Gli sprechi ambientali ed economici
causati dalla pratica dell’incenerimento
The Environmental & Economic
Waste Caused by Incineration
Dr. Jeffrey Morris
Sound Resource Management
Olympia, Washington, USA
360-867-1033
[email protected]
Analisi sul ciclo di vita
Life Cycle Analysis (LCA)
Energy
Energy
Energy
Energy
Raw Materials
Energia
Acquisition
Materials
Energia
Manufacture
Product
Energia
Manufacture
Product Use or
Energia
Consumption
Acquisizione
Wastes
materie &
Pollution
prime
Materiali da
Wastes &
lavorazione
Pollution
Prodotti da
Wastes &
fabbricazione
Pollution
Prodotti da
uso o
consumo
Energy
Final Disposition
– Landfill,
Combustion,
Energia
Recycle or
Reuse
Collocamento
finale in discarica,
Wastes &
combustione
Pollution
riciclaggio o riuso
Reuse
Rifiuti ed
inquinamento
Rifiuti ed
inquinamento
Rifiuti ed
inquinamento
Product Recycling
Rifiuti ed
inquinamento
One or limited number of return cycles into product that is then disposed – open-loop recycling.
Riuso
Repeated recycling into same or similar product, keeping material from disposal – closed-loop
recycling.
Utilizzo di energia per prodotti da materia
riciclata e materia vergine (MJ/Kg)
Energy Use: Recycled & Virgin Content Products (MJ/kg)
300
28x
Recycled
Riciclata
250
Vergine
Virgin
200
150
4x
8x
100
2x
50
0
2x
8x
1.3x
Risparmio di energia: riciclaggio contro
incenerimento (MJ/Kg)
Energy Savings: Recycling versus Incineration (MJ/kg)
300
250
324x
Recycling
Riciclaggio
Incenerimento
Incineration
200
150
100
50
0
4x
3x
3x
3x
25x
30x
Emissioni di CO2 per prodotti da materia
riciclata e materia vergine (Kg eCO2/Kg)
CO2 Emissions: Recycled &Virgin Content Products (kg eCO2/kg)
14
11x
Recycled
Riciclata
12
Vergine
Virgin
10
8
4x
6
3x
4
8x
2
0
7x
3x
2x
Emissioni di CO2: riciclaggio contro
incenerimento (kg eCO2/kg)
CO2 Emissions: Recycling versus Incineration (kg eCO2/kg)
4
2
0
-2
8x
-4
1.3x
11x
-6
-8
-10
-12
Recycling
Riciclaggio
Incenerimento
Incineration
Emissioni di CO2: compostaggio contro
incenerimento (kg eCO2/kg)
CO2 Emissions: Composting versus Incineration (kg eCO2/kg)
4
2
0
-2
10x
3x
15x
-4
-6
-8
-10
-12
Composting
Compostaggio
Incenerimento
Incineration
Emissioni tossiche per prodotti da materia
riciclata e materia vergine (Kg eToulene/Kg)
Toxics Emissions: Recycled & Virgin Products (kg eToluene/kg)
9
8
4x
Recycled
Riciclata
Vergine
Virgin
7
6
8x
5
4
2x
3
2
5x
5x
1.2x
1
0
2x
Emissioni tossiche: riciclaggio contro
incenerimento (kg eToluene/kg)
Toxics Emissions: Recycling vs. Incineration (kg eToluene/kg)
1
0
-1
-2
-3
-4
-5
Recycling
Riciclaggio
-6
Incenerimento
Incineration
-7
Emissioni tossiche: compostaggio contro
incenerimento (kg eToluene/kg)
Toxics Emissions: Composting vs. Incineration (kg eToluene/kg)
1
0
-1
-2
-3
-4
-5
-6
-7
Composting
Compostaggio
Incenerimento
Incineration
Emissioni EcoTossiche per prodotti da materia
riciclata e materia vergine (Kg e2,4-D/Kg)
EcoToxics Emissions: Recycled & Virgin Products (kg e2,4-D/kg)
0.05
0.045
17x
Recycled
Riciclata
0.04
Vergine
Virgin
0.035
0.03
0.025
0.02
0.015
2x
0.01
0.005
0
2x
1.4x
2x
1.1x
2x
Emissioni EcoTossiche: riciclaggio contro
incenerimento (kg e2,4-D/kg)
EcoToxics Emissions: Recycling vs. Incineration (kg e2,4-D/kg)
0.005
0
-0.005
-0.01
-0.015
-0.02
-0.025
-0.03
-0.035
-0.04
-0.045
Recycling
Riciclaggio
Incenerimento
Incineration
Emissioni EcoTossiche: compostaggio contro
incenerimento (kg e2,4-D/kg)
EcoToxics Emissions:Composting vs. Incineration (kg e2,4-D/kg)
0.005
0
-0.005
-0.01
-0.015
-0.02
-0.025
-0.03
-0.035
-0.04
-0.045
Composting
Compostaggio
Incenerimento
Incineration
Valore di mercato dei riclabili US Northwest (US$ per short ton)
Market Value of Recyclables – US Northwest (US$ per short ton)
$180.00
$160.00
$140.00
$120.00
$100.00
$80.00
$60.00
$88
$40.00
$64
$50
$20.00
$33
$0.00
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
00
01
02
03
04
05
06
07
08
Valore della riduzione di inquinamento
grazie al riciclaggio e al compostaggio
Value of Pollution Reductions from Recycling & Composting
Discard Type
Giornali
Newspapers
Environmental Value (US$/metric ton)
$367
Cartone
Cardboard
467
Mixed
Paper
Carta mista
172
Glass Containers
Contenitori
di vetro
61
PET Plastics
Plastiche
PET
712
Plastiche
HDPE
HDPE
Plastics
310
Altre
Otherplastiche
Plastics
310
Aluminum
Cans
Lattine in alluminio
1,607
Ferrous
Cans
& Scrap
Contenitori
di ferro
e rottami
17
Food Scraps
Avanzi
alimentari
62
Sfalci
daGarden
giardinoDebris
e ramaglie
Yard &
61
Carta
compostabile
Compostable
Paper
52
References
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
7)
Dijkgraaf, Elbert, and Herman R.J. Vollebergh, Burn or bury? A social cost
comparison of final waste disposal methods, Ecological Economics 50(2004)
233-247.
Morawski, Clarissa, The New “Eco-Currency”: New model monetizes
environmental benefits and reveals new cost savings in waste diversion, Solid
Waste & Recycling, December/January 2008.
Morris, Jeffrey, Comparative LCAs for curbside recycling versus either
landfilling or incineration with energy recovery, International Journal of Life
Cycle Assessment 10 4 (2005) 273-284.
Morris, Jeffrey, and Jennifer Bagby, Measuring environmental value for natural
lawn and garden care practices, International Journal of Life Cycle
Assessment (forthcoming in 2008).
Morris, Jeffrey, Recycling versus incineration: An energy conservation
analysis, Journal of Hazardous Materials 47 (1996) 277-293.
Rand, T., J. Haukohl, U. Marxen, Municipal solid waste incineration: A decision
maker’s guide, The World Bank: Washington, DC (June 2000).
Sound Resource Management, The economics of recycling and recycled
materials, The Clean Washington Center: Seattle, WA (June 1993).
Costi netti delle discariche e
dell’incenerimento
Net Societal Costs of Landfill and Incineration Disposal
Netherlands (Euros)
Costs per Metric Ton
Northwest US (US$)
Landfill
Incineration
Inc +/(-) Lnd
40
103
63
Energy recovery
revenue
(4)
(21)
(17)
Material recovery
revenue
0
(3)
(3)
Net private costs
36
79
43
Gross Environmental
Costs
26
46
20
Energy recovery offset
(4)
(22)
(18)
Material recovery offset
0
(6)
(6)
Net Environmental Costs
22
18
(4)
(6)
Net Societal Costs
58
97
39
51 - 85
Gross private costs
Landfill
Incineration
Inc +/(-) Lnd
20 - 23
80 - 111
57 - 91