JRC Milan 30/09/2009 – INEMAR
Joint Research Centre (JRC)
HBEFA Handbook Emission Factors for Road
Transport
IES - Institute for Environment and Sustainability
Ispra - Italy
http://ies.jrc.ec.europa.eu/
http://www.jrc.ec.europa.eu/
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Cos’e’?
JRC Milan 30/09/2009 – INEMAR
 Collaborazione svizzera-tedesca a partire dagli anni ’90
con l’obiettivo di individuare una metodologia di stima
delle emissioni da traffico
 “Big” project: estesa campagna sperimentale
(emissions LDV, HDV, MC; driving behaviour; many
partners TUV Rheinland, RW TueV, EMPA, TU Graz etc)
 HBEFA 1.1 (1995 D-CH)
 HBEFA 1.1-A (1997/98)
 HBEFA 2.1 (2004 D-A-CH)
 HBEFA 3.0 – in fase di conclusione
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Why HBEFA Version 3 ?
JRC Milan 30/09/2009 – INEMAR
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Limited empirical base of HBEFA 2.1
e.g. PC up to Petrol Euro3, Diesel Euro2 (+ red factors) new
measurements indicate differences
e.g. HDV first version PHEM based on limited nr of veh.
e.g. limited measurements for LCV, MC
Availability of newer data (ARTEMIS, PARTICULATES,
national programs …)
 Inconsistencies between countries (different definitions of
traffic situations)
Some artifacts (e.g. for TS with high speeds)
Limitations (e.g. no split of NOx, no distinction of CO2,no
alternative fuels)
Cos’e’?
JRC Milan 30/09/2009 – INEMAR
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E = FE * A = FE * NV * M
Traffic situation
Nuove classi veicolari
rispetto al COPERT e ad
INEMAR
Traffic situation approach - principles (road
transports)
JRC Milan 30/09/2009 – INEMAR
Urban
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Rural
Strategic network
(motorways,
major roads)
Speed
Free-flow
Heavy
90
Inner and
local traffic
Near saturation
60
30
Urban
motorways
primary
distributors
Congestion
2000
4000
6000
8000
Traffic (veh /h)
Speed
Representative
speed curve
60
30
District level
0
Access
+ gradient,
sinuosity
Emission model
(per category of vehicle)
0
200
Emission
times
time
Traffic situation
JRC Milan 30/09/2009 – INEMAR
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Fattori di emissione - 1
JRC Milan 30/09/2009 – INEMAR
Average speed
approach
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g/km
2,0
Passenger cars - Emission Functions
Diesel,
Diesel,
Diesel,
Diesel,
1,5
1,0
Euro
Euro
Euro
Euro
1
2
3
4
0,5
0,0
0
50
NOx emission (g/km)
100 km/h
Free-flowing traffic
Heavy traffic
Detailed traffic situations
The emission takes into account of
the dynamic of the traffic conditions
A certain complexity:
 Identification of the traffic situations
 Mileage distribution
1,5
Near saturation
Stop & go
1,0
0,5
NOx
0,0
Diesel-Euro3
Petrol-Euro3
Urban trunk road,
speed limit: 50 km/h
Diesel-Euro3
Petrol-Euro3
Urban motorway,
speed limit: 110 km/h
Fattori di emissione - 1
JRC Milan 30/09/2009 – INEMAR
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Implementazione ARTEMIS in Regione Lombardia
Difficolta’ incontrate:
- Definizione TS
- Fe inclusi in ARTEMIS:
- Mancano fattori di emissione sui LDV (solo con approccio average
speed);
- Mancano fattori di emissione di PM per i veicoli a benzina;
- Mancano fattori di emissione per le categorie MC <150 cc;
- Alcuni fattori di emissioni sono uguali per diverse traffic situations.
Esempio: PM passenger car diesel euro 4.
Traffic situation
RUR/Distr/90/Satur.
RUR/Distr-sin./70/Satur.
RUR/MW/130/Satur.
RUR/Trunk/70/Satur.
RUR/Trunk/90/Satur.
URB/Distr/70/Satur.
URB/MW-Nat./100/Satur.
URB/MW-Nat./80/Satur.
URB/Trunk-Nat./90/Satur.
PM EF
0.016
0.016
0.016
0.016
0.016
0.016
0.016
0.016
0.016
0.00
RUR/Distr/50/Freeflow
RUR/Distr/50/Heavy
RUR/Distr/50/Satur.
RUR/Distr/50/St+Go
RUR/Distr/90/Freeflow
RUR/Distr/90/Heavy
RUR/Distr/90/Satur.
RUR/Distr/90/St+Go
RUR/Distr-sin./70/Freeflow
RUR/Distr-sin./70/Heavy
RUR/Distr-sin./70/Satur.
RUR/Distr-sin./70/St+Go
RUR/Local/50/Freeflow
RUR/Local/50/Heavy
RUR/Local/50/Satur.
RUR/Local/50/St+Go
RUR/MW/130/Freeflow
RUR/MW/130/Heavy
RUR/MW/130/Satur.
RUR/MW/130/St+Go
RUR/Semi-MW/110/Freeflow
RUR/Semi-MW/110/Heavy
RUR/Semi-MW/110/Satur.
RUR/Semi-MW/110/St+Go
RUR/Trunk/70/Freeflow
RUR/Trunk/70/Heavy
RUR/Trunk/70/Satur.
RUR/Trunk/70/St+Go
RUR/Trunk/90/Freeflow
RUR/Trunk/90/Heavy
RUR/Trunk/90/Satur.
RUR/Trunk/90/St+Go
URB/Distr/50/Freeflow
URB/Distr/50/Heavy
URB/Distr/50/Satur.
URB/Distr/50/St+Go
URB/Distr/70/Freeflow
URB/Distr/70/Heavy
URB/Distr/70/Satur.
URB/Distr/70/St+Go
URB/MW-Nat./100/Freeflow
URB/MW-Nat./100/Heavy
URB/MW-Nat./100/Satur.
URB/MW-Nat./100/St+Go
URB/MW-Nat./80/Freeflow
URB/MW-Nat./80/Heavy
URB/MW-Nat./80/Satur.
URB/MW-Nat./80/St+Go
URB/Trunk-City/60/Freeflow
URB/Trunk-City/60/Heavy
URB/Trunk-City/60/Satur.
URB/Trunk-City/60/St+Go
URB/Trunk-Nat./90/Freeflow
URB/Trunk-Nat./90/Heavy
URB/Trunk-Nat./90/Satur.
URB/Trunk-Nat./90/St+Go
Fattori di emissione - NOx
JRC Milan 30/09/2009 – INEMAR
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PC, diesel, Euro 4, 1,4-<2L
0.80
0.70
0.60
0.50
0.40
0.30
0.20
0.10
Fattori di emissione - 3
JRC Milan 30/09/2009 – INEMAR
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Per tipo di emissione:
› fattori di emissione a caldo
› fattori di emissione a freddo
› evaporazione (hot/warm soak and/or diurnal)
Per tipo di veicolo:
› autoveicoli, veicoli commerciali leggeri,
› veicoli commerciali pesanti, pullman e autobus urbani
› motocicli
Per i seguenti inquinanti:
VOC, CO, NOx, PM, SO2, Pb, fuel consumption, CO2,
several VOC-components [benzene, methane/nonmethaneVOC, soot, toluene, xylene], NH3 and N2O
Per pendenza della strada (fattori di emissione a caldo)
Parametri per emissioni a freddo ed evaporative: temperatura,
distribuzioni delle lunghezze di viaggio, distribuzione parking time