DIRITTO AMMINISTRATIVO GLOBALE:
BIBLIOGRAFIA
a cura di BRUNO CAROTTI e LORENZO CASINI
SOMMARIO: 1. Nozione e caratteri. - 2. Le amministrazioni internazionali. - 3. La pluralità di
soggetti e il ruolo degli Stati e dei privati. - 4. I sistemi regolatori globali. - 5. «Private
governance regimes». - 6. La mancanza di una base costituzionale e i problemi di
«legitimacy» e «accountability». - 7. Il sistema di garanzie. - 8. I «giudici» globali.
1.
Per una trattazione generale sul diritto amministrativo globale, le
opere fondamentali sono B. KINGSBURY, R.B. STEWART e N. KRISCH, The
Emergence of Global Administrative Law, IILJ Working Paper 2004/1, ora
anche in Law and Contemporary Problems, 68, 2005, n. 3-4, p. 15 ss., S.
CASSESE, Il diritto amministrativo globale: una introduzione, in Riv. trim. dir.
pubbl., 2005, n. 2, p. 331 ss., ID., Legal Imperialism and «Raison d’Etat» in
the Global Administrative Law, paper presentato alla NYU Law School
«Global Administrative Law Conference» (22-23 aprile 2005), ID., Oltre lo
Stato, Roma-Bari, Laterza, 2006, J.H.H. WEILER, The Geology of
International Law–Governance, Democracy and Legitimacy, in Zeitschrift für
Ausländisches Recht und Völkerrecht, 64, 2004, n. 3, p. 547 ss., S. BATTINI,
Organizzazioni internazionali e soggetti privati: verso un diritto
amministrativo globale?, in Riv. trim. dir. pubbl., 2005, n. 2, p. 359 ss., ID.,
La globalizzazione del diritto pubblico, ivi, 2006, n. 2, p. 325 ss., ID.,
Amministrazioni senza Stato. Profili di diritto amministrativo internazionale,
Milano, Giuffrè, 2003, R.B. STEWART, Il diritto amministrativo globale, in
Riv. trim. dir. pubbl., 2005, n. 3, p. 633 ss. Sui rapporti tra «Global
Governance», «Administrative Law» e «Administrative structures», D.C.
ESTY, Toward Good Global Governance: The Role of Administrative Law,
paper presentato alla NYU Law School «Global Administrative Law
Conference» (22-23 aprile 2005). Si vedano anche il Simposio su «Global
Governance and Global Administrative Law in the International Legal
Order», in European Journal of International Law, 17, n. 1, 2006, e Diritto e
amministrazioni nello spazio giuridico globale, a cura di S. Cassese e M.
Conticelli, Quaderno speciale n. 2 della Rivista trimestrale di diritto
pubblico, Milano, Giuffrè, 2006. Inoltre, si leggano i contributi pubblicati
nell’ambito del Project on the Administrative Law Frontier in Global
Governance, diretto da B. Kingsbury, R. Stewart e N. Krisch, consultabili on
line all’indirizzo http://www.iilj.org/publications/wp_globaladminlaw.htm.
Infine, un’ampia raccolta bibliografica sul diritto amministrativo globale,
articolata per argomenti, è in Law and Contemporary Problems, 68, 2005, n.
3-4, p. 357 ss.
1.1. In precedenza, si veda S. CASSESE, Lo spazio giuridico globale,
Roma-Bari, Laterza, 2003, ID., La crisi dello Stato, Roma-Bari, Laterza,
2002, J.-B. AUBY, La globalisation, le droit, l’Etat, Paris, Montchrestien,
2003, E.D. KINNEY, The Emerging Field of International Administrative Law:
Its Content and Potential, in Administrative Law Review, 54, 2002, p. 415 ss.,
A.C. AMAN JR., The Limits of Globalization and the Future of Administrative
Law: from Government to Governance, in Indiana Journal of Global Legal
Studies, 8, 2001, n. 2, p. 379 ss., ID., Administrative Law in a Global Era, in
Administrative Law Review, 54, 2002, p. 409 ss., ID., Proposals for
Reforming the Administrative Procedure Act: Globalization, Democracy and
the Furtherance of a Global Public Interest, in Indiana Journal of Global
Legal Studies, 6, 1999, n. 2, p. 397 ss., R. KEOHANE, Governance in a
Partially Globalized World, in American Political Science Review, 95, 2001,
p. 1 ss. Con riferimento, in generale, alla globalizzazione giuridica, M.
SHAPIRO, Administrative Law Unbounded: Reflections on Government and
Governance, in Indiana Journal of Global Legal Studies, 8, 2001, n. 2, p. 369
ss., ID., The Globalization of Law, in Indiana Journal of Global Legal Studies
Journal, 1, 1993, n. 1, p. 37 ss., e C. MURPHY, Global Governance: Poorly
Done and Poorly Understood, in International Affairs, 76, 2000, p. 789 ss.
Da ultimo, si veda L. CASINI, Diritto amministrativo globale, in Dizionario di
diritto pubblico, a cura di S. Cassese, Milano, Giuffrè, 2006, ad vocem, M.C. PONTHOREAU, Trois interprétations de la globalisation juridique. Approche
critique des mutations du droit public, in Ajda, 2006, p. 20 ss., e S. BATTINI,
L’impatto della globalizzazione sulla pubblica amministrazione e sul diritto
amministrativo, in Giorn. dir. amm., 2006, n. 3, p. 339 ss.
1.2. Sulle connessioni tra diritti amministrativi nazionali e diritto
amministrativo globale, con riferimento all’ordinamento statunitense, R.B.
STEWART, U.S. Administrative Law: A Model for Global Administrative Law?,
in Law and Contemporary Problems, 68, 2005, n. 3-4, p. 63 ss., ID.,
Administrative Law in the Twenty-First Century, in New York Law Review,
78, 2003, n. 2, p. 437 ss. (pubblicato anche in italiano, Il diritto
amministrativo nel XXI secolo, in Riv. trim. dir. pubbl., 2004, n. 1, p. 1 ss.),
mentre, sull’«imperialismo giuridico» degli Stati Uniti, U. MATTEI, A Theory
of Imperial Law: A Study on U.S. Hegemony and the Latin Resistance, in
Indiana Journal of Global Legal Studies, 10, 2003, n. 1, p. 383 ss. Sui legami
tra globalizzazione e ordinamenti giuridici, nella letteratura italiana, M.R.
FERRARESE, Le istituzioni della globalizzazione. Diritto e diritti nella società
transnazionale, Bologna, Il Mulino, 2000, mentre, sul ruolo dei pubblici
poteri nell’era della globalizzazione, G. DELLA CANANEA, I pubblici poteri
nello spazio giuridico globale, in Riv. trim. dir. pubbl., 2003, n. 1, p. 1 ss., E.
BENVENISTI, The Interplay between Actors as a Determinant of the Evolution of
Administrative Law in International Institutions, in Law and Contemporary
Problems, 68, 2005, n. 3-4, p. 319 ss., e W. REINICKE, Global Public Policy, in
Foreign Affairs, 76, 1997, n. 6, p. 127 ss. In una prospettiva più ampia, con
riguardo all’universalità del diritto, S. CASSESE, Universalità del diritto,
Napoli, Editoriale scientifica, 2005.
2.
Sulle organizzazioni internazionali, in generale, si leggano A.
CAFFARENA, Le organizzazioni internazionali, Bologna, Il Mulino, 2001, U.
DRAETTA, Principi di diritto delle organizzazioni internazionali, Milano,
Giuffrè, 1997, C.F. AMERASINGHE, Principles of the Institutional Law of
International Organizations, II ed., Cambridge, Cambridge University Press,
2005, M. DIEZ DE VELASCO, Las Organizaciones Internacionales, XIV ed.,
Tecnos, Madrid, 2006, C. SHANKS, H.K. JACOBSON e J.H. KAPLAN, Inertia and
Change in the Constellation of International Governmental Organizations,
1981-1992, in International Organization, 50, 1996, n. 4, p. 593 ss., F.
MORGENSTERN, Legal Problems of International Organizations, Cambridge,
Grotius Publications, 1986, H.G. SCHERMERS e N.M. BLOKKER, International
Institutional Law, Unity within Diversity, Boston, Martinus Nijhoff
Publishers, 2003, A Handbook on International Organizations – Manuel sur
les organisations internationales, a cura di R.J. Dupuy, Dordrecht, Martinus
Nijhoff Publishers, 1998, B. KINGSBURY, Operational Policies of International
Institutions as Part of the Law-Making Process: The World Bank and
Indigenous People, in The Reality of International Law. Essays in Honour of
Ian Brownlie, a cura di G.S. Goodwin-Gill e S. Talmon, Oxford, Clarendon
Press, 1999. Da ultimo, si legga S. BATTINI, Amministrazioni internazionali, in
Dizionario di diritto pubblico, a cura di S. Cassese, cit., ad vocem, mentre,
per una completa raccolta di dati e statistiche, si rinvia Yearbook of
International Organizations 2004-2005, München, 2004.
2.1. Sulla proliferazione delle organizzazioni internazionali,
Proliferation of International Organizations, a cura di N.M. Blokker e H.G.
Schermers, The Hague, Kluwer Law International, 2001. Sulle relazioni tra
organizzazioni internazionali e amministrazioni nazionali, si veda già S.
CASSESE, Relations between International Organizations and National
Administrations, in IISA, Proceedings, XIXth International Congress of
Administrative Sciences, Berlin, 1983. Sulla cooperazione tra i diversi
organismi globali (cd. «inter-agency cooperation»), C. TIETJE, Global
Governance and Inter-Agency Co-operation in International Economic Law,
in Journal of World Trade, 36, 2002, n. 3, p. 501 ss. Sulle relazioni
transnazionali, J.S. NYE e R.O. KEOHANE, Transnational Relations and World
Politics: a Conclusion, in International Organization, 25, 1971, n. 3, p. 733
ss., K. RAUSTIALA, The Architecture of International Cooperation:
Transgovernmental Networks and the Future of International Law, in
Vanderbilt Journal of International Law, 43, 2002, n. 1, p. 1 ss., e, in
precedenza, R.O. KEOHANE e J.S. NYE, Transgovernmental Relations and
International Organizations, in World Politics, 27, 1974, n. 1, p. 43 ss.
2.2. Sugli organi delle organizzazioni internazionali, si veda già P.
REUTER, Les organes subsidiaires des organisations internationales, in
Hommage d’une génération de juristes au président Basdevant, Paris,
Pedone, 1960, p. 415 ss., J. MAKARCZYK, La création des organes subsidiaires
et les statuts des organisations internationales, in Polish Yearbook of
International Law, 6, 1972-1973, p. 183 ss., Z.M. KLEPACKI, The Organs of
International Organizations, Alphen aan den Rijn, Sijthoff & Noordhoff,
1978. Più di recente, I. SEIDL-HOHENVELDERN e S. TORREZ BERNÀRDEZ, The
Organs of International Organizations, in A Handbook on International
Organizations, a cura di R.J. Dupuy, cit., p. 89 ss., e, con specifico
riferimento all’Onu, si veda F. TRAUTTMANSDORFF, The Organs of the United
Nations, in The United Nations: Law and Practice, a cura di F. Cede e L.
Sucharipa-Behrmann, The Hague, Kluwer Law International, 2001, p. 30 ss.
2.3. Sul «decision-making» all’interno delle organizzazioni
internazionali, si veda The Anatomy of Influence. Decision Making in
International Organization, a cura di R.W. Cox e H.K. Jacobson, New
Haven, Yale University Press, 1974, Decision Making within International
Organizations, a cura di B. Reinalda e B. Verbeek, London, Routledge,
2004, J. TRONDAL, An Institutionalist Perspective on EU Committee Decision
Making, Centre for European Studies, Working Paper n. 2003/6, disponibile
sul sito http://www.hia.no/oksam/ces, ora anche in Decision Making within
International Organizations, a cura di B. Reinalda e B. Verbeek, cit., p. 154
ss. Sulla decisione per consensus nelle organizzazioni internazionali, A.
CASSESE, Consensus and Some of its Pitfalls, in Riv. dir. int., 58, 1975, p. 784
ss., ID., International Law, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2001, W.J.
FELD, R.S. JORDAN e L. HURWITZ, International Organizations: A Comparative
Approach, Westport, Praeger, 1994, p. 135 ss., H.G. SCHERMERS e N.M.
BLOKKER, International Institutional Law, cit., p. 505 ss. Infine, con specifico
riferimento all’Organizzazione mondiale del commercio, C.-D. EHLERMANN e
L. EHRING, Are WTO Decision-making Procedures Adequate for Making,
Revising and Implementing Worldwide and «Plurilateral» Rules?, in
Developing Countries in the Doha Round: WTO Decision-making Procedures
and Negotiations on Trade in Agriculture and Services, a cura di E.-U.
Petersmann, Fiesole, Robert Schuman Centre for Advanced Studies – IUE,
2005, p. 91 ss., e Y. SCHEMEIL, Expertise and Political Competence:
Consensus Making within the World Trade Organization and the World
Meteorological Organization, in Decision Making Within International
Organizations, cit., p. 77 ss.
2.4. Tra le trattazioni settoriali, infine, si veda B. CONFORTI, Le
Nazioni Unite, Padova, Cedam, 2000, P.C. SZASZ, The Complexification of
the United Nations System, in Max Planck Yearbook of United Nations Law, a
cura di J.A. Frowein e R. Wolfrum, Leiden-Boston, Martinus Nijhoff
Publishers, 3, 1999, p. 1 ss., P. PICONE e A. LIGUSTRO, Diritto
dell’organizzazione mondiale del commercio, Padova, Cedam, 2002, G.
VENTURINI, L’Organizzazione Mondiale del Commercio, II ed., Milano,
Giuffré, 2002, J.J. JACKSON, The WTO as an International Organization,
Kruger, 1998, M. MATSUSHITA, T.J. SCHOENBAUM. e P.C. MAVROIDIS, The World
Trade Organization: Law, Practice and Policy, Oxford, Oxford University
Press, 2003, G. ADINOLFI, L’Organizzazione mondiale del commercio. Profili
istituzionali e normativi, Padova, Cedam, 2001, L. BOISSON DE CHAZOURNES,
The Global Environment Facility Galaxy: On Linkages among Institutions, in
Max Planck Yearbook of United Nations Law, cit., p. 243 ss., D. FAIRMAN, The
Global Environment Facility: Hunted by the Shadow of the Future, in
Institutions for Environmental Aid: Pitfalls and Promise, a cura di R.O
Kehoane e M.A. Levy, Mit Press, 1996, p. 81.
3.
Sulle difficoltà di distinguere tra livello statale e livello globale
e sul ruolo di Stati e privati nell’arena globale, S. SASSEN, The Participation
of States and Citizens in Global Governance, in Indiana Journal of Global
Legal Studies, 10, 2003, n. 1, p. 8 ss., B. KINGSBURY, First Amendment
Liberalism as Global Legal Architecture: Ascriptive Groups and the
Problems of a Liberal NGO Model of International Civil Society, in Chicago
Journal of International Law, 3, 2002, n. 1, p. 183 ss. Sul ruolo dei privati, S.
BATTINI, Organizzazioni internazionali e soggetti privati: verso un diritto
amministrativo globale?, cit., p. 359 ss., e J. FREEMAN, The Private Role in
Public Governance, in New York Law Review, 75, 2000, n. 3, p. 543 ss.
Infine, sulle diverse concezioni di Stato nella prospettiva del diritto
amministrativo globale, J. MCLEAN, Divergent Legal Conceptions of the
State: Implications for Global Administrative Law, IILJ Working Paper
2005/2, ora anche in Law and Contemporary Problems, 68, 2005, n. 3-4, p.
167 ss.
4.
Sui sistemi regolatori globali, K. JAYASURIYA, Globalization, Law
and the Transformation of Sovereignty: The Emergence of Global Regulatory
Governance, in Indiana Journal of Global Legal Studies, 6, 1999, n. 2, p. 425
ss., A.M. SLAUGHTER, The Real New World Order, in Foreign Affairs, 76,
1997, n. 5, p. 183 ss., ID., A New World Order, Princeton, Princeton
University Press, 2004, ID., Governing the Global Economy through
Government Networks, in The Role of Law in International Politics, a cura di
M. Byers, Oxford-New York, Oxford University Press, 2000, p. 177 ss., e K.
NICOLAIDIS e G. SHAFFER, Transnational Mutual Recognition Regimes:
Governance without Global Government, IILJ Working Paper 2005/6, ora
anche in Law and Contemporary Problems, 68, 2005, n. 3-4, p. 263 ss. Sulle
relazioni tra diversi regimi giuridici, M. KRAJEWSKY, National Regulation and
Trade Liberalization in Services. The Legal Impact of the General Agreement
on Trade in Services (Gats) on National Regulatory Autonomy, The Hague,
Kluwer Law International, 2003, J.M. WAGNER, The Wto’s Interpretation of
the SPS Agreement Has Undermined the Right of Governments to Establish
Appropriate Levels of Protection Against Risk, in Law & Policy in
International Business, 31, 2000, p. 855 ss., R.J. ZEDALIS, How Does the New
OECD Convention on Bribery Stack up Against the Foreign Corrupt
Practices Act?, in Journal of World Trade, 32, 1998, p. 167 ss., G.C. SHAFFER
e M.A. POLLACK, Regulating between National Fears and Global Disciplines:
Agricultural Biotechnology in the EU, Jean Monnet Working Paper 10/2004,
R.D. PUTNAM, Diplomacy and Domestic Politics: The Logic of Two-Level
Games, in International Organization, 42, 1988, n. 3, p. 427 ss., T.C.
HARTLEY, European Union Law in a Global Context. Text, Cases and
Materials, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2004. In generale, sul
fenomeno del cd. forum-shopping, M. GNES, La scelta del diritto.
Concorrenza tra ordinamenti, arbitraggi, diritto comune europeo, Milano,
Giuffrè, 2004.
4.1. Con riferimento a trattazioni settoriali, nel settore finanziario e
commerciale, J.A. OCAMPO, Reforming the International Financial
Architecture: Consensus and Divergence, in Governing Globalization, a cura
di D. Nayyar, Oxford University Press, 2002, p. 287 ss., M. KAHLER, The
New International Financial Architecture and its Limits, in The Asian
Financial Crisis and the Architecture of Global Finance, a cura di G.W.
Noble e J. Ravenhill, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2000, p. 235
ss., R. GERMAIN, Global Financial Governance and the Problem of Inclusion,
in Global Governance, 7, 2001, n. 4, p. 411 ss., A.F. LOWENFELD,
International Economic Law, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2002,
International Trade Law on the 50th Anniversary of the Multilateral Trade
System, a cura di P. Mengozzi, Milano, Giuffrè, 1999, e Political Economy of
International Trade Law: Essays In Honour of Robert E. Hudec, a cura di
D.L.M. Kennedy e J.D. Southwick, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press,
2002, K.C. KENNEDY, Competition Law and the World Trade Organization:
The Limits of Multilateralism, London, Sweet & Maxwell, 2001. Con
specifico riguardo ai rapporti tra ordinamento europeo e Organizzazione
mondiale del commercio, F. SNYDER, The Gatekeepers: The European Courts
and WTO Law, in Common Market Law Review, 40, 2003, n. 2, p. 313 ss.,
nonché, per l’analisi delle stesse problematiche, G. DELLA CANANEA, The EU
and the WTO: a «Relational» Analysis, paper presentato alla Conferenza di
Vienna su «New Foundations for European and Global Governance» (29-30
November 2004). Si veda anche G. TESAURO, Rapporti tra la Comunità
europea e l’OMC, in Riv. dir. eur., 37, 1997, p. 369 ss., G. ADINOLFI, Alcune
questioni relative alla partecipazione della Comunità europea
all’Organizzazione mondiale del commercio, in La Com. int., 53, 1998, p. 236
ss., P. EECKHOUT, The Domestic Legal Status of the Wto Agreement:
Interconnecting Legal Systems, in Common Market Law Review, 34, 1997, n.
1, p. 11 ss., A. VON BOGDANDY, Legal Equality, Legal Certainty and
Subsidiarity in Transnational Economic Law – Decentralized Application of
Art. 81.3 EC And WTO Law: Why and Why not, in European Integration and
International Coordination. Studies in Transnational Economic Law in
Honour of C.-D. Ehlermann, a cura di A. von Bogdandy, P.C. Mavroidis e Y.
Meny, The Hague, Kluwer Law International, 2003, p. 13 ss., S. MALJEANDUBOIS, L’insertion du modèle européen dans le système commercial
multilatéral, in La sécurité alimentaire dans l’Union européenne, a cura di J.
Bourrinet e F. Snyder, Bruxelles, Bruylant, 2003, p. 147 ss., J.H.J.
BOURGEOIS, The European Court of Justice and the WTO: Problems and
Challenges, in The EU, the WTO and the NAFTA, a cura di J.H.H. Weiler,
Oxford-New York, Oxford University Press, 2000, p. 71 ss.
4.2. Con riguardo alla disciplina dei contratti delle pubbliche
amministrazioni, F. TRIONFETTI, Home-based Government Procurement and
International Trade: Descriptive Statistics, Theory and Empirical Evidence, in
Public Procurement. The Continuing Revolution, a cura di S. Arrowsmith e
M. Trybus, The Hague, Kluwer Law International, 2003, p. 223 ss., S.
ARROWSMITH, J. LINARELLI e D. WALLACE, Regulating Public Procurement:
National and International Perspectives, The Hague, Kluwer Law
International, 2000, A. REICH, International Public Procurement Law: The
Evolution of International Regimes on Public Purchasing, London, Kluwer
Law International, 1999, S. ARROWSMITH, Government Procurement in WTO,
The Hague, Kluwer Law International, 2003, E. CLERC, La mondialisation
des marchés publics: bilan et perspectives de l’Accord Omc sur le marchés
publics, in Les marchés publics à l’aube du XXIe siècle, Bruxelles, Bruylant,
2000, p. 155 ss.
4.3. Con riferimento, infine, alla tutela dell’ambiente,
Environmental Law, the Economy and Sustainable Development. The United
States, the European Union and the International Community, a cura di R.L.
Revesz, P. Sands e R.B. Stewart, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press,
2000, La nuova direttiva sullo scambio di quote di emissione. La prima
attuazione europea dei meccanismi previsti dal Protocollo di Kyoto, a cura di
B. Pozzo, Milano, Giuffrè, 2003, Kyoto: from Principles to Practice, a cura
di P.D. Cameron e D. Zillman, The Hague/London/New York, Kluwer Law
International, 2001, S. JAGERS e J. STRIPPLE, Climate Governance beyond the
State, in Global Governance, 9, 2003, n. 3, p. 385 ss., N.J. VIG e M.G. FAURE,
Green Giants? Environmental Policies of the United States and the European
Union, Cambridge, Mit Press, 2004, G. HANDL, International «Lawmaking»
by Conferences of the Parties and Other Politically Mandated Bodies, in
Developments of International Law in Treaty Making, a cura di R. Wolfrum e
V. Röben, Berlin-Heidelberg, Springer, 2005, p. 127 ss., J. BRUNNÉE,
Copying with Consent: Law-Making under Multilateral Environmental
Agreements, in Leiden Journal of International Law, 15, 2002, n. 1, p. 1 ss., J.
SCOTT, Law and Environmental Governance in the EU, in International and
Comparative Law Quarterly, 51, 2002, n. 4, p. 996 ss.
5.
Sulle ipotesi di «private governance regimes», H. SCHEPEL, The
Constitution of Private Governance. Product Standards in the Regulation of
Integrating Markets, Oxford, Hart Publishing, 2005, W. MATTLI, Public and
Private Governance in Setting International Standards, in Governance in a
Global Economy. Political Authority in Transition, a cura di M. Kahler e
D.A. Lake, Princeton e Oxford, Princeton University Press, 2003, p. 199 ss.,
W. MATTLI e T. BÜTHE, Global Private Governance: Lessons from a National
Model of Setting Standards in Accounting, in Law & Contemporary Problems,
68, 2005, n. 3-4, p. 225 ss., P. PATTBERG, The Institutionalization of Private
Governance: How Business and Non-profit Organizations Agree on
Transnational Rules, in Governance, 18, 2005, n. 4, p. 589 ss., A.C. AMAN
JR., Privatization and the Democracy Problem in Globalization: Making
Markets More Accountable through Administrative Law, in Fordham Urban
Law Journal, 28, 2001, n. 5, p. 1477 ss., K. RONIT e V. SCHNEIDER, Global
Governance through Private Organizations, in Governance, 12, 1999, n. 3, p.
243 ss., S.L. SCHWARCZ, Private Ordering of Public Markets: the Rating
Agencies Paradox, in University of Illinois Law Review, 2002, n. 1, p. 1 ss.,
D. KERWER, Standardising as Governance: the Case of Credit Rating
Agencies, in Common Goods: Reinventing European and International
Governance, a cura di A. Héritier, New York, Rowman & Littlefield
Publishers, 2002, p. 293 ss. Sulla convergenza internazionale degli standard,
P. LEBLOND, The International Dimension of the Harmonization of Accounting
Standards in the EU, paper presentato all Nona Conferenza biennale
dell’EUSA (31 Marzo – 1 Aprile 2005, Austin, Texas), diponibile sul sito
http://aei.pitt.edu/2998, K. VAN HULLE, International Convergence of
Accounting Standards, in Duke Journal of Comparative & International Law,
12, 2002, p. 357 ss.
6.
In merito alle tematiche connesse alla carenza di una base
costituzionale nel diritto amministrativo globale, alla assenza di
accountability e al problema della democrazia nell’ordinamento
internazionale, A. REINISCH, Developing Human Rights and Humanitarian
Law Accountability of the Security Council for the Imposition of Economic
Sanctions, in American Journal of International Law, 95, 2001, n. 4, p. 851
ss., R. O. KEOHANE e J. S. NYE JR., Between Centralization and
Fragmentation: the Club Model of Multilateral Cooperation and Problems of
Democratic Legitimacy, Harvard University, John F. Kennedy School of
Government, Working Paper n. 01-19, 2001, disponibile sul sito
http://ksgnotes1.harvard.edu/Research/wpaper.nsf/rwp/RWP01004/$File/rwp01_004_nye_rev1.pdf, S.A. SHAPIRO, International Trade
Agreements, Regulatory Protection and Public Accountability, in Global
Administrative Law Symposium, in Administrative Law Review, 54, 2002, n.
1, p. 438 ss., A.-M. SLAUGHTER, Global Government Networks, Global
Information Agencies and Disaggregated Democracy, in Michigan Journal of
International Law, 24, 2003, p. 1041 ss., ID., Government Networks: the
Hearth of the Liberal Democratic Order, in Democratic Governance and
International Law, a cura di G.H. Fox e B.R. Roth, Cambridge, Cambridge
University Press, 2000, p. 199 ss., A. VON BOGDANDY, Demokratie,
Globalisierung, Zukunft des Völkerrechts – Eine Bestandsaufnahme, in
Zeitschrift für Ausländisches Recht und Völkerrecht, 63, 2003, p. 853 ss.,
R.O. KEOHANE e J.S. NYE JR., Redefining Accountability for Global
Governance, in Governance in a Global Economy. Political Authority in
Transition, cit., p. 386 ss., K.T. HALLSTRÖM, Organizing International
Standardization. ISO and the IASC in Quest of Authority, Chelthenham, UK –
Northampton, MA, USA, Elgar Publishing, 2004, D. KERWER, Rules that May
Use: Standards and Global Regulation, in Governance, 18, 2005, n. 4, p. 611
ss., M. SCHMIDT, On the Legitimacy of Accounting Standard Setting by
Privately Organised Institutions in Germany and Europe, in Schmalenbach
Business Review, 54, 2002, p. 171 ss., R.O. KEHOANE, Commentary on the
Democratic Accountability of Non-governmental Organizations, in Chicago
Journal of International Law, 3, 2002, n. 2, p. 477 ss., A. HÉRITIER, Policymaking by Subterfuge: Interest Accommodation, Innovation and Substitute
Democratic Legitimation in Europe – Perspectives from Distinctive Policy
Areas, in Journal of European Public Policy, 4, 1997, n. 2, p. 171 ss., A.C.
AMAN JR., Globalization, Democracy and the Need for a New Administrative
Law, in Indiana Journal of Global Legal Studies, 10, 2003, n. 1, p. 125 ss., S.
CHARNOVITZ, The Emergence of Democratic Participation in Global
Governance (Paris, 1919), ivi, p. 45 ss., J. DELBRICK, Exercising Public
Authority beyond the State: Transnational Democracy and/or Alternative
Legitimation Strategies, ivi, p. 29 ss., R. FALK e A. STRAUSS, On the Creation
of a Global People’s Assembly: Legitimacy and the Power of Popular
Sovereignty, in Stanford Journal of International Law, 36, 2000, p. 191 ss.,
R.O. KEOHANE e J. NYE, Democracy, Accountability and Global Governance,
Harvard University, John F. Kennedy School of Government, Working
Paper
n.
01-4,
2001,
disponibile
sul
sito
http://www.ksg.harvard.edu/prg/nye/ggajune.pdf, R.O. KEOHANE, The Concept
of Accountability in World Politics and the Use of Force, in Michigan Journal
of International Law, 24, 2003, p. 1121 ss., O. PEREZ, Normative Creativity
and Global Legal Pluralism: Reflections on the Democratic Critique of
Transnational Law, in Indiana Journal of Global Legal Studies, 10, 2003, n.
1, p. 25 ss., A. REINISCH, Securing the Accountability of International
Organization, in Global Governance, 7, 2001, n. 2, p. 131 ss., J.A. SCHOLTE,
Civil Society and Democracy in Global Governance, in Global Governance,
8, 2002, n. 3, p. 281 ss., P.B. STEPHAN, The New International Law.
Legitimacy, Accountability, Authority and Freedom in the New Global Order,
in Colorado Law Review, 70, 1999, p. 1555 ss., Sir D. WILLIAMS,
Globalization, Democracy and Domestic Law: Globalization and
Governance: The Prospects for Democracy, in Indiana Journal of Global
Legal Studies, 10, 2003, n. 1, p. 157 ss., R. VAYRYNEN, Political Power,
Accountability
and
Global
Governance,
2003,
in
http://www.essex.ac.uk/ecpr/events/jointsessions/paperarchive/edinburgh/ws1
1/Varyrynen.pdf.
6.1. Con riferimento a singole organizzazioni o specifici settori, R.
HOWSE, The Legitimacy of the World Trade Organization, in The Legitimacy
of International Organizations, a cura di J.M. Coicaud e V. Heiskanene,
Tokyo, United Nations University Press, 2001, R. HOWSE e K. NICOLAIDIS,
Enhancing WTO Legitimacy, in Governance, 16, 2003, n. 1, p. 73 ss., G.
DELLA
CANANEA, Legittimazione e accountability nell’Organizzazione
mondiale del commercio, in Riv. trim. dir. pubbl., 2003, n. 3, p. 731 ss.,
Demanding Accountability. Civil-Society Claims and the World Bank
Inspection Panel, a cura di D. Clark, J. Fox e K. Treakle, Lanham, Rowman
& Littlefield Publishers, 2003, F.E. BIGNAMI, The Democratic Deficit in
European Community Rulemaking: A Call for Notice and Comment in
Comitology, in Harvard International Law Journal, 40, 1999, p. 451 ss., T.
PORTER, The Democratic Deficit in the Institutional Arrangements for
Regulating Global Finance, in Global Governance, 7, 2001, n. 4, p. 427 ss.,
R. DELONIS, International Financial Standards and Codes: Mandatory
Regulation without Representation, in Journal of International Law and
Politics, 36, 2004, n. 2-3, p. 563 ss., M.R. DAS GUPTA, The External
Accountability Gap of Private Regulators: Accountability Paradoxes and
Mitigation Strategies. The Case of Credit Rating Agencies, in International
Public Policy Review, 1, 2005, n. 1, p. 37 ss., D. KERWER, Holding Global
Regulators Accountable: the Case of Credit Rating Agencies, in Governance,
18, 2005, n. 3, p. 453 ss., W. MATTLI e T. BÜTHE, Setting International
Standards: Technological Rationality or Primacy of Power?, in World
Politics, 56, 2003, n. 1, p. 1 ss., L. UDALL, The World Bank’s Revised
Information Policy and the New Inspection Panel: Public Accountability or
Public Relations?, in Beyond Bretton Woods, a cura di J. Cavanagh, D.
Wysham e M. Arruda, Boulder Colorado, Pluto Press, 1994, p. 145 ss., N.
BERNASCONI-OSTERWALDER e D. HUNTER, Democratizing Multilateral
Development Banks, Center for International Environmental Law, disponibile
sul sito http://www.ciel.org, N. WOODS, Making the IMF and the World Bank
More Accountable, in International Affairs, 77, 2001, n. 1, p. 83 ss., D.
BODANSKY, The Legitimacy of International Governance: a Coming Challenge
for International Environmental Law?, in American Journal of International
Law, 93, 1999, n. 3, p. 596 ss., A. MARSTON DANNER, Enhancing the
Legitimacy and Accountability of Prosecutorial Discretion at the
International Court of Justice, in American Journal of International Law, 97,
2003, n. 3, p. 510 ss., E. STEIN, International Integration and Democracy: No
Love at First Sight, in American Journal of International Law, 95, 2001, n. 3,
p. 489 ss., P.L. LINDSETH, Democratic Legitimacy and the Administrative
Character of Supranationalism: The Example of the European Community, in
Columbia Law Review, 99, 1999, n. 3, p. 628 ss., A. MORAVCSIK, In Defence
of the Democratic Deficit: Reassessing Legitimacy in the European Union, in
Journal of Common Market Studies, 40, 2002, n. 4, p. 603 ss., M. ZÜRN,
Democratic Governance beyond the Nation-State: the EU and Other
International Institutions, in European Journal of International Relations, 6,
2000, n. 2, p. 183 ss.
6.2. Sui rapporti tra diritto internazionale e costituzionalismo,
Transnational Governance and Costitutionalism, a cura di C. Joerges, I.-J.
Sand e G. Teubner, Portland, Hart Publishing, 2004, e A. VON BOGDANDY,
Constitutionalism in International Law: Comment on a Proposal from
Germany, in Harvard International Law Journal, 47, 2006, n. 1, p. 223 ss.
6.3. Sul processo di costituzionalizzazione del diritto internazionale,
B.-O.
BRYDE,
Konstitutionalisierung
des
Völkerrechts
und
Internationalisierung des Verfassungsrechts, in Der Staat, 2003, n. 1, p. 61
ss., T. SCHILLING, On the Constitutionalization of General International Law,
Jean Monnet Working Paper 2005/06 e D.Z. CASS, The Constitutionalization
of International Trade Law: Judicial Norm-generation as the Engine of
Constitutional Development in International Trade, in European Journal of
International Law, 12, 2001, n. 1, p. 39 ss., Constitutionalism, Multilevel
Trade Governance and Social Regulation, a cura di C. Joerges e E.-U.
Petersmann, Oxford and Portland-Oregon, Hart Publishing, 2006.
7.
Sul sistema delle garanzie previsto nel diritto amministrativo
globale, con riferimento ai principi del procedimento, oltre ai contributi citati
al n. 1, si veda A. VON BOGDANDY, Legitimacy of International Economic
Governance: Interpretative Approaches to WTO Law and the Prospects of its
Proceduralization, in International Economic Governance and NonEconomic Concerns – New Challenges for the International Legal Order, a
cura di S. Griller, Wien-New York, Springer, 2003, p. 128 ss.
Sull’applicazione della «rule of law» nell’ordine giuridico globale, G.
SILVERSTEIN, Globalization and the Rule of Law: «A Machine that Runs of
Itself?», in International Journal of Constitutional Law, 1, 2003, n. 3, p. 429
ss., e D. DYZENHAUS, The Rule of (Administrative) Law in International Law,
IILJ Working Paper 2005/1, ora anche in Law and Contemporary Problems,
68, 2005, n. 3-4, p. 127 ss. Infine, con riguardo all’influenza dei principi dei
procedimenti globali sui diritti amministrativi nazionali, G. DELLA CANANEA,
Beyond the State: the Europeanization and Globalization of Procedural
Administrative Law, in European Public Law, 9, 2003, n. 4, p. 563 ss.
7.1. Sulla fissazione di standards globali applicati dalle
amministrazioni nazionali, S. CASSESE, Gamberetti, tartarughe e procedure.
Standards globali per i diritti amministrativi nazionali, in Riv. trim. dir.
pubbl., 2004, n. 3, p. 657 ss., H.V. MORAIS, The Quest for International
Standards: Global Governance vs. Sovereignty, in University of Kansas Law
Review., 50, 2002, p. 779 ss., K.W. ABBOTT e D. SNIDAL, International
‘Standards’ and International Governance, in Journal of European Public
Policy, 8, 2001, n. 3, p. 345 ss., L. MOSLEY, Attempting Global Standards:
National Governments, International Finance and the IMF’s Data Regime, in
Review of International Political Economy, 10, 2003, n. 2, p. 331 ss., S. POLI,
The European Community and the Adoption of International Food Standards
within the Codex Alimentarius Commission, in European Law Journal, 10,
2004, n. 5, p. 613 ss., H. HORN e J.H.H. WEILER, European Communities –
Trade Description of Sardines: Textualism and its Discontent, Discussion
Paper preparato per l’American Law Institute Project su «The Principles of
World Trade Law: The World Trade Organization» (25 Novembre 2003).
7.2. In relazione a specifici procedimenti, The Inspection Panel of
the World Bank: a Different Complaints Procedure, a cura di G. Alfredsson e
R. Ring, The Hague, Kluwer Law International, 2001, F. WEISS e D.
KALOGERAS, The Principle of Non-discrimination in Procurement for
Development Assistance, in Public Procurement Law Review, 2005, n. 1, p. 1
ss., T. TUCKER, A Critical Analysis of the Procurement Procedures of the
World Bank, in Public Procurement: Global Revolution, a cura di S.
Arrowsmith e A. Davies, The Hague, Kluwer Law International, 1999, p.
139 ss., R.S.J. MARTHA, World Trade Dispute Settlement and the Exhaustion
of Local Remedies Rule, in Journal of World Trade, 30, 1996, p. 107 ss., D.
HUNTER e L. UDALL, The World Bank’s New Inspection Panel: Will It Increase
the Bank’s Accountability?, Center for International Environmental Law,
disponibile sul sito http://www.ciel.org, S. ARROWSMITH, Transparency in
Government Procurement: the Objectives of Regulation and the Boundaries
of the World Trade Organization, in Journal of World Trade, 37, 2003, n. 2,
p. 283 ss., S.J. EVENETT e B.M. HOEKMAN, Government Procurement: Market
Access, Transparency and Multilateral Trade Rules, in European Journal of
Political Economy, 21, 2005, n. 1, p. 163 ss., V. REGE, Transparency in
Government Procurement. Issues on Concern and Interest to Developing
Countries, in Journal of World Trade, 35, 2001, n. 4, p. 489 ss., D.D.
BRADLOW, International Organizations and Private Complaints: The Case of
the World Bank Inspection Panel, in Vanderbilt Journal of International Law,
34, 1994, p. 553 ss., S. CHARNOVITZ, Opening the WTO to Nongovernmental
Interests, in Fordham International Law Journal, 24, 2000, p. 173 ss.
8.
Sui «giudici» globali, si veda T. TREVES, Judicial Lawmaking in
an Era of «Proliferation» of International Courts and Tribunals:
Development or Fragmentation of International Law?, in Developments of
International Law in Treaty Making, a cura di R. Wolfrum e V. Röben, cit.,
p. 587 ss., e A.M. DEL VECCHIO, Giurisdizione internazionale e
globalizzazione. I tribunali internazionali tra globalizzazione e
frammentazione, Milano, Giuffrè, 2003, e i contributi raccolti nel Symposium
«Globalization, Courts and Judicial Power», in Indiana Journal of Global
Legal Studies, 11, 2004, n. 1, p. 57 ss., mentre, in una prospettiva più ampia,
si veda A. GARAPON e C. GUARNIERI, La globalizzazione giudiziaria, in Il
Mulino, 2005, p. 165 ss. In riferimento al WTO, si veda il Symposium «The
Boundaries of the WTO», in American Journal of International Law, 96,
2002, n. 1, p. 1 ss., J.H.H. WEILER, The Rule of Lawyers and the Ethos of
Diplomats: Reflections on the Internal and External Legitimacy of WTO
Dispute Settlement, Jean Monnet Working Paper 2000/9, disponibile sul sito
http://www.jeanmonnetprogram.org/papers/00/000901.html, J. BOURGEOIS,
The European Court of Justice and the WTO: Problems and Challenges, cit.,
M. MENDEZ, The Impact of WTO Rulings in the Community Legal Order, in
European Law Review, 29, 2004, n. 4, p. 517 ss. Infine, con riguardo a
specifici tribunali o corti internazionali, L. AZOULAY, The Court of Justice
and the Administrative Governance, in European Law Review, 7, 2001, p. 425
ss., D. SHELTON, The Participation of Nongovernmental Organizations in
International Judicial Proceedings, in American Journal of International
Law, 88, 1994, p. 611 ss., I. SHIHATA, The World Bank Inspection Panel: in
Practice, II ed., Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2000, A.M. DEL VECCHIO,
Il tribunale amministrativo delle Nazioni Unite, Milano, Giuffrè, 1972, F.G.
DE COSSÌO, The International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes, in
Journal of International Arbitration, 19, 2002, p. 227 ss., J. GOMULA, The
International Court of Justice and Administrative Tribunals of International
Organizations, in Michigan Journal of International Law, 21, 1991, p. 83 ss.,
N.W. PALMIERI, Giurisdizione universale per mercati globali?, in
International Lis, 5, 2004, p. 39 ss., T. TREVES, Le Tribunal international du
droit de la mer et la multiplication des juridictions internationales, in Riv. dir.
int., 83, 2000, n. 3, p. 726 ss.