Fisica Generale - Alan Giambattista, Betty McCarty Richardson Chapter 5: Circular Motion •Uniform Circular Motion •Radial Acceleration •Banked and Unbanked Curves •Circular Orbits •Nonuniform Circular Motion •Tangential and Angular Acceleration •Artificial Gravity Copyright © 2008 – The McGraw-Hill Companies s.r.l. 1 Fisica Generale - Alan Giambattista, Betty McCarty Richardson §5.1 Uniform Circular Motion y Consider an object moving in a circular path of radius r at constant speed. v v x Here, v0. The direction of v is changing. v If v0, then a0. The net force cannot be zero. v Copyright © 2008 – The McGraw-Hill Companies s.r.l. 2 Fisica Generale - Alan Giambattista, Betty McCarty Richardson Conclusion: to move in a circular path, an object must have a nonzero net force acting on it. Copyright © 2008 – The McGraw-Hill Companies s.r.l. 3 Fisica Generale - Alan Giambattista, Betty McCarty Richardson y is the angular position. f Angular displacement: i x f i Note: angles measured CW are negative and angles measured CCW are positive. is measured in radians. 2 radians = 360 =1 revolution Copyright © 2008 – The McGraw-Hill Companies s.r.l. 4 Fisica Generale - Alan Giambattista, Betty McCarty Richardson The average and instantaneous angular velocities are: av and lim t 0 t t is measured in rads/sec. Copyright © 2008 – The McGraw-Hill Companies s.r.l. 5 Fisica Generale - Alan Giambattista, Betty McCarty Richardson y arclength = s = r f r i x s r is a ratio of two lengths; it is a dimensionless ratio! Copyright © 2008 – The McGraw-Hill Companies s.r.l. 6 Fisica Generale - Alan Giambattista, Betty McCarty Richardson y An object moves along a circular path of radius r; what is its average speed? f r i x total distance r vav r r av total time t t Also, v r (instantaneous values). Copyright © 2008 – The McGraw-Hill Companies s.r.l. 7 Fisica Generale - Alan Giambattista, Betty McCarty Richardson The time it takes to go one time around a closed path is called the period (T). total distance 2r vav total time T 2 Comparing to v=r: 2f T f is called the frequency, the number of revolutions (or cycles) per second. Copyright © 2008 – The McGraw-Hill Companies s.r.l. 8 Fisica Generale - Alan Giambattista, Betty McCarty Richardson §5.2 Centripetal Acceleration The velocity of a particle is tangent to its path. For an object moving in uniform circular motion, the acceleration is radially inward. Copyright © 2008 – The McGraw-Hill Companies s.r.l. 9 Fisica Generale - Alan Giambattista, Betty McCarty Richardson The magnitude of the radial acceleration is: v2 ar r 2 v r Copyright © 2008 – The McGraw-Hill Companies s.r.l. 10 Fisica Generale - Alan Giambattista, Betty McCarty Richardson Example (text problem 5.14): The rotor is an amusement park ride where people stand against the inside of a cylinder. Once the cylinder is spinning fast enough, the floor drops out. (a) What force keeps the people from falling out the bottom of the cylinder? y fs Draw an FBD for a person with their back to the wall: N x w It is the force of static friction. Copyright © 2008 – The McGraw-Hill Companies s.r.l. 11 Fisica Generale - Alan Giambattista, Betty McCarty Richardson Example continued: (b) If s = 0.40 and the cylinder has r = 2.5 m, what is the minimum angular speed of the cylinder so that the people don’t fall out? 1 Fx N mar m 2 r 2 Fy f s w 0 Apply Newton’s 2nd Law: From (2): From (1) fs w s N s m 2 r mg 9.8 m/s 2 3.13 rad/s 0.402.5 m s r g Copyright © 2008 – The McGraw-Hill Companies s.r.l. 12 Fisica Generale - Alan Giambattista, Betty McCarty Richardson Example (text problem 5.79): A coin is placed on a record that is rotating at 33.3 rpm. If s = 0.1, how far from the center of the record can the coin be placed without having it slip off? y Draw an FBD for the coin: N fs x Apply Newton’s 2nd Law: 1 Fx f s mar m 2 Fy N w 0 2 w r Copyright © 2008 – The McGraw-Hill Companies s.r.l. 13 Fisica Generale - Alan Giambattista, Betty McCarty Richardson Example continued: From 1 : f s m 2 r From (2) f s s N s mg m 2 r s g Solving for r: r 2 What is ? rev 2 rad 1 min 33.3 3.5 rad/s min 1 rev 60 sec s g 0.19.8 m/s 2 r 2 0.08 m 2 3.50 rad/s Copyright © 2008 – The McGraw-Hill Companies s.r.l. 14 Fisica Generale - Alan Giambattista, Betty McCarty Richardson §5.3 Unbanked and Banked Curves Example (text problem 5.20): A highway curve has a radius of 122 m. At what angle should the road be banked so that a car traveling at 26.8 m/s has no tendency to skid sideways on the road? (Hint: No tendency to skid means the frictional force is zero.) Take the car’s motion to be into the page. Copyright © 2008 – The McGraw-Hill Companies s.r.l. 15 Fisica Generale - Alan Giambattista, Betty McCarty Richardson Example continued: y FBD for the car: N x w Apply Newton’s Second Law: v2 1 Fx N sin mar m r 2 Fy N cos w 0 Copyright © 2008 – The McGraw-Hill Companies s.r.l. 16 Fisica Generale - Alan Giambattista, Betty McCarty Richardson Example continued: Rewrite (1) and (2): v2 1 N sin m r 2 N cos mg Divide (1) by (2): 2 v 26.8 m/s tan 0.6007 2 gr 9.8 m/s 122 m 2 31.0 Copyright © 2008 – The McGraw-Hill Companies s.r.l. 17 Fisica Generale - Alan Giambattista, Betty McCarty Richardson §5.4 Circular Orbits r Earth Consider an object of mass m in a circular orbit about the Earth. The only force on the satellite is the force of gravity: Gms M e v2 F Fg r 2 ms ar ms r Solve for the speed of the satellite: Gms M e v2 ms 2 r r GM e vCopyright © 2008 – The McGraw-Hill Companies s.r.l. 18 r Fisica Generale - Alan Giambattista, Betty McCarty Richardson Example: How high above the surface of the Earth does a satellite need to be so that it has an orbit period of 24 hours? GM e v From previous slide: r Also need, 2r v T GM e 2 T Combine these expressions and solve for r: r 2 4 6.67 10 Nm /kg 5.98 10 kg 2 86400 s r 2 4 4.225 107 m 11 2 2 24 1 1 3 3 r Re h h r Re 35,000 km Copyright © 2008 – The McGraw-Hill Companies s.r.l. 19 Fisica Generale - Alan Giambattista, Betty McCarty Richardson GM e 2 r T 2 4 1 3 is Kepler’s Third Law. It can be generalized to: GM 2 r 2 T 4 1 3 Where M is the mass of the central body. For example, it would be Msun if speaking of the planets in the solar system. Copyright © 2008 – The McGraw-Hill Companies s.r.l. 20 Fisica Generale - Alan Giambattista, Betty McCarty Richardson §5.5 Nonuniform Circular Motion Here, the speed is not constant. a at There is now an acceleration tangent to the path of the particle. ar v The net acceleration of the body is a ar at 2 2 Copyright © 2008 – The McGraw-Hill Companies s.r.l. 21 Fisica Generale - Alan Giambattista, Betty McCarty Richardson a ar at at changes the magnitude of v. ar changes the direction of v. Can write: F ma F ma r r t t Copyright © 2008 – The McGraw-Hill Companies s.r.l. 22 Fisica Generale - Alan Giambattista, Betty McCarty Richardson Example: What is the minimum speed for the car so that it maintains contact with the loop when it is in the pictured position? FBD for the car at the top of the loop: r y Apply Newton’s 2nd Law: x N w v2 Fy N w mar m r v2 N wm r Copyright © 2008 – The McGraw-Hill Companies s.r.l. 23 Fisica Generale - Alan Giambattista, Betty McCarty Richardson Example continued: The apparent weight at the top of loop is: N = 0 when v2 N wm r v2 N m g r v2 N m g 0 r v gr This is the minimum speed needed to make it around the loop. Copyright © 2008 – The McGraw-Hill Companies s.r.l. 24 Fisica Generale - Alan Giambattista, Betty McCarty Richardson Example continued: Consider the car at the bottom of the loop; how does the apparent weight compare to the true weight? FBD for the car at the bottom of the loop: y N x w Apply Newton’s 2nd Law: v2 Fy N w mac m r v2 N wm r v2 N m g r Here, N mg Copyright © 2008 – The McGraw-Hill Companies s.r.l. 25 Fisica Generale - Alan Giambattista, Betty McCarty Richardson §5.6 Angular Acceleration The average and instantaneous angular acceleration are: av and lim t 0 t t is measured in rads/sec2. Copyright © 2008 – The McGraw-Hill Companies s.r.l. 26 Fisica Generale - Alan Giambattista, Betty McCarty Richardson The kinematic equations: Angular Linear v v0 at 0 t 1 2 x x0 v0t at 2 2 2 v v0 2ax 1 2 0 0 t t 2 2 2 0 2 With vt r and at r Copyright © 2008 – The McGraw-Hill Companies s.r.l. 27 Fisica Generale - Alan Giambattista, Betty McCarty Richardson Example (text problem 5.66): A high speed dental drill is rotating at 3.14104 rads/sec. Through how many degrees does the drill rotate in 1.00 sec? Given: = 3.14104 rads/sec; = 0 Want . 1 2 0 0 t t 2 0 0t 0t 3.14 10 4 rads/sec 1.0 sec 3.14 10 rads 1.80 10 degrees 4 6 Copyright © 2008 – The McGraw-Hill Companies s.r.l. 28 Fisica Generale - Alan Giambattista, Betty McCarty Richardson Example (text problem 5.81): Your car’s wheels are 65 cm in diameter and are spinning at =101 rads/sec. How fast in km/hour is the car traveling, assuming no slipping? v X total distance 2r N 2r v r T N T total time 101 rads/sec 32.5 cm 3.28 103 cm/sec 118 km/hr Copyright © 2008 – The McGraw-Hill Companies s.r.l. 29 Fisica Generale - Alan Giambattista, Betty McCarty Richardson §5.7 Artificial Gravity A large rotating cylinder in deep space (g0). Copyright © 2008 – The McGraw-Hill Companies s.r.l. 30 Fisica Generale - Alan Giambattista, Betty McCarty Richardson FBD for person at the bottom position FBD for person at the top position y y N x x N Apply Newton’s 2nd Law to each: 2 F N ma m r y r 2 F N ma m r y r Copyright © 2008 – The McGraw-Hill Companies s.r.l. 31 Fisica Generale - Alan Giambattista, Betty McCarty Richardson Example (text problem 5.56): A space station is shaped like a ring and rotates to simulate gravity. If the radius of the space station is 120m, at what frequency must it rotate so that it simulates Earth’s gravity? Using the result from the previous slide: 2 F N ma m r y r N mg mr mr g 0.28 rad/sec r The frequency is f =(/2) = 0.045 Hz (or 2.7 rpm). Copyright © 2008 – The McGraw-Hill Companies s.r.l. 32 Fisica Generale - Alan Giambattista, Betty McCarty Richardson Summary •A net force MUST act on an object that has circular motion. •Radial Acceleration ar=v2/r •Definition of Angular Quantities (, , and ) •The Angular Kinematic Equations •The Relationships Between Linear and Angular Quantities vt r and at r •Uniform and Nonuniform Circular Motion Copyright © 2008 – The McGraw-Hill Companies s.r.l. 33