Towards Zero Waste
practice and adaptations
to the regulatory context
for separate collection
and management of residuals
Enzo Favoino
Scuola Agraria del Parco di Monza
Osservatorio “Verso Rifiuti Zero”, Capannori
Towards Zero Waste
practice and adaptations
to the regulatory context
for separate collection
and management of residuals
Enzo Favoino
Scuola Agraria del Parco di Monza
Scuola Agraria del Parco di Monza
“Zero waste is a travel,
not a destination”
Scuola Agraria del Parco di Monza
On the agenda
• Planning in a changing regulatory scenario
• (intensive) separate collection in large
cities: feasible?
• After reduction and separate collection:
amount and composition of residual waste
• Fine-tuning the options for residual waste
Scuola Agraria del Parco di Monza
The regulatory context: drivers
from EU env policy
• Revised WFD  waste hierarchy + recycling
targets + prevention programmes
• Packaging Directive  recycling targets
• Landfill Directive  diversion targets for biodeg
waste + oligation for pretreatment
Scuola Agraria del Parco di Monza
Landfilling in kg/inh.y (EU-15)
Scuola Agraria del Parco di Monza
Scuola Agraria del Parco di Monza
Decoupling !
GDP,
Waste
Time
Scuola Agraria del Parco di Monza
EP resolution of 20 April 2012 priorities for 7th EAP
• (the EP) Takes the view that the 7th EAP
should provide for full implementation of waste
legislation, including compliance with the waste
treatment hierarchy while ensuring coherence
with other EU policies; considers that it should
set more ambitious prevention, re-use and
recycling targets, including a net decrease in
waste generation
Scuola Agraria del Parco di Monza
EP resolution of 20 April 2012 priorities for 7th EAP
• (the EP) Takes the view that the 7th EAP
should provide for full implementation of waste
legislation, including compliance with the waste
treatment hierarchy while ensuring coherence
with other EU policies; considers that it should
set more ambitious prevention, re-use and
recycling targets, including a net decrease in
waste generation
Scuola Agraria del Parco di Monza
“ready effect” actions
(Community level)
• Home composting
• Sustainable event management (e.g. no
throwaway dishes/cutlery)
• Tap water
• Cloth (washable) nappies
• De-assimilation !! (get the big containers off
the road!)
Scuola Agraria del Parco di Monza
What does it take to get there ?
intensive kerbside incl. food waste +
PAYT
> 80 %
70 %
intensive kerbside, incl. food waste
separation
Road containers + kerbside (doorstep)
for a few dry recyclables (paper)
“additional” systems, organics
included trhough containers on the
road
“additional” systems, containers on
the road for dry recyclables
50 %
40 %
20 %
Best Recycling Municipalities,
pop < 10,000 inhabitants
9
Scuola Agraria
del Parco di Monza
Waste “management” in Italy ?
3
Scuola Agraria
del Parco di Monza
The “new” European Map – Economist 2010
*
7
Scuola Agraria
del Parco di Monza
Salerno
• 150,000 inhabitants
• Pilot project covering
30,000 inhab., July 2008
• Extension in 5 steps,
completed in September
2009
• Separate collection= 75 %
• Organics 50% !
Florianopolis october 28, 2010
Patrizia Lo Sciuto
Slide by Enzo Favoino
14
Scuola Agraria
del Parco di Monza
Turin
• Pop. 909,000
• Separate collection = 42%
• 404,000 inhabitants with
collection at the doorstep
(“kerbside”)
- Waste separation in
neighbourhoods with
kerbside, incl. food
waste = 59%
- Waste separation in
neighbourhoods
without kerbside (road
containers, 3,2 m3) =
25%
11
Scuola Agraria
del Parco di Monza
Scuola Agraria del Parco di Monza
“bespoke” food waste collection:
Food waste in residual waste
Municipality
Altivole
Arcade
Breda di Piave
Casale sul Sile
Castello di Godego
Cessalto
Conegliano
Cornuda
Giavera del Montello
% Food waste
7,82
8,24
7,61
9,42
8,05
6,30
9,40
7,19
6,88
Scuola Agraria del Parco di Monza
Scuola Agraria del Parco di Monza
Scuola Agraria del Parco di Monza
Cost Cost
optimisation
(Lombardy, 1500
of collection (green bars)
Municipalities)
Euro/person
and cost of treatment/disposal (blue bars)
Scuola Agraria del Parco di Monza
TOOLS AND STRATEGIES TO CUT COSTS
Tool
Details
Applies where…..

Reducing pick- Hand pick-up of small
up time
receptacles much faster

Reduction of
the frequency
for collection
of “Residuals”

Use of bulk
Bulk density of food waste …tools for collection
lorries instead is much higher
of food waste prevent
of packer
(0.7kg/dm3) than garden deliveries of garden
trucks
than mechanical loading
Effective systems to
collect biowaste make its
percentage in Residuals
less than 15 %
waste
… food waste
collected separately
from garden waste, in
small receptacles
…captures of
biowaste are
increased
waste
Scuola Agraria del Parco di Monza
Scuola Agraria del Parco di Monza
Sent to recycling
residuals
Scuola Agraria del Parco di Monza
What is left in residuals?
Prov. Lucca
Capannori
% (peso/peso)
% (peso/peso)
Materiale organico da cucina;
25,12%
14,84%
Materiale organico da giardino;
9,16%
4,36%
Giornali (quotidiani e riviste);
5,09%
0,95%
Cartone ondulato;
6,12%
0,06%
Cartone teso;
2,49%
0,98%
0,27%
1,46%
5,68%
9,77%
vetro;
0,28%
1,00%
1,20%
2,11%
1,07%
0,00%
9,35%
1,26%
Imballaggi flessibili in plastica;
8,76%
1,60%
Imballaggi rigidi in plastica (bottiglie
2,08%
0,61%
Imballaggi rigidi in plastica (non
bottiglie e flaconi);
Imballaggi
poliaccoppiati
in
plastica;
1,96%
1,17%
0,64%
4,83%
2,88%
0,72%
9,08%
0,22%
6,07%
0,30%
3,25%
100%
1,91%
0,61%
8,05%
5,75%
17,30%
2,64%
13,65%
0,30%
3,05%
100%
organics
Categorie merceologiche
Imballaggi cellulosici poliaccoppiati;
Altra carta (non imballaggio e non
giornali e riviste);
Imballaggi flessibili in alluminio;
Imballaggi rigidi in alluminio;
nappies
Imballaggi in acciaio;
Altra plastica: sacchi neri;
Altra plastica: non imballo;
Imballaggi in legno;
Tessili e cuoio;
Materiali inerti,
Pannolini;
RUP;
Sottovaglio < 20mm.
TOTALE
15% x 20% = 3%
15-20%
paper
15-25%
plastics
Scuola Agraria del Parco di Monza
The Landfill Directive ,99/31
• mandates reduction of biodegradable
municipal waste to be landfilled
– Separate collection of paper / organics is key
• Also, it mandates pretreatment of the waste
to be landfilled
Scuola Agraria del Parco di Monza
Basic flow-sheet
“Cold” treatment of residual waste
Residual
waste
Screening
Coarse materials
(low moisture, low fermentability
Small size materials
Landfilling
(high moisture; high fermentability)
60%
Biological
stabilisation
20%
Stabilised waste
20%
Water
+ CO2
Scuola Agraria del Parco di Monza
Reasons for development of MBT
• Flexibility is important
– Not much dependent on throughputs
• Same process technologies as composting/AD
– “Double-duty sites”
– Modular adaptation to increased separate collection
• Fairly Good economies of scale
– Suitable also at low capacities (down to a few ktpa)
– Rural districts
• Delivers results (in terms of reduction of biodeg waste
to landfills) in a comparatively short time
– Passive aeration, low-tech on site MBT may produce prompt
improvement of landfill conditions in developing WM systems
Scuola Agraria del Parco di Monza
Basic flow-sheet
“Cold” treatment of residual waste rejects
20%
Residual
waste
Screening
Coarse materials
(low moisture, low fermentability
Small size materials
screening,
hand and optical sorting,
extrusion
(high moisture; high fermentability)
Biological
stabilisation
Stabilised waste
20%
Water
+ CO2
Material
recovery
Scuola Agraria del Parco di Monza
Scuola Agraria del Parco di Monza
Scuola Agraria del Parco di Monza
Optical sorters
Scuola Agraria del Parco di Monza
extrusion
MBT Capability – Product Recovery
Recovery Performance
Recovered Product
MBT
Recovery Rate (%)
Corrugated Cardboard, Kraft Board and
Mixed Paper
75%
PET Clear, PET Other, HDPE Coloured and
HDPE Opaque
90%
Ferrous Metal and Non-Ferrous Metal
95%
Glass
Easily 25%;high rates
possible
Other products that can be recovered by MBT
• Compost/Compost-like organics (typically 20% to 35% of input MSW)
• Solid recovered fuel (SRF)
Scuola Agraria del Parco di Monza
Organics in residual waste
50,00%
45,00%
40,00%
35,00%
30,00%
25,00%
20,00%
15,00%
10,00%
5,00%
39,02%
13,45%
9,19%
4,20%
0,00%
MEDIA PRIULA anno 2000
MEDIA PRIULA anno 2002
MEDIA PRIULA anno 2003
PRIULA anno 2007
Scuola Agraria del Parco di Monza
…in the end of the story…
• 70%+ sep collection – ACHIEVABLE
• No increase of waste arisings (rather, the contrary) –
ACHIEVABLE
• Further reduction of env footprint of landfills –
ACHIEVABLE, by means of biological stabilisation - another
20% process loss
• Further recovery of materials from reisiduals –
ACHIEVABLE , another 30-35% recovery
• Only 40 % (or so) of residuals to be landfilled as a
stabilised material – 12 % of MSW !!
Aren’t we getting damn close to zero?
Scuola Agraria del Parco di Monza
Eskerrik asko!
Enzo Favoino
Scuola Agraria del Parco di Monza
+39.335.355446
[email protected]