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1. READING COMPREHENSION
1.a Read the following text:
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1.b mark (X) the following statements as true (T) or false (F):
Statement
Chemistry has to do with the interactions of matter.
These interactions may only occur between two material substances.
Catalysts may be involved in chemical reactions.
A catalyst is not a chemical substance.
The catalyst is not consumed during a chemical reaction.
All ordinary matter consists of atoms and subatomic components that
cannot make up atoms.
Properties of chemical substances and their interactions have nothing to do
with the structure of the world we commonly experience.
Iron is softer than steel because its atoms are bound together in a more
rigid crystalline lattice.
Wood burns or is subject to oxidation because it can react spontaneously
with oxygen in a chemical reaction above a certain temperature.
Sugar and salt evaporate in water because their molecular/ionic properties
allow this.
T
X
F
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
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2. WRITING
2.1 Write a summary (min. 100 – max. 120 words) of the text
“CHEMISTRY: THE CENTRAL SCIENCE”. You have to translate the
phrases in Italian into English and add words from the text in order to
complete the summary:
(Secondo l’autore del testo)______________________________________,
chemistry is ___________________________________________ several
other sciences.
(Di
fatti)____________________________________,
chemistry_____________________________________________________.
These
interactions
______
(o)
__________________________
__________________________ (o) ________________________________.
(Perciò)
_______________,
traditional
chemistry
deals
with
_______________________________________,
in
which
__________________________________, to become one or more other
substances.
(In aggiunta a ciò) ____________________________________, catalysts,
which are generally ____________________________________________,
may _________________________________. (Tuttavia) _______________,
they______________________________________ during the chemical
reaction process.
(In conclusione)_______________, ________________________________
______________________________is
determined___________________________.
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According to the author of the text, chemistry is the “central science”
because it connects several other sciences.
As a matter of fact, chemistry has to do with the interactions of matter.
These interactions may either be between two material substances or
between matter and energy.
Therefore, traditional chemistry deals with the interactions between
substances in chemical reactions, in which one or more substances
change, to become one or more other substances.
In addition to this, catalysts, which are generally other chemical
substances, may facilitate chemical reactions. However, they are not
consumed during the chemical reaction process.
In conclusion, the structure of the word we commonly experience is
determined by properties of chemical substances and their interactions.
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2.2
Matricola
Translation
2.2(A) Read the following text in English:
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2.2(B) Now translate it into Italian:
I placebo
I placebo sono sostanze pensate per assomigliare ai farmaci, senza tuttavia
contenere alcun un principio attivo. Per quanto un placebo appaia esattamente
come un vero farmaco, esso è fatto di una sostanza inattiva, come l’amido o lo
zucchero.
I placebo sono solitamente impiegati negli studi clinici. Essi possono determinare
molti cambiamenti, desiderati e non, o essere loro accidentalmente associati a
seguito dell’assunzione di un farmaco. Questo fenomeno, chiamato “effetto
placebo”, sembra essere costituito da due componenti: può verificarsi
l’anticipazione dei risultati - solitamente positivi (fenomeno noto anche come
suggestionabilità) - oppure il cambiamento spontaneo. Talvolta le persone
migliorano spontaneamente, senza essere sottoposte ad alcun trattamento. Se il
cambiamento spontaneo – sia esso positivo o negativo – si verifica dopo che il
placebo è stato assunto, ad esso potrebbe essere erroneamente riconosciuto il
merito o la colpa del risultato.
Alcune persone sembrano essere maggiormente predisposte all’effetto placebo
rispetto ad altre. È più probabile che le persone che hanno un’opinione positiva su
farmaci, dottori, infermieri e ospedali rispondano meglio ai placebo rispetto a coloro
i quali ne hanno una concezione negativa. Alcune persone che rispondono
particolarmente bene ai placebo tendono a instaurare un uso compulsivo del
farmaco, aumentandone la dose, e manifestando crisi di astinenza quando ne
vengono privati.
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2.3 Write your own opinions about the text (min. 100 – max. 120
words) of the text “Placebos”. You have to translate the phrases in
Italian into English and express your own ideas about placebos:
(Se
da
una
parte)
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________,
(d’altra
parte)
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________.
(Secondo
me),
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________.
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If on the one hand, I understand the importance of placebos, especially
in clinical trials and, in particular, in the randomization process, on the
other hand there are some risks related to the use of placebos, such as
the development of withdrawal symptoms in some volunteers who are
deprived of the placebo.
In my opinion, researchers should first carefully assess volunteers, and
decide whether they can really take part in clinical trials, in order to
avoid all possible risks. These risks are not only related to the
administration of a new drug, whose possible side effects are not yet
known, but also to the administration of placebos which, as I have
already mentioned, can cause a compulsive behavior in people.
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Punteggio totale
___ / 120
Giudizio
______________________________
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