"The Challenge of Young
Academic Europe
integrating and overcoming
University tradition".
Antonio Scaglia
Università Magna Grecia CZ 2012
ESD Summer School 2012
Sustainable Young Europe
Europe - University - Modernity

Greece (Hellas and Colonies) develops
philosophical thought . Pre-Socratic, Socrates
Dialogues, Plato (Foundation of “Academia”,
Aristotle's School - Peripatetic's, Sophist
School, Hellenistic philosophy and world
vision
Rafael: Academia
School of Athens
Hellenistic globalisation
Hellenistic “globalisation” deletes Polis
Democratic Model in favour of a new dramatic
political dream: from the “autonomous city” to
the Alexander’s Great Empire
 Miletian City and Alexandria Library

Rome: Law – Roads - Army –
Dominium and “Pax Romana”
Rome builds up a powerful Empire
 Abandoning the “Republic System” for
the “Empire System” based upon an high
structured “Law, Army, Economic and
Political Unit”: different countries but
dominated and submitted to Rome.
 [Rome is strongly bounded to Greek
culture (language, philosophy, art]

Roman Road: Pompei and Balkans
Theodor Mommsen “Rome History” and the
Max Weber “Bourgeois Culture”
The Th. Mommsen Book (Römische
Kaisergeschichte: 1854-1885) is
highlighting Rome’s Greatness and
Weakness
 Rome abandon ‘Republican’ Spirit and
develops an aristocratic and
authoritarian social and political system
 ‘Patres Conscripti’ as a process
transforming bourgeois in noble class

The Light of Bourgeois Culture
Nevertheless, in Max Weber’s opinion, the
Ancient Society and Culture, after a “long
sleep” which followed the Roman Empire
decline and fall,
 “awaked again in the Middle Age which places
Ancient Culture up in the Light of the
Bourgeois Culture”
 .Birth of Modern Bourgeoisie
 Middle Age Cities and Corporations looking for
freedom

Ulmer Town Hall – Bruges Town
Hall
Reims Cathedral
Corporations: Symbols and Power
European Bourgeois Culture: Empire, Democratic
Communes City and Bourgeois Modernity

Middle Age European University was born in
order to express (- culturally and professionally
– in the best way “capacity and power of a
new ruling class”: Bourgeoisie – Bürgertum –
Borghesia.
 Note: The contemporary German historic,
economic and sociology School is highlighting
central meaning of Middle Age Society Culture
and Politics: (W. Nippel, Gh. Oexle, K. Reiner,
J. Kocka etc.).
 No - legitimate Power in „decided and creative
way“ (A. Scaglia: „Max Webers Idealtypus der Nichtlegitimen
Herrschaft“ (Leske+Budrich 2001)
Bologna and Paris University
The mor ancient Universities
(Europe)

Scuola medica salernitana, Salerno, Italia
verosimilmente founded IX Century
 Università di Bologna, Italia, founded 1088
 Università di Parigi, Francia, founded 1090
 Università di Oxford, Inghilterra, founded attorno al
1096
 Università di Parma, Italia, founded 1117
 Università di Modena, Italia, founded 1175
 Università di Cambridge, Inghilterra, founded 1208
 Università di Arezzo, Italia, founded 1215
 Università di Salamanca, Spagna, founded 1218








Università di Padova, Italia, founded 1222
Università Federico II, Napoli, Italia, founded 1224
Università di Vercelli, Italia, founded 1228
Università di Treviso, Italia, founded attorno al 1231[5]
Università di Siena, Italia, founded 1240
Università di Valladolid, Spagna, founded 1241
Università di Macerata, Italia, founded 1290
Università di Coimbra, Portogallo, founded 1290






Universitad Complutense de Madrid, Spagna,
founded 1293 ad Alcalá de Henares
Università La Sapienza, Roma, Italia, founded
1303
Università di Perugia, Italia, founded 1308
Università di Firenze, Italia, founded 1321
Università di Camerino, Italia, founded 1336
Università di Pisa, Italia, founded 1343
Universidad Alcalà de Henares







Università di Prague, Check Republic,
founded 1348
Università di Pavia, Italia, founded 1361
Università Jagellonica of Cracovia, Polony,
founded 1364
Università di Vienna, Austria, founded 1365
Università di Pécs, Hungaria, founded 1367
Università di Heidelberg, Germany, founded
1386
Università of Colonia, Germany, founded
1388









Università di Ferrara, Italia, founded 1391
Università di Zara, Croatia, founded 1396
Università di Torino, Italia, founded 1404
Università di Lipsia, Germania, founded 1409
Università di St. Andrews, Scozia, founded 1412
Università di Rostock, Germany, founded 1419
University Cath. di Lowen, Belgium, founded 1425
Universits of Poitiers, France, founded 1431
Università di Catania, Italia, founded 1434







University of Glasgow, Scotland, founded 1450
University of Barcelona, Spain, founded 1450
University of Istanbul, Turky, founded 1453
University of Greifswald, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern,
Germania, founded 1456
University of Friburgo, Baden-Württemberg,
Germania, founded 1457
University of Basilea, Switzerland, founded 1460
Università of Munich in Bavaria, Germany, founded
1472






University Uppsala, Sweden, founded 1477
University of Copenhagen, Danmark, founded
1479
Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen,
Tubinga, Germania, founded 1477
Università di Genova, Italia, founded 1481
University Aberdeen, Scotland, founded 1494
Universidad Santiago de Compostela, Spain,
founded 1495
First European Universities as Studium in
different fields and deserving ruling classes
“If Bologna due her initial glory to Law
studies
 and Paris to Theology,
 Oxford will very soon develop her fame
bounded to the Logic and Sciences
School!”
 Universities deserve the ruling classes
expectations: Church, Corporations,
Politics

The huge science development: Dewey Decimal
Classification













1 Class 000 – Computer science, information & general works
2 Class 100 – Philosophy & psychology
3 Class 200 – Religion
4 Class 300 – Social sciences
5 Class 400 – Language
6 Class 500 – Science
7 Class 600 – Technology
8 Class 700 – Arts & recreation
9 Class 800 – Literature
10 Class 900 – History & geography
11 See also
12 References
13 External links
Subclassification 300: Social Sciences












Class 300 – Social sciences
300 Social sciences, sociology & anthropology
300 Social sciences
301 Sociology & anthropology
302 Social interaction
303 Social processes
304 Factors affecting social behavior
305 Social groups
306 Culture & institutions
307 Communities
308 No longer used—formerly Polygraphy
309 No longer used—formerly History of sociology
Otherwise USA University …

“USA Universities show from the Beginning
great flexibility, private initiative’s strong
influence and an autonomous regulation,”

The Middle Class constitutes a central engine
of University system (look at the actual
debate in USA President election).
Harward USA University
Back to E. J.Syeyès and A. de
Toqueville …

E.J. Syeyès: Le Tiers Etat
 Alexis de Toqueville: Ancient regime and the
Revolution, Souvenirs.
 Max Weber: Die Bürgerliche Kultur (Last
Lectures) 1919/20: Munich).
 The struggle between Lenin bolshevism and
Social democratic mediation Rosa
Luxembourg and Kautsky) trying to open the
rigid Leninist model (Capital Accumulation
1913)
Opening of the “Etats Generaux: 5th
May 1789
Academic Youth integrating and
overcoming University Tradition

The more advanced academic young people, even
accepting national and local rules and models
 Is trying to break the enclosure of Universities Tradition
keeping more and more in contact with different
universities system worldwide
 this Young Academic Leading Movement represent the
new Ruling Class a “real no legitimate Power”
 Tradition: scientific knowledge, ‘ Rhetoric ’, vocational skill
 New Perspective: Innovative capacity to understand and
draw up new scientific, communication and productive
world
 Breaking the “Iron Cages” of the Luhmann’s blocked World
Breaking Classical Sociological Paradigms

From M. Weber survive the open Historic
Social Research Method
 Up with T. Parsons “Social System” and
Structural Functionalism (also with the R. K.
Merton Updating: Theory and Social Structure)
 Up also with K. Marx Historical Dialectic
Capital – Proletarian Class
 Breaking the “Iron Cages” of the Luhmann’s
blocked World :“autorefererential closed
communicative circulation and interferencies”
Students move in the World
Eminent elements of the new Young
Academic Ruling Class (1)

Politically independent and not necessarily
radical
 Learning first “Epistemology and Methodology” in
order to acquire easily and quickly professional
skills
 Multicultural personality: to pass from society to
another one, from culture to another one, to
speak different languages, interact “tolerantly”
with different partners (colleagues, students,
managers and clients)
 Able to avoid the rigid domination of Finance,
Politics and University Close System
Eminent elements of the new Young
Academic Ruling Class (2)

Because educated in different academic milieu
and national institutions, this New Academic
Ruling Class is naturally dealing with
interdisciplinary perspective: or in building up
scientific theoretic Model or working out
applied projects independently from
International Corporations
 ESD Students are surely a Minority but –
looking at the acquired experience – they are
breaking the “Iron Cages” of the Luhmann’s
blocked World:thez will be the New Academic
International Ruling Class
ESD: sociologydegree.eu

Look at the website: sociologydegree.eu
 Please provide reflections, comments,
experiences of International Educational
Sociology; provide also pictures to be
uploaded on the website: sociologydegree.eu
Enlightenment, Positivism, Modern
European State (Napoleon)
This Ruling Class has to resist against:
 “Modern Continental University
marked and leaded by the State. The
way out from this central political
model is strongly characterizing
European Continental University”.
 Binomial of Modernity: Bourgeoisie
and State

Bourgeoisie

Max Weber and Karl Marx: Bourgeoisie,
Proletariat and State
 Max Weber’s Bourgeoisie has two main
characters : Besitz und Bildung –propriety
(Capital - ) and culture (–Scientific skill -)
 Question: How could You this New University
Young Ruling Class?
 You are a potential Answer : ESD / Students
Thank you.
And now let us Open Debate
Süddeutsche Zeitung 11.September 2012

Renten-Diskussion Eine Zukunft voll ängstlicher Wenns

Ein Kommentar von Charlotte Frank

WARUM SOLLTE EIN JUNGER MENSCH NICHT AUCH SELBST
FÜR SEIN ALTER VORSORGEN? DIE ANTWORT IST SIMPEL:
WEIL ER ES NICHT KANN. LEBENSLÄUFE SEHEN ANDERS
AUS ALS ZU DER ZEIT, IN DER DIE ELTERN HEUTIGER
BERUFSEINSTEIGER ZU ARBEITEN BEGONNEN HABEN - SIE
SIND VOLLER BRÜCHE. DESWEGEN IST ES UMSO WICHTIGER,
DASS ENDLICH IN BERLIN DEBATTIERT WIRD. WER NICHT
MEHR AN DEN SOZIALSTAAT GLAUBT, DER PFLEGT IHN
AUCH IN ZUKUNFT NICHT.