiingere,
to overtake.
promudvere,iVr. v., (L. promovere.)
g^re.)
to promote.
irr. v., to (L. resolvere.)
risolvere,
irr. v., to (L. reflectere.)
resolve,
riflettere,
as
soon
as
to refract.
irr. v., (L.respondere.)
rispdadere,
reflect,
to reply.
riscudtere, irr. v., (L.
to redeem,to colirr. v., (L.
tere.
soggiiingere,
subjunto add.
gere.)
lingere,irr.
v.,
to
(L. ungere.)
anoint.
lect.
valdre,m., valour. (L. valere.)
vendiearsi,
pron. v., (L. viudicare.)
to avenge
Vocabulary 58.
irr.
aflfiggere,
apx.
v., to
(L. aflSgere.)
re-excu-
oneself.
*
Drinkers
of
called hashish, a
who,
decoction
of hemp,
a
fanatical sect in Palestine,
under the influence of the intoxicating
of the
liquor, slabbed
many
leading Crusaders.
198
VOOABULABIES.
Vocabulary 69.
addurre,irr. v., to
adduce.
aflferraare,
r.,
to
affirm,
condurai, irr. pron.
v., to behave.
couto, m., account.
irr. v., to (L. defendere.)
dif^ndere,
de/entl.
(L. adducere.)
disi"bbedi^nte,
adj.,(L. obediena,
(L. aflSrmare.) disdbedient.
gen. -ntis.)
irr. v., to (L. divellt-re.)
divellere,
(L.conducere.) uproot.
Enrico, m., Henry. (G. Heinrich.)
irr. v., to (L. expellere.)
espe'Uere,
(L. computus ;
F.
exml.
compte.)
irr. v., (L. destruere.) ignobile,
adj.,ig- (L. ignobilis.)
distriiggere,
noble:
to
deslrity.
irr. v., to (L. impellere.)
diveroo,ad/.,vari- (L. diversus.) impe'llere,
impel.
some.
0M",
en'gere,irr.
v., to
"ef M/), to erect.
(L. erigere.)
irresistibilmente,(L. resistere.)
adv.,irresistibly.
motivo, m., cause.
(L. L. motivum,
trr.
frfggere,
v., to (L. frigere.)
from
mo
vera,
Aywhole.
motum.)
mtero, adj..,
(L. integer.)
libraio,m., booh- (L. librariua.) ndbile,adj.,noble. (L. nobilis.)
patria,/.,father-(L. patria.)
land, country.
miaeria,/.,misery,(L. miseria.)
(L. petitio.)
petizidne,
/.,petition.
paverty.
(L. proposinegligeI e, irr. v., to (L. negligere.) propdota,/,proposal.
tum.)
neglect.
irr. v., to (L.repellere.)
ripe'Uere,
(L. orator.)
repel.
ptnis' la,/,,
2"eritn- (L. peninsula.)
irr. v., (L.
ex-confisula.
sconfiggere,
to
irr. v.,(L. protegere.)
cere. )
defeat.
prote'ggere,
to firotect!
sde'gno,
(L. dis-dignius;
m., wrath.
K disdnin.)
irr. v., to (L.reducere.)
ridiirre,
orat6r"-,
m.,
orator.
servitdre,m.,
reduce.
Btitua,/.,statue.
(L. statua.)
Vocabulary
irr. v.,
accrescere,
to increase.
avaro,
w.,
and
"ulj.
n.
irr. v., to
paga,
v., to
/.,pay.
'
servitor,
fr. servire.)
turn.)
(L.accrescere.)
Vocabulary 62.
(L. avarus.)
corrdmpere,irr.
(L. crescere.)
grow.
mutare,
(L.
soltduto,
adv.jonly.(L. solus,tan-
60.
avaricious,miser.
crescere,
ser-
vant.
change.(L. mutare.)
( L.
pacare,
"
appease,
to
to
corrumv., (L.
pere.)
corrupt.
dirdtta (^lla),
adr., (L. diruptus,
to
very
much,
"
lit.
burst.")
overjloioing.
insulto,m.,
in"ult.
(L. insultus.)
settle.")
pidtto,m., d/"/i,(G.platt"fliit")
ricch^zza,
/.,riches. (I.ricco,q.v.)
ph^ie.
ric("n6actr"', irr. v., (L. recognosprordmpere,irr, v., (L. prorumto recognise.
to burst forth.
cere.)
pere.)
nsitra,/.,
(L. usura.)
irr. v., to (L. rumpere.)
usury.
rdnipere,
break.
Vocabulary 61.
arodre,w., love.
(L. amor.)
co'p^. A, fault.
(L. culpa.)
|.lLtunieiite, (L. oompletus,
adv.y completely. from com-
colli
plere.)
sdsso,w., stone,
(L. saxum.)
ubbriacarsi, yron. (I.ubbriaco.)
v., to get drunk.
ubbriico, adj.,(L.
drunk.
ve'tro,
m., glass,
ebriacus,
ebrius.)
(L. vitrum.)
from
199
VOCABULARIES.
Vocabulary
chi^dere, irr.
v., to
63.
(L.
quaerere ;
cf.
fiedere
ask.
fr. ferire.)
/.,
corapra,
chase.
(L. tondere.)
\i""^gio,m.,
journey.(L. viaticum.^
vivere, irr. v., to
live.
(I.
comprare,
Voc. 23, q.v.)
pur-
to shear.
tosare, v.,
(L. vivere.)
65.
Vocabulary
irr. (L. con-responcorrispondere,
andarsene,
V., to correspond,dere.)
irr. v., to
fine (a), adv., in (L. ad fineni.)
pron.
go away,
(I.
from
order.
to
(L. in-dirigere.) insieme, adv.,
direct.
adi-
I. rendere, fr
L. reddtre.)
foreigner.
indirizzare, v.,
dare,
tare ; the
n
inserted as in
foresliere,
m., stran-(lj.foris.)
ger,
an
L.
to-
(L. in-simul.)
gether.
(L. negotians, stazione,f.,station. (L. statio,sta-antis,fr. negtionis.)
neg' 'ziaiite,m.,
merchant.
otiari.)
Vocabulary 66.
(L.
parere.)
parere, m., opinion.
lichiedeie,irr. v., (L, requirere.)
(L. aqua-vitae.)
acquavite, /.,
to request.
hraiidy.
Venice.
(L. Venetia.)
Venezia,/.,
bevere,bere,irr. v., (L. bibere.)
Vocabulary
irr.
assdlvere,
v., to
to drink.
64.
finire,
v.,
to finish.
(L. finire.)
(L.absolvere.) liquore,
(
m., liqueur,h. liquor.)
absolve.
cimiteio,m.,
tery.
coemete(L.
rium.)
(L. continuus.)
ceme-
contiiino, adj.,continuous.
desistere,irr. v.,
to
(L. desistere.)
to
(L. exsistere.)
desist.
esistere, irr.
v.,
Vocabulary
falegname,
joiner.
fine
exist.
fanciiillo,
m., hoy.(T. fante, from
pour,
nord,
to mix.
m.,
north.
offrire,irr. v.,
(G.
to
nord
;
north.)
(L. offerre.)
E.
m.,
(L. ambo.)
(I.fa-legname;
L.facere
num.)
lig-
(alia),adv., (L. finis.)
at lad.
ghiaccio,
m.,
infatiSj-ntia.)
ferita,
(L. ft rire.)
/.,wound.
futiiio,m., future. (L. futurus.)
irr. v., 1o (L. miscere.)
mescere,
L.
both.
entrambi, pron.,
67.
(L. glacies.)
ice.
Vocabulary
irr. v.,
cdgliere,
gather.
irr.
distdgliere,
to
v.,
68.
(L. colligere.)
(L.dis-tollere.)
to distract.
facilmente,adv., (L. facilis.)
easily.
v., to pre- (L. praeferre.)
preferire,
gardfano,m., pink.(L. caryophylfer.
lum.)
prete, m., priest. (L. presbyter.)
lettura,
salvare,v., to save.
/.,reading.(L. lectura.)
(L. salvare.)
Louise'.
secolo, m., century.(L, saefulum.) Luisa,/.,
irr.
to
margheritina,
/., (L.margarita.)
(L.
sepelire.)
seppellire, v.,
daisy.
bury.
soff*!
irr. v., to (L. sufferre.) nolo, m., knot.
(L. nodus.)
lie,
drto,
orchard,(L. hortus.)
m.,
suffer.
re-colliirr. v., (L.
raccdgliere,
siig^ere,irr. v., to (L. sugere.)
to gather.
$u^.
gere.)
offer.
200
VOCABULARIES.
to make
regalare,
v.,
a
(L.
See
present.
8c^f?liere,irr.
v.,
regelare. poltrdne,m.,
Voc.
cow-(l.
poltro,
lazy ; O.G.
bolatar; E.
bolster.)
ard.
11.)
"
"
to(L.ex-eligere.)
choose.
or sciorre,
(L.ex-sol vera.)
scidgliere,
Vocabulary
irr. v., to untie.
73.
(L. actio,-nis.)
(L. casus.)
ad/.,(L. impoiiare.)
axition.
azidue,/.,
case,
Vocabulary 69.
m.,
case.
importante,
(L. Comum.)
Cdmo,/., Co mo.
dire, irr. v., tu give.(L. dare.)
important.
(L. infelix,
gen.
infelice,adj., un-
-icis.)
(lispaccio,
(L.dis-pangere,
m.,
nenecessanecesaario,
adj.,
(L.
spatch,telegram, pactum.)
rius.)
lake.
cessary.
(L. lacus.)
Idgo,m.,
niente,m., nothing.(L. ne-ens, enview.
(L. videre.)
ve"luta,/.,
tis.)
viaggiatore,
m., tra- (I. viaggio,
prdnto,ad/.,ready. (L.promptus.)
veller.
q. v.)
irr. v., to (L. recurrere.)
ricdrrere,
happy.
de-
have
bugia,/.,lie.
to.
recourse
sdrdo, adj., deaf.(L. surdus.)
70.
Vocabulary
(G.
bose,
"
conddtta,
/., heha-
viour.
dire,irr.
v., to
pericolo,m.y
say.
dan-
wicked.")
Vocabulary 74.
(L.conducere.) awelenato,
part, (L. ad-venenatus.)
poisoned.
(L. dicere.)
Dio, m., God.
(L. Deus.)
(L.periculum.) incendio, w.,
(L. incendium.)
fire,
ger.
veio,
adj.,trvs.
(L. venis.)
cort/?agra"ion.
ire,irr.
moi
v., to
die.
ndia,/.,bother.
(L. mori.)
in
(L.
F.
Vocabulary
cdpo, ""., feead!.
dente, w., "oo^fe.
dolere,pron.
v., to
71.
odio,
ennui.)
podagra,/.,gout. (L. podagra.)
(L. caput.)
(L. dens, dentis.)
(L. dolere.)
ache.
Vocabulary 76.
d"bole,adj.,weak. (L. debilis.)
fatti (in),adv., in (L. factum.)
fact.
(L. maxilla.)
mignolo, adj.,little.
(L. minimus.)
mascella, /.,jaw.
{jinger).
orecchio,w.,
(L.
ear.
from
piede,m.,Joot.
Vocabulary
76.
irr. v., to (L, componere.)
auricula, compdrre,
conifwse.
auris.)
contrario (al),
adv., (L. contrariua.)
(L. pes, pedis.)
the contrary.
depdrre,irr. v., to
on
Vocabulary
72.
altrimdnti,conj.,
or, (L.
otherwise.
dove're,irr.
aliter,
mens.)
v., to he
(L. debere.)
obliged.
franwi,
m.,
franc (F. fmnc )
become
worse.
irr. v., to (L. disponere.)
di^pdrre,
diitpose.
infrafrappdrre,irr. v., (L.
to put between.
ponere.)
imporre,irr. v., to (L. iraponere.)
impose.
l^tto,m., bed.
(inoney).
peggit)rare,v.,
to
(L. deponere.)
depose.
(L. pejor.)
matrnzzino,
warehouse.
"".,
(L. leotus.)
(A. macliflzin,
'*
stores.")
201
VOCABULARIES.
/.,merchandise.
merce,
nazidne,/.,nation.
ostacolo,
oh-
m.,
(L.
merx,
sciupare,v.,
sipate.
to dis-
mercis.)
(L. natio,-nis.) sdlo,adj.,alone.
(L.
(L. dissipare.)
(L. solus.)
obstacu-
Vocabulary 79.
master, (L. patroims.) altezza,/.,height. (L. altitude.)
altnii, pron.,
of (L. alterius.)
lum.)
atucle.
padrone,w.,
others.
conj.,there- (L. per hoc.)
percio,
11 e,
road.
m.,
(L. callis.)
way,
p6rre,"Vr.
v., to put. (L. ponere.)
ribellato,part.,re- (L, rebellare.) certo,adj.,
certain,(L.
certus,
volted.
adv., certainly. certo.)
(L. durus.)
soggiogare,v., to (L.subjugare.) duro, adj.,hard.
breath.
fiato,
(L. flatus.)
m.,
subjugate.
Bianco, m.,
siiddito,
(L. subditus.) Mdnte
m., subject.
Mont
Blanc.
supporre, irr. v., to (L.supponere.)
fore.
c
a
Mdnte
Rdsa,
suppose.
Monte
Rosa.
tribute,m,, tribute. (L. tributum.)
miiio,
trdno,m., throne.
thronus.)
(L.
m., wall.
salire,v.,
m.,
to ascend.
(L. murus.)
(L. salire,
to
"
Vocabulary 77.
leap.")
stairs. (L. scala.)
accettare, v., to ac- (L. acceptare, scalinata,/.,
descenfr. accipere.) scendere, irr. v., to (L.
cept.
descend.
dere.)
arroai roganza,
(L.arrogantia.)
/.,
tower.
tdrre,/.,
(L. turris.)
gance.
absoluadv.,
(L.
assolutamente,
tus.)
Vocabulary 80.
absolutely.
disubbidire,
v., to (L. dis-obedire.)curarsi,pron. v., to (L. curare.)
disobey.
care.
favdre,m., favour,(L. favor.)
fal.so,
adj.,false. (L. falsus.)
kindness.
news.
(L. notitia.)
notizia,/.,
adj.,(L. impossibilis.)
impos8ii)ile,
procetlere,m., be- (L. procedere.)
impossible.
invito, m.,
haviour
(L. invitare.)
invita-
tion.
(L.L.
to mix.
mischiare,v.,
miscu-
miscere.)
(L. modus.)
man-
m., way,
v.,
to
proceed.
sapere,
know.
lare,from
mddo,
;
irr. v.,
to
Vocabulary
accanto, adi;.,
wear,
ner.
potere,irr. v.,
to he able.
(L. posse,
(L. sapere.)
by.
81.
G.
(I. canto,
"
kante,
a
corner.")
stem, pot, as
pot-es.)
cavaliere,
knight,
(L.caballus.)
severamente, adv., (L. severe.)
m.
severely.
(L. opera.)
statuetta,dim. of statua,(L.statua.) dpera,/.,opera.
sit
to
irr.
sedere,
(L. sedere.)
v.,
statue,/.,littlestatue.
down.
tradurre. irr. v., to (L. traducere.)
in
translate.
verso,
via,
(L. versus.)
adv., towards.
adv., away.
viciuo,adv., near.
(L. via.)
(L. vicinus.)
vudto,adj.,empty. (Pr o
Vocabulary
Chianti,m.,
Chianti
ff6\si,
f, throat.
rimaiierf, irr. v., to
78.
{in Tuscany).
(L. gula.)
(L. remanere.)
remain.
ritdrno,m., return. (L. tornare.)
I.
"
b
a
b 1y
V
o
1 1 o,
hollowed
out," fr. L,
volutus
;
voflte ;
Vftult.)
F.
E.
202
VOCABULARIES.
Vocabulary 82.
estrarre,irr.
v., to
(L. extrahere.)
extract.
atten- (L. attentus.)
att^nto,ad/.,
feiro. TO., iron.
tive.
(L. ferrum.)
impedire,v.,topre(L. impedire.)
Vocabulary 83.
vent, to impede.
partito,TO., pro- (L. partiri.)
fit.
G.
ghost,
professione,
/.,pro- (L. professio,
geist, spirit,' fession.
gen. nmis.)
'air.'*)
profitto,
(L. profectus.)
TO., profit.
Idmpada,/.,lamp. (L. 1 a m p a s, siiiifo,
(L. sucus.)
TO.,juice.
lampadis.)
trarre, irr. v., to (L. trahere.)
lantern. (L. laterna.)
lantema,/.,
draw.
spegnere, irr. v., to (L. ex-pingere, vamaggio, TO., ad- (I.avanzare.
fr.
"to paint out,
extinguish.
forvantage.
avun'e,
obliterate.")
wRrd,* fr.L.
candela,/.,candle. (L. candela.)
fr.
gas, m., gas.
(E.
gas
'
"'
ab-ante
Vocabulary 84.
;
F.
avantage.*)
appartenere,irr. v.,(L.
ad-pertito belong.
nere.)
Vocabulary86.
h^dnXa),adv.,wait- (I.badare, "to
distintame'nte.adw.,
(L. distincte.)
wait, loiter.")
ing.
distinctly.
batte'dimo,
m., bap-(L. and Gr. baplontaiio,adj. and (L.L.longitnnus,
tism.
tisma.)
from longus.)
adv., away.
galantuomo, m., (I.
galante; md.-tra, show.
(L.
/.,
uionstrare.)
f r.
gentleman.
gala,
(L.
tenore, to., tenor
tenor,
"
splendour;
{in music).
tone," fr.
"
charming
tenere.)
address;"
E.
udire, irr.
gallantt)
v., to hear.
(L. audire.)
saecdccia,/.,
pocket.
(L. saccus.)
sbarazzare,v., to (I. inibarazzo,
clear.
Vocabulary 87.
91.) aggradire,
v., to accept.(L. ad-gra(G. tasche.)
tus.)
(L. tenere.)
permesso, w., leave. (li.permissns.)
smemorato, adj.,(L. ex-memoraforgetful.
tus.)
SeeVoc.
tasca,/.,pocket.
teneie, irr. v., to
holdyto
have.
Vocabulary 85.
attenzi6ne,/.,a"tew(Li
tion.
gen.
attrarre, irr, v., to
attentio,
-on
Vocabulary
88.
is.)
irr. v.,
(L*attrahere.) vale're,
to be
(L. valere.)
worth.
attract.
calaniita,
/.,load- (L. ealamus.J)
stone; magnet.
carbone, w.,
coal.
(L.
Vocabulary 89.
assicurazidne,
/.,(L. ad-securitas.)
carbo,
carbonis.)
assurance.
avvocato,
/ato-
to.,
(L.advocatus.)
cfrca,adv.^about. (L. circa.)
yer, Inirrister.
irr. v., to (L.distrahere.)direttdre,
distrarre,
to., director. (L. director.)
didract.
irr. v., (L. praevidere.)
prevede're,
*
toforexee.
Gat,
a
word
invented
by Van
Hel-
a B-lgian clicmi-t,
1577-164 \.
from a Teutonic
t I'robabl.v
source; 0.
G. g- il proud ; A. S. gall lively.'
X Ihe niagiipiicneedle being poisedon
mont.
"
a
reed
'
on
floating
German.
ted^sco,adj.,
(G. doutsch,
O.G.teutsch.)
'
water.
*
comes
The
d
in E
in from
a
advance
mistaken
and
advantage
etymoK^y.
INDEX
1. TO
VOCABULAKIES.
ITALIAN
WORDS.
"88ICUBABS.
affondare,
v., to sink.
anfello,
affirettcirsi,pron.
to
v.,
hasten.
a* prep.,
to.
mu^h.
anno
Africa,/.,
bada, adv., waiting.
abbasso, adv., downstairs.
abbastanzai
adv., enough.
Africa.
aggradire,
v., to accept.
aggrinzitO, part., wrinkled.
abbisog]iare"
SLgOj
a
abitaret
coat, habit.
P;
abitudine,
a
accustomed.
/". habit.
accadere"
accadutO)
Alberto,
ifr. v., to happen.
n.
part., and
m.,
that
the
happened,
thing
happened.
adv., near.
acCctntO,
v., to accept.
accettare,
accidio,
company.
ac-
v., to agree.
acconsentire,
accordOt m., agreement.
accdrgersi.
v.,
pron.
to
come
be-
aware.
accostarsi,
pron.
irr.
accreSCerOt
up
v.,
to
v.,
to
acQua,/., wafer.
ac n uavi'te, /., brandy.
ad, prep., to.
addolorarsii
lean
"., to
pron.
approssimarsi,
to
addormentarsi,
v., to
pron.
fall
asleep.
adddssOi adv., upon.
irr. v., to bring
addurre,
adempiere,
v., to fulfil.
adesso, adv., now.
appdnto,
pron.
v.,
to
irr.
ammirare,
aifattOiadv.,
ammogliarsi,
that.
take
amdre,
anche.
ancqra,
a
to
to
pron.
v.,
v., to
pron.
get
{of
paH.,
dog),
a
angry,
cross.
pron.
render.
v., to sur-
'"". to arrest.
arriccnire, v., to enrich.
arrivare, v., to arriie.
arroganza,/..
overbearing.
arrdgere, irr. v., to add.
arrossire,
arrdsto,
v., to Mush.
""., roast,
kite, f, art.
asciugamano,
mit.
ad-
m.,
apcoitare,
v.,
Asia, /., Asia.
to
aspbtto,
m.,
aspettare^
\ aapettarsi,
covj., also.
adv., also, yet.
away.
(river).
Arno
ni.,
arrestare,
love.
v., to go.
irr. pron.
orange,
tree.
m.,
arrendersii
wife.
m-,
to open.
conj., by the by.
arrabbiato,
late.
accumu-
v.,
to.
angry.
"-, to admire.
andare, irr.
andarsene,
go
v.,
Arno,
"
touei.
to listen.
appearance.
to wait.
".
pron.
v.,
to
i
v., to
'
v., to drown.
irr.
arrabbiarsi,
part., ill.
v.,
v., to
arcnitetto, ""., architect.
ardere, irr. v., to bum.
aria, /., air.
armadio,
m., chiffonier.
adj., enchanting.
America.
America,/..
am:ca,
/..friend, f.
amicizia, f.,friendship.
m., friend, m.
amicp,
"Hmlet0, wi., Hamlet.
ammettere,
at all.
aprire,
arborc;
ameno,
flatterer.
aduiatdre,
m.
aifare, m., affair, business.
affermare, "" to affirm.
affettudso, adj.,affectionate.
affidare, *'., to entrust.
affiggere, irr. v., to affix.
order
affinonei conj., in
April.
propdsitOi
arancia,/.,
get
angry.
"".,
a
adv., otherwise,
ammassare,
conj.,thus,
Aprile,
maa
ammalato,
land.
pron.
approach.
allv^rta, interj.,watchful.
allieva"f., pupil, f.
allievo, "i., pupil, m.
ailora, adv., then.
altezza,/.,height, highness.
alto, adj., tall,loud, high.
message.
v.,
soon,
to.
approdare,, """, to
flood.
altro, adj., other.
altrdve, adv., elsewhere.
go
aitrui, pron., of others.
crease. a mala
inconj.,scarcely.
pena,
aizarsi, pron. v., to get up.
adj., bitter.
amaro,
ambasciata,
/". embassy,
grieve.
affogarOt
other
side.
to.
near.
adirarsii
the
as
scarcely.
che, adv., as soon as.
appena
apple, adv., at the foot.
appiggionare,
v., to let.
appiaud..re,
v., to applaud.
to
appoggiarsi,
v.,
pron.
innkeeper.
aiCUno^ adj., some.
di la, adv., on
belong.
v., to
adv.,
appena,
or.
v., to run
accorrere,
m.,
ai
altrimenti,
Anthony.
'"",
appartenere,
allegro, adj., merry.
to
^'".
""., omesUrr.
Antdnio,
Albert.
w^
allagare,
TO., steel.
accompagnare,
m-,
aibergatore,
ado., because.
causa,
v.,
'.
""". year.
v., to annoy.
antcnatO,
August.
to titlp.
hotel, inn.
m.,
J
annoiare,
'w., needle.
AgOStO,
aintare,
aibergO,
to reside.
v.,
abitOt.wi.,
abitudto,
v., to want.
angle.
corner,
tnterj.,courage
"lIUmo,
forza, adv., by
a
ring.
tn.,
fingolo,m.,
asSdi, adv.,
assassino,
assioorare,
too
m.,
"""
much.
murderer.
to insure.
pect.
ex-
VOCABULARIES.
TO
INDEX
ITALIAN
"
COMMEDIA.
ASSICURAZIONE.
assicurazidne,
/""
assistere, """,to assist.
adv.,
assoiutamente,
surance.
inBeilino,/', Berlin.
bevere, irr. v., to drink.
bevutO, part,
astenersi* i^r. v., to abstain.
tive.
atteUtO, cidj;careful, attenattenzidne, /". attention.
aitd..'e"
""".
actor.
attdrno, adv.,
i^r.
attrarrej
capo,
drunk.
r., to
carbdne, m., coal.
Carlo, in., ( harles.
biccniere, m., glass.
bigio, adv., grey.
bigliettO,WI-, riote,ticket.
birra,/., "^eer.
bisognare, i^np. v., to
came,./-. meat,fiesh.
Caro, adj.,dear.
carpdni, adv., on all fours.
carrdzza, ./ carriage.
carta, /",paper.
cards.
carte, /-i^^-,
be
",
need, want.
bisdgno,m.,
fully. Casa,/-, house,
(a), adv., plenti-
bizZcffe
attract.
attrice,/-.actress.
attristd,rsi, pron.
v.,
grieve.
Austriaco, adj.,Austrian.
autorei
^-^
to
author.
bollire, '""y to ^oil.
bonta,/-, kindness.
bdrsa, /"" stock Exchange,
bdSCO, TO., wood, forest.
ni., autumn.
avanti, adv., be/ore,inter j., bottegaio, m., shopkeeper.
bottle.
fui ward
bottigiia,/.,
fore braccio, w., arm.
avantieri, adv., the day beyesterday.
Brasile, "*..,Brazil.
vance. bructo, adj.,ugly.
avanzarsii pron. v., to ad'.
avere,
'^'r-
avere,
""
miser,
adj
butirro,
"".,to have.
,
cenare,
good, kind.
"*-. butter.
awedersi,
avvenirei
""
m.,
future.
avvidrsi, pron. v.,
avvicina^'Si,pron.
avvocatO,
""".
Caccia,/",
v., to fall.
Oalfe, ""., coffee.
inkstand.
proach. caiamaio, '".,
ap-
lawyer.
azidne./-. action,deed.
irr. v., to be
ohiedere, irr. v., to ask.
Chiesa, ./.,church.
Cbiuniue, pron., whosoever.
cMudere, irr. v., to close,to
shut.
bada
dance.
ballo,^'"-.
bambinoi wi., baby.
bancJliere, m., banker.
baroneSSa"/-. haroness.
basta ! interj.,
enough I
bastare. imp. v., to be suffi"
cient.
fcastonare? v.,
bascdue"
to thrash.
"i-, stick.
battaglia, /", battle.
batt-ello,
in., boat.
batterejv., to
beat.
Calzolaio, m., shoemaker.
cambiale, /". bill of
Cjna,/", Cliina.
change.
change, agio.
Cingere, irr. v., to gird.
cambio, in.,
Cio,pron., this.
camera,/-, room.
cioccolata, /", chocolate.
cameriere, "*., v aiter.
circa,adv., around, about.
v-' to v alk.
oammiuare,
Ciriegia,
/.,cherry.
/.,countri/,field.tiitta,
campagna,
/",tonn, city.
steeple.
capital.
field,camp.
campanile; m-^
cittadino
campiddglio,
classe,./..ciass.
cdgliere, irr. v., to gather.
Campo,
canale,
m.,
m.,
m.,
canal.
I cane,
bene, m., good.
bene, adv., well.
\ cantina,/.. ceitor.
candela, /.,candle.
m.,
cantare,
adj.,benevolent.
i'r. v., to drink.
'
v., u^
canzdne,/-,
citizen.
COUana,./., chain.
colore, m., colour.
sing.
I cantatrice, /".singer.
m.,
breakfast.
I colazidne,/-,
dog.
benefattdre,m., benefactor. Capello, m.,
benevolcjnte, benevolo,
caplre, v., to
bere,
ex-
to
battersi,i"'on. v., to fight.
battesimo, m., baptism.
BelgiOi in., Belgium.
bello, adi.,beautiful.
""
ci,adv., there ; pron.. us, to us.
cieCO, adj.,I'lind.
Cimitero, m., cemetery.
chai'ge
cambiare, v.,
cany).
Tus-
oMaro, adj.,clear.
tant.
impor-
calle, m.,path.
calunnia,/., calumny.
niate.
calunniare, v., to calum(a),adv., waiting.
ballarei v., to dance.
"-, to sup.
Ch.e Cdsa, pron., what.
chiamare, ^". to call.
Cmanti,/-, Chianti {in
calamxta,/-. loadstone.
Caldo, adj.,warm.
Calere,
'"", I'orse.
hunt, shooting- Cervello, m., brain.
Clieccne, iJJ'on., nhatever.
party.
cad .re, irr.
to start.
v., to
case.
Cera,/-, I' ax, complexion.
cercarc; v-. to seek.
adv., certainly.
Certamente,
CertO,
adj., certain ; adv.,
certainly.
Certo (di),adv., certainly.
av^re
avvelendto, part.,poisoned.
in
chestnut.
castle.
adv., quickly.
ceieramente,
cena,/-, supper.
stssion.
a, irr. v., to be obliged.
irr. pron.
v., to
become aware.
in, adv.,
Celebre,adj.,celebrated.
property, pos-
""-.
caso,
CavallO,
bue, "n., ox.
bugia, /",lie.
buono,
m.,
Castello,m.,
CattiVO, adj.,bad.
causa
(a),adv., oecause.
Cavalcidni, adv., astride.
cavaliere, m., knight.
purse.
n.,
home.
case.
case,
castagna,^-,
aucunno^
adj. and
avaro,
avaricious.
goat.
m-,
capro,
necessary.
around.
head.
m.,
cappello, rn., hat.
cappellaio, m., hatter.
solutely.
abbianco,,adv., white.
biasimare,
v-, ^^ blame.
i^r. v., to absolve.
assolvere,
205
WORDS.
Colombo,
m.,
Columbus.
ic61pa,f, fault.
cdlpo, m., blow.
COltello,m., knife.
combattere, v., to fight.
j
understand.
cdme, conj.,OS.
and/., capital. I cominciare, v., to begin.
song.
hair.
I capitals, m.
capitano, m., captain.
i
commedia,
f-,comedy.
206
INDEX
TO
VOCABULARIES."
ITALIAN
WORDS.
COMKBTTBRB.
commettere*
""""
irr.
commudvere,
co8t"ret f., to cost.
credere, irr. v., to believe.
mit.
v., to com-
to
".,
irr. v., to grow.
OreSCere,
CresO,
WMve.
Croesus.
m.,
Cfimo,/-, f'omo.
CristO,
/.,company.
m., companion.
COmpa^no,
eompiangeret irr. v., topity.
irrcrocinggere,
crucify.
cmcciarsi, pron. v.,
compagnia,
compiaoersit
v., to be
pron.
pletely.
adv., com-
irr.
COmpdrre,
v., to
compose.
Odmpra, /".purchase.
v., to buy.
comprare;
irr.
compromettere,
compromise.
adj^ mutual.
comunet
to
v.,
to
get
angry.
""".
v., to
grant.
concert.
to lead.
OOndtirsi,irr. v., to behove.
COnfidenza,/-. confidence.
COndscere, irr. v., to know.
part., known.
quence.
/", conse-
COnsegUenza,
disonestamente,
v., to care.
patch.
dispacoio,""", telegram,dis-
dlJSpdrre,irr. v., to dispose.
dispdsto, part.,disposed.
disprezzare, v., to despise.
tinguish.
distinguere, irr. v., to dis-
dOk^prep., from.
danaro, w"-. m/yney.
danzare, ^'-j to dance.
da
tuttO, adv., everywhere.
per
dawero.
distrdrre, irr. v., to distract.
stroy.
distruggere, irr. v., to de-
adv., truly.
debito, m., debt.
debole, adj.,weak.
Decembre, m., December.
^m
deciderCj
v.,
rate.
degene-
to
denaro, m-, money.
dente, "'"" tooth.
dcntro, adc, inside.
depdrre, irr. v., to depose.
derivare, v-. to derive.
desiderare, '""" to wish.
/". countess.
continue,
adj.,continual.
cdnto,
cdnto,
bill,account.
irr.
v., to desist.
dettare, ^'m to dictate.
dettO, part., said.
di,pr^
,
the
(al),adv., on
uproot.
adv.,
divertimento,
"'"#
divertirsi,pron.
on
the
ment.
amuse-
v., to amum
oneself.
dividere, f-. to diride.
ddloe, aaj.,sweet.
dolersi, irr.
v., to ache.
pron. v., to cotn-
plain.
of.
doldre, m.,pain.
domandare,
"". to
di oertq,adv., certainly.
value.
contrario
v., to
contrary, differently.
diversp,adj.,some, different.
dolerC}irr.
di, m., day.
to
v.,
finger.
divellere, irr.
diversamente,
misdemeanour.
desiStere, irr.
v., to di"-
disubbidire, """ to disobey.
(pi. dita, diti),
ditO, m.
to decide.
degenerare,
irr.
suaae.
delizi",f,pleasure.
to be
tinctly.
adv., dis-
distdgUerei
contaaino, m., peasant.
cdnte, in., earl.
("4J"conoontemporaneo,
temporary.
oontentarsi, pron. v.,
satisfied.
COntentO, adj.,content.
distintamente,
dare, irr. v., to give.
davanti, adv.,before.
delltto,w.,
tener,
honestly.
adv., dis-
ourable.
disonorevole, adj.,dishon-
consigliare, v., to advise.
COnsiglio, """, advice.
in.,
dlSgrazia,/".misfortune.
dient.
disobbediente, adj.,disobe-
heart.
w.,
CUrarsi, pron.
".
COnteSSa,
discendere, v., to descend.
discdrrere,v-, to discourse.
discdrso,*"., speech.
disegnOt "*"" drau-ing,purpose.
v., to
concetto, m., thought.
v., to condemn.
condannare,
COnddtta, ./ behaviour.
COndlirre, irr. v., to bring,
COnoSCiuto,
cncire, ^-t to sew.
CUgina,/., counn,/.
CUgino, m., cousin, m.
CUOre,
with.
prep.,
0OIlCedere" irr.
concerto,
Christ.
m.,
ment.
disagree-
cncina,/-,kitchen.
pleased.
COmpletamente,
con,
diflaocdrdOi m.,
didiacciare,
ice).
v., to
melt
{of
Domenica,/-,
ask.
^'"unday.
domani, adv.,to-morrow.
dominio, wi-" dominion.
irr. v., to agree,
convenire,
ddnde, adv., whence.
to be proper.
difetto, m., fault.
ddnna, /". woman.
"" to converse.
difficult.
difficile,ailj.,
conversare,
ddpo, cLd"\,afterwards.
light. d'ora in pdi,adv. henc^orth.
dilettarsi, pron. v., to decopiare, v., to copy.
dormire, v., to sleep.
cdrpo di Bacco ! interj.,
diligent.
good heavens !
diligente, ad^.,
ddttO, adj.,learned.
irr. v., to correct.
dimenticarsi, pron. v., to
COrreggere,
dottdre, m-t doctor, physician.
contrary.
cdntro, adv., against.
dietro, adv., behind.
"". to protect.
dlf^ndere,
forget.
cdrrere,
"-. to run.
corriere, m. courier.
corrispdndere, irr.
v.,
to
correspond.
corrdmpere,
irr. v., to
cdrt.o,adj.,short.
COrtile,m.,courtyara.
Cdsa, /",thing.
thus,
conj.,
cdBta,/-.cocwf.
COSr-
so.
rupt.
cor-
dimorare,
^'-^ to
dintdmo,
adv., around.
reside.
ddv^, adv., where.
DiOj m.,
God.
dipingere, irr. v., to
di rado, adv., seldom.
paint.
dnbitare, v.,
dire, irr. v., to say.
direttdre, m., director.
dirimpettO,
adv., opposite.
(alia), adv.,
tively(ofrain).
to doubt.
dupa,/".duke.
dirittO,m., right.
dirdtta
dovere, "" wi., duty.
dovere, irr. v., to be obliged.
Dresda,/., Dresden.
duello,
duetto,
""", duel.
duet.
m.,
dun'iue, conj.,
therefore.
exces-
dL\JtXiintQ%adi'.,whilst,
during.
durOi "^7""hard.
INDEX
VOCABULARIES.
TO
"
ITALIAN
207
WORDS.
IMMEDIATAMENTE.
E.
conj.,and.
e,
e
.
.
.
conj.,both.
Cj
ebony.
except.
eccettO, conj.,
eccezidne, /". exception.
economical.
cidj.,
ecdnomo,
educated.
educate, pa-rt.,
educazione, /".education.
elefante, """" elephant.
elemdsina, /", alms.
eloquente, adj.,eloquent.
-"""""Emanuele,
w-.
ebano,
w.,
manuel.
"mma,/-,
Emma.
adj.,heavy, great.
endrme,
tremely,
exadv.,
enormemente,
enormously.
Enrico, m., Henry.
entrambi,
pron.,
both.
v., to enter.
entrare,
equivalere, """""" """" '"
equivalent.
krhB.,f-,grass.
eredita,/-. inheritance.
erigere, ^^r. v., to erect.
errdre, w., error.
esame,
"'^
"i., examination.
esaminatdre, "i-.
esercitO, m., army.
examiner.
m., exercise.
esistere, irr. v., to exist.
espellere, i^r. v., to expel.
esercizio,
eSPOSlzidne,/-. exhibition.
esprimere, irr. v., to express.
essere,
i"'r. v., to be.
esta, estate,/-, summer.
estrarre, irr. v., to extract.
eta, /", age.
Eurdpa, /, Europe.
evaUgelOt ""., gospel.
ferire" '"".^ wound,
ferita, f;'^ound.
fermarsi, pron. v., to stop.
ferro, in., iron.
railway.
feTTOVia.,f-,
featSi,A holiday.
fia,rama,f;flame.
fiatO, m., breath.
fg.
fico, m., fig-tree,
fidarsi,pron. v., to trust.
fig\ia.,f:daughter.
figlio,'"., sm.
falegname,
m.,
joiner.
falso, adj.,false,
i"me^f,
hunger,
f"miglia.,f, family.
fancitillo,"".,
child.
fare, irr.
do,
v., to
fingere, irr. v., toftign.
finire,"". to finish.
fino, adv., until.
gill,adv., down.
GiudeO, adj.,Jewish.
fitime, in., river.
giudice, m.,judge.
fdglio, m., sheet (ofpaper).
fdndere, ^'". to melt.
giudizio,m., judgment.
fork.
foTchettaU'
(jiiigno,'"., June.
reigner.
forestiere, "i., stranger, fogiungere, irr. v., to arrive.
giuntO, part, arrived.
giusta, conj.,according.
formaggio, m., cheese.
fdrse, conj.,
perhaps.
fdrte, adj.,strong.
f, fortune.
fortTina.,
fdrza (a),adv., by
fra,prep.,
godere, i^-,to enjoy.
gdla, /", throat.
swollen,
gdnno, "Jdj.,
governatdre, m., goremor.
means.
government.
will,pleasure.
Francese, adj.,French.
grado (dibudn), adv.,agreeably.
Francia, /",France.
franco, m., franc (about 10
grande, adj., tall, great,
large.
pence).
tween. grandinare, imp- ""., to hail.
frappdrre, irr. v., to put be""., wheat, corn.
grano,
fratello,m., brother.
gratO, adj.,grateful.
freddo, adj.,old.
adj.,serious.
grave,
fresco, adj.,fresh, new.
grazia, /. "., free pardon,
among.
gOVerno,
"*", Francis.
Francesco,
grade,
guadagnare, v.,
guancia,/-,
bacco).
(toguantO,
gain.
glove.
'v-, to
look,
to
G.
ieri,adv., yesterday.
favdre,
gamba,/., leg.
gardfano, m.,pink
gentleman.
turkey
rn.,
m.,
^fonl).
gas,
m.,
gattO,
febbre,/-,./ever.
fede,/../ai%.
felice,adj.,happy, glad.
to
c/ieefc.
fumicare, v-. to svnoke (fire). watch.
guarire, v., to heal.
fumo, m., smoke.
fudco, m,fire.
/",war.
guerra,
Guglielmo, m., William.
fudri, adv., outside.
futuro, m., future.
galantudmOt
gallinaccio,
February.
m.,
guardare,
fatO, m.,fate.
fatti (in),adv., in fact.
fatto, part.,done, made.
Febbraio,w-,
m.,
m.,
(pi.)thanks.
Greco, adj.,Greek.
gridare, '"-,to shout.
v., to fry.
fruttO, m., fruit.
facile, m., gun.
fuggire, v., to run away.
fumare,
v., to smoke
to make,
favour.
(a),adv., in favour.
favdre,
fazzolettO, w., pocket-handkerchief.
"-. to
oneself.
fidre, m.,flower.
flrmare, ^^ to sign.
farfall^f., butterfly.
m.,
Germany.
ghiaccio, m., ice.
gia, adv., already.
giacche, conj.,since.
adj.,yello'v.
giallo^
giardino, ""., garden.
giocare and giuocare,
gidia,/"joy.
gioiellO,m., jewel.
giornale, m., newspaper.
gidrno, m., day.
Giovanni, rn., John.
gidvine, adj.,young.
gittarsi, pron. v., to throio
fine (a),adv., in order.
fine (alia), adv., at last.
finestra, /", window.
irr.
friggere,
adv., opposite.
faccia (in),
facile, "dj.,easy.
Germania,/.,
kruel
play.
fretta,/",haste.
fabbro, m., blacksmith.
fabbrica, /", manufactory.
faccia, f.,face.
Oennaio, """, January.
genuflettere, irr. v., to
ieri 1'altro, adv., the day
before yesterday.
igndbile, adj.,ignoble.
il, art.
m.,
the.
cumbrance.
trouble, en-
imbarazzo,
"".,
imbarcarsi,
pron.
gas.
m,., cat.
gelarC;imp.
generale,
v., to
gt-neral.
adj.,generous.
genitdre, m., parent.
generdso,
m.,
bark.
v., to em-
freeze.
image.
immagine, /",,
immediatamentet
"k2v.,at
^08
INDEX
VOCABULAllY.
TO
"
ITALIAN
WORDS.
MALINCUOBE.
IMMEROEBE.
MOHTAGVA
immeTgere,irr.v.,todip into.
malo, adj.,bad.
impadronirsi,
mancare,
take
to
v.,
pron.
la, art. J.,
possession.
impaliidlret
become
to
v.,
pale.
impararei "". to learn.
impedire" ^m to impede.
impelleret irr. v., to impel.
imp6rre" i^r. v., to impose.
important.
aiij-,
importante,
sible.
impossibilet a"ij-"imposinanellatO, part., curled.
incapace" adj.,incapable.
iuCdlldiOim.,fire,conjlagia^
tion.
lagO, TO.,
lake.
lamento,
to.,
mandare,
f-t sleeve.
mano,y-" hand.
tener, irr.
maao,
complaint.
imp.
peggiare,
v.,
to
lighten.
leave, to let.
to
lasciare, '^m
J^atin.
'"^.y-.
latO, TO., side.
latte, TO., milk.
^^
to work.
insalata, /""salad.
iiisegnare" v., to teach.
ledere, irr. v., to hurt.
legge, A law.
leggere, irr. v., to read.
legno, '"". ^ood.
leone, to., Hon.
lettera,/-.letter.
letto, n. TO., bed.
lettVir"tfy lecture.
levante, to., east.
lezione,/-. lesson.
liberamente, adv.,freely.
liberare, v., to free.
liberty.
liberta,/.,/reettoTO,
libraio, to., bookseller,
libreria,/", library.
libro, TO., book,
licere, irr. v., to be allowed.
lingua, /""language, tongue.
liiudre,to., liquor.
lira,/-(Italianmoney, about
10 pence).
lodare, '""^to praise.
Lombardia, /., Lombardy.
L6ndra,/.. London.
lontano, ailj.and adv.,far.
ins3guiret "i
lucere^irr.
incontrare, "-, to meet.
inc6rrerei irr. v to incur.
tion.
indigestidne, /". indiges,
iiidirizzare"
way,
v., to
show
the
to address.
infastidirsi,pron.
come
v., to be-
lastidious.
infatti,conj.,in fact.
inrelice,adj.,unhappy.
inflngardaggine, J-,
ness.
lazi-
infingardo, adj.,lazy.
inf6udere" v-. to in/use.
ingannarej v.,
ingannarsi,
to deceive.
v., to
pron.
be
mistaken.
ingegnere,
engineer.
m.,
/". England.
Ininuterra,
ingiiiottire,to
"
.
swallow.
Inglese, adj.,English.
inuocentet
adj.,innocent.
innocenzaj /", innocency.
to pursue.
insijmei adv., together.
insultaret ^'..tu insult.
ins alto, m., insult.
int^gro,adj.,honest.
intendere, i^-.to understand.
intero, adj.,whole.
intimOt adj.,intimate.
intdrno
(all')iadv., around.
intraprindere,
v.,
to
dertake.
un-
invaderpjv.,
M.
invecciiiare"
maccherdne,
to invade.
v.,
to
become
old.
invemOt """. winter.
invitaroiv., to invite.
invitatOipart., invited.
invito, m.,
Ire, irr. v.,
v., to shine.
lucrative, adj.,lucrative.
L6gliO, TO-, -fuly.
LuiSa,./-,Louise.
lume, TO., light.
luna,/-, TOoon.
lungO, adj.,long.
lungO, adv., along.
Iu6g0 (in),adv., instead.
liipo,TO., wolf.
undertaking.
intrajpresa,/-.
unusual.
inusatOi ad^.,
inutile* adj.,useless.
to., maccaroni.
madre, /-. mother.
maestro, to., master.
magazzino,
magnifico,
to.,
warehouse.
adj., magnificent.
invitation.
to go.
male,
re\istibly.
Italy.
Itilia,/.,
Itali"no,adj.,Italian.
marciare,
""
to.,
evil.
adv., badly.
malfrrado,adv., in spite.
ingly.
malincudre
(a), unwillmale,
v., to
kdp.
"., to
pron.
'v.,
to march.
to., sea.
mare,
margneritina,/-. daisy.
Maria,
^mry.
to., sailor.
marinaro,
marxiarsi,
married.
v., to
pron.
get
to., marble.
marmo,
MaiZO,
TO.,
JyarcA.
masctfila,/.,jai"mascnera,./-, mask.
mattina, f-, morning.
adj.,npe.
macuro,
mediance, adv.,
by
means.
medicina,/, medicine.
medico, m., phisician.
meglio,
meia,
adv. and
n.m.,
better.
/, apple.
memdria.y.,
memory.
adv., less.
mente,./.. mind.
m^no,
mentire,
v-, to lie.
mercato,
to., market.
merce,
dise.
/-, goods, merchan-
meritare,
"., to deserve.
irr. v., to mix, to
mescere,
out,
pour
TO., mx)uth.
mcse,
mestiere, to., handicraft.
mettere, irr. v., to put.
mezzanotte,/-. midnight.
n.
TO., half;means.
mezzo,
mezzogidmo,
to., noon.
meZZO
(in), adv., in the
midst.
mezzo
(per),adv., by
means
of.
mica; adv., at
all.
mile.
migllO, TO. (.pl.f),
migliorarsi, pron. v., to
prove.
im-
miglidre, adj.,better.
mignolo, alj.,little (finger).
Milano,/-" Jtilan.
milie, adj., thousand
ministro, to., ministe,.
miniito, TO., minute.
misoDiare,
"., to
mix.
miBeTlBL,f, poverty, misery.
moOlle,
mai, adv., ever.
malattia,/., t"we"".
irre"'8tibiimente,adv., ir-
maravigiiarsi,
be astonished.
lantern.
lemtcTna.,/-,
largOjadj.,wid".
Latino,
v., to tend.
v., to eat.
mangiare,
mauica,
lampada,/..lamp.
lam
fail, to
to
v-"
want.
la, adv., tnere.
ladro, "*"" tkief.
lavorare,
ink.
inoaiostro,
the.
m.,
furniture.
modcstia,
/-.too lesty.
modest.
modcStO, aiij.,
mddo, TO., Kay, ma..ner.
m6g\ie, f, w\fe.
muck
mdlto, adv. and a"Hj.,
many.
montagna,
/-.mountain.
VOCABULARIES.
TO
INDEX
obliare, v., to forget.
occasidue, /"" chance,
^^ a-scevd.
'''"""
montaret
in6n.ie"w., mountain.
Monte
Bianco, w.,
occdrrere.
v., to bite.
^^^- """ to '^^*-
morire,
f;
show.
motivOi w., cause, motive.
wi-" ivaii.
murot
'"" *"
music.
musica,/-,
^-j to
mutarOi
change.
Olanda,/..
Napoleon.
m..
^-i to
nataiei adj.,native.
nascdndere, irr. v.,
ship.
nave,/
Iiazi6nei./ nation.
to hide,
""
necessario, adj.,necessary.
negare*
negligere,
negOZiante*
negdzio,
nemicOt
enemy.
adv., not
even.
adj.,black.
nessiino, adj.,nobody.
nc\e,Asnow.
ncro,
neyicarei imp. v., to
niinte, m., nothing.
snow.
nindte, m., nephew.
ndbilei adj.,noble.
ndcci lo,m., stone (offruit).
ndce" m. and/., xvalnut-tree,
walnut.
m.,
knot.
ndia]/"" bother,spleen.
^-i to name.
part., named.
nominate,
non,
adv.,
no.
nondimeno,
m.,
less.
conj.,neverthe-
v., to honour.
worse.
become
to
v.,
henceforth.
m., gold.
pentirsi, pron.
Ver, prep, for.
v., to
repent
Pfcra.y.,pear.
adv., nhy, and
percne,
percio,
cwj-.
t'lerefore.
irr. v., to strike
ptrdere, ^'m to lose.
perdita,/., loss.
percuotere,
perdonare, v., to pardon.
pericolO, m., danger.
permission
m.,
pernitSSO,
leave.
m.,
orold^io,
permtttere,
drto, m.,
conj.,however.
versCna,,f, person.
persdna
(in), adv.,
watch.
orriblle,adj.,horrible.
J
ruit-garden.
^-j to
lonj.
because.
dro,
dare.
Ospedale, m., hospital.
dsSO, m., bone.
ostacolo, m., obstacle.
inn.
osteria,./-,
ostinato, p- adj.,obstinate.
dzio, m., laziness.
ozidso, adj.,lazy.
irr. v., to allow
pero,
sonally.
per-
perveniro, irr. v., to succeed.
P^sante, adj.,heavy.
Pfc8Ca,/-,;"arfe.
pe"ce,
m.fsh.
/".petition.
P^tizidue.
petto,
m.,
ihcsi.
piaCcre, n. m., pleafure.
piacere, v-, to please
piangere, irr. t to iry.
piano, n. m., floor.
foft,qni"-t
piano, adj.,sloii',
,
ndtte,/,night
novella, /""novel,news.
nulla, pron., nothing.
numerdso, adj.,numerous.
paese,
paga,
pagare,
injure,to
hurtful.
be
pane,
nudvo, adj.,new.
parco,
o.
or.
conj.,
OObediente, adj-"obedient.
obbligare,v., to oblige.
m.,
owner.
country.
/.,pay.
v., to
bread.
m.,
pianofdrte,""., pmno,
J
pay.
vikina,,f, page.
palazzOi m., palace.
ntldva,n. f.,news.
0.
,
v.,.tothink.
pensare,
6^eTa,f-^opera.
oppressdre, """""oppressor.
Opprimere, irr. v., to oppress.
dra, n., hour; adv., now.
oratdre, m.., orator.
ordinare, ^-i to order.
drdine, m., order.
oreccilino, m., earring.
ortCCllio,m., ear.
ormai, oramai, adv., now,
padre, m.,father.
padrdne, m., master,
"". to
sin.
m.,
/.,sheep.
peggidre, adj.,worse.
north.
notiziai/-.notice, news.
nudcere,
to
worse.
ndnna, /""grandmother.
ndnnOt m., grandfather.
ndrdt
patria, /.,fatherland.
/., fright, (far)
paura,
frighten.
pazicnza, /",patience.
peggio, adv
peggiorare,
m., umbrella.
ombrcllo,
OSare,
nommarei
Holland.
to promenade.
v.,
sparrow.
m.,
passero,
Pfccora,
dnta (ad),adv., in spite.
irr. v., to neglect.
m., merchant.
m.,
:
m.,
onorare,
deny.
ness.
wi., uareliouse, busi-
nemmenoi
walk, promenade.
",
nor.
v., to
m.,
passeggiare,
onesta, ./ honesty.
Pfcile,/", skin.
adv.,honestly. penisola, /",peninsula.
onestamente,
oncStO, adj.,honest.
Pfcnna, /",pen.
,
adv.,
passeggiata,/., passeggio,
oil.
dltre, adv., besides.
dlio,
relate.
""-, t" pass.
peccato,
oh ! inter j.,oh
iiarrare"
proj, t.
m.,
passare,
passato, part.,past.
part., busy.
ever.
N.
Napole6ne,
be
odiare, """ to hate.
offcndere, v., to offend.
oSart"if, offer.
offcSO,part., offended.
Oifrire,irr. v., to offer,
dggi, adv., to-day.
dgni, ad).,each, every.
dgni qual vdita, adv.,when-
show.
mostrarei
partite,
to
v.,
wanted.
mortale,
m6rte, /". death,
mosivsi,
'imp.
OCCUpatO,
a"j-ymortal.
nddOt
adv.,
Quattro),
privately.
(Jcchio,m., eye.
Monte
m.,
hosa.
mdrdere,
parte 1.1 part, side.
partcnza, /.,departure.
partire, v., to depart.
partita, /",party, game.
-J
tfcclii (a
R68a,
209
WORDS.
pardla,/.,"wi.
sion.
occa-
Mont
Blanc.
Mdnte
ne,
ITALIAN
"
parere,
park.
adj.,several.
m., opinion.
T"arere,
v., to seem.
m.,
parccchi,
Pariei,/., Paris.
parlare, v., to speak.
ianta, /.,t'lara.
piantO, m., crying ('/*").
piattO, m
pia
e, tush.
piccolo,adj.,small.
pifcde,m.,foot.
piedi (in),adv., standing.
pitno, adj.,lull.
Tiitro, m., Peter.
pidggia,/.,ratn.
pidvere, imp.
v., to rain.
pipa,/..ptpe.
210
INDEX
VOCABULARIES.
TO
PITTOKE.
R A P PRESENT
pittdre* m., painter,m.
painter,/.
pittrice,f.,'
Vitttx".f-,painting.
piu, adv., more.
piuttfJstO, conj., rather,
sooner.
ITALIAN
"
A ZIONE
promettere,
BUGOIBE.
.
"", to promise.
*"""
promudvere,
i'rr. v., to promote.
bring.
prdntO, o*/;-.
ready.
pronunciare,
v.,
prowedere,
prato,
pregare.
'
-.
preiniare"
v-^ to reward.
irr. v., to take.
prendere,
part.,
preparato,
adv., near.
prestare, v., to lend.
presto, adv., soon.
presso,
presto(far),to
prete,
m.,
be
i"*-
procedere,
pro-
(in),adv., on
the
/".
prOmeSSOi
riaggiustare,
part.,promised.
readjust.
v., to
ribellatO,J"art.,rel^elUd.
riccnezza, /". ridies,wecUth.
ricCO, adj.,rich.
ricevere, "., to receive.
quest.
richiedere, irr. v., to re-
v.,
to
have
to
v.,
member.
re-
to
refract.
rilucere, irr. v., to shine.
rimanere, ''"''" "-. to remain.
to
proach
re^m
rimproverare,
.
v., togrieve.
m.,thanks.
ringraziamento,
to thank.
ripellere, irr. v., to repel.
riposarsi, pron. ""., to rest.
ripulire, "". to polish again.
riscudtere, irr. v., to collect,
move.
v., to resolve.
to
respect.
rado (di). adv
ralfredddre,
-a,/.,girl.
irr. v., to
ragidne,/-.
m.,
take.
over-
reason.
rappresentazidne,
Rdma,/-.
rdmpere,
Rone.
irr. v., to brtak,
rdsa,/-,rose.
Rosma,/.. Kose.
rdsso, a47..red.
rotoldni.
ado.,
spi'ier.
rallegrarsi, pron.
succeed.
rdba,/-, goods,property.
""., cold.
.
reply.
""" to return.
ritdrno, ""., return.
riuscire, irr. v., to
seldom.
to
-,
ritomare,
,
boy
m-,
risodndere, '""" '
ritardo, m.., delay.
commendation.
re-
"-. to relate.
racoontare,
rairno,
professidne, /",profession.
profitto, m., profit.
profdndo, adj.,deep.
light
riB6TSa.,f-,resource.
raccomandazidne,
originate, raggiungere,
point.
v., to
again.
to
behaviour.
procinto
nt-. i-hine.
riaccendere, irr.
rispettO, m., respect.
ing.
rispettO (in), adv., regard-
ragazzo,
t?., to
Reno,
risdlvere, irr.
raccdgliere, irr. v., to gather.
mend.
t)-.to recomraccomandare,
baiily.
m.,
quello, adj.,that.
quercia, /", oak.
queStO, adj.,this.
fore-
prigioniero, ""., prisoner.
prima, adf., before.
prima vera, /", spring.
principale, adj.,principal.
probabile, adj.,probable.
give back.
v., to
risp^ttare,"""
/.,prison.
prigidne,
probabilmente, adv.,
irr.
rendita, /". rent, income
ringraziare, "".
qui, adv., here.
sre.
n.
soon
quick.
^'". to
rendere,
ridere, irr. v., to laugh.
ridurre, irr. v., to reduce.
riflettere, irr. v., to reflect,
priest.
prevedere,
relazidne,/-.relation.
recourse.
quasstl, a-lv.,up !iere.
prepared.
f, queen.
Tegma.,
ricdrrere, irr.
however.
quanttinque, conj.,
quasi, conj.,nearly.
prize, renard.
premiOt
regalatO, part.,presented.
irr.
rincrescere,
quantO, adv., how much.
quanto prima, adv., as
as
possible.
v., to prefer.
to pray.
pr"-
reg^imentO,""., regiment.
ricordarsi,pron.
quadro, ""., painting.
there.
qua
e la,adv., here and
v., to dine.
qualche Cdsa,/., something.
ni., dinner.
quallinque, adj., vhatever.
in., field, grass-plot,
quando, adv., uhen.
preferire,
a
richiesta,/-,request.
ricompensare, v.,toreivard.
riconoscere, irr. v., to recognise.
to be able.
meadow.
to make
irr. v., to provide.
pdvero, aij.,poor.
pdzzOt in., a well.
pranzo,
v.,
sent.
nounce.
pro-
room.
pranzare,
redu.
present.
m.,
regalare,
to
possederet irr.v., to possess.
possente, a j.,poiieriul.
prudente, adj.,
prudent.
possfbile, adj.,possible.
pubblico, adj.,public.
adv., pospossibilmente,
sibly. pugno,
m,., fist.
punire, ^'",to punish.
pdsta, /",post-office.
punto, adv., at all.
pdsta (a bella), adv., on
purche, conj.,
provided.
however.
purpose.
"^onj.,
pure,
pdsto, m., place, sitiiation,
poterOi i''"''v.,
king.
recitare, "., to
regale,
-.
v., to
adv., near, along.
rasente,
re, n"-,
p5co, adj. and adv., little,
feio.
ing,
propdsitO (a),adv., regardpdco (fra).adv., presently.
concerning.
p6co a pOCOi adv., little by
propdsta, /".proposal.
little.
proprieta, 7 property.
podagra, /",gout.
prordmpere, irr. v., to burst
podere, "-. estate.
Jorth.
/., poetry.
prdssimo,,"!.,neighbour.
poesia,
p6i, adv., ajteruards.
prdssimo, adj.,next, nt-arest.
irr. v., to proPOliticOtadj.,political.
proteggere,
tect.
P0ltr6ne" m-. coward.
p61vere"/-. dust, gunpowder.
provenire, irr. v., to originate.
pdpolo, m., people.
pfirre,i'l'r.v., to put.
proverbio, m., proverb.
pdrta,/., "ioor.
provincia,/., province.
portare,
WORDS.
v., to
/".
joice.
re-
stpraicling.
rovinare, ''"" to ruin.
rubare, t-. to steal.
ruggire, "-. to roar
presentation.
re-
rctUng,
212
INDEX
VOCABULARIES.
TO
ITALIAN
"
WOEDS.
ZCCCHEBO.
tfizza,/-.
tS,
teatrOt
theatre.
"".
irr.
tenere,
weather,
time,
ht.ld.
to
v.,
cdnto,
tener
irr.
irr.
mano,
1 jn6re,
tenor.
m-.
tergei'e.
help.
to
v.,
wipe,
to
to
dry
termine*
r
i
irr.
adj.,
m.,
adj.,
in.,
/tead.
USClret
acio., lately.
J,
tirarC)
Torino,/-.
Utiiei
Ulow
^'". ^o
''"rr.
(of
winds).
UYBL,
one.
egg.
hurt.
to
v.,
/,
useful.
tdrtO,
m-.
tOSare,
tOSSirOi
tdstO,
vacanzai/-"
adv.,
soon.
traditfira,/.
traitress.
tradit6re)
w-.
tradurre,
irr.
irr.
ValdrOi
rn..,
late.
trans-
cuiv.,
adj.,
m.,
villagt.
vincitore,
""".
victor.
wine.
wt-.
vidia,
./., violet,
virtu.,
f',
virtue.
/",
visit.
Vap6re,
to
v.,
/",
view.
Vitt6rio,
victor.
v6ce
(a) adv.,
by
word
mouth.
irr.
/",
voice.
/.,
v6glia,
live
to
v.,
rice.
m.,
v6ce,
wish.
VOl^nticri,
steam.
wi
visit.
life.
Vizio,
boast.
to
sight,
t-,
vivere,
advantage.
pron.
iitar.
neighbouring.
Villaggio,
of
worth.
valorous.
m-,
vantarsi,
be
valour.
vantagglO,
to
to
v.,
adj.,
ValordsO;
traitor.
v.,
valere,
travel.
ViClIlO,
viva
cough.
to
v.,
days.
holi-
vacancy,
shear.
^o
traveller.
"".,
"*-.
vita,/.,
wrong.
travel.
to
"".
visitare,
tower.
v-.
away.
Vicino,
vista,
""/".
road.
way,
visita,
grape.
7"Mrm.
t6rre"
towards.
glass.
adv.,
vino,
out.
go
usury.
adv.,
w.,
ViajSglO,
anoint.
uova),
lo
USUra,/.,
"wi/".
TO-,
only
v-.
VfctXO,
Viaggiat6re,
man.
(pi.
m.
adv.,
viaggiare,
to
v.,
true.
versOt
Via,
damp.
^rr.
a6ino"
"".,/".
adj.,
Vi",f:
last.
humour.
nniCOt
nrtare,
kill.
to
hear.
to
v.,
umdre,
drunk.
v.,
adj.,
idmidOi
earth.
tetto,
irr.
tilt-imo,
J,
-0.
1
nocidere"
Udvo,
position.
"*".
adj.,
angerOt
""-.
i^^-
nbbriacOt
to
v.,
truth.
verita,/..
Vero,
udlret
to
v.,
value.
tpuer
get
drunk.
tempest.
'"".
to
v.,
pron.
pron.
asiiaintd.
obey.
to
".,
nbbriacarsi,
to/ea-.
tempesta,/.,
tenii'Ot
nbbidlre,
-erman.
"i-.
f-.
aere,
verb.
""".
vergognarsi,
TedeSCOt
tt
verbo,
u.
cup.
tea.
m.,
willingly.
adv.,
.
irr.
trarre,
draw.
to
v.,
/".
trascuraggine,
vascello,
ness.
careless-
vecchioi
vece
tributO,
trdnOi
adv.
;
too
ship.
adj.,
old.
(ill)jadv.,
vedere,
throne.
wi.,
trdppo,
much
tribute.
m.,
wi.,
^rr.
v.,
veduta,/.,
and
adj.,
too
v61f
instead.
volume,
to
VUdlO,
see.
irr.
ere,
to
v.,
wiping
be
to
v.,
turr",
volume.
in.,
adj.,
empty.
wew.
vegliare"
""""
venderot
many.
irr.
VOlere,
watch.
to
to
"
z.
sell.
.
trovare,
v.,
tuonare,
to
find.
imp.
v.,
vendicarsi,
to
der.
thun-
pron.
v
oneself.
avenge
vendita,^.,
to
Zia,
/., aunt.
zio,
sale.
zittO,
uncle.
m.,
hush
inter}
,
TtirCO,
wi.,
coni.,
tuttavia,
tUttO,
Turk.
adj.,
all.
Venezia,/.,
still.
Vf nirei
VentOi
unice.
irr.
*"""
v.,
wind.
to
zolfanello,
come.
zdppo,
ZUCOhero,
nmtch
m.,
adj.,
lame.
m.,
sugar.
!
be
INDEX
II. TO
VOCABULAEIES.
ENGLISH
WORDS.
ASTONISHED.
along, adv., rasf-nte,Itlngo.
alreaav, adv., di gid.
also, conj.,dnche.
althougn, conj.,sebbene.
always, adv., simpre.
America, n-, Amirica.
A.
able, to he, v., potere.
aboutt at^"..circa.
above, a^^"-.su, sdpra.
absolutely, ""iv-" assolutanitnte.
absolve, to,
^'".assdlvere.
aggradire.
to, v., accom-
accept, to,
be,
v.
so-
n., doldre.
get,
adddrre.
!
to,
aspHto.
arvici-
v-.
n.,
"", brdccio.
I army,
admit, to,
n., eserdto.
A'rno.
adulator, """ adulatdre.
Amo,
n.,
i
inaround, adv., dintdmo,
advance, to, '""tavamdrsi.
I
tdrno.
advantage, "". rantdggio.
i arrest, to, "-, arrestdre.
advice, i^-^ consiglio.
advice, to, v-, consiglidre.
arrive, to, v., arrivdre.
advise, to, '^"i avvis"ire.
art, w., arte.
affectionate, adj., affet- ascend, to, v., ascendere.
tuoso.
ashamed,
to be, v., vergogndrsi.
affirm, to, i^; afermdre.
ashore, to go. v., approddre.
affix,to, v.,affiggere.
as far as, adv.,fino a.
Africa, n., Africa.
afterwards, ado.,p6i,ddpo.
against, adv., cdntro.
agree,
to,
agreement,
Albert, "".
aSK,
v.,
arvedlrsi.
adv., via.
bambino.
baby, ^
bad, adj.,cattivo,mdlo.
"
badly, adv., mdle.
addor-
banker,n
baptism,
baroness,
banchiere.
,
battisimo.
"""
n., baronessa.
battle, n., battdglia.
be, to, v., essere
beat, to, v., bdttere.
beautiful, adj.,bello.
conj., a cdus'u
percM.
become, to, v divenire.
because,
,
invec-
old, to, v,
become
chidre.
beer, n., Urra.
bed, n., letlo.
before, adv.,avdnti, divdnti,
prima.
begin, to, v., comincidre.
behave, to, v., condursi.
behaviour,
n.,
procedere,
conddtta.
dietro.
behind, adv
believe, to make,
,
di
'^m accdrdo.
Alberto.
allow, to, ''.,permktere.
all, at, adv.,affdtto.
all four, on, adv., carpdni.
allowed
(to be), v., permittersi, licere.
v., domandure.
mentdrsi.
as
much,
as
mucn
adv., tdnto.
as,
adv.,
tdnto
qudnto.
v., convenire.
alms, n., elemdsina.
alone, adj-^solo.
n., Asia.
to,
asleep, to fall, v.,
ctd.
n., cdmbio.
"".
agio,
agreeabl", adv., secdndo,
budn
grddo.
Asia,
be,
ball, "i-, bdlio.
Aprile.
architect, "*". architetto.
i arm,
v., vendicdre.
to,
to
arrab-
".,
ndrsi.
IApril,
v., ammirdre.
''")anmettere.
age,
n.,autAnno.
v., annoidre.
to,
approach,
to, ""-.indirizzdre.
"",
away,
I
^'".arrdgere.
adduce, to,
admire, to,
angle, n., dngolo.
"",
appearance,
""" mtla.
apple,
attrice.
"".
actress,
"., autdre.
aware,
d'lto.
n., attdre.
add, to,
address,
avenge,
Autnony, """ Antdnio.
apolauded,
part., applau-
ache, to, v., dolere.
action, "", azidne.
actor,
n., Agdsto.
n., zia.
autumn,
ancestor, "", antendto.
and, conj.,e.
annoy,
Ure.
ache,
aunt,
autnor,
mento.
diverti-
"""
August,
Austrian, adj.,Austriaco.
'".,dicertire.
to
angr-^,
bidrsi.
sdre.
to
to,
,
v., attrdrre.
attract, to,
avaricious, adj.,avdro.
pagndre.
account, "-. c6nto.
according, od^-^giusta.
accumulate,
to, v., ammas-
accustomed,
pr''p.,fra,tra.
amuse,
amujement,
'V;
accompany,
among,
at all, adv.,piinto.
attention, "". attemidne.
attentive, adj attento.
as
soon
as,
as
soon
as
adv., appena.
believe, to,
possible, adv.,
belong, to,
qudnto prima
assurance,
"., assicurazidne
to, v., assicumre.
astride, adv., canalcidni.
v..
cndere.
appartenere.
below, adc, abbdsso,giu.
benefactor, ".. benefattdre.
adj.,
benevolent,
astonisned, toloe,v.,mara-
benevolo.
li'nti;,
Berlin, "", Berlivo.
besides, conj.,dltre.
viglidrsi.
sdsso.
far
v.,
assure,
astonished, adv., di
v.,
fugere.
Belgium, n., Bllgio.
vista,
bet, to,
v., scommettere.
bettevo-
214
INDEX
TO
VOCABULARIES.
BKTTEB.
ENGLISH
WORDS.
ooNTEirr.
better, odv., meglw;
miglidre.
bill of exchange,
"
"-.
DESPISE.
adj., castle, n., casteUo.
cause,
cam-
bidle.
bite, to, "". mdrdere.
'
amdro.
bitter, ""y-.
black, adj.,niro.
blame, to, v.,biasimdre.
cieco.
blind, a"^j-,
v.,tirure.
blow, to, {ofI' itidi)
blow, "-. cdlpo.
'
continuous, adj.,continuo.
motivo.
"M
cat, "M fira'to.
celebrated, parf.,celebre.
cellar, "-. cantina.
cemetery,
contrurio.
convenient, to be,
"".
v.,
con-
venire.
cimitero.
s-^coto.
"".
century,
Ion tne), adv., ai
contrary
to,
converse,
certain, adj..c^rto.
certainly, adv., certamente,
certo [di).
chain, w., colldna.
blush,to, "". arrossire
chair, "", sedia.
boast, to, I'-.I'antdrsi.
chance, """ occasi"ne.
boat, ""! oattello.
change, "-, cdmbio.
boil, to, 'V; bollire.
change, to, """ cambidre.
bone, n., dsso.
Charles, "". "^V/rto.
book, w., libra.
cheek, """ gudncia.
bookseller, n., Ubrdio.
cheese, n.,formdggio.
boot, """ stivdle.
chemist, n., spezidle.
both, pron., entrdmbi, conj. cherry, n., ciriegia.
e...e.
chess, "-. scdcco.
bother, ".. ndia.
chest, "", vetto.
bottle, "". bottiglia.
chestnut, n., castdgna.
boy, """ ragdzzo.
Chianti, n., Chidnti.
box, "., scdtola.
Chiifonier,"., armddio.
brain, """ cervHlo.
chimney, """ dminicra.
China, "". "'ina.
brandy, """ acquavite.
Brazil, w., Brasile.
chocolate, """ cioccoUta.
bread, """ j"a"e.
choose, to, I'm icegliere.
breath, n.jidto.
Christ, "". Cristo.
break, to, v., rdmpere.
church, n., chiesa.
breakfast, """ colazidne.
cigar, n., Sififaro.
bride, "". spdsa.
citizen, " cittadino.
class, "". cldsse.
bring, to, v., condurre.
brother, n.,fratiilo.
clear, ad/-, chidro.
brash, n., spdzzola.
clear, to itfietable)r., sbarazzdre.
brash, to, v., spazzdre.
burn, to, '"'".drdere.
close, to, v., chiudere.
bury, to, """ seppelUre.
coast, n-" cdsta.
burst forth, to, "-. prordmcoat, n., ubito.
coffee,w., caffe.
pere.
business, "-. affdre.
cold, adj.,freddo.
cold,""" raffredddre.
busy,odj..occupdto.
butter, "", butirro.
collect,to, v-. riscudtere.
n.,farfdlla.
colour, n., coldre.
butterfly,
buy, to, v-, comprdre.
Columbus, n., Colombo.
by the by, conj.,o propdsito. come,
to, V-. venire.
comedy, n,, commedia.
commit, to, ''"" commettere.
c.
Como, ".. Como.
call,to, ^'".chiamdre.
companion, "". compdgno.
calumniate, to, v., calun"-, compagnia.
company,
copy,
corner,
'"""
conver$dre.
to, v.,"opidre.
"". dngolo.
correct,
to,
"
correspond,
".
corrtggere.
i-, corrU-
to,
p"ndere.
COrrapt, to, v., corrdmpere.
cost, to, 0., costdre.
.
cough, to, ^". tossire.
countess,
"". contessa.
country,
n.,paete.
dnimo
! inttrj.,
courage
'.
courier, "-, corrtere.
courtyard, "". cortile.
cousin,
n.,
covet, to,
cugino.
dt^sidrdre.
^M
coward,
adj.,poltrdne.
Croesus,
"",
cross,
crown
Critn.
adj.,arrabbuito.
(money),
crucify, to,
v.,
"".
scHdo.
crocifiggere.
Cryj to, I'-,pidngere.
(the), "", pidnto.
crying
cup,
"-. tdzza.
curled, part., inanelldto.
cut, to, v., taglidre.
,
.
'
nidrt.
complain, to,
calumny, "". caltinnia.
canal, """ candle
candle, """ camlela.
cane,
''""bastondre.
to,
complaint,
^m
"-.
dolhsi.
lamento.
COmj)letely,a.dv.,completanumte.
complexion,
n., cera.
capital, "". capitdle.
compose,
captain,
"""
com.promise, to, "'".compro-
cards,
""
Uoplay),
to,
^'m c"rdr"i.
care,
capUdno.
cdrte.
to,
"".
compdrre.
mittere.
concert,
"-. concerto.
attinto.
careful, oti;.,
i condemn, to, v.,condann"'ire.
carelessness, "., tras urdgconflagration, "., ina'ndio.
gine.
consequence,
carriage,
to,
carry,
"..
p"rtdrt.
pase,
n
case,
in, odv.,
,
"".
"". carrdzza.
caso.
in cdso.
con.se-
daisy, "-. margheritina.
damp, adj.,j'nnido.
dance, to, !"". balldre.
danger, n.,pericolo.
dare, to, '". osdre.
dark, adj.,scuro.
daughter, n.,/iglia.
day, "". gidrno, di.
day, to-, adv., dggi.
day before yesterday, the*
.
adi\, avantieri.
deaf, adj.,sdrdo.
dear, adj.,cdro.
deatn, """ rndrte.
debt, "-f dt-bito.
deceive, to, v., ingannire.
December, "-. incemhre.
decide, to, v-. deidere.
deed, "". azidne.
deep, adj.,prqfdndo.
defeat, to, v., scon/iggere.
defend, to, v., di/i-ndei-e.
degenerate, "o,r.,d"^"!n"rdrc.
delay, "", ritdrdo.
deny, to, " negdre.
depart, to, v., part ire.
departure, n., ptrt-enza.
depose, to, v., depdrre.
derive, to, """ derivnre.
descend, to, "'".dwcrnd"re.
".
deserve,
contemporaneous,
contempordneo.
content, adj.,contento.
to,
''-. meritdre.
adj., desist, to, v., dftistert.
despatch, "", itispdci-io.
despise, to, v., durprescdre.
INDEX
destroy, to,
VOCABULARIES.
TO
v., distnlrre.
""" orecchio.
eye,
mente.
difficult,odj.,difficile.
diligent, "ty-.diUgmte.
dip into, to, "". immer^
gere.
F.
earth, "". terra.
east, *^-. levdnte.
adj.,fdcile.
^'".mangidre.
ebony, """ ebano.
economical, adj.,ecdnomo.
educated, part., educdto.
easy,
eat, to,
""" educazidne.
education,
egg,
n.,
uovo.
disac-
elephant, "". defdnte.
eloquent, adj.,eloquSnte.
dish, n.,pidtto.
elsewhere, adv., aitrdve.
disnonestly, "^"-7 disonesembark, to, v., imbarcdrsi.
tainente.
embassy, """ ambascidta.
dishonourable,
adj., Emma,
""" E'mma.
disonor Stole.
Emmanuel,
""" Emanuele.
disjoin, to, v., disgiilngere. emptv, adj.,vudto.
imbadisobedient, adj., disobbe"""
encumbrance,
cdrdo.
iiiente.
rdzzo.
disobey,
to,
'"'". disubbi-
dire.
dis ?OSe, to, v., dispdrre.
disposed, part., dispdsto.
dissipate, to, v., sciupdre.
distinctly, adj.,
distinta-
mente.
""" nemico.
enemy,
engineer, "". ingegnere.
England, n.. InghHterra.
English, adj.,inghse.
to, v., god/re.
enjoy,
enormously, adv., enormemente.
distinguish, to,
guere.
distract, to,
v.,
v., distin-
enough, adv., abbastdma.
bdsta !
enough ! interj.,
distdgliere, enrich, to, v., arricchire.
distrdrre.
enter, to,
divide, to, ''".dividere.
do, to, v.,fdre.
do
.quickly, to, v., far
n.,
entrust, to,
v-,
affiddre.
equivalent, to be,
v.,
erect, to, v., er/gere.
estate, n.,podere.
esteem, to, v., sttmdre.
Europe, """ Eurdpa.
downstairs,
adv., abbdsso.
draWj to, v., trdrre.
drawing, "", disegno.
evening,
cdrsi.
dry, to,
v.,
iergere.
duel, """ duello.
duet, n., duetto.
duke, "", dtica.
during, adv., durante.
dust, n.,pdlvere.
duty, """ dovere.
false, "d;-,y"iso.
family, n.,famiglia.
far, adj.,lontdno.
far away,
adv., lontdno.
fastidious (to become),"-.
infastidirsi.
father, n., pddre.
fatnerland, n.,pdtria.
fate, n.,fdto.
fault, """ c6ipa.
favour, n.,javdre.
favour, in, adv., infavdre.
fear, n.,paura.
February, "*". Febbrdio.
feel,to, "". sentire.
feign, to, v.,^"fl'ere.
fever, n.,febbre.
few(pi-),po,cfi-ifib,""" storiella.
field,n., prdto, campdjna.
fig,n.,fico.
fight,to, v.,
equi-
bdltersi.
n.,fico.
fig-tree,
v., trovdre.
intraprSsa. finder,
n.,
doctor, n., Jottdre.
dog, n., cdne.
dollar, n., sciido.
domination, "". dominio.
done, part.,fdtto.
door, n., porta.
doubt, to, v., dubitdre.
drawing-room,
n., sdla.
dream, to, "", sogndre.
Dresden, n., Dresda.
dress, """ dbito.
drink, to, v., bevere, bere.
drown, to, '"",annegdre.
drunk, adj.,ubbridco.
drunk, part., beoiito.
drunk, to get, v-. ubbria-
fable, n.,fdvola, stdria.
face, n.,fdccia.
fact (in),adv.,fdtti(in).
fail,to, niancdre.
faith, n.,Jede.
fail,to, v., cadere.
find, to,
^'".entrdre.
enterprise,
valere.
presto.
dry, adj.,secco.
n., dccMo.
earl, "., cdnte.
earring, n., oreccMno.
dtversa-
direct, to, indirizzdre.
director, n-, dlrettdre.
siUHcio.
dirty, O'dj.,
".,
disagreement,
mente.
each, adj.,dgni.
ear,
215
WORDS.
extract, to, v., estrdrre.
adv., enormeextremely,
E.
dictate, to, v., ckttdre.
dine, to, "-i pramdre.
dinner, n.,prd'Zo.
die, to, "". morire.
diverso.
different, at^^-,
differently, (^^-^
ENGLISH
"
dito.
finish, to, v.,Jinire.
fire,n.,fudco, incendio.
fisn,n., pesce.
fist,n.,piujno.
fiame, n.,jldmma.
"., adulatdre.
fiatterer,
flood,to, v., allagdre.
even,
conj.,dncli-e.
floor,n., piano.
even
nednche.
not, conJ.,
flower, n.,Jidre.
follow, to, v., seguire.
J
evening,
"",
sera.
this, adv..
stas-
sera.
ever,
every,
every
adv., sempre.
adj.,dgni.
time, adv., dgni qudl
vdlta.
everywhere, adv.,dovdnque.
evil, "", male.
examination, """ esdme.
examiner, "", esaminatdre.
exce
pt^conj.,eccetto.
otion,
excessively
exce
"", eccezidne.
(of rain), adv.,
alia, dirdtta.
exercise,
i^-" esercizio.
exhibition, n., esposizidne.
exist, to, v., esistere.
expel, to, ^'",espillere.
expect,
express,
to, v., atteidersi.
to,
v.,
esprimere.
extinguish,to,v., spegnere.
foot, "". piede.
foot, at the, adv., appie.
for,prep., per.
foresee,to, v., prevedere.
forest, n.,
bdsco.
forget,to, v., oblidre.
forgetful,adj.,ifmemordto.
fork, n.,forclietta.
fortune, n.,fortdna.
forward, adv., avdnti.
forward,
to
go,
"-.
avan-
zdrsi.
franc, n., franco.
France, n., Frdncia.
Francis, n., Francesco.
free, to, v., Uberdre.
freedom, n., Ubertd.
freely, adv., Uberamente.
freeze, to, imp., geldre.
French, adj.,f ramose.
fresh,adj.,
fresco.
^
*
216
TO
INDEX
friend.
VOCABULARIES.
fri?nten, to,
amicuia.
far paura,
v.,
sbalordire.
da.
ircm, prep.,
fruit,n.,friitto.
to,
grow,
6rto.
fruit-garden,n.,
gun,
habit, "".
hail, to,
v., crescere.
guadagndre.
gas,
"., g"s.
generally, adv., per sdlito.
adj.,generdso.
generous,
gentleman, "", galantudmo,
happened, what,
"-. ubbria-
cdrsi.
to,
to,
get up,
acca-
have
amicindrsi.
alzdrsi.
"",
"m
cingere.
W-.
give,
give back, to, i^-,rlndere.
give a prize, to, "". j?rc-
I
'
jftiare.
given, part., ddto.
glad, adj.,felice.
glass, """ bicchiere,vetro.
glove, "". gudnto.
go, tOf "", anddre.
to, i^-,andarsen*.
go away,
bile.
improve, to, v., migliordre.
incapable, adj.,incapdce.
income, "". rendita.
increase, to, v., uccrlscere.
incur, to, v.,
to, "", ricdr-
cdpo.
head, "", "''"to,
heal, to, ^'",fjuarire.
health, """ salute.
incdnere.
in lact, ado., infdtti.
in favour, adv., infac"re.
infuse,to, v., in/dndere.
inneritance, "".
ereditd.
injure, to, v., Udere.
ink,
n., inchidstro.
wrft'rc.
hear, to, """
n., calamdw.
inkstand,
heart, """ cu^re.
inn, "". osteria.
adu.,
a nunte.
by,
bjeart,
adj.,innoct^nU.
heavens, good, interj., innocent,
in ludgo.
in
adv.,
]place,
cdrpo di Bacco !
inside, adv., dentro.
heavy, adj.,pesdnte.
in spite, adv., ad dnta.
height, "., altezza.
instead, adv., in ludgo.
help, to, v., tener mdno,
insult, "., insiilto.
aiutdre.
henceforth, adv., d'dra
ashore, to, v., approddre.
to (to
at sea,
down
sink), v., affonddre.
go out, to, "". ""c/re.
goal, n., sc6po.
"". cdpro.
go
SO
i'-. impdrre.
indigestion, n.,indiyestidnc.
rere.
girl,"",
rag,izza.
to, "", dure,
recourse,
impose: to,
impossible, adj., imposti-
hat, n., cappello.
hatter, "", cappeiidio.
have, to, v., acere.
bidrsi.
get^ drunk, to,
gird, to,
"",
happy, adj.,felice.
hard, adj.,ddro.
haste, n.,frkta.
hasten, to, v., affrettdrsi.
sco.
mania.
German
^ "",,oer
get, to, v., awere.
get ,ansr7" to, v., arrab-
get near,
ill,adj.,ammaldto.
diito.
signore.
adj.,ted
ice, "". ghidccio.
ignoble, a4j.,igndbile.
se.
it,".o):j.,
illness,""" maUUlia.
image, "". immdgine.
Amlito.
Hamlet, """
immediately, adv., siibito.
mdno.
w-.
hand}
impede, to, '". impedire.
handicraft, "". mestUre.
lUre.
handkercnief, n.,/azzoUtto. impel, to, "". 'wt/x
important., adj.,importdnte
happen, to, v., accadere.
gatner, to. "-. raccdgliere.
general, "., generate.
German,
""
haii, n., sdla.
ham, '"-, saldme.
partita.
garden, "". yiardino.
n.,
abitiidine.
i'"J5.v., grandindre.
hair,
lapeito.
haii'-pennv,"., aJWo.
"
gama,
much, adv., quanta.
hunger, n.,fdme.
hum, "", cdccia.
hurt, to, v., urtdre.
hurtiul, to be, "", nudcert.
zitto I
husn ! interj.,
H.
future, n.,futiiro.
"".
pure.
how
n.,/ucile.
frv, to, i\,friggere.
fulnl, to, ad, mpiere.
fu.niture, """ mdbile.
gain, to,
however, conj^qtumtanque,
great, adj.,grdnde, en"rme.
Greek, adj.,grico.
grey, adj.,Uigio.
grieve, to, v., attrittdrti.
groping, adv., tastdni.
""" amtco.
friendship,"",
WORDS.
ENGLISH
"
in-
ndnzi.
Henry, "., Enrico.
here, ado., qut.
insult,to, t),
ivsnWire.
in the midst, ode, in
mezto.
intimate, adj..intimo.
invade, to,
"".
invddere.
goat,
od,
invite,to, "., invitdre.
here above, adv., qtiassii.
inrito.
here andthere,adu.,7uae2a. invitation,"".
in ritdto.
l"art.,
invited,
hide, to, v., nascdndere.
goldf,
n.,
high, a4j.,dlto.
''"""
".,
6ro.
gi.od,aty.,?JM"Jno.
goodness,
goods, n.,
I honest,
"-. goerno.
n.,
grandfather,
grandmother,
grant,
to,
grape,
"".
grass.
Holland,
n., bonta.
rdba.
government,
v.,
iron, n.,ferro.
stdria.'
v., tenere.
holiday, ".,
I
gospel, "-, evavgelo.
gout, "", podagra.
governor,
hold, to,
cdrpo
interj.,
good heavens!
di Bdcco
historv,
n.,
govematdre.
"
.
ndnno.
"", nt^nno.
concidere.
""a.
"'", ^rba.
grass-plot, n., prrfto.
grateful, acy.,prato.
vacdma.
"., oidnda.
bilminte.
Italian,adj.,Italidno.
Italy,"., Itdlia.
""y-.onisto,integro.
honestly,adv.,
'
adv., irresittiirresistibly,
onestamente.
honour, to, v., onordre.
hope, to, v-, sperdre.
horrible, adj.,orribiU.
horse, n-. cavdiio.
hospital, n., pspeddle.
hotel, "". albergo.
hotel-keeper, ""-. albergatdre.
house, "". cdsa.
how, conj.,come.
January, n., genndio.
jaw, n" mascrlla.
jewel,
n.,
gioi llo.
Jewish, a4j.,giudeo.
John.
"""
(iio'iin^ti.
joiner, n.,Jaregndme.
JOUmev^, """ vidggio.
joy, n.,gidia.
judge,n., giiidice.
INDEX
VOCABULARIES.
TO
ENGLISH
"
217
WORDS.
JUDGMENT.
judgment, **""giudizio.
juice, "". sugo.
June, "". giugno.
Juiy, "". liigiio.
live,to, V-, vtvere.
mix,
tone, "". oalamita.
Lombardy, n., /.ombardla.
modest, adj.,moiesto.
London,
money,
Lads
modesty,
".. Londra.
look}to, v., seinbrdre.
keep awake,
kiil, to,
to, v.,
v., uccidere.
scere.
known,
love,
lucrative, adj.,lucrativo.
conopart., saptito,
sviuto.
(0/
""" maccherdne.
bidto.
v.,
far
lamp, """ Idmpada.
language, n., lingua.
man,
lantern,
manufactory, n.,fdbbrica.
adj.,mdlti.
man/,
marble, """ mdrmo.
March, n., mdrzo.
march, to, f marcidre.
lanttma.
large,"dj.,Idrtio,grdnde.
last, adj.,ultimo.
last, at, adv., alia fine.
late, adv., tdrdi.
lately,ado.,pdcofa.
Latino.
Latin, c'''i..
leave, W-" permesso.
leg, "", gdmba.
lend, to, "m prestdre.
less, odu., meno.
lesson, """ lezidne.
let, to, w., appiggiondre.
letter,"", lettera.
libertv,""" Ubertd.
library, n., Ubreria.
lie,"", bugia.
lie, to,
^-i
mentire.
life,"-. vi'to.
lignt, ^ liime.
light again, to,
v., riaccen-
dere.
lighten, to, imp. v., lamp^gidre.
lii.n,""" iedn".
liqueur, "", Uqudre.
listen, to, v., ascoltdre.
little,adj.,piccolo.
little,adv., pdco.
little by little,adv.,pdco a
p6co.
_
di
,
viva vdce
much,
much,
adv.,assdi, mdlto.
as. adv., tdvto.
much
as,
adv., tdvto
as,
qudnto.
much, by, adv., afdrza.
much, how, adv., qudnto.
much,
too, adv., trdppo.
murderer, "", assassino.
mutUftli adj; comUne.
N.
v., maritdrsi.
n., Maria.
n., mdschera.
maestro,
"""
par-
drdne.
match,
n.,
meadow,
means,
means,
zolfanlllo.
"".
"",
i"r to.
mezzo.
by, adv., per mezzo.
meat, "". cdme.
"t, salt, ^^-j saldme.
me
medicine,
^-i medicina.
to, v., incontrdre.
melt, to, v., fdndere, dimeet,
diaccidre.
"., mente.
memory,
mercnandise, "". merce.
merchant, n., negozidnte.
midnight, n., mezzandtte.
adj.,
allegro.
merrv,
midst, in the, adv., in
nation, n., nazidne.
naiive. adj.,natdle.
adj. i.nd adv., vicino.
near,
to get. "., awidndrsi.
near,
nearest, adj.,prdssimo.
nearly, conj., quasi.
to be,
necessary,
gndre.
need, n., bisdgno.
needle, """ dgo.
neglect,to,
neighbour,
nephew,
next,
""" mintito.
misery,
Mr.,
n.,
Mrs.,
n., delitto.
".. miseria.
misfortune,
mistake, n.,
"".
disgrdzia.
errdre.
signdre.
n.,
n.,
signdra.
nipdte.
meno.
milk,
n., ministro.
negligere.
prdssimo.
nevertheless,conj.,nondiadj.,nudvo.
n.,
newspaper,
n., Idtte.
"",
"",
v., biso-
neignbouring, adj.,vicino
news,
misdemeanour,
miser, n., avdro.
adj.,necessdrio.
necessary,
Milan, n., Mildno.
mile, n., miglio.
minute,
part., nomindto.
Napoledne.
Nai^oleon,n.,
new,
minister,
to, v., nomindre.
name,
named
mezzo.
,
chidro
to-, adv., domdni.
mortal, adj.,mortdle.
mother, n., mddre.
mountain.
""" mdnte, montdgna.
mouth, by word
of, adv
to,
marry,
master,
lascidre.
"",
".
ISLZYi /""ozioso.
lazineSC, n., 6zio, infmgarddggine.
lean, to, "", appoggidrsi.
learn, to, "'". impardre.
dotto.
Icani' I,o,dj.,
^m
lUna.
,
"". mercato.
marKet,
Marv,
mask,
leaVCi lO,
v.,
""" mddo.
lai
to, ''""ridere.
la\. vOl, """ avvocdto.
"'
to,
n., udmo.
manner,
n., mese.
n
moonlight,
a
vista,
ere.
J in{,
make
present,
a
regaldre.
"".
month,
moon,
tina.
made, part.,fdtto.
make, to, v.,fdre.
make
believe, to,
""'
Mdntc
n.,
morrow,
signdra.
laite,n., U'tgo
lame, adj.,zdppo.
ladr,
Rosa,
hdsa.
adv.,piii.
morning, n., mattina.
morning, this,adv.,stamat-
dogr),
adj.,arrab-
a
Monte
more,
M.
mad
Mdnte
liina.
""" amore.
maccaroni,
n., modestia.
n., dandro.
Bianco.
veglidre. looking-glass, n., specchio.
lose, to, v., perdere.
loss, """ pt:rdita.
louu, adj.,alto.
Louise, "., Luisa.
kind, adj.,budno.
kindness, """ bontd.
king, n., re.
kitCiien, """ cucina.
kneel, to, v., gmujUttere.
knit'e,""" colttllo.
knignt, n-, cavalUre.
knot, ^i-. n^^do.
knjW, to, v., sapere, cond-
"", mescere.
monkey,
""" sdmmia.
Mont
Blanc,
"",
long, adj.,liingo.
long, to, ^". desiderdre.
K.
to,
nudva, novella.
n., giomdle.
adj.,prdssimx".
night, w ndtte.
noble, adj.,ndbile.
,
nobodv, pron., nessiino.
n "ise,n., ramdre.
none,
pron.,
noon.
"",
nor,
nessiino.
niezzogidmo.
adv., ne.
north,
n., nord.
not, a^v., non.
218
INDEX
TO
VOCABULARIES.
NOTE,
note.
POUR
biglietto.
"".
painter, n., pittHce,/.,pit- poverty,
f^ra,adesso.
I
odj.,nvmerdto.
o.
oak.
quercia.
"""
obedient. o4J'
obev, to.
ubhidiente.
"". ubbidire.
oblige,to,
obbligdre.
v.,
obliged, to be. v-. dovlre.
obstacle. "", ostdcuio.
obstinate, adj.,ostindto.
occasion,
n., occasidne.
occupied, part.,
occupdto.
of, prep., di.
Onend. to. "". offendere.
oflfended, part., offeso.
offer,n., offerta.
to, v., offrire.
offer,
often, adj.,spesso.
oh ! inter j.,oh !
oil. "". "^lio.
old, adj.,vecchio.
Ombrella, "", ombrello.
all fours, adv.,carponi.
on
only, adv., soltdnto.
only one, adj.,imico.
the contrary, aiiv.,diver-
on
samente.
the
on
point, adv., in
pro-
cinto.
the other
on
QVIET.
even
o^i'm
now,
numerous*
side, adv., al
pittHra, praise, to,
"",
quddro.
orange,
orator,
n., ardncia.
n., oratdre.
order, ".. drdlne.
order, in, adv., a fine, affinche.
order, to, "-, ordindre.^
originate, to, "., procedere.
other, adj.,dltro.
others, pron., cUtnii.
Otherwise, conj.,altrimenti.
outside. adv.,fu6ri.
out. to go,
v., uscire.
overbearing,
overflow,
overtake,
n.,
arrogdma.
v., allagdre.
to, v., raggiun-
to.
gere.
owner,
OX,
n., padr"ne.
n., biie.
n.,
to,
pain,
n., doldre.
pain, to, v., dolere.
paint, to, Vm dipingere.
c,
paldzzo.
-.
pen,
n.,
pinna.
midre.
Peter, n., Fietro.
peasant, "". contadino.
peninsula. n.,penisola.
probable. adj.,probdbile.
probably, adv., probabilmente.
(half),n., sdldo.
people, n.,p6polo.
perceive, to, v., sc"rgere.
perhaps. conj.,fdrse.
penny
n., pers"na.
person,
personally, adv.,inpersdna.
to, v., scdrrere.
peruse,
petition, n., petlzidne.
piano, n., pianoforte.pin, n., spilla.
cdre,siumdre.
to.
cersi.
passe
f/gio.
promenade,
n.,
tasra, saccdccia.
pocket-handkerchief,
n.,
fazzoU'tto.
poetry, n.,poesia.
promote,
i'-,passeg-
to. v.,promu"ivere.
to, "". pronun-
pronounce,
cidre.
to
proper,
venire.
be,
property,
prietd.
"",
proposal,
n.,
protect, to.
proverb,
provide,
v.
imp.,con-
avere,
pro-
propdsta.
v.,
n.,
to.
protiggere.
proverbio.
v., provvedere.
provided, conj.,suppdstochi,
province,
"-. provinda.
prudent, adj.,prudente.
psalm, n., sdlmo.
public, adj.,ptibblico.
punish, to, V nunire.
pupil.
".,
purchase,
polish again,
purpose,
to. v., ripuUre.
political,adj.,politico.
adj.,pdvero.
poor,
portion, n., parte.
to. v., possedere.
possess,
possess
oneself,to, v., impadronirsi.
possibly, adv.,possibilmente.
post-office, n., pdsta.
(money),
"-,
sterlina.
out, to,v.. mescere.
scotdre, allievo.
purchase,to, ''".co^nprdre.
awelendto.
poisoned, part.,
pour
to,
gidre.
promise, to. v., prrmktere.
promised, part.,promt sso.
purche.
pleasure, n., piacere, grddo.
plenty, adv., a bizzeffe,
plot, grass. "", prdto.
pound
v., procedere.
profession, n., professiSne.
profit,n., jn-cfittn,
jKirtito.
promenade, n., passeggiiita,
proud, adj.,superbo.
pleasant, adj.,anu-no.
please, to, "., piacere.
please t6 be, v., compia-
pocket,
proceed,
lira
"".
compra.
disegno.
n.,
purposely.
bf'Uo
adv., a
biilapdtta.
to, v., inseguire.
pursue,
put, to, v., mettere, pdrre.
put between, to, ".. frappdrre.
.
studio,
a
possible. adj.,poisibile.
pajfe, n., pdgina.
v., loddre.
pregdre.
j prefer, to, "", preferire.
pale, to become, v-. impaiprepared, part.,prepardto.
lidire.
\ present, "., regdio.
n., carta.
paper,
to make
present,
a, v.
pardon, to. ^-i perdondre.
regaldre.
pardon, free,n., grdzia.
presented, part.,regaldto.
parent. """ yenitdre.
presently. adv.,frap6co.
Paris, n., Parigi.
prevent,
to, f impedire.
park, n.,pdrco.
priest, n.,prete.
part, "". parte.
principal, a'ij.,
prindpdU.
pass. to. v., passdre.
prison, n., prigiOne.
past, adj.,scdrso.
prisoner, ".. prigioniero.
patience, n.,pazienza.
privately, adv., a qudttr'dcchi.
pay, to, v., pagdre.
peach, "". pesca.
prize, n.,premio.
pear.
n.,pcra.
prize, to give a, v., prepalace,
pray,
pink, n., gardfano.
pipe, n.,p',pa.
to, v., aprire.
open,
pity, to, v., compidngere.
".. dpera.
opera,
place, in, adv., in ludgo.
opinion, n., par ere.
opposite, adv., dirimpetto, place. "". pdsto.
plant, n.,pidnta.
Jdccia (in).
plate, n.,pidtto.
to, ''"",
opprimere.
oppress,
play, to, v., giocdre, giuo"", oppress6re.
oppressor.
conj.,o, od, attrimmti.
"". miseria.
powerful, adj.,postente.
di la.
or,
W0ED8.
OCT.
adv., nednche.
tdre,m.
nothing, pron., niilla,niente. painting,
not
ENGLISH
"
Qqueen.
"".
regina.
quickly, adv., presto.
quickly, to do, v.,fcrpris"^
titto.
qai9t, ac^j.,
220
VOCABULARIES.
TO
INDEX
statue.
"-t ttdtiM.
teach, to,
statue,
little, "-, statmtta.
tear, to,
"". rubdre.
steal, to,
Steam,
"""
Sterling,
c^7-,sterlino.
"""
stufdlo.
Stick, "-, bastdne.
still,conj.,tuttavia.
Stir the soul, to,
"", com-
muduere.
que.
"", Bdrsa.
Stock Exchange,
(of fruit)
""" sa""o,
stone.
ndcciolo.
stop. to. v.,fermdrsi.
n., tempesta.
Storm,
Story,
""" st"ria.
Stranger,
n.,forestiere.
street, """ s^^-atto.
strike, to, v., percudtere.
strong, adij.Jdrte.
Student. "". sttidente.
studious, a'^-.stttdidso.
stud ', "". ""wt^io.
study, to, v., studidre.
SUfficientlyf c^^-y
'i-. *"^^sun,
to, v., cendre.
sup,
8U ijper, n., cena.
to, "., suppdrre.
suppose,
surprised, part, sorpreso.
v.,
sqprawi-
vere.
surrender,
to,
v.,
n.,
gdla.
prep., per
arren-
dersi.
swallow,
to,
v.,
to,
sdpra.
diveU
svellere,
v.,
lere.
ndi, d.
used, adj.,sdlito.
US, pron.,
mezzo.
ndre.
cost.
thus, conj.,
ticket, "", biglietto.
vacancy,
valour,
insieme.
adv., domdui.
vacdnza.
*"""
ri., vaJ"re.
valorous, adj.,valorSso.
value, to, V- tener cdnto.
to-morrow,
tongue, """ lingua.
too much, adv., trdppo.
tooth, n., dente.
various, adj.,Uiverso.
Venice, """ Venezia.
verb, """ verbo.
towards,
towards,
v"Tf
prep.,
verso.
to run,
v., acc"r-
rere.
asciugamdno.
towel,
"""
tower,
town,
"", tdrre.
n., cittd.
traitor, "". traditdre.
traitress, "", traditdra.
translate, to, 'v-,tradtirre.
travel, to, v., vlaggidre.
traveller,"", viaggidto.
travel
to, "". "c"rover,
sospend^re.
inghiottire. rere.
to, v., spazzdre.
tree, "". drbore, dlbero.
sweep,
ddlce.
o,dj.,
tribute, "*"" tribiito.
sweet,
Switzerland, " Svizzera.
trouble, "-. imbardtzo.
swollen, adj.,g"nfio.
true, adj.,vero.
adv., certatnente,dava Aford,"". spdda.
trujly,
suspend, to,
t'-,sostenere.
prep., su,
upon,
""" tr"no.
together, adv.,
""" zticchero.
"", """", estdte.
to,
ad^-" stamat-
time, """ tempo.
tired, part., stdnco.
to, prep., a, ad.
to-ttay, adv., 6ggi.
abbas-
v., alzdrsi.
to get,
useful, adj.,utile.
useless, adj.,inutile.
oneself, to, gittdrsi. usually, adv., spesso.
throw
thunder, to, imp. v., tuon., usura.
usury,
throne,
".,
intra-
cu"re.
up,
uproot,
through,
tdnza.
survive,
do.
ttas-
thought, "". concetto.
thousand, adj.,male.
bastdre.
intra-
unhappy,
adj.,i^felice.
untie, to, v., sd^gliere.
until, adv., sino.
un'
iUal, c !/.,inusdto.
unwillingly, adv., a maliiV'
tina.
venire, succedere.
iuteiidere.
undertake,
to, ".,
prendere.
n.,
undertaking,
UPb.old, to,
this morning,
sub ect,"". suddito.
to, ^-y soggiosab.ugate,
gdre.
submit, to, v., sottomettere.
bUCCeed, to, "". riusdre, per-
such, conj.,tdle.
suck, to, v., siiggere.
suddenly! ac/u.,subito.
suffer,to, "., so/rtrc.
surtioient, to be, *""P-
thief, "", Iddro.
secco.
thin, arfj-,
thing, "", cdsa.
thinK, to, v., pensdre.
thirst, '"'"""ete.
this, adj.,t/uesto,
pron.,
this evening, ado.,
throat,
Ugly, adj.,bmtto.
uncle, "-. "fM".
under, adv., sdtto.
undergo, to, v., tubire.
understand, to, "", capire,
presa.
sera.
Stupid, at^-.s^wiJit^-
sugar,
summer,
insegndre.
v-. sUrucire.
tenor, "". tendre.
thanks, i'.,grdzie.
thaUK, to, v.,ringrazidre.
tnac, oAJ-yqueiio.
the, art., il,U),la, i, gli,le.
theatre, "", tedtro.
then, ad^; alldra.
tnere, adv., id.
dUntnerefore, conj.,percid,
vapdre.
steel, """ accidio.
Stee Jle, "", campanile.
8tew"
v.,
WORDS.
ENGLISH
"
very
much,
adv., mdito.
(of rain), adv.,
mucn
alia dirdtta.
vice, ri., vizio.
Victor, "". Vittdrio.
victorious, adj.,vindtdre.
view, n., vista.
village, "'", villdggio.
violet, n., vidla.
virtue, "". virtii.
visit,"". visita.
voice, "", vdcc.
volume, n., voltime.
w-,
w.
.
vero.
T.
table, "",
tdvoia.
tailor, "". sdrto.
take, to, v., tdrre,prendere.
talk, tOjv., parldre.
tall,a^7-,dlto,grdnde.
trust, n., confidenza.
trust, to, w-.^Wrn.
truth, W-.
Turin,
turkey
veritd.
"". Torino.
(fowl), "". galUndc-
do.
Turkish, adj.,tilrco.
XniUt to, v., wilgere.
wait, to, v., atpettdre.
waiter, """ cameriere.
waiting, adv., a bdda.
waitress, "".
camerirra.
wake
up, to, "". sveglidrti,
walk,
n., passeggidta.pat
seggio.
walk, to,
'-'".cammindre.
wall, "-. mtiro.
walnut, "-. ndce.
want, n., bitdgnQ,
INDEX
TO
VOCABULARIES.
ENGLISH
"
WORDS.
221
SpanishGrammar
A
FOR
USE
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LEGENDS
$1.50
Illustrated
Cloth, 12mo, 319 pages.
GUERBER'S
ROME
AND
Illustrated
pages.
MYTHS
GUERBER'S
GREECE
OF
MYTHS
GUERBER'S
a
complete
outline
narrated
with
Mythology,
Literature
and
Art.
They
formly
uni-
are
richly illustrated with
beautiful
reproductions of masterpieces of ancient and
modern
painting and sculpture.
for the use
of
While
primarily designed as manuals
in
bound
in schools
classes
cloth,
where
and
are
is made
Mythology
a
ject
regular sub-
study and for collateral and supplementary reading
in classes studying literature or criticism,
they are equally
and
for home
well
suited for private students
reading.
the myths are
told in a clear and charming
For this purpose
in a connected
without
narrative
style and
unnecessary
of these
influence
the
wonderful
To
show
digressions.
and
ancient
appropriate
myths in literature,numerous
from
the poeticalwritings of all ages,
quotations from
Works
and
Hesiod's
Days" to Tennyson's "Oenone,"
of
**
have
included
been
in
the
in
text
descriptionof the different myths and
Maps, complete glossaries, and
manuals
for
convenient
use
connection
with
the
legends.
indexes
adapt
in schools, libraries,or
the
art
galleries.
Copiesof
the above
books
will
be sent^ prepaid^ to any
of the priceby the
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address
on
receipt
:
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AND
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MOORE
frank
By
History
University.
Illustrated
pages.
$1.50
....
vantages
History possesses certain features and adof
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