Alessandra De Marco
Massimo D’Isidoro, Mihaela Mircea, Gaia Righini, Lina Vitali
Bologna, 23-24 Marzo
Ozone pollution is a serious problem in
remote areas where vegetation lives
 It is a secondary
pollutant
 Elevated urban
pollution favours its
depletion
 Biogenic VOCs
favour its formation
Source: Gregg et al. 2003
European criteria to protect
vegetation against ozone
AOT40: “Accumulated exposure Over
a Threshold of 40 ppb, along a given
daily time interval”
40
Critical levels
Ozone levels above which negative effects on receptors are expected, based
on actual knowledge (UNECE 1996)
Ozone levels above which negative effects on sensitive vegetation growth are
expected, based on actual knowledge (ICP 2004)
Thresholds
UN-ECE distinguish between agricultural (3 ppm h from April to June),
horticultural (6 ppm h for 3,5 months) and forest species (5 ppm h in growing
season conventionally from April to September)
2008/50/EC Directive establishes only one critical level (9 ppm h) for all kind of
vegetation type (from 8:00 to 20:00 in the time from May to July).
Ozone pollution in Europe is higher in
Mediterranean countries
Source: EEA 2004
ppbxh
AOT40 forest (sommatoria eccedente 40 ppb nelle ore di luce da aprile a settembre)
Stazioni urbane
Stazioni rurali e suburbane
Il limite per la protezione delle foreste è 5000!!!!
Summary of present ozone standards
for vegetation in Europe
Area
Receptor
Indicator
Time window
Effect to be
evaluated
Value
European Union
Any kind of vegetation
AOT40
May-July
Any kind
9 ppm h b) as 5-yr (or
3-yr) average
UN-ECE
Agricultural crops
AOT40
3-month growing season
Yield reduction
3 ppm h in a year
UN-ECE
Horticultural crops
AOT40
3.5-month growing season
Yield reduction
6 ppm h in a year
UN-ECE
Annual-dominated
(semi-)natural veg.
AOT40
3-month growing season
Seed reduction
3 ppm h in a year
UN-ECE
Perennial-dominated
semi-natural veg.
AOT40
6-month growing season
Growth reduction
5 ppm h in a year
UN-ECE
Forests
AOT40
growing season
Growth reduction
5 ppm h in a year
UN-ECE
Crops
AOT30vpd
preceding 8 days
Visible injury
0.16 ppm h in selected
time
UN-ECE
Wheat
AFst6
either 970°C days starting 270°C
days before flowering or 55 days
starting 15 days before mid-anthesis
Yield reduction
1 mmol m-2 PLA in a
year
UN-ECE
Potato
AFst6
either 1130°C days starting at plant
emergence or 70 days starting at
plant emergence
Yield reduction
5 mmol m-2 PLA in a
year
UN-ECE
Beech and Birch
AFst1.6
growing season
Growth reduction
4 mmol m-2 PLA in a
year
From exposition to stomatal flux…
Media 2000-2004
Tuovinen, J.-P., Simpson, D., Emberson, L. and Ashmore,
M.: 2006, ‘Ozone deposition modelling in Europe: uptake
maps and their robustness’, Environmental Pollution.
Flusso stomatico di ozono
Temperatura
Concentrazioni di O3
Contenuto idrico del suolo
Radiazione solare
Stadio fenologico
Conduttanza stomatica
Possible causes of discrepancies between high
ozone levels and low damage occurrence in
Mediterranean area
 Experiments in controlled conditions
PAOLETTI E.: 2006, Impact
 Indicators not useful
of ozone on Mediterranean
forests: A review. Invited
in Environmental
 Environmental conditions unfavorable paper
Pollution, in press
to ozone adsorption by plants
 Vegetation more resistant to ozone
damage
Discrepancies between high ozone
levels and low damage occurrence
Media 2000-2004
Ferretti, M., Fagnano, M., Amoriello, T., Badiani, M., Ballarin-Denti, A., Buffoni, A., Bussotti, F., Castagna, A., Cieslik, S., Costantini,
A., De Marco, A., Gerosa, G., Lorenzini, G., Manes, F., Merola, G., Nali, C., PAOLETTI E., Petriccione, B., Racalbuto, S., Rana, G.,
Ranieri, A., Tagliaferro, A., Vialetto, G., Vitale, M.: ‘Measuring, modelling and testing ozone exposure, flux and effects on
vegetation in southern European conditions - what does not work’, Environmental Pollution, 146, 648–658 (2006).
It was noted that in some Mediterranean areas the
flux-based methodology may under-estimate effects.
Revised and new flux-based critical levels for effects of ozone on vegetation.
Please note that there are different flux model parameterisations for each species
Receptor
Effect
(% reduction)
Wheat
Grain yield (5%)
POD6
1.2
1
Wheat
1000 grain weight
(5%)
POD6
1.2
1
Wheat
Protein yield (5%)
POD6
1.8
2
Potato
Tuber yield (5%)
POD6
3.9
4
Tomato
Fruit yield (5%)
POD6
2.3
2
Norway Spruce
Biomass (2%)
POD1
8.2
8
Birch and Beech
Biomass (4%)
POD1
3.7
4
Holm Oak and Aleppo Pine*
Parameter
Critical
level
(actual)
Critical level
(Mapping
Manual)
POD1
Productive grasslands (clover)
Biomass (10%)
POD1
2.1
2
Conservation grasslands (clover)
Biomass (10%)
POD1
2.1
2
Conservation grasslands (Viola spp),
provisional
Biomass (15%)
POD1
6.3
6
De Marco, Paoletti, Screpanti Geostatistics as a validation tool for setting ozone standards
for durum wheat, Environmental Pollution, 2010
Stazioni di ozono
Campi resa grano
Stazioni meteo
Dati disponibili: produttività cerro, leccio e faggio modellata su tutto
il territorio italiano (3 km risoluzione)
Accrescimenti Inventario Forestale Nazionale (circa 700 plot su tutto
il territorio italiano 1Km risoluzione)
Accrescimenti in 31 plot di II livello ICP Forest network, distribuiti
abbastanza omogeneamente su tutto il territorio nazionale (circa 1
sito per regione).
Corine Land Cover maps aggiornate al 2006
Dati MINNI meteo ed inquinanti (4x4 km risoluzione)
Dati necessari per calcolare i flussi:
-Dati meteo 2005 (temperatura media, massima, minima;
umidità relativa diurna; precipitazioni; radiazione solare;
evapotraspirazione)
-Dati concentrazioni orarie di ozono (anno 2005)
-Dati tessitura del suolo
Applicazione modello moltiplicativo di Jarvis basato sulla
conduttanza stomatica (la conduttanza stomatica massima
diminuisce in relazione ai parametri ambientali e meteorologici)
gsto = gmax fphen flight ftemp fVPD fSWP
Output possibili di questa attività
-mappe AOT40 e flussi di ozono a risoluzione 4x4
-valutazioni impatto ozono sui diversi ecosistemi
-Analisi di flussi con diversi scenari