Od fklhvd lwdoldqd gl Vdq Slhwur d Orqgud
Oxfd Vwdqfd
4 pdjjlr 5333
5
Lqglfh
4 Od
414
415
416
417
418
419
vwruld ghood fklhvd
O*lghd 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
L sulpl sdvvl 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
O*dftxlvwr gho whuuhqr 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Od frvwux}lrqh 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
O*lqdxjxud}lrqh 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
O*dvshwwr ruljlqdulr h oh prgl?fkh vxffhvvlyh
5 Od
514
515
516
517
518
519
ylwd ghood fklhvd
Od Fklhvd gl Wxwwh oh Qd}lrql 1
Od pxvlfd 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Oh fhoheud}lrql 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
O*dvvlvwhq}d d fdufhudwl h pdodwl
O*lvwux}lrqh h od glyxojd}lrqh 1
Oh dwwlylwã ghood fklhvd rjjl 1 1
6 Xqd ylvlwd d Vdq Slhwur
614 O*hvwhuqr 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
615 O*lqwhuqr 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
616 Oh ghfrud}lrql 1 1 1 1
617 Oh fdsshooh odwhudol 1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
7 Eleolrjud?d
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
8
8
43
46
48
4;
53
1
1
1
1
1
1
58
58
5;
5<
63
65
67
1
1
1
1
6:
6:
6;
6<
74
76
6
7
LQGLFH
Fdslwror 4
Od vwruld ghood fklhvd
Od fklhvd lwdoldqd gl Vdq Slhwur d Orqgud ylhqh frpsohwdwd qho 4;961 Vl
wudwwd/ d ehq shqvdufl/ gl xq dyyhqlphqwr hffh}lrqdoh1 Lq xq frqwhvwr dqfrud
iruwhphqwh rvwloh dood uholjlrqh fdwwrolfd/ vl uhdol}}d d srfkh fhqwlqdld gl phwul
gdood fdwwhgudoh dqjolfdqd gl Vdq Sdror od slü judqgh fklhvd fdwwrolfd lq Judq
Euhwdjqd1 H frph d vrwwrolqhduh od v?gd/ od vl ghglfd d Vdq Slhwur1
Shu frjolhuh lo vljql?fdwr gl wdoh dyyhqlphqwr/ ë qhfhvvdulr iduh txdofkh
sdvvr lqglhwur h ulshufruuhuh lo fdpplqr ghl wuh xrplql fkh kdqqr frqfhslwr
h srl uhdol}}dwr lo surjhwwr ghood fklhvd lwdoldqd d Orqgud= Vdq Ylqfhq}r
Sdoorwwl/ sdguh Ud>dhoh Phold/ h sdguh Jlxvhssh Idã gl Euxqr1
414
O*lghd
Vldpr d Orqgud/ qhood vhfrqgd phwã gho 4:331 Fl wuryldpr gxqtxh lq xqd
phwursrol lq iheeuloh hvsdqvlrqh/ qho fxruh ghood qd}lrqh slü ulffd hg dydq}dwd
gho prqgr1 Oh ohjjl frqwur l fdwwrolfl vrqr gxulvvlph/ hg ë surlelwr sudwlfduh
lo fdwwrolfhvlpr dshuwdphqwh14 Fhqwur uholjlrvr ghl fdwwrolfl d Orqgud ë od
Fdsshood ghoo*Dpedvfldwd gho Uhjqr gl Vdughjqd/ lq Olqfroq*v Lqq Ilhogv
+vlwxdwd lq fruulvsrqghq}d ghoo*dwwxdoh Vduglqld Vwuhhw,1 Od Fdsshood Vdugd/
lo slx dqwlfr oxrjr gl fxowr fdwwrolfr srvw0Ulirupd d Orqgud/ ylhqh wroohudwd lq
yluwü ghood h{wudwhuulwruldolwã ghooh Dpedvfldwh/ fkh frqvhqwh dl udssuhvhqwdqwl
4
Ë ylhwdwr dl fdwwrolfl ghglfduvl doo*lvwux}lrqh ghl jlrydql/ shqd lo ulvfklr gho fdufhuh d
ylwd> xq fdwwrolfr sxõ hvvhuh glfkldudwr lqfdsdfh gl huhglwduh shu vxffhvvlrqh vh xq glvfhq0
ghqwh qrq fdwwrolfr lqyrfd lo glulwwr doo*huhglwã/ hg xq ?jolr fkh ulqqhjkl od Fklhvd Fdwwrolfd
shu glyhqwduh surwhvwdqwh sxõ vsrjolduh l jhqlwrul ghl orur ehql1
8
9
FDSLWROR 41 OD VWRULD GHOOD FKLHVD
gho Uhjqr gl Vdughjqd gl hvhuflwduh olehudphqwh od orur ihgh1 Ë gxqtxh
jud}lh do wlwror gl vhuyl}lr ghoo*Dpedvfldwd fkh ylhqh frqvhqwlwr xq vhuyl}lr
uholjlrvr fdwwrolfr/ ylhwdwr lq Lqjklowhuud/ h vl shuphwwh dl fdwwrolfl lqjohvl gl
xvxiuxluqh15
Iljxud jxlgd ghood frpxqlwã fdwwrolfd ë Prqvljqru Fkdoorqhu/ Ylfdulr
Dsrvwrolfr gl Orqgud gdo 4:8; do 4:;41 Lql}ldophqwh l ulwl uholjlrvl yhqjrqr
fhoheudwl qhood Fdsshood Vdugd/ pd ehq suhvwr txhvwd glyhqwd lqvx!flhqwh d
frqwhqhuh lo fuhvfhqwh qxphur gl ihghol/ h Prqvljqru Fkdoorqhu ë frvwuhwwr
d ulfruuhuh d ydul hvshglhqwl shu wuryduh vsd}l dghjxdwl shu oh fhoheud}lrql1
Hffror gxqtxh suhglfduh rjql grphqlfd pdwwlqd lq xq dssduwdphqwr fdghqwh
lq Foduh Pdunhw +gryh vrujh dwwxdophqwh o*rprqlpr hgl?flr ghood Orqgrq
Vfkrro ri Hfrqrplfv,/ h vxffhvvlydphqwh lq xqd sxeolf krxvh suhvd lq d!wwr
wud oh vwdooh gl Zkhwvwrq Sdun +Olqfroq*v Lqq Ilhogv,1
Vl wudwwd gl ulxqlrql fodqghvwlqh= xq urexvwr luodqghvh dood sruwd fklhgh
od sdurod g*ruglqh djol dyyhqwrul/ hg lo yhvfryr vwhvvr fhoheud lq delwl flylol/
whqhqgr gdydqwl d vë xqr vfklxpdqwh erffdoh gl Sruwhu/ rqgh glvvlpxoduh qho
fdvr od ulxqlrqh vld vfrshuwd1 Txdofkh whpsr grsr Prqvljqru Fkdoorqhu wru0
qd d suhglfduh shu txdofkh whpsr qhood Fdsshood Vdugd/ pd gl oï d srfr ylhqh
lqylwdwr do vlohq}lr gdoo*dpedvfldwruh/ frvï fkh oh fhoheud}lrql ghood frpxqlwã
wruqdqr dg hvvhuh whqxwh fodqghvwlqdphqwh lq delwd}lrql sulydwh/ ylflqr do
Juhdw Wxuqvwloh gl Kroeruq1
Yd ulfrugdwr fkh od frqjuhjd}lrqh fdwwrolfd ulxqlwd dwwruqr dood Fdsshood
Vdugd qho glflrwwhvlpr vhfror ë frpsrvwd vror lq slffrod sduwh gd lwdoldql1
Rowuh do shuvrqdoh ghoo*Dpedvfldwd/ wud l ihghol gl Fkdoorqhu fl vrqr duwljldql/
pxvlflvwl/ h txdofkh fdphulhuh sruwdwr gdoo*Lwdold gd dulvwrfudwlfl lqjohvl gl
ulwruqr gdo Judqg Wrxu1 Pd o*hud ghl judqgl xvvl gl lppljud}lrqh lwdoldqd
lq Judq Euhwdjqd frplqfhuã vror grsr oh jxhuuh qdsrohrqlfkh/ h od Fdsshood
Vdugd glyhqwhuã doorud lo txduwlhu jhqhudoh uholjlrvr ghood frpxqlwã lwdoldqd/
phqwuh vl dqgudqqr judgxdophqwh doohqwdqgr oh shuvhfx}lrql dqwl0fdwwrolfkh1
Ë gxqtxh d sduwluh gdl sulpl ghfhqql gho 4;33 fkh lo qxphur ghjol lwdoldql
d Orqgud lql}ld d fuhvfhuh d ulwpl vrvwhqxwl1 Prqvljqru Zlooldp Sr|qwhu/
Ylfdulr Dsrvwrolfr gdo 4;36 do 4;5:/ vl uhqgh frqwr fkh shu txhvwd frpxqlwã
lq hvsdqvlrqh f*ë elvrjqr gl xq vdfhugrwh lwdoldqr1 Qho 4;57 id duulyduh gd
5
Vror qho 4::; vduã dssurydwr lo sulpr Hpdqflsdwlrq Dfw/ fkh vxvflwhuã ixulrvh ulyrowh
dqwlfdwwrolfkh fxoplqdwh frq oh Jrugrq Ulrwv gho 4:<31 Qho 4:<4 yhuuã frpxqtxh jdudqwlwd
olehuwã gl fxowr dl fdwwrolfl/ h qho shulrgr vxffhvvlyr vdudqqr frvwuxlwh oh sulph fklhvh
fdwwrolfkh1 Jlã qho 4;5< txdvl wxwwh oh ohjjl dqwl0fdwwrolfkh vdudqqr vwdwh derolwh/ h qho
4;83 vduã ulfrvwlwxlwd od jhudufkld hffohvldvwlfd fdwwrolfd1
4141 O*LGHD
:
Vlhqd grq Dqjhor Pduld Edogdffrql/ do txdoh ylhqh d!gdwr vld lo frpslwr gl
Fdsshoodqr ghood Fdsshood Uhdoh Vdugd fkh txhoor gl rffxsduvl ghood frpxqlwã
lwdoldqd1 Yd qrwdwr fkh l gxh frpslwl vrqr glvwlqwl lq txdqwr od Fdsshood
Vdugd/ rowuh dg hvvhuh lo fhqwur uholjlrvr ghood frpxqlwã lwdoldqd/ ixqjh gd
sduurffkld orqglqhvh shu l fdwwrolfl lqjohvl1
Sdguh Edogdffrql vl surgljd shu l ihghol lwdoldql hg lqjohvl/ pd ehq suhvwr
vl uhqgh frqwr ghoo*hvljhq}d fkh yhqjd lvwlwxlwr xq Fdsshoodqr Lwdoldqr/ fkh
vl rffxsl hvfoxvlydphqwh ghjol lwdoldql/ srlfkë yhgh od gl!frowã gl suryyhghuh
frqwhpsrudqhdphqwh/ qhooh vwhvvh fhoheud}lrql/ djol lwdoldql h djol dowul ihghol1
Wxwwdyld/ hjol frqwlqxd gd vror od vxd rshud ?qr do 4;7616
Lo vxffhvvruh gl sdguh Edogdffrql ë grq Ud>dhoh Phold/ fkh jud}lh dooh
suhvvdqwl ulfklhvwh gl Edogdffrql ylhqh qrplqdwr Fdsshoodqr suhvvr od Fds0
shood Uhdoh Vdugd/ frq ixq}lrql vshfl?fkh shu l vrol fdwwrolfl lwdoldql1 Sdguh
Phold ë lo sulpr phpeur ghood Vrflhwã ghoo*Dsrvwrodwr Fdwwrolfr/ irqgdwd gd
Vdq Ylqfhq}r Sdoorwwl/7 hg lqvlhph d txhvwl vduã xq shuvrqdjjlr fkldyh/ frph
yhguhpr/ shu od uhdol}}d}lrqh ghood fklhvd gl Vdq Slhwur d Orqgud18
Ilq gdo 4;65 grq Ud>dhoh Phold vhqwh lo ghvlghulr gl ghglfduvl dooh plvvlrql/
hg lq sduwlfroduh gl lpshjqduvl shu lo ulwruqr ghoo*Lqjklowhuud doo*xqlwã ghood
Fklhvd19 Phold ulyhod do Sdoorwwl od vxd dvslud}lrqh h jol fklhgh lo shuphvvr
6
Qho 4;75 Edogdffrql irqgd od Vfxrod Judwxlwd Fdwwrolfd Lwdoldqd lq Ohlfhvwhu Sodfh/
Vd>urq Kloo1 O*dqqr vxffhvvlyr/ sureohpl gl vdoxwh or frvwulqjrqr dg dqgduh d Urpd shu
suhqghuh dffrugl shu hvvhuh vrvwlwxlwr1
7
Ylqfhq}r Sdoorwwl qdvfh d Urpd qho 4:<8 h ylhqh ruglqdwr vdfhugrwh qho 4;4;1 Ë xq
whqdfh dvvhuwruh ghoo*lghd fkh wxwwl l fulvwldql/ h qrq vror l uholjlrvl/ deeldqr ulfhyxwr gd
Jhvü xqd plvvlrqh gd vyrojhuh shu od Fklhvd h shu lo prqgr1 Shu phwwhuh lq sudwlfd txhvwd
lghd/ irqgd qho 4;68 od Vrflhwã ghoo*Dsrvwrodwr Fdwwrolfr/ fkh vl sursrqh gl ulxqluh uholjlrvl
h odlfl shu sruwduh od ihgh lq wxwwr lo prqgr1 Grq Ylqfhq}r Sdoorwwl pxruh d Urpd lo 55
jhqqdlr 4;83 qhood fklhvd gl Vdq Vdoydwruh lq Rqgd d Urpd1 Vduã ehdwl?fdwr gd Sdsd Slr
[LL lo 55 jhqqdlr 4<83/ h fdqrql}}dwr gd Sdsd Jlrydqql [[LLL qho jhqqdlr gho 4<961
8
Ud>dhoh Phold qdvfh qho 4;37 d Urpd/ gryh frpslh l vxrl vwxgl hg rwwlhqh lo grwwrud0
wr lq Whrorjld dg sudhplxp1 Jlrydqlvvlpr/ Phold lqfrqwud grq Ylqfhq}r Sdoorwwl qhood
Frqjuhjd}lrqh ghl Jlrylqhwwl gl Vdqwd Pduld gho Sldqwr/ gryh qho 4;5< jol vxffhgh frph
gluhwwruh1 Vrqr srl lqvlhph do Ulwlur gl Vdqwd Pduld ghl Glyrwl/ do Jldqlfror/ gryh vl udf0
frojrqr shu jol hvhufl}l vslulwxdol1 Vrqr dqfrud lqvlhph do Froohjlr Xuedqr/ Phold frph
ylfhgluhwwruh h lo Sdoorwwwl frph sdguh vslulwxdoh ghjol doxqql ?q gdo 4;661 Qho 4;6: Phold
yd dg delwduh lqvlhph do Sdoorwwl qho sulpr txduwlhu jhqhudoh ghood vrflhwã/ qhood fklhvd ghoor
Vslulwr Vdqwr lq yld Jlxold1
9
Uljxdugr dood frqyhuvlrqh ghoo*Lqjklowhuud frvï vl hvsulph lo Sdoorwwl= 3O*Lqjklowhuud do
suhvhqwh ë od qd}lrqh od fxl lq xhq}d ë txdqwr slü hvwhvd h srwhqwh shu od prowlwxglqh
h lpsruwdq}d ghl vxrl grplql/ shu o*dpslh}}d gho vxr frpphuflr/ shu od frsld ghooh vxh
ulffkh}}h/ shu od judqgh}}d ghooh vxh iru}h pdulwwlph/ fkh grplqdqr txdvl wxwwl l pdul h oh
;
FDSLWROR 41 OD VWRULD GHOOD FKLHVD
gl vwxglduh o*lqjohvh shu srwhu glyhqwduh plvvlrqdulr lq Judq Euhwdjqd1 Lo
Sdoorwwl/ qrqrvwdqwh flõ or sulyl gho vxr frooderudwruh slü suh}lrvr/ ?qlvfh
shu dffrqvhqwluh/ frqvljoldqgrjol dq}l gl lqwudsuhqghuh or vwxglr ghoo*lqjohvh
odvfldqgr gd sduwh rjql dowur lpshjqr qrq xujhqwh1
Lq vhjxlwr djol dffrugl suhvl frq sdguh Edogdffrql/ Sdguh Phold sduwh ?0
qdophqwh shu Orqgud qho vhwwhpeuh 4;77/ frq od ehqhgl}lrqh gho sdsd Slr L[1
Gxudqwh lo yldjjlr vl ihupd d Wrulqr/ gryh lqfrqwud xq jlrydqh h euloodqwh vdf0
hugrwh do txdoh wudvphwwh o*hqwxvldvpr shu o*rshud gho Sdoorwwl= grq Jlxvhssh
Idã gl Euxqr1 Vduã txhvwd od whu}d ?jxud fkldyh/ lqvlhph d Sdoorwwl h Phold/
shu od uhdol}}d}lrqh ghood fklhvd gl Vdq Slhwur1 Grsr txhvwr lqfrqwur/ Idã gl
Euxqr ghflghuã gl dqgduh d Urpd hg r>uluh lo sursulr vhuyl}lr d grq Ylqfhq}r
Sdoorwwl1 Vxffhvvlydphqwh/ frph yhguhpr/ vduã lqyldwr d Orqgud shu dlxwduh
Sdguh Phold/ h glyhqwhuã o*dqlpd ghood fklhvd lwdoldqd gl Orqgud hg xq sxqwr
gl ulihulphqwr shu l fdwwrolfl lq Lqjklowhuud1:
O*duulyr gl grq Ud>dhoh Phold d Orqgud ylhqh vdoxwdwr frq hqwxvldvpr gdo
Wdeohw/ doo*hsrfd lo slü gl>xvr jlruqdoh fdwwrolfr lq Judq Euhwdjqd1; Pd oh
sulph lpsuhvvlrql gl grq Ud>dhoh vx Orqgud qrq vrqr dowuhwwdqwr srvlwlyh1 Oh
vxh ohwwhuh gl txhjol dqql do Sdoorwwl phwwrqr d qxgr oh gl!frowã ghoo*dwwlylwã
sdvwrudoh shu od frpxqlwã fdwwrolfd lwdoldqd/ hg lq sduwlfroduh lo sureohpd gl
gryhu dffrjolhuh qhoor vwhvvr hgl?flr od frqjuhjd}lrqh lwdoldqd h txhood lqjohvh1
gdqqr dffhvvr d wxwwh oh whuuh$ Lo jlruqr/ gxqtxh/ lq fxl txhvwd qd}lrqh glyhqwdvvh fdwwrolfd/
yhuuheeh dvvlfxudwr do Fdwwrolfhvlpr xq qxryr ph}}r slü idfloh h slü vshglwr shu hqwuduh
lq wxwwr lo prqgr ^111`1 Od frqyhuvlrqh gl txhvwd qd}lrqh dood yhud ihgh shuflõ dyylhuheeh
od frqyhuvlrqh gl lq?qlwl srsrol/ fkh hvvd wlhqh vrwwr lo vxr vfhwwur/ r vxl txdol hvhuflwd
xq*lq xhq}d txdvl vryudqd14 +Dprurvr/ 4<<:/ q14 s1 53,
:
Jlxvhssh Idã gl Euxqr qdvfh qho 4;48 d Pdvlr/ gd xqd qreloh idpljold slhprqwhvh
+Jlxvhssh ë lo vhfrqgr ?jolr gho Pdufkhvh Idã gl Euxqr/ hg lo iudwhoor gho ehdwr Iudqfhvfr,1
Grwwruh lq whrorjld/ grsr o*lqfrqwur frq sdguh Phold qho 4;77 yd d Urpd shu vwxglduh gd
ylflqr o*rshudwr ghood Vrflhwã ghoo*Dsrvwrodwr Fdwwrolfr1 Froslwr h d>dvflqdwr gdo prqgr
ghood Vrflhwã/ grq Jlxvhssh qh hqwud d idu sduwh/ phwwhqgrvl do vhuyl}lr gl grq Ylqfhq}r
Sdoorwwl1 Grsr euhyh whpsr Idã gl Euxqr/ fkh sduod lqjohvh/ vhqwh gl dyhuh od yrfd}lrqh shu
od frqyhuvlrqh ghoo*Lqjklowhuud/ h qho 4;79 qh sduod frq lo Sdoorwwl1 Dqfkh lq txhvwr fdvr/
frph shu od ulfklhvwd gl Phold/ vl wudwwd gl xqd ghflvlrqh gl!floh/ hg lo Sdoorwwl frqihvvhuã
lq vhjxlwr lq xqd ohwwhud d Phold gl hvvhuh vwdwr whqwdwr gl whqhuh Idã gl Euxqr d Urpd1
Pd grq Jlxvhssh sduwh shu Orqgud qho jhqqdlr 4;7:/ shu dvvlvwhuh sdguh Phold suhvvr od
Fdsshood Uhdoh Vdugd1
;
3Xq suhwh prowr glvwlqwr/ grq Ud>hoh Phold/ xq prghoor gl Suhwh urpdqr/ ë vwdwr
dvvhjqdwr d frqwlqxduh lo odyrur jlã dvvhjqdwr d Sdguh Edogdffrql1 Od slhwã/ od fxowxud h
o*dpdelolwã gl sdguh Phold vrqr prowr dssuh}}dwh qhood fruulvsrqghq}d fkh ylhqh gd Urpd41
+Jd|qru/ 4<95/ s1 63,
4141 O*LGHD
<
Sdguh Phold frqwlqxd lqidwwl d fhoheuduh qhood Fdsshood Uhdoh Vdugd gd0
ydqwl d gxh frpxqlwã glyhuvh/ h txhvwd phvfrodq}d fuhd iruwl gl!frowã1 Qrq
srwhqgr surqxqflduh vhuprql shu jol lwdoldql gxudqwh od Phvvd/ sdguh Phold
ghyh frqyrfduh l ihghol gl grphqlfd srphuljjlr shu gduh orur xqd lvwux}lrqh
uholjlrvd1 Prowl jlruql fkh vrqr ihvwlyl shu jol lwdoldql qrq or vrqr shu jol
lqjohvl/ h prowh ghyr}lrql fduh djol xql vrqr ljqrwh djol dowul1< Grq Ud>dhoh
vl vhqwh rssuhvvr/ fklhgh gl srwhu fhoheuduh xqd vhfrqgd phvvd ihvwlyd/ pd
qrq jol ylhqh frqfhvvr1 Od qhfhvvlwã gl xqd fklhvd lwdoldqd/ shu jol lwdoldql/ vl
uhqgh vhpsuh slü hylghqwh143
Grq Ud>dhoh qh sduod d grq Ylqfhq}r Sdoorwwl/ h txhvwl vl gd vxelwr gd
iduh1 Lo 43 dsuloh 4;78 lo Sdoorwwl ulvsrqgh frvï dg xqd ohwwhud gl Phold=
3Lo txdgur fkh pl id ghl fdwwrolfl/ gho fdwwrolfhvlpr lq shulfror
h ghl surwhvwdqwl gl frvwï ë grohqwlvvlpr/ rqgh kr sduodwr fro frqwh
Eurjold ^plqlvwur slhprqwhvh sohqlsrwhq}ldulr d Urpd/ q1g1d1` h
frq hvvr kr frqfhuwdwr gl vfulyhuoh gl wuryduh xq dowur dpelhqwh gd
frqyhuwluh lq fklhvd h delwd}lrqh shu l vdfhugrwl/ lq prgr gd whqhuh
lqvlhph lo Fdsshoodqr ghoo*Dpedvfldwd h txdofkh dowur suhwh shu
od fxud ghjol hpljudwl41 +Dprurvr/ 4<<9/ q17 s1 56,
Ë txhvwr gxqtxh lo prphqwr lq fxl ylhqh frqfhslwr lo surjhwwr ghood Fklhvd
gl Vdq Slhwur d Orqgud/ gd sduwh gl grq Ud>dhoh Phold h grq Ylqfhq}r
Sdoorwwl1 Lo 56 oxjolr ghoor vwhvvr dqqr Sdoorwwl qrq sduod slü gl ideeulfdwr/ pd
gl whuuhqr1 Hylghqwhphqwh vl frplqfld d shqvduh d xqd frvwux}lrqh dssrvlwd=
3Uljxdugr do whuuhqr qxood kr ghwwr do Frqwh Eurjold/ pd xqd
shuvrqd sulydwd iruvh vfulyhuã gluhwwdphqwh do Uh/ h vh lo Uh vduã
lvsludwr d iduh txdofrvd/ iruvh gduã lqfdulfr d shuvrqd gl vxd ?gx0
fld/ fkh vl wuryd frvwï/ shu wudwwduh od frvd frq Y1 Uhyhuhq}d/ shu
surfhghuh frq od qhfhvvduld fdxwhod ^111`41 +Dprurvr/ 4<<:/ q15 s1
53,
<
Od Fdsshood Vdugd/ lqrowuh/ ë glylvd lq gxh vhwwrul= xq judqgh vhwwruh/ frq vhglh d
sdjdphqwr/ h xq dowur slü slffror shu od jhqwh lq slhgl1 Lo vhwwruh ghooh vhglh ë suhvvrfkë
yxrwr/ phqwuh o*dowur ë vhpsuh juhplwr/ h prowl qrq ydqqr d phvvd shu qrq gryhuvl sljlduh
qhood fdofd ghl qrq sdjdqwl1
43
Od qhfhvvlwã gl xqd fklhvd fdwwrolfd lwdoldqd ylhqh lqrowuh dfxlwd gdood suhvhq}d gl dofxql
suhwl dsrvwdwl lwdoldql fkh dqgdydqr gl sruwd lq sruwd shu dwwluduh l frqqd}lrqdol dood fklhvd
dqjolfdqd1 Hud vwdwr lqrowuh dshuwr gdood fklhvd dqjolfdqd xq ulixjlr shu udjd}}l lwdoldql
?qlwl vxood vwudgd d phqglfduh shu frqwr gl vsuhjlxglfdwl sdgurql1
43
FDSLWROR 41 OD VWRULD GHOOD FKLHVD
Pd ë qho fruvr gho 4;7: fkh pdwxud/ ?qdophqwh/ o*lghd gl uhdol}}duh h{
qryr xqd fklhvd fdwwrolfd shu od frpxqlwã lwdoldqd gl Orqgud1 Sdguh Phold/
fkh dyhyd lqglylgxdwr d Fohunhqzhoo xq whuuhqr dgdwwr/ vl uhfd d Urpd grsr
dyhu ulfhyxwr o*dssuryd}lrqh gho Ylfdulr Dsrvwrolfr/ Fduglqdoh Zlvhpdq1 Lo
: Glfhpeuh 4;7: Phold rwwlhqh xq grfxphqwr gdood Frqjuhjd}lrqh gl Sursd0
jdqgd Ilgh +o*Lqjklowhuud ë dqfrud whuud gl plvvlrqh, fkh dxwrul}}d od udffrowd
gl irqgl qhooh glrfhvl g*Lwdold shu od frvwux}lrqh gl xqd fklhvd shu jol Lwdoldql
d Orqgud1 Vxffhvvlydphqwh/ lo 58 Iheeudlr 4;7;/ Phold rwwlhqh xqd ohwwhud
gdo Fduglqdoh Suhihwwr ghood Frqjuhjd}lrqh ghl Yhvfryl/ Fduglqdoh Rulrol/ fkh
ulfklhgh fkh wxwwl l Yhvfryl lwdoldql vl dgrshulqr shu xqd udffrowd gl irqgl qhooh
orur glrfhvl d idyruh ghood fklhvd lwdoldqd d Orqgud1
Lo 4; jlxjqr 4;7; Ylqfhq}r Sdoorwwl ulyrojh xqd shwl}lrqh do Sdsd qhood
txdoh d>hupd fkh l vdfhugrwl ghood Vrflhwã ghoo*Dsrvwrodwr Fdwwrolfr vwdqqr
udffrjolhqgr irqgl shu od fklhvd lwdoldqd gl Orqgud/ h fklhgh fkh od fklhvd
fkh vduã frvwuxlwd vld gl sursulhwã shupdqhqwh ghood Vrflhwã1 Od ulfklhvwd
ylhqh surqwdphqwh dffhwwdwd gdo Vdqwr Sdguh h txdofkh dqqr slü wdugl txhvwr
ylqfror gl ghvwlqd}lrqh dyuã xq uxror ghwhuplqdqwh shu od vrsudyylyhq}d ghood
fklhvd1
415
L sulpl sdvvl
O*dvvhq}d gd Orqgud gl Sdguh Phold/ lqdvshwwdwdphqwh qrplqdwr Ylfhuhw0
wruh gho Froohjlr Xuedqr gl Sursdjdqgd Ilgh/ vl suroxqjd shu wxwwr lo 4;7;1
Qho iudwwhpsr/ doo*lql}lr gho 4;7:/ ë jlxqwr d Orqgud sdguh Jlxvhssh Idã
gl Euxqr/ do txdoh vrqr d!gdwl od jxlgd vslulwxdoh ghood frpxqlwã fdwwrolfd
lwdoldqd gl Orqgud hg lo surjhwwr ghood uhdol}}d}lrqh ghood fklhvd lwdoldqd gl
Vdq Slhwur d Fohunhqzhoo1
Lo 5: vhwwhpeuh 4;7; grq Ud>hoh Phold vfulyh gd Iudvfdwl do Ylfdulr
Dsrvwrolfr Zlvhpdq=
3^111` Plr iudwhoor Slr h grq Jlxvhssh Idã gl Euxqr pl kdqqr
lqirupdwr ghood vxd jhqwloh}}d frq oh vxruh lwdoldqh h gho vxr lq0
whuhvvh shu lo judqgh surjhwwr ghood fklhvd lwdoldqd1 ^111` Od sulpd
yrowd fkh kr sduodwr fro Vdqwr Sdguh ghood fklhvd lwdoldqd/ pl kd
ghwwr fkh hjol ghvlghud fkh vld ghglfdwd do Sulqflsh ghjol Dsrvwrol1
^111` Gdwr fkh od fklhvd gryuã vhuyluh lwdoldql/ lqjohvl/ h ihghol gl do0
wuh qd}lrql/ vl gryuã vfhjolhuh xqr vwloh dufklwhwwrqlfr fkh vrgglv?
wxwwl ^111`41 +Jd|qru/ 4;95/ s1 77,
4151 L SULPL SDVVL
44
H* gxqtxh Sdsd Slr L[/ Jlrydqql Pdvwdl Ihuuhwwl/ d vxjjhuluh gl ghglfduh
od fklhvd lwdoldqd gl Orqgud d Vdq Slhwur1 Hg hffr hphujhuh dqfkh lo surjhwwr
vhfrqgr lo txdoh od fklhvd dyuheeh gryxwr dffrjolhuh dqfkh ihghol gl dowuh
qd}lrqdolwã/ hg hvvhuh gxqtxh Fklhvd gl Wxwwh oh Qd}lrql1
Gl ulwruqr d Orqgud/ qho Iheeudlr 4;7</ sdguh Phold ulsuhqgh lqvlhph d
sdguh Idã gl Euxqr od ulfhufd gho vlwr shu od fklhvd lwdoldqd1 D vrvwhqhuor hg
lqglul}}duor ë vhpsuh lo Sdoorwwl/ fkh lq xqd ohwwhud gd Urpd frvï vfulyh=
3Shu txdqwr srvvleloh/ od fklhvd ghyh eulooduh ghood pdhvwã gl
Glr h shuwdqwr qrq ghyh hvvhuh xvdwr dofxq sh}}r g*duwh fkh srv0
vd hvvhuh rjjhwwr gl vfdqgdor1 Qhood fdvd ghl vdfhugrwl elvrjqd
pdqwhqhuh vhpsolflwã h sryhuw ^111`41 +Jd|qru/ 4;95/ s1 8;,
Qhl phvl vhjxhqwl grq Ylqfhq}r Sdoorwwl wruqd dg rffxsduvl gluhwwdphqwh
ghood frvwux}lrqh ghood fklhvd lwdoldqd d Orqgud1 Lo 55 Vhwwhpeuh 4;7< Phold
vfulyh gd Orqgud shu fklhghuh o*dxwrul}}d}lrqh d ?upduh lo frqwudwwr gl df0
txlvwr gl xq vlwr shu od fklhvd lwdoldqd lq Ylfwruld Vwuhhw +o*dwwxdoh Iduulqjgrq
Urdg,1 Hffr od ulvsrvwd gho Sdoorwwl=
3Yl pdqgr od ohwwhud ulfklhvwd shu od ?upd gho frqwudwwr/ pd yl
suhjr gl hvvhuh dwwhqwr h surfhghuh frq suxghq}d/ frvï fkh qxood vld
idwwr vhq}d oh gryxwh suhfdx}lrql/ frph ?upduh lo frqwudwwr vhq}d
dyhuh l irqgl shu sdjduh r vhq}d od jdudq}ld gl xq slr ehqhidw0
wruh/ frvï fkh o*rqruh ghood frqjuhjd}lrqh qrq qh vld frpsurphvvr1
^111`41 +Jd|qru/ 4<95/ s1 93,
Ghoo*dftxlvwr gho vlwr lq Ylfwruld Vwuhhw qrq vl iduã srl slü qxood/ d fdxvd
gl xq ulshqvdphqwr doo*xowlpr prphqwr gd sduwh ghooh dxwrulwã ghood Flw|
ri Orqgrq1 Lo Sdoorwwl lqwhuylhqh qxrydphqwh d idyruh ghood fklhvd lwdoldqd/
ghflghqgr gl ghglfduh wxwwd od udffrowd ghooh fhoheud}lrql ghoo*Hslidqld 4;83
dood fdxvd ghood fklhvd lwdoldqd d Orqgud1 Txdofkh jlruqr grsr shuõ/ lo 55
jhqqdlr 4;83/ grq Ylqfhq}r Sdoorwwl vl vshjqh1
Od ulfhufd gho vlwr gd sduwh gl Phold h Idã gl Euxqr vl frqfhqwud vx
Fohunhqzhoo srlfkë ë lq txhvwd }rqd/ hg lq sduwlfroduh qhl ylfrol vryud>roodwl
h pdovdql ghoo*duhd gl Vd>urq Kloo/ fkh vl ë yhqxwd frqfhqwudqgr od frpx0
qlwã ghjol lppljudwl lwdoldql1 Ë gl!floh ydoxwduh frq suhflvlrqh txdoh vld lo
qxphur ghjol lppljudwl lwdoldql d Orqgud lq txhvwr shulrgr/ dqfkh shufkë
o*hpljud}lrqh ë xq ihqrphqr wudqvlwrulr h gl gh?ql}lrqh dpeljxd/ pd xqd
45
FDSLWROR 41 OD VWRULD GHOOD FKLHVD
ydoxwd}lrqh sodxvleloh lqglfd xqd frpxqlwã gl flufd 5333 lppljudwl lwdoldql
lqwruqr do 4;83144
Vl wudwwd gl lppljud}lrqh sryhud h shu or slü qrq txdol?fdwd/ suryhqlhqwh
gd yloodjjl gho fhqwur h vhwwhqwulrqh g*Lwdold/ h prwlydwd gdo iruwh lqdvsul0
phqwr ghooh frqgl}lrql hfrqrplfkh lq Lwdold d sduwluh gdood ?qh ghooh jxhuuh
qdsrohrqlfkh1 Sxu hvvhqgryl xq fhuwr qxphur gl duwljldql txdol?fdwl +fruql0
fldl/ frvwuxwwrul gl vshffkl/ edurphwul hg dowul vwuxphqwl vflhqwl?fl,/ od judq
sduwh ghjol lppljudwl lwdoldql ë idwwd gl dpexodqwl= vxrqdwrul gl rujdqhwwr/
?jxulqdl/ duurwlql/ yhqglwrul gl jhodwr1 Txdqgr duulydqr lq Lqjklowhuud qrq
sduodqr od olqjxd lqjohvh/ h qrq jol ë idfloh dssuhqghuod shufkë vrqr shu or slü
dqdoidehwl1 L vxrqdwrul h l yhqglwrul dpexodqwl kdqqr elvrjqr gl txdofxqr
fkh ol dlxwl shu udffrjolhuh lo ghqdur gdl sdvvdqwl/ h shu txhvwr vl vhuyrqr gl
udjd}}l frqgrwwl gdoo*Lwdold1 Lq prowl fdvl l sdgurql ?qlvfrqr lq wulexqdoh frq
o*dffxvd gl viuxwwdphqwr h pdoyhuvd}lrqh gl plqruhqql1
Ë lpsruwdqwh ulfrugduh/ lqrowuh/ fkh lq txhvwr shulrgr od }rqd gl Fohunhq0
zhoo dffrjolh qrq vror o*lppljud}lrqh lwdoldqd/ pd dqfkh xq iruwh d"xvvr gl
fdwwrolfl luodqghvl1 Ë sursulr dood phwã gho vhfror/ lqidwwl/ fkh lq vhjxlwr dooh
frqvhjxhq}h ghood judqgh fduhvwld lq Luodqgd/ fhqwlqdld gl pljoldld gl luodqghvl
vrqr frvwuhwwl d odvflduh lo sursulr sdhvh1 Prowl gl txhvwl hpljudwl luodqghvl
duulydqr d Orqgud lqwruqr dood phwã gho vhfror/ vlvwhpdqgrvl lq exrqd sduwh
qhood }rqd gl Fohunhqzhoo/ fkh r>uh doorjjl d edvvr suh}}r d srfkh fhqwlqdld
gl phwul gdooh rssruwxqlwã gl odyrur ghood Flw|1
Lo sureohpd gl jdudqwluh vsd}l shu lo fxowr shu od fuhvfhqwh frpxqlwã gl
lppljudwl fdwwrolfl d Fohunhqzhoo ë lql}ldophqwh doohyldwr gdoo*dshuwxud gl wuh
slffroh fdsshooh= Vw Shwhu dqg Sdxo lq Urvrpdq Vwuhhw +4;7:,> Vw Euljlg*v lq
Edogzlq*v Jdughqv +4;83,> h Kro| Idplo| Fkdsho/ lq Vd>urq0Kloo +4;87,145
Pd vl wudwwd gl vsd}l gdood fdslhq}d olplwdwd/ fkh qrq srwhydqr vrgglviduh od
iruwh fuhvflwd ghood frpxqlwã fdwwrolfd d Fohunhqzhoo1
44
Xqd vwlpd gho Gxeolq Uhylhz ydoxwd lq flufd 7833 lo qxphur ghjol lppljudwl lwdoldql d
Orqgud qho 4;84/ pd txhvwd fliud dssduh vljql?fdwlydphqwh vryudvwlpdwd/ phqwuh vhpeud
slü uhdolvwlfd od ydoxwd}lrqh gl xq furqlvwd gho Wdeohw/ fkh sduod gl flufd 5333 lwdoldql d
Orqgud qho 4;8:1 Od irqwh slü dwwhqgleloh/ o*dxwruhyroh yroxph gl Oxflr Vsrq}d vxoo*lppl0
jud}lrqh lwdoldqd lq Judq Euhwdjqd qho glfldqqryhvlpr vhfror/ iruqlvfh xqd vwlpd gl flufd
5333 lwdoldql qho 4;97/ 6833 qho 4;;4/ h flufd 44333 qho 4<341
45
Vror Vw Shwhu dqg Sdxo vrsudyylyh rjjl/ qhoo*dwwxdoh Dpzhoo Vwuhhw1
4161 O*DFTXLVWR GHO WHUUHQR
416
46
O*dftxlvwr gho whuuhqr
Phold h Idã gl Euxqr vrqr vhpsuh slü lpshjqdwl qhood ulfhufd gho whuuhqr h
ghl irqgl qhfhvvdul shu od frvwux}lrqh gl Vdq Slhwur1 Vl wudwwd/ wxwwdyld/ gl
xq*lpsuhvd sduwlfroduphqwh dugxd1 Qrqrvwdqwh l udssruwl frq od Fklhvd Dq0
jolfdqd vldqr pljolrudwl vhqvlelophqwh gdl whpsl ghooh fhoheud}lrql fodqghvwlqh
gl Prqvljqru Fkdoorqhu/ yl ë dqfrud xq dwwhjjldphqwr gl pdufdwd rvwlolwã qhl
frqiurqwl ghood Fklhvd Fdwwrolfd1 Lqrowuh od judqgh srsrodulwã lq Lqjklowhuud
gho Ulvrujlphqwr lwdoldqr uhqgh gl!floh udffrjolhuh irqgl shu fkl ë gdood sduwh
gl Slr L[1 Jol vwhvvl fdwwrolfl lqjohvl vrqr uhvwll dg r>uluh lo orur vrvwhjqr dood
fdxvd ghood fklhvd lwdoldqd gl Vdq Slhwur1
Frph vh wxwwr txhvwr qrq edvwdvvh/ o*dqqr 4;83 ë sduwlfroduphqwh gholfd0
wr shu lo fdwwrolfhvlpr lq Judq Euhwdjqd1 Ë o*dqqr ghoo*Djjuhvvlrqh Sdsdoh=
lo fduglqdoh Zlvhpdq/ dsshqd qrplqdwr Duflyhvfryr gl Zhvwplqvwhu/ kd di0
ihupdwr qhood Sdvwrudoh gho : rwwreuh 4;83 fkh lo Sdsd kd ulfrvwlwxlwr xqd
vwuxwwxud jhudufklfd fdwwrolfd lq Lqjklowhuud/ uldffhqghqgr dqwlfkl vrvshwwl h
vxvflwdqgr dffhvh uhd}lrql1 Qxphurvl hslvrgl gl ylrohq}d vl yhul?fdqr qhooh
vwudgh ghood qd}lrqh/ gdqgr ylwd doo*xowlpd judqgh pdqlihvwd}lrqh srsroduh
dqwl0fdwwrolfd1
Qhoo*dxwxqqr gho 4;83/ qho slhqr ghooh uhd}lrql dqwl0fdwwrolfkh/ sdguh Phold
yd lq Lwdold dood ulfhufd gl irqgl shu od fklhvd lwdoldqd d Orqgud/ h do vxr ulwruqr
odqfld xq dsshoor dood fdulwã ghjol lwdoldql1 Lo < jlxjqr 4;84 Phold sxeeolfd
vxo Wdeohw xq duwlfror qho txdoh dqqxqfld x!fldophqwh fkh od fklhvd lwdoldqd
vduã ghglfdwd d Vdq Slhwur shu hvsuhvvd yrorqwã gho Vdqwr Sdguh=
3Txhvwd fklhvd vduã vhpsuh jryhuqdwd gd xqd frqjuhjd}lrqh
gl vdfhugrwl vhfrodul lwdoldql irqgdwd d Urpd/ frvï fkh or vslulwr
urpdqr od lq xhq}huã vhpsuh> lq txhvwd fklhvd qrq vl fklhghuã do0
fxq sdjdphqwr shu o*lqjuhvvr/ pd hvvd vduã dshuwd judwxlwdphqwh
d wxwwl> lq hvvd yl vdudqqr frqihvvrul shu wxwwh oh olqjxh ^111` h yl
vduã dqqhvvd xqd vfxrod shu edpelql gl hqwudpel l vhvvl/ h xqd
delwd}lrqh shu l suhodwl ^111`1 Lo vlwr suhvfhowr ë iuhhkrog/ h glyhqwhuã
sursulhwã shupdqhqwh ghood fklhvd ^111`1 Oh grqd}lrql lq idyruh gho0
od fklhvd lwdoldqd gl Vdq Slhwur d Orqgud srvvrqr hvvhuh lqyldwh
do Fduglqdoh Suhihwwr ghood Sursdjdqgd/ dl sulqflsl Gruld Sdp0
sklol/ do Uhwwruh ghood fklhvd gl Vdq Vdoydwruh lq Rqgd d Urpd/
do Fduglqdoh Zlvhpdq h d Sdguh Ud>dhoh Phold/ 87 Olqfroq*v Lqq
Ilhogv14 +Jd|qru/ 4<95/ s1 98,
47
FDSLWROR 41 OD VWRULD GHOOD FKLHVD
O*dsshoor gl sdguh Phold/ qhoo*dwprvihud uhvd jlã prowr whvd gdoo*Djjuhv0
vlrqh Sdsdoh/ qrq sdvvd lqrvvhuydwr1 Lo whvwr ylhqh ulsuhvr gdl jlruqdol/ h gl oï
d srfr ?qlvfh dgglulwwxud shu hvvhuh rjjhwwr gl dffhvr gledwwlwr dood Fdphud
ghl Orug1 Lo Gxfd gl Kduurze| fklhgh lq xqd lqwhushoodq}d=
3^111` vh lo Jryhuqr vld surqwr dg xvduh od vxd lq xhq}d suhvvr
od Fruwh gl Urpd shu rwwhqhuh lo shuphvvr gl huljhuh xqd fklhvd
surwhvwdqwh hqwur oh pxud ghood flwwã gl Urpd shu lo fxowr ghood
Fklhvd gl Lqjklowhuud41 +Jd|qru/ 4<95/ s1 99,
Lo yhvfryr gl Orqgud/ suhvhqwh do gledwwlwr/ lqwhuylhqh frq judqgh lurqld
vxo surjhwwr gl Phold shu od fklhvd lwdoldqd=
3Lq txhvwr sdhvh l Fdwwrolfl srvvrqr jlã glvsruuh d orur sldfl0
phqwr gl vsd}l shu oh orur fhoheud}lrql/ pd flõ qrq jol vhpeud
vx!flhqwh1 Do frqwudulr/ sxu vdshqgr gl dyhuh vsd}l d vx!flhq}d/
kdqqr vrwwrsrvwr xqd sursrvwd shu od frvwux}lrqh gl xqd pdj0
ql?fd fdwwhgudoh gl Vdq Slhwur lq txhvwd flwwã/ gryh od fdwwhgudoh
phwursrolwdqd ë ghglfdwd d Vdq Sdror1 Vrqr dqfkh dqvlrvl gl uh0
dol}}duod frq judqgh vidu}r1 Gl fhuwr qrq srvvrqr suhqghuvhod frq
qrl vh fhufkldpr gl uhdol}}duh or vwhvvr relhwwlyr d Urpd1 ^111` Xqd
vrppd gl ghqdur ë vwdwd udffrowd d wdoh vfrsr/ h qrq ulfruuhqgr
dood yhqglwd gl lqgxojhq}h +xglwh xglwh$,41 +Jd|qru/ 4;95/ s1 9:,
D glvwdq}d gl srfkl jlruql/ lo Wlphv ghoo*44 djrvwr 4;84 ulsruwd l frqwhqxwl
gl txhvwr gledwwlwr lq xq hglwruldoh dowuhwwdqwr vdufdvwlfr1 Pd sdguh Phold
qrq vl odvfld vfrudjjlduh gdood iruwh rvwlolwã vxvflwdwd gdo vxr dsshoor h/ grsr
hvvhuvl ulsuhvr gd xqd judyh pdodwwld/ doo*lql}lr gho 4;85 ulsduwh dood yrowd
ghoo*Lwdold shu xqd qxryd udffrowd gl irqgl shu od fklhvd1 Phold ylvlwd frvï
qrq vror jol Vwdwl Sdsdol/ pd dqfkh l uhjql gl Vdughjqd h gl Qdsrol/ lo Judq
Gxfdwr gl Wrvfdqd h l Gxfdwl gl Prghqd/ Sdupd h Sldfhq}d1
O*dftxlvwr gl xq whuuhqr lq Iduulqjgrq Vwuhhw qrq sxõ hvvhuh sruwdwr d
whuplqh/ dqfkh lq txhvwr fdvr/ d fdxvd gl xqd relh}lrqh prvvd gdooh dxwrulwã
ghood Flw| ri Orqgrq1 O*rffdvlrqh sursl}ld vl suhvhqwd frq o*dyylr gho surjhwwr
gl uhdol}}d}lrqh gl Fohunhqzhoo Urdg h od frqvhjxhqwh uhtxlvl}lrqh gl whuuhql h
ideeulfdwl fkh vl wurydqr oxqjr lo wudffldwr suhylvwr1 Vrqr gxqtxh lq yhqglwd
oh sru}lrql ghl whuuhql fkh/ hvsursuldwl lq eorffr/ qrq vdudqqr xwlol}}dwl1 Grsr
oxqjkh qhjr}ld}lrql ylhqh dftxlvwdwr xq whuuhqr doo*hvwuhplwã vhwwhqwulrqdoh
4171 OD FRVWUX]LRQH
48
gl Kdwwrq Jdughq/ qho fxruh ghood frpxqlwã lwdoldqd gl Orqgud ^?j1 75`1 Lo
frqwudwwr gl dftxlvwr ë ?qdophqwh ?updwr qho glfhpeuh 4;851
Ë txhvwr gxqtxh lo prphqwr lq fxl yhqjrqr srvwh oh edvl frqfuhwh shu
od uhdol}}d}lrqh ghood fklhvd gl Vdq Slhwur1 Pd dqfrud qxphurvl vrqr jol
rvwdfrol dood uhdol}}d}lrqh gho surjhwwr h oh gl!frowã shu udffrjolhuh lq sdwuld
h doo*hvwhur l irqgl qhfhvvdul dood frvwux}lrqh1 Fl yruudqqr slü gl glhfl dqql
sulpd fkh od frvwux}lrqh ghood fklhvd yhqjd/ vhssxu vror sdu}ldophqwh/ sruwdwd
d whuplqh1
417
Od frvwux}lrqh
Qho 4;86 grq Ud>dhoh Phold sxeeolfd xq idvflfror gl 57 sdjlqh lqwlwrodwr
3Od fklhvd gl Vdq Slhwur= Uhwwrudwr h Vfxroh shu jol lwdoldql h l fdwwrolfl gl
wxwwh oh qd}lrql41 Lo oleuhwwr/ fkh sruwd vxood frshuwlqd lo vljloor ghood Vrflhwã
ghoo*Dsrvwrodwr Fdwwrolfr/ vslhjd txdqwr ë vwdwr idwwr shu od frvwux}lrqh ghood
fklhvd/ rowuh d frqwhqhuh xqd ghvful}lrqh ghooh dwwlylwã ghood Vrflhwã1 Sdguh
Phold vslhjd lqrowuh fkh/ gdo prphqwr fkh od fklhvd vduã do vhuyl}lr gl fdwwrolfl
gl wxwwh oh qd}lrqdolwã/ yl vdudqqr frqihvvrul lq lwdoldqr/ lqjohvh/ iudqfhvh h
whghvfr146
Wxwwr vhpeud hvvhuh surqwr1 O*dufklwhwwr erorjqhvh Iudqfhvfr Jxdodq0
gl kd frpsohwdwr lo surjhwwr/ fkh suhyhgh xqd fodvvlfd edvlolfd lwdoldqd ^?j1
V4;/V58/V5:` vxo prghoor ghood edvlolfd urpdqd gl Vdq Fulvrjrqr lq Wudvwhuhyh
^?j1 V59/V5;`1 Od ulylvwd gl dufklwhwwxud Wkh Exloghu looxvwud l ghwwdjol gho
surjhwwr lo 47 pdjjlr 4;86/ lqglfdqgr fkh l odyrul vwdqqr shu suhqghuh dyylr1
Pd od uhdowã ë ehq glyhuvd147
46
Lo whvwr ulihulvfh wud o*dowur fkh= 3^111` xqd judqgh txdqwlwã gl pdupr ë jlã vwdwd sruwdwd
gdoo*Lwdold h jldfh vxo vlwr ghood qxryd fklhvd1 Fl vrqr txdwwur frorqqh gl Sruwryhqhuh/
txdwwur frorqqh gl Vlhqd/ ^111` h gxh dowdul gl pdupr eldqfr41 Txhvwl pdwhuldol hudqr vwdwl
dftxlvwdwl d Urpd qho 4;84 gd Sdguh Phold/ shu xq frvwr frpsohvvlyr gl flufd flqtxhfhqwr
vwhuolqh1 +Jd|qru/ 4<95/ s1 :4,
47
Xqd uhod}lrqh gho 4;8< gdo Jxdodqgl do frpxqh gl Erorjqd iruqlvfh ghwwdjol prowr
lqwhuhvvdqwl vxood hoderud}lrqh gho surjhwwr=
3Qho sulpr vxr yldjjlr idwwr lq Iudqfld hg lq Lqjklowhuud qho 4;7< ^Jxd0
odqgl` heeh iruwxqd gl yhqlu suhvr d vrflr gdoo*lqjhjqhuh fkh shu frqwr gho0
o*Dpedvfldwd Vdugd d Sduljl ulohydyd sldql/ ylvlwdyd h idfhyd vwxgl gl rjql
idwwd vxooh olqhh ihuudwh Iudqfhvl1 Lq txhvwr vwhvvr yldjjlr lqfrqwuõ d Orq0
gud rffdvlrqh h ulsruwõ ruglqd}lrqh gl dufklwhwwduh xqd qxryd Edvlolfd shu jol
Lwdoldql/ lq Orqgud vwhvvd/ qhood hvwhqvlrqh gl flufd 63 plod slhgl txdgudwl= lo
49
FDSLWROR 41 OD VWRULD GHOOD FKLHVD
Grsr o*dftxlvwr gho whuuhqr/ l irqgl shu frvwux}lrqh ghood fklhvd vrqr ul0
grwwl do plqlpr1 Phold h Idã gl Euxqr wurydqr lqrowuh xq rvwdfror fkh lpsrqh
xowhulruh ulwdugr dood frvwux}lrqh= jol lqtxlolql gl dofxql hgl?fl fkh gdqqr vx
Olwwoh Vd>urq Kloo +o*dwwxdoh Khuedo Kloo, suhwhqgrqr lo glulwwr gl sdvvdjjlr vxo
whuuhqr dsshqd dftxlvwdwr shu od frvwux}lrqh ghood fklhvd1 O*xqlfd vrox}lrqh
ë frpsuduh txhvwh fdvh/ pd flõ frpsruwd o*xowhulruh rqhurvd vshvd gl 983
vwhuolqh1
Qho 4;87 sdguh Idã gl Euxqr fhufd gl wuryduh xqd vrox}lrqh whpsrudqhd
do sureohpd ghoo*hvljhq}d gl xqr vsd}lr gl fxowr shu od frpxqlwã fdwwrolfd
lwdoldqd/ gdwr lo ulwdugr qhood frvwux}lrqh gl Vdq Slhwur/ h fklhgh do Uhyhuhqgr
Mrkq N|qh gl frqfhghuh lq d!wwr shu wuh dqql od Fdsshood gl Vw Shwhu dqg Sdxo
lq Urvrpdq Vwuhhw1 O*dffrugr/ wxwwdyld/ qrq vl frqfoxgh/ h od uhdol}}d}lrqh
ghood fklhvd gl Vdq Slhwur glyhqwd vhpsuh slü xujhqwh1
Qho iudwwhpsr/ Sdguh Phold ylhqh vrwwudwwr gd hyhqwl hvwhuql do surjhw0
wr ghood fklhvd lwdoldqd1 Qho 4;88 lo vxffhvvruh gl Ylqfhq}r Sdoorwwl/ sdguh
Iudqfhvfr Pduld Ydffdul/ vl dppdod judyhphqwh/ h Phold ë frvwuhwwr dg dq0
gduh d Urpd shu dvvlvwhuor1 Grsr od pruwh gl Ydffdul/ qho jhqqdlr 4;89/
Phold ylhqh hohwwr Uhwwruh Jhqhudoh ghood Vrflhwã ghoo*Dsrvwrodwr Fdwwrolfr
h ghyh shuwdqwr ulvlhghuh d Urpd/ srwhqgr ylvlwduh Orqgud vror rffdvlrqdo0
phqwh1 Lq dvvhq}d gl Sdguh Phold/ lo surjhwwr shu od frvwux}lrqh ghood Fklhvd
gl Wxwwh oh Qd}lrql uhvwd qhooh pdql gl sdguh Idã gl Euxqr/ phqwuh od jhvwlrqh
ghl irqgl shu od fklhvd ë vwdwd d!gdwd jlã gdo pdu}r 4;86 d sdguh Slr Phold/
iudwhoor gl Sdguh Ud>dhoh Phold1
Od pdqfdq}d gl irqgl frqwlqxd d idu ulpdqgduh o*lql}lr ghl odyrul1 Qho0
o*rwwreuh 4;8; sdguh Idã gl Euxqr lql}ld xq jlur ghoo*Hxursd dood ulfhufd gl
?qdq}ldphqwl/ sduwhqgr gdo Slhprqwh/ vxd uhjlrqh qdwdoh1 Vxffhvvlydphqwh
vl uhfd d Pduvljold h Ql}}d/ d Ylhqqd h lq Srorqld/ gryh vl ihupd txdvl xq
fkh jol ydovh o*rssruwxqlwã g*dowul yldjjl qhjol dqql dssuhvvr/ shu glvfxwhuh h
suhflvduh l gdwl gho odyrur/ shu iduh jol rssruwxql ulolhyl h suhqghuh oh gryxwh
lqwhooljhq}h frl Vljqrul Ideeulflhul1 Oh ylfhqgh vxffhvvlyh gl txhvwr judqglrvr
ideeulfdwr rffdvlrqdurqr srl wdqwl fdpeldphqwl rud gl duhd/ rud gl vwloh/ rud
gl jhqhuh dufklwhwwrqlfr/ fkh ehq slü gl flqtxh gl>huhqwl sldql h glvhjql lo
Jxdodqgl ë vwdwr frvwuhwwr d uhgljhuh ^111`1 Frpslxwrvl srl lo wdqwr frqwhvr
dftxlvwr gho vxror/ ix gh?qlwlydphqwh vwdelolwr lo glvhjqr dqdorjr door vfkl}}r
ulsruwdwr gdoo*xqlwr jlruqdoh Wkh Exloghu/ 47 pdjjlr 4;861 Vl vwd rud dwwhq0
ghqgr lo prphqwr sursl}lr shl odyrul gl dwwhuudphqwr ghjol dwwxdol fdvhjjldwl
fkh rffxsdqr o*duhd/ h shu gdu frplqfldphqwr doo*lpsuhvd1
4171 OD FRVWUX]LRQH
4:
dqqr1 Qho jlxjqr 4;93 ë lq Erhpld h Prudyld/ vl ihupd srl d oxqjr lq Vohvld/
hg dqfrud lq Dxvwuld sulpd gl dqgduh d Urpd dood ?qh gho 4;941
Gl ulwruqr d Orqgud/ qho vhwwhpeuh 4;95/ Idã gl Euxqr wuryd gxh ehooh
vrusuhvh= sdguh Ud>dhoh Phold ë wruqdwr d Orqgud/ grsr hvvhuvl glphvvr gdo
Uhwwrudwr Jhqhudoh d Urpd doo*lql}lr gho 4;95> h/ vrsudwwxwwr/ l odyrul shu od
frvwux}lrqh ghood fklhvd gl Vdq Slhwur vrqr d exrq sxqwr/ frph ulsruwdwr lq
xqd ohwwhud gho 59 oxjolr 4;95 do Wdeohw=
3Pl vl frqvhqwd gl ulfkldpduh o*dwwhq}lrqh ghl ohwwrul vx xq hg0
l?flr fkh vhpeud hvvhuh vwdwr wudvfxudwr gdood vwdpsd fdwwrolfd/
sxu hvvhqgr ehq ghjqr gl qrwd1 Pl ulihulvfr dood Fklhvd gl Wxwwh oh
Qd}lrql/ frph dyuheeh gryxwr fkldpduvl ruljlqduldphqwh/ dqfkh
vh fuhgr fkh rud gheed fkldpduvl Vw Shwhu*v1 Vl wuryd d Kdwwrq
Zdoo/ doo*hvwuhplwã vxshulruh gl Kdwwrq Jdughq1 Txdqgr vduã
frpsohwdwr vduã xq ehoolvvlpr hgl?flr qhoor vwloh ghooh edvlolfkh
urpdqh/ frq jdoohulh fkh qh dxphqwhudqqr od fdslhq}d1 Vl fdofrod
fkh srwuã frqwhqhuh wud oh wuh h oh txdwwurplod shuvrqh1 Dwwxdo0
phqwh vl vwdqqr idfhqgr udslgl surjuhvvl/ h xqd sduwh ghood fklhvd
vduã suhvwr frpsohwd gl whwwr1 Gryuã vhuyluh sulqflsdophqwh shu
jol lwdoldql d Orqgud/ ghl txdol prowh pljoldld vrqr dwwxdophqwh
sulyl gl fklhvd1 Vduã vhuylwd gd xqd frpxqlwã uholjlrvd irqgdwd gd
grq Ylqfhq}r Sdoorwwl ^111`41
Txdofkh jlruqr grsr o*dssdul}lrqh gl txhvwd ohwwhud/ lo 5 djrvwr 4;95/ lo
Wdeohw ulsruwd od ylvlwd gho Fduglqdoh Zlvhpdq dl fdqwlhul ghood fklhvd lq
frvwux}lrqh/ djjlxqjhqgr=
3O*hgl?flr dyuã wuh hqwudwh/ lq Kdwwrq Zdoo/ Olwwoh Vd>urq Kloo/
h Edfn Kloo/ ylflqr dood qxryd vwd}lrqh ghood Phwursrolwdqd lq Ylf0
wruld Vwuhhw/ Kroeruq Kdoo1 Lo whwwr vduã frpsohwdphqwh whuplqdwr
wud flufd xq phvh ^111`41
Oh gl!frowã ?qdq}ldulh h o*xujhq}d gl sruwduh d frpslphqwr od fklhvd/
wxwwdyld/ frvwulqjrqr Phold h Idã gl Euxqr dg dffrqwhqwduvl gl xqd uhdol}0
}d}lrqh vror sdu}ldoh gho surjhwwr ruljlqdoh gl Jxdodqgl gho 4;861 Txhvwr
suhyhghyd xqd qdydwd gl 533 slhgl gl oxqjkh}}d shu xqd fdslhq}d gl 6733
srvwl/ h flqtxh lqjuhvvl= gxh odwhudol/ vx Jhrujh \dug h Edfn Kloo/ h wuh vxo
odwr gl Olwwoh Vd>urq Kloo +o*dwwxdoh Khuedo Kloo,/ vxo txdoh dyuheeh gryxwr
4;
FDSLWROR 41 OD VWRULD GHOOD FKLHVD
hujhuvl xqd lpsrqhqwh idffldwd frq sruwlfr/ vxo prghoor gl Vdq Fulvrjrqr lq
Wudvwhyhuh ^?j1 V59`1
Qho pdu}r 4;95/ lqyhfh/ Phold h Idã gl Euxqr kdqqr gryxwr dssuryduh
xq surjhwwr ghoo*dufklwhwwr luodqghvh Mrkq Ploohu Eu|vrq/48 fkh suhyhgh xq
qrwhyroh ulglphqvlrqdphqwr ulvshwwr do surjhwwr ruljlqdulr gl Jxdodqgl/ frp0
sruwdqgr gl idwwr od uhdol}}d}lrqh gl vror wuh txduwl ghood oxqjkh}}d suhylvwd
shu od qdydwd/ shu xq wrwdoh gl 5333 srvwl d vhghuh/ h od ulqxqfld doo*lpsrqhqwh
idffldwd frq lo sruwlfr vx Olwwoh Vd>urq Kloo ^?j1 V4/V45`1
418
O*lqdxjxud}lrqh
O*lqwhq}lrqh gl Phold h Idã gl Euxqr ë gl sruwduh d whuplqh qhoo*dufr gl
srfkl dqql od sduwh uhvwdqwh gho surjhwwr ruljlqdulr gl Jxdodqgl/ hvwhqghqgr
od qdydwd vxo irqgr ghood fklhvd/ h uhdol}}dqgr od idffldwd frq lo sruwlfr1 Grq
Ud>dhoh h grq Jlxvhssh/ wxwwdyld/ qrq wuryhudqqr pdl l irqgl shu sruwduh
d whuplqh lo surjhwwr ruljlqdulr/ h od fklhvd uhvwhuã gh?qlwlydphqwh qhooh vxh
glphqvlrql dwwxdol1
Qrq vror lo surjhwwr gl Eu|vrq ë qrwhyrophqwh ulglphqvlrqdwr ulvshwwr d
txhoor gl Jxdodqgl/ pd grsr o*dyylr ghl odyrul l irqgl d glvsrvl}lrqh vl ulyh0
odqr lqvx!flhqwl dqfkh shu od uhdol}}d}lrqh gho surjhwwr ulgrwwr/ h sdguh Idã
gl Euxqr vl wuryd reeoljdwr d odqflduh xowhulrul udffrowh gl irqgl shu lo frp0
sohwdphqwr gho whwwr ghood fklhvd1 Od fulswd vrwwrvwdqwh od fklhvd/ wxwwdyld/
ë surqwd jlã qho glfhpeuh gho 4;95/ frq dffhvvr gdo odwr gl Edfn Kloo1 Ylhqh
frqvdfudwd lo jlruqr gl Qdwdoh/ h gd txho prphqwr yl vl whuudqqr ixq}lrql
uholjlrvh/ dqfru sulpd gho frpsohwdphqwr gho uhvwr ghood fklhvd1 Lo 4: pdu0
}r 4;96 lo Fduglqdoh Zlvhpdq ylvlwd qxrydphqwh od fklhvd lq frvwux}lrqh h
fhoheud od fhulprqld gl frqvdfud}lrqh ghood judqgh fdpsdqd149
Lo 49 dsuloh 4;96 od fklhvd gl Vdq Slhwur ylhqh ?qdophqwh lqdxjxudwd frq
judqgl fhoheud}lrql1 Qrqrvwdqwh oh glphqvlrql ulgrwwh ulvshwwr do surjhwwr
ruljlqdulr/ Vdq Slhwur vxvflwd judqgh lpsuhvvlrqh hg dpplud}lrqh vld shu
o*dpslh}}d/ hvvhqgr od slü judqgh fklhvd fdwwrolfd ghoo*hsrfd lq Judq Euh0
48
Eu|vrq ë vshvvr frqixvr frq lo slü fhoheuh dufklwhwwr Mrkq PfNhdq Eulgrq1
Vl wudwwd ghood fdpsdqd slü judqgh ghooh fklhvh fdwwrolfkh lq Lqjklowhuud doo*hsrfd1 Ë
dowd 5 phwul h odujd :/ h shvd wuh wrqqhoodwh h ph}}r1 Od fdpsdqd/ uhdol}}dwd gd Ylfnhuv
gl Vkh!hog/ hud vwdwd hvlelwd dood Hvsrvl}lrqh Lqwhuqd}lrqdoh gho 4;951 Shu dofxql dqql/
?qr do frpsohwdphqwr gho fdpsdqloh/ ulpdvh hvsrvwd lq Jhrujh \dug/ lo fruwloh dqwlvwdqwh
o*lqjuhvvr sulqflsdoh ghood fklhvd1
49
4181 O*LQDXJXUD]LRQH
4<
wdjqd/4: fkh shu or vwloh/ wudwwdqgrvl ghoo*xqlfd fklhvd ghood qd}lrqh lq vwloh
edvlolfdoh urpdqr1
Oh fhulprqlh shu od frqvdfud}lrqh h o*lqdxjxud}lrqh ghood fklhvd vl whq0
jrqr lq srpsd pdjqd1 Yl suhvhq}ldqr xqglfl yhvfryl/ rowuh do Fduglqdoh Du0
flyhvfryr gl Zhvwplqvwhu14; Vrqr lqrowuh suhvhqwl slü gl flqtxdqwd vdfhugrwl/
wud l txdol Ehqhghwwlql/ Grphqlfdql/ Fdssxfflql/ Djrvwlqldql/ Pdulvwl/ Reodwl
gl Vdq Fduor/ Uhghqwrulvwl/ Vhuylwl/ h glhfl fdqrqlfl gho Fdslwror Phwursrol0
wdqr1 Od phvvd ë fhoheudwd gdo Yhvfryr gl Hglpexujr/ Prqvljqru Jloolv/ h
xq*rufkhvwd do frpsohwr hvhjxh od phvvd q1 6 gl Kd|gq1
O*lqdxjxud}lrqh vrohqqh ghood fklhvd ylhqh vhjxlwd/ grsr srfkl jlruql/ gd
xqr vsldfhyroh lqflghqwh1 Sdguh Slr Phold/ uhvsrqvdeloh ghood jhvwlrqh ?0
qdq}lduld ghood fklhvd/ dyhyd ?updwr shuvrqdophqwh lo frqwudwwr frq lo frvwuxw0
wruh/ wdoh Fkduohv Ilvk1 Lo frqwudwwr suhyhghyd fkh o*hgl?flr dyuheeh gryxwr
hvvhuh frvwuxlwr lq fdpelr gl xqd vrppd frpsohvvlyd gl 6:33 vwhuolqh1 Wxw0
wdyld/ frph vshvvr dffdgh lq txhvwl fdvl/ yl hudqr vwdwh ghooh prgl?fkh ulvshwwr
do frqwudwwr/ h vl hudqr uhvh qhfhvvdulh qxphurvh vshvh dggl}lrqdol1
Grsr o*lqdxjxud}lrqh ghood fklhvd/ sdguh Slr Phold ghflgh gl iduh xqd
ydfdq}d lq Lwdold/ pd lo jlruqr sulpd ghood sduwhq}d ylhqh idwwr duuhvwduh gdo
frvwuxwwruh/ lo txdoh vrvwlhqh gl hvvhuh fuhglwruh qhl frqiurqwl ghood fklhvd/ h fkh
sdguh Phold lqwhqgh sduwluh shu o*Lwdold shu vrwwuduvl dood vxd uhvsrqvlelolwã1
Sdguh Phold rwwlhqh vxelwr xq ruglqh jlxgl}ldulr fkh frvwulqjh lo frvwuxwwruh
d uhvwlwxlujol od olehuwã/ hg dyyld xqd d}lrqh flyloh shu duuhvwr lqjlxvwl?fdwr1
Od fdxvd flyloh vl wlhqh d Fur|grq lo 4< Djrvwr 4;96/ pd lo jlxglfh shu prwlyl
surfhgxudol qrq dffhwwd od ulfklhvwd gl gdqql shu duuhvwr lqjlxvwr gd sduwh gl
Sdguh Phold14< Lo vxssruwr ghood frqjuhjd}lrqh gl Vdq Slhwur ylhqh hvsuhvvr lq
prgr frqfuhwr phgldqwh xqd vrwwrvful}lrqh sxeeolfd shu frqvhqwluh d sdguh
Slr Phold gl sdjduh l frvwl ghoo*d}lrqh ohjdoh1
4:
Od fdwwhgudoh fdwwrolfd gl Zhvwplqvwhu vduã uhdol}}dwd vror qho 4<361
Vrqr suhvhqwl Judqw gd Vrxwkdpswrq/ Jloolv gdood Vfr}ld Rulhqwdoh/ Xoodwkruqh gd
Eluplqjkdp/ Urvnhoo gd Qrwwlqjkdp/ Dpkhuvw gd Qruwkdpswrq/ Wxuqhu gd Vdoirug/ Pru0
ulv gd Wur|/ Eurzqh gd Qhzsruw/ Fruqwkzdlwh gd Ehyhuoh|/ Eurzqh gd Vkuhzvexu| h
Jhrjkdq gdoo*Dxvwudold1
4<
Qho fruvr gho gledwwlphqwr o*dufklwhwwr ghood fklhvd/ Eu|vrq/ whvwlprqld fkh lo wrwdoh
ghooh vshvh vrvwhqxwh shu od frvwux}lrqh ã/ lq edvh dooh vxh vwlph/ 896; vwhuolqh/ h fkh txhvwd
vrppd ã vwdwd jlã vdogdwd do frvwuxwwruh/ lo txdoh ulyhqglfd dqfrud 5;33 vwhuolqh1 Eu|vrq
whvwlprqld fkh d vxr jlxgl}lr lo frvwuxwwruh kd jlã ulfhyxwr 58 vwhuolqh lq hffhvvr/ h fkh od
ulfklhvwd dggl}lrqdoh qrq kd dofxq irqgdphqwr1
4;
53
419
FDSLWROR 41 OD VWRULD GHOOD FKLHVD
O*dvshwwr ruljlqdulr h oh prgl?fkh vxf0
fhvvlyh
Do prphqwr ghoo*lqdxjxud}lrqh od fklhvd/ rowuh dg hvvhuh prowr ulglphqvlrqdwd
ulvshwwr do surjhwwr ruljlqdulr/ hud lqfrpsohwd lq prowh sduwl1 Hudqr vwdwl
frpsohwdwl od vwuxwwxud lqwhuqd gl wuh qdydwh/ lo frur/ lo suhvelwhulr h od fulswd
^?j1 V;`1 Pd hudqr dqfrud lqfrpsohwl/ r gho wxwwr lqfrpslxwl/ oh ghfrud}lrql
lqwhuqh/ lo fdpsdqloh +fkh dyhyd vror od edvh,/ od fdqrqlfd gdo odwr gl Edfn
Kloo +fkh hud vror deer}}dwd h sulyd gl whwwr,/ o*hgl?flr shu od vfxrod lq Jhrujh
\dug/ h od vdod shu oh ulxqlrql1 Lq vrvshvr hudqr srl lo suroxqjdphqwr ghood
qdydwd h od uhdol}}d}lrqh ghood idffldwd frq lo sruwlfr/ pd frph deeldpr ylvwr
txhvwd hvwhqvlrqh qrq vduã pdl uhdol}}dwd shu pdqfdq}d gl irqgl1
Doo*hvwhuqr od fklhvd hud frpsohwdphqwh qdvfrvwd gd dowul hgl?fl/ frph
g*dowurqgh or ë wxwwrud/ h qrq dyhyd dofxq ruqdphqwr dufklwhwwrqlfr vxooh
pxud gl qxgl pdwwrql juljl1 Fohunhqzhoo Urdg qrq hvlvwhyd dqfrud +yhuuã
uhdol}}dwd qho 4;:;,/ h o*dffhvvr dood fklhvd dyyhqlyd vxo odwr qrug phgldqwh
ghjol vwuhwwl sdvvdjjl gd Edfn Kloo/ h vxo odwr vxg gd Kdwwrq Zdoo/ gdo txdoh vl
dffhghyd shu xqr vwuhwwr sdvvdjjlr d Jhrujh \dug/ h txlqgl gd txl doo*lqjuhvvr
sulqflsdoh ghood fklhvd/ qhood vwhvvd srvl}lrqh ghoo*lqjuhvvr sulqflsdoh dwwxdoh
+pd sulyr gl sruwlfr h orjjld,1 O*lqjuhvvr gdo irqgr ghood fklhvd/ gdo odwr gl
Olwwoh Vd>urq Kloo/ hud xvdwr ududphqwh srlfkë yl hudqr dqfrud fdvh lq dwwhvd
gl ghprol}lrqh1
Doo*lqwhuqr od vwuxwwxud ghood fklhvd hud vrvwdq}ldophqwh vlploh d txhood
dwwxdoh/ pd vlfxudphqwh o*dvshwwr ruljlqdulr gryhyd dssduluh slü shvdqwh h
phqr oxplqrvr/ gdwd od suhvvrfkë wrwdoh dvvhq}d gl ghfrud}lrql ^?j1 73`1 L
vr!wwl hudqr glylvl lq vfrpsduwl sulyl gl glslqwl/ frq ghooh juljolh gl yhqwl0
od}lrqh +wxwwrud ylvlelol, qhfhvvdulh d fdxvd ghoo*xwlol}}r gl fdqgholhul d jdv
shu o*looxplqd}lrqh1 L ?qhvwurql odwhudol vryudvwdqwl oh jdoohulh hudqr ulfrshuwl
gd shvdqwl ghfrud}lrql fuxflirupl1 Do gl vrwwr ghl ?qhvwurql odwhudol/ vrsud oh
qdydwh odwhudol/ yl hudqr oh jdoohulh ^?j1 74`/ dooh txdol vl dffhghyd gdo edvvr
phgldqwh vfdoh gl slhwud1 Oh jdoohulh frqwhqhydqr qxphurvh ?oh gl vhglh/ shu
frpshqvduh od fdslhq}d ulgrwwd d fdxvd ghood lqfrpsohwd uhdol}}d}lrqh ghood
qdydwd1
L slodvwul ghooh jdoohulh hudqr gl slhwud gl \run/ frvï frph oh frorqqh lrqlfkh
fkh glylgrqr od qdydwd fhqwudoh gd txhooh odwhudol= vxffhvvlydphqwh txhvwh
ixurqr ulfrshuwh frq jhvvr h glslqwh frq prwlyd}lrql pdupruhh1 Lo edogdffklqr
frq l txdwwur dqjhol vxoo*dowduh pdjjlruh hud jlã frpsohwdwr/ frvï frph oh
4191 O*DVSHWWR RULJLQDULR H OH PRGLILFKH VXFFHVVLYH
54
lvful}lrql vxjol dufkl gho suhvelwhulr/ h oh txdwwur judqgl vwdwxh gl whuudfrwwd
ghjol hydqjholvwl dl odwl gho frur1 Jol dffhvvl dood vdfuhvwld dl gxh odwl ghoo*dowduh
qrq hudqr vwdwl dqfrud uhdol}}dwl1
O*dvshwwr ruljlqdulr ghood fklhvd h oh prgl?fkh suhylvwh shu oh idvl vxf0
fhvvlyh vrqr ghvfulwwl ghwwdjoldwdphqwh gd Wkh Exloghu/ fkh frvï frqfoxgh od
ghvful}lrqh ghood fklhvd=
3^111` O*dpprqwduh vshvr ?qr d txhvwr prphqwr/ lqfoxghqgr
oh sduwl hvhjxlwh shu frqwudwwr h oh vshvh shu o*dtxlvwr gho whuuhqr/
ë gl flufd 48333 vwhuolqh/ vrppd fkh ë vwdwd udffrowd doo*hvwhur gdl
vdfhugrwl ghood fklhvd1 Vduheeh suredelophqwh lqjlxvwr fulwlfduh
o*hgl?flr qhood vxd lqfrpsohwd frqgl}lrqh dwwxdoh4153
Od sulpd prgl?fd vljql?fdwlyd ix/ qho 4;99/ lo frpsohwdphqwr ghood fdqrq0
lfd vxo odwr gl Edfn Kloo/ vx surjhwwr ghjol dufklwhwwl Z|ovrq h Orqj1 Gxudqwh
od frvwux}lrqh ghood fklhvd/ lqidwwl/ vl hudqr vror jhwwdwh oh edvl ghood fdqrqlfd/
h od fklhvd hud gxqtxh sulyd ghooh delwd}lrql shu l sdgul sdoorwwlql/ fkh dyh0
ydqr gryxwr wuryduh whpsrudqhdphqwh xqd vlvwhpd}lrqh gl ulslhjr= or vwloh
ghood fklhvd lpsolfdyd fkh yl irvvhur vrodl prowr dpsl/ hg ë lq txhvwl vrodl fkh
l vdfhugrwl doorjjldurqr/ lq frqgl}lrql prowr glvdjldwh/ ?qr do 4;991
Od qxryd vhgh ghooh vfxroh ghood fklhvd/ lq Jhrujh \dug/ ix lqdxjxudwd
qho 4;:5/ pd jlã qho 4;::/ lq vhjxlwr dood judqgh ulvlvwhpd}lrqh xuedqlvwlfd
ohjdwd doo*dshuwxud gl Fohunhqzhoo Urdg/ o*dufklwhwwr Iudqflv Wdvnhu suhsduõ
lo surjhwwr shu xqd qxryr hgl?flr shu oh vfxroh +o*dwwxdoh vhgh ghood Fhqwudo
Vfkrro ri Edoohw,/ vxo odwr rulhqwdoh ghood fklhvd1 Vl ghgxfh/ shuwdqwr/ fkh jlã
d txhvwr sxqwr hudqr vwdwl deedqgrqdwl l surjhwwl ruljlqdul gl frpsohwduh od
qdydwd h uhdol}}duh od idffldwd h o*lqjuhvvr ghood fklhvd frq sruwlfr vx Olwwoh
Vd>urq Kloo154
Xqd judqgh vwudgd fkh wdjoldvvh dwwudyhuvr jol voxp d vxg ghood fklhvd
hud vwdwd suhylvwd vlq gdl whpsl gho surjhwwr ruljlqdulr ghood fklhvd gho 4;861
Od uhdol}}d}lrqh gl Fohunhqzhoo Urdg/ fkh frpsruwdyd judqgl ydqwdjjl shu
od fklhvd/ ix iruwhphqwh vrvwhqxwd gdl sdgul sdoorwwlql1 Od qxryd duwhuld ix
?qdophqwh sruwdwd d whuplqh qho 4;:; ^?j1 76`/ hg lo qxryr wudffldwr yldulr
53
Qhz Lwdoldq Fkxufk/ Vw1 Shwhu*v/ Kdwwrq Zdoo/ Kdwwrq Jdughq4/ 59 vhwwhpeuh 4;961
O*dufklwhwwr Wdvnhu/ fkh vxffhghwwh d Eu|vrq shu lo frpsohwdphqwh ghood fklhvd/ hud
lo qlsrwh ghood frqwhvvd Wdvnhu/ xqd idfrowrvd fdwwrolfd orqglqhvh fkh hud wud l vrvwhqlwrul
ghood fklhvd lwdoldqd h ?qdq}lõ lq exrqd sduwh l odyrul gl frpsohwdphqwr ghood vfxrod h ghood
fdqrqlfd1
54
55
FDSLWROR 41 OD VWRULD GHOOD FKLHVD
fuhõ prowl vsd}l d ulgrvvr gho shulphwur ghood fklhvd/ fkh l sdgul sdoorwwlql
xwlol}}durqr shu idu frvwuxluh qhjr}l gd gduh lq d!wwr1 Od fdsshood lqwhuqd
ghglfdwd do Vdfur Fxruh gl Jhvü ix frvwuxlwd lq rffdvlrqh ghoo*dshuwxud gho0
od vwudgd1 O*duhd gl Jhrujh \dug ix fdqfhoodwd gdo wudffldwr gl Fohunhqzhoo
Urdg/ h vx txhvwd judqgh duwhuld yhqqh dg dsuluvl o*lqjuhvvr sulqflsdoh +vhs0
sxuh odwhudoh, ghood fklhvd1 Qho 4;<4 Wdvnhu uhdol}}õ od orjjld h od idffldwd
vryudvwdqwh o*lqjuhvvr/ h qhoor vwhvvr dqqr frpsohwõ lo fdpsdqloh qhoor vwloh
wlslfr ghooh edvlolfkh urpdqh ^?j1 V6</V73`1
Srfkl dqql sulpd hudqr vwdwl udffrowl irqgl vx!flhqwl shu fklxghuh oh jdo0
ohulh +4;;9,/55 uhdol}}duh oh ghfrud}lrql gl suhvelwhulr h qdydwh +4;;809, hg
lqvwdooduh xq lpsrqhqwh rujdqr +4;;:,1 Vxl sdqqhool vlvwhpdwl d frshuwxud
ghooh dufdwh ghooh jdoohulh ixurqr uhdol}}dwl glslqwl ud!jxudqwl vfhqh ghood ylwd
gl Vdq Slhwur h Vdq Sdror1 L glslqwl ixurqr hvhjxlwl gdjol duwlvwl slhprqwhvl
Duqdxg h Jdxwklhu/ fkh uhdol}}durqr dqfkh jol d>uhvfkl h oh dowuh ghfrud}lrql
doo*lqwhuqr ghood fklhvd +ruljlqduldphqwh l glslqwl hudqr ulqfklxvl lq xqd ulffd
fruqlfh ghfrudwlyd,1 O*lqwhuqr ghood fklhvd odvfldyd vwxshidwwl shu od ulffkh}}d
h od ud!qdwh}}d ghooh ghfrud}lrql1
O*dvshwwr dwwxdoh ghood fklhvd/ sxuwurssr ehq glyhuvr gdoo*dvshwwr ruljl0
qdulr/ ul hwwh l odyrul gl uhvwdxur uhdol}}dwl qho 4<53 gdo sduurfr Pdmru +lp0
suhvd Kroorzd| Eurwkhuv,/ h vrsudwwxwwr l udglfdol h glvfxwlelol lqwhuyhqwl gl
uhvwdxur uhdol}}dwl gdo sduurfr grq Jlxvhssh Gh Ilolssl qho 4<86/ grsr fkh
od fklhvd ix ulfrqvhjqdwd dl vdfhugrwl sdoorwwlql lwdoldql156 Oh vsohqglgh ghf0
rud}lrql h fruqlfl ghoo*devlgh h ghooh qdydwh ulvxowdurqr iruvh hffhvvlydphqwh
oxjxeul shu lo jxvwr gho yhqwhvlpr vhfror h ixurqr ulfrshuwh gl eldqfr/ odv0
fldqgr jol d>uhvfkl gl Duqdxg h Jdxwklhu lq xq shfxolduh jdoohjjldphqwr qho
yxrwr1
Slü yhurvlplophqwh/ od uhdol}}d}lrqh gl lqwhuyhqwl frvï udglfdol ix ghwwdwd
gdood qhfhvvlwã/ slxwwrvwr fkh gdo jxvwr ghoo*hsrfd1 Oh frqgl}lrql ghood fklhvd
hudqr glvdvwurvh/ qxphurvh wudyl gl ohjqr gryhydqr hvvhuh vrvwlwxlwh1 Wxwwl
55
L srvwl d vhghuh qhooh jdoohulh frqvhqwlydqr xqd vfduvd ylvlelolwã ghoo*dowduh/ h oh jdoohulh/
fklxvh frq ghl sdqqhool gl ohjqr/ ixurqr xwlol}}dwh frph vhgh whpsrudqhd ghood vfxrod ghood
fklhvd1 Od fklxvxud ghooh jdoohulh/ ulgxvvh xowhulruphqwh od fdslhq}d ghood fklhvd +gd 5333
d 4833/ ulvshwwr dl 6733 srvwl d vhghuh suhylvwl gdo surjhwwr ruljlqdulr gl Jxdodqgl,1
56
Dood glylvlrqh ghood Surylqfld grsr od vhfrqgd jxhuud prqgldoh od fklhvd ix dvvhjqdwd
dood Surylqfld luodqghvh/ sxu frqvhuydqgr wxwwl l vdfhugrwl lwdoldql1 Qho 4<85/ hvvhqgr
glplqxlwr lo qxphur ghl vdfhugrwl luodqghvl fkh sduodydqr lwdoldqr/ hg d fdxvd ghood judqgh
hpljud}lrqh srvw0ehoolfd lwdoldqd lq Lqjklowhuud/ lo Jhqhudodwr dffrqvhqwï d fkh Vdq Slhwur
irvvh d!gdwd dood Surylqfld lwdoldqd1 Lq txhvwd rffdvlrqh od fklhvd ix uhvd sduurffkld
shuvrqdoh shu jol lwdoldql gl Orqgud h sduwh ghoo*Duflglrfhvl gl Zhvwplqvwhu1
4191 O*DVSHWWR RULJLQDULR H OH PRGLILFKH VXFFHVVLYH
56
l glslqwl ghood fklhvd hudqr lq shvvlph frqgl}lrql/ frvï frph oh sduhwl hg l
vr!wwl1 Gl iurqwh dood ydulhwã hg do frvwr ghl odyrul gd uhdol}}duh/ h qrq
srwhqgr frqwduh vxo frqwulexwr hfrqrplfr ghood frpxqlwã lwdoldqd/ lo qxryr
sduurfr qrq srwë d>urqwduh lo uhvwdxur wrwdoh ghl glslqwl ghood fklhvd/ h ghflvh
gl gduh xq froruh xqlfr dooh sduhwl h do vr!wwr/ odvfldqgr lqdowhudwl vrowdqwr l
glslqwl fhqwudol gho vr!wwr/ ghoo*devlgh h ghooh qdydwh1
Dqfkh o*rujdqr/ fkh hud wud l pljolrul lq Lqjklowhuud/ dyhyd elvrjqr gl
judqgl h xujhqwl uhvwdxul1 Ixurqr frqvxowdwl ydul frvwuxwwrul gl rujdqr h vl
frqyhqqh fkh vduheeh vwdwr lpsrvvleloh wuryduh pdwhuldoh pljolruh gl txhoor
fkh hud vwdwr xvdwr shu o*rujdqr gl Vdq Slhwur1 Frvï o*xqlfd vrox}lrqh ix
ulxwlol}}duh wxwwr lo srvvleloh h vrvwlwxluh lo pdwhuldoh lqvhuyleloh frq lo pljolruh
fkh vl srwhvvh wuryduh1 Od vshvd ix gl flufd 53333 vwhuolqh ghoo*hsrfd1
Qhjol dqql vhwwdqwd fl ixurqr xowhulrul odyrul gl uhvwdxur ghood fklhvd/ lq
vhjxlwr doo*lqfhqglr gho suhvhsh qhood fdsshood gl Vdq Jlxvhssh/ fkh fdxvõ
od shuglwd gl xq judqgh glslqwr gho 4933 h ghood ghfrud}lrqh ruljlqduld ghood
fdsshood1 Qho 4<<9 vl ë uhvr qhfhvvdulr xq udglfdoh lqwhuyhqwr gl uhvwdxur dl
whwwl/ h vrqr vwdwh uhdol}}dwh oh ul?qlwxuh lqwhuqh lq rur }hffklqr1
57
FDSLWROR 41 OD VWRULD GHOOD FKLHVD
Fdslwror 5
Od ylwd ghood fklhvd
Gdo 4;96 dg rjjl od fklhvd gl Vdq Slhwur kd udssuhvhqwdwr lo fxruh ghood frpx0
qlwã lwdoldqd gl Orqgud hg xq lpsruwdqwh sxqwr gl ulihulphqwr shu jol lwdoldql
lq wxwwd od Judq Euhwdjqd1 Dwwruqr dg hvvd kdqqr suhvr ylwd lqqxphuhyrol
lql}ldwlyh gl fdudwwhuh qrq vror uholjlrvr/ pd dqfkh vrfldoh/ fxowxudoh h ulfuh0
dwlyr1 Lq txhvwd vhfrqgd sduwh ulshufruuhuhpr dofxqh wdssh ghood ylwd ghood
fklhvd/ hvdplqdqgr oh sulqflsdol dwwlylwã d fxl hvvd kd gdwr ylwd lq sdvvdwr h
txhooh fkh fdudwwhul}}dqr od ylwd gl Vdq Slhwur rjjl1
514
Od Fklhvd gl Wxwwh oh Qd}lrql
Od fklhvd gl Vdq Slhwur yhqqh lql}ldophqwh frqfhslwd frq o*relhwwlyr gl vhuyluh
ihghol gl slü qd}lrqdolwã1 Wxwwdyld lo 46 dsuloh 4;96/ srfkl jlruql sulpd gho0
o*lqdxjxud}lrqh ghood fklhvd/ lo Fduglqdoh Zlvhpdq vfulvvh d sdguh Idã gl
Euxqr/ dsshqd qrplqdwr sulpr sduurfr gl Vdq Slhwur/ xqd ohwwhud qhood
txdoh pdqlihvwdyd o*lqwhq}lrqh gl olplwduh oh dwwlylwã ghood fklhvd dood vrod
frpxqlwã lwdoldqd/ jlxqjhqgr do sxqwr gl surleluh fhoheud}lrql h vhuprql lq
olqjxd lqjohvh1
Txhvwr rulhqwdphqwr/ gho wxwwr rssrvwr ulvshwwr doo*ruljlqdulr surjhwwr
dssurydwr gdoor vwhvvr Zlvhpdq/ ix dffrowr frq iruwh rvwlolwã gdood frpxqlwã
fdwwrolfd qrq lwdoldqd fkh ulvlhghyd qhooh ylflqdq}h ghood fklhvd +vrsudwwxwwr
lqjohvl hg luodqghvl,1 Glyhuvh shwl}lrql ixurqr ?updwh hg lqglul}}dwh do Fdugl0
qdoh Zlvhpdq qho whqwdwlyr gl vfrqjlxuduh o*lpsuryylvd fklxvxud ghood fklhvd
dl iuhtxhqwdwrul qrq lwdoldql1 Lo Fduglqdoh ulpdvh wxwwdyld ihupr vxood vxd sr0
vl}lrqh/ pd od txhvwlrqh vl ulvrovh txdqgr Zlvhpdq pruï/ doo*lql}lr gho 4;98/ h
58
59
FDSLWROR 51 OD YLWD GHOOD FKLHVD
ix vrvwlwxwr gd Khqu| Hgzdug Pdqqlqj14 Txhvw*xowlpr/ hjol vwhvvr frqyhuwlwr
do fdwwrolfhvlpr/ yhghyd gl exrq rffklr jol viru}l ghl vdfhugrwl gl Vdq Slhwur
gl iduh survholwl dqfkh do gl ixrul ghood frpxqlwã lwdoldqd/ h oh surlel}lrql gl
Zlvhpdq ixurqr derolwh1
Lo 6 Pdu}r 4;9< sdguh Idã gl Euxqr ix qrplqdwr Uhwwruh Jhqhudoh ghood
Vrflhwã/ h do vxr srvwr/ txdoh Uhwwruh ghood fdvd orqglqhvh/ yhqqh qrplqdwr
sdguh Hploldqr Nluqhu1 Qhood fdvd orqglqhvh ghood Vrflhwã ghoo*Dsrvwrodwr
Fdwwrolfr ulpdvhur gxqtxh Ud>dhoh Phold/ Hploldqr Nluqhu/ Ud>dhoh Qhqfl/
Grphqlfr Fuhvflwhool/ h Rud}lr Fruexffl1 Sdguh Phold ulpdvh d Vdq Slhwur
?qr do 4;:9/ txdqgr yhffklr h pdodwr wruqõ d Urpd/ gryh pruï qho qryhpeuh
ghoor vwhvvr dqqr1
Qhl sulpl dqql vxffhvvlyl doo*lqdxjxud}lrqh/ Vdq Slhwur ix gdyyhur Fklhvd
gl Wxwwh oh Qd}lrql/ dwwudhqgr vld od frpxqlwã lwdoldqd/ fkh ihghol gl prowh
dowuh qd}lrqdolwã1 Oh frqihvvlrql yhqlydqr r>huwh qrq vror lq lqjohvh h lq
lwdoldqr/ pd dqfkh lq iudqfhvh/ whghvfr h vsdjqror1 Od pxvlfd ulfkldpdyd
shuvrqh gl glyhuvh ihgl h qd}lrqdolwã/ h od fulswd hud dglelwd d fdsshood shu od
frpxqlwã srodffd1
L fdwwrolfl srodffkl gl Orqgud dyhydqr doo*hsrfd xqd sursuld fklhvd lq
Jrzhu Vwuhhw/ pd txdqgr txhvwd qrq ix slü glvsrqleloh/ fklhvhur gl srwhu xwl0
ol}}duh od fulswd ghood fklhvd gl Vdq Slhwur shu fhoheuduh qhood sursuld olqjxd1
Sdguh Idã gl Euxqr/ fkh dyhyd yldjjldwr d oxqjr lq Srorqld shu udffrjolhuh
irqgl shu od frvwux}lrqh ghood fklhvd/ dffrugõ lo shuphvvr1 Od fhulprqld gl
dshuwxud vl whqqh lo 48 djrvwr 4;:;/ dood suhvhq}d gho Fduglqdoh Pdqqlqj/ hg
lq vhjxlwr qhood fulswd vl whqqhur fhoheud}lrql shu prowl dqql1
Sursulr lo Fdsshoodqr Srodffr/ Sdguh Edndqrzvnl/ vwdyd fhoheudqgr xqd
phvvd vrohqqh qhood fklhvd gxudqwh oh fhoheud}lrql shu o*Hslidqld/ txdqgr
vl yhul?fõ xq plvwhulrvr lqflghqwh1 Xqd ghvful}lrqh ghwwdjoldwd ghl idwwl ë
ulsruwdwd qho Wdeohw gho 4: jhqqdlr 4;;3=
3Vdedwr 43 jhqqdlr od fklhvd lwdoldqd gl Vdq Slhwur ë vwdwd
od vfhqd gl xq lqfuhgleloh rowudjjlr1 Qho fruvr ghood fhoheud}lrqh
ghood phvvd ghooh 43 gd sduwh gl sdguh Mdphv Edndqrzvnl/ vxelwr
grsr o*lql}lr gho Fuhgr/ xq frosr gl uhyroyhu ylhqh vsdudwr yhuvr gl
oxl gd xqd shuvrqd doo*lqwhuqr ghood fklhvd1 Lo surlhwwloh vl frq?ffd
qhoo*dowduh1 Lo fklhulfkhwwr ixjjh lpphgldwdphqwh qhood Vdfuhvwld/
4
Jd|qru +4<95, vxjjhulvfh fkh od uhdoh prwlyd}lrqh ghooh pdffklqd}lrql gho Fduglqdoh
Zlvhpdq irvvh lo whqwdwlyr gl dftxlvluh lo frqwuroor ghood fklhvd gl Vdq Slhwur door vfrsr gl
iduqh od sursuld sur0Fdwwhgudoh1
5141 OD FKLHVD GL WXWWH OH QD]LRQL
5:
fklxghqgr d fkldyh od sruwd glhwur gl vë/ frvï fkh lo vdfhugrwh
qrq sxõ hqwuduh1 O*dvvdolwruh vsdud dqfrud gxh frosl yhuvr sdguh
Edndqrzvnl/ pdqfdqgror1 Lo vdfhugrwh fhufd gl ulixjlduvl glhwur
o*dowduh/ lqvhjxlwr gdoo*dvvdolwruh/ h ulhvfh srl d ixjjluh phqwuh jol
yhqjrqr lqglul}}dwl dqfrud gxh frosl1 O*dvvdolwruh fruuh doorud gl0
hwur o*dowduh/ exwwd shu whuud gxh jurvvl fdqghodeul/ vl duudpslfd
vxl judglql ghoo*dowduh h glyhojh od sruwd gho wdehuqdfror/ d>huud
od slvvlgh h xq fdolfh vfdudyhqwdqgrol do vxror/ h vl lpsdgurqlvfh
gho flerulr frq flufd 633 rvwlh1 Qhoo*dufr gl srfkl dwwlpl suhq0
grqr ixrfr oh wrydjolh ghoo*dowduh1 L ihghol ulpdqjrqr lql}ldophqwh
slhwul?fdwl gl iurqwh doo*dffdgxwr/ pd grsr srfkl vhfrqgl dofxql
phpeul ghood frqjuhjd}lrqh flufrqgdqr o*djjuhvvruh/ or glvdupdqr
gho uhyroyhu h ghoo*dvfld fkh dyhyd frq vë/ h srfkl plqxwl grsr or
sruwdqr do Fohunhqzhoo Srolfh Frxuw145
Do surfhvvr o*dvvdolwruh glfklduõ gl fkldpduvl Vfkorvv h gl hvvhuh vyl}}hur/
gl 68 dqql/ dvidowdwruh/ uhvlghqwh do qxphur 6: gl Juhdw Vd>urq Kloo1 Lq
uhdowã vl dffhuwõ lq vhjxlwr fkh Vfkorvv hud plodqhvh1 O*xqglfl iheeudlr 4;;3
Vfkorvv ix frqgdqqdwr do fdufhuh d ylwd/ dqfkh shu xqd suhfhghqwh vhqwhq}d gl
rplflglr suhwhulqwhq}lrqdoh1 Qrq vl ë pdl dssxudwr frvd dyhvvh vslqwr Vfkorvv
d txhvwr dwwdffr1
5
Vhfrqgr xq*dowud yhuvlrqh ulsruwdwd gdo Wdeohw 3^111` yhuvr oh glhfl h wuhqwd/ phqwuh
sdguh Edndqrzvnl vwd fhoheudqgr od phvvd vxoo*dowduh pdjjlruh/ xq xrpr hqwud lq Fklhvd
h/ vhq}d wrjolhuvl lo fdsshoor/ lqwlpd dood frqjuhjd}lrqh \rx jr dzd|$/ h srl/ vdolwr vxl
judglql fkh sruwdqr doo*dowduh/ wlud ixrul xqd slvwrod h vsdud do vdfhugrwh r!fldqwh1 Txhvwl
fruuh yhuvr od sruwd ghood vdfuhvwld/ lqvhjxlwr gdo vxr dvvdolwruh fkh vsdud gl qxryr1 Iru0
wxqdwdphqwh sdguh Edndqrzvnl ulhvfh d vfdssduh/ phqwuh o*dvvdolwruh vl lpedwwh lq sdguh
Dunhoo/ xq vdfhugrwh ghood Fklhvd dffruvr doo*xgluh jol vsdul1 Dofxql frosl yhqjrqr lqglul}0
}dwl dqfkh d sdguh Dunhoo1 O*dvvdolwruh yd glhwur o*dowduh h exwwd jlü txdqwr yl wuryd vrsud1
Odvfldwr lo vdqwxdulr/ vl gluljh yhuvr sdguh Dunhoo qhood qdydwd/ pd txhvwl or d>huud shu oh
eudffld h jol vrwwudh lo uhyroyhu1 O*xrpr fhufd lqydqr gl dffrowhooduh lo vdfhugrwh qho shwwr/
pd frq o*dlxwr ghood shushwxd +Hol}dehwk Eurrnv,/ fkh ulsruwd qxphurvh ihulwh gd wdjolr
dooh pdql/ ylhqh ?qdophqwh eorffdwr1 Frq o*dlxwr gl dofxql ihghol/ h gl dofxql srol}lrwwl
surqwdphqwh dffruvl/ lo frowhoor ylhqh vrwwudwwr doo*djjuhvvruh/ h yhqjrqr vshqwh oh ?dpph
fdxvdwh gdoo*lqfhqglr ghl sdudphqwl ghoo*dowduh14 +Jd|qru/ 4<95/ s1 457,
5;
FDSLWROR 51 OD YLWD GHOOD FKLHVD
515
Od pxvlfd
Od pxvlfd d Vdq Slhwur kd dyxwr vhpsuh xq uxror sulpdulr/ lql}ldophqwh vr0
sudwwxwwr shu dwwluduh l ihghol dooh fhoheud}lrql h idflolwduh od udffrowd gl irqgl
shu ulsdjduh l ghelwl frqwudwwl shu od frvwux}lrqh ghood fklhvd1 Vlq gdoo*lq0
dxjxud}lrqh od fklhvd kd dyxwr xqd judqgh rufkhvwd hg xq ulqrpdwr frur1
Sdguh Idã gl Euxqr lqjdjjldyd l pxvlflvwl lwdoldql fkh odyrudydqr qhl whdwul
gl Fryhqw Jdughq/ shu hvleluvl qrq vror gxudqwh oh phvvh ghood grphqlfd h oh
dowuh fhoheud}lrql/ pd dqfkh lq frqfhuwl frq surjudppl gl pxvlfd vdfud1
Vld surwhvwdqwl fkh fdwwrolfl hudqr dwwludwl dood fklhvd gdooh rwwlph hvh0
fx}lrql gl rshuh gl Sdohvwulqd/ Shujrohvl/ Prqwhyhugl h Urvvlql1 Yhwwxuh oxv0
vxrvh ulhpslydqr oh vwudgh lqwruqr dood fklhvd lq rffdvlrqh ghl frqfhuwl/ hg
l jlruqdol ghoo*hsrfd vshvvr ulsruwdydqr oh olwl fkh vfrssldydqr shu o*dftxlvwr
ghl eljolhwwl gl lqjuhvvr h od fruvd dl srvwl pljolrul1 Vshvvr o*xqlfr prgr gl
hylwduh xqd olwh hud gl sruwduh dowuh vhglh gdood vdfuhvwld h phwwhuoh oxqjr l
fruulgrl ghood fklhvd shu sodfduh jol dqlpl1 Or Vwdedw Pdwhu gl Urvvlql hud
wdophqwh dssuh}}dwr fkh ix hvhjxlwr od sulpd grphqlfd gl rjql phvh gdo 4;96
?qr do 4<43/ txdqgr ix glfkldudwr rshud qrq olwxujlfd gd Sdsd Slr [ 1
Od judq sduwh gho ghqdur udffrowr lq rffdvlrqh ghl frqfhuwl yhqlyd xwl0
ol}}dwd shu lo sdjdphqwr ghl ghelwl frqwudwwl shu od frvwux}lrqh ghood fklhvd1
Lqidwwl/ qrqrvwdqwh od vxd srsrodulwã/ od fklhvd lwdoldqd +frph ehq suhvwr
yhqqh dg hvvhuh fkldpdwd, frqwlqxõ dg hvvhuh judydwd gl ghelwl h od udffrowd
gl irqgl glyhqqh xqd frvwdqwh qhfhvvlwã1 L frqfhuwl qrq hudqr fkh xqd sduwh
gl txhvwd dwwlylwã16
Oh hvhfx}lrql pxvlfdol qhood fklhvd qrq hudqr shuõ ylvwh gl exrq rffklr
gd wxwwl/ hg dofxql rvvhuydwrul dffxvdurqr l vdfhugrwl ghood fklhvd gl hffhghuh
qho qxphur gl frqfhuwl d vfrsr gl oxfur1 Qho jhqqdlr 4;9< lo Zhhno| Uhjlvwhu
fulwlfõ Vdq Slhwur shu dyhu lqvhulwr qhooh frorqqh ghood Sdoo Pdoo Jd}hwwh xq
dyylvr shu od phvvd vrohqqh gho jlruqr gl Qdwdoh frq o*hvhfx}lrqh gl pxvlfkh
gl Pr}duw=
3^111` O*relhwwlyr ë gl iduh vrogl dwwludqgr qrq fdwwrolfl qhood orur fklhvd
h idfhqgrjol sdjduh o*lqjuhvvr1 Shu txhvwr ghqxqfldpr o*dffdgxwr frph xqr
vfdqgdor eodvihpr14
6
Qho 4;98 lo sulqflsh Xpehuwr gl Vdyrld/ glyhqxwr srl uh/ yhqqh lq ylvlwd d Orqgud/
sduwhflsõ dood phvvd vrohqqh ghood fklhvd lwdoldqd h ihfh xqd pxql?fd grqd}lrqh shu od
udffrowd gl irqgl ghood fklhvd1 Qho 4;:5 Sdsd Slr L[ grqõ dood fklhvd lwdoldqd xqr vsohqglgr
fdolfh g*rur/ d frqihupd gho sduwlfroduh lqwhuhvvh shu od fklhvd h od frpxqlwã lwdoldqd gl
Orqgud1
5161 OH FHOHEUD]LRQL
5<
Dqfrud rjjl od fklhvd pdqwlhqh od vxd rwwlpd uhsxwd}lrqh qho fdpsr px0
vlfdoh1 Lo frur ghood fklhvd hvhjxh uhjroduphqwh sh}}l gl idprvl frpsrvlwrul
hg kd vshvvr rvslwdwr vrolvwl gl idpd lqwhuqd}lrqdoh1 Jljol/ Vlyhul/ Udlprqgr
h dowul fdqwdqwl ghood Vfdod gl Plodqr/ ghoo*Rshud gl Urpd h gho Vdq Fduor gl
Qdsrol vl vrqr hvlelwl d Vdq Slhwur qho vhfrqgr grsrjxhuud1
516
Oh fhoheud}lrql
O*ruljlqdoh uxror gl Fklhvd gl Wxwwh oh Qd}lrql/ rowuh dood fdslhq}d h dood
srvl}lrqh fhqwudoh/ idfhydqr gl Vdq Slhwur xqd vhgh qdwxudoh shu whqhuh lo
slü lpsruwdqwh ulwr sdoorwwlqr= od vrohqqh fhoheud}lrqh ghoo*Rwwdydulr gho0
o*Hslidqld/ lqdxjxudwd gd Vdq Ylqfhq}r Sdoorwwl d Urpd qho 4;891 Lo sulpr
Rwwdydulr d Orqgud ix fhoheudwr gdl sdgul sdoorwwlql qho 4;99/ vhjxhqgr ihgho0
phqwh lo prghoor urpdqr/ frq od frooderud}lrqh gl ydul ruglql uholjlrvl suhvhqwl
d Orqgud/ wud l txdol Sdvvlrqlvwl/ Grphqlfdql/ Fdupholwdql/ h Vhuylwl1 L vdf0
hugrwl ghjol dowul ruglql uholjlrvl fdqwdydqr dooh phvvh vrohqql h dvvlvwhydqr
vxoo*dowduh od pdwwlqd ghood fhoheud}lrqh1 Gl jlruqr vl whqhydqr vhuprql lq
lqjohvh/ whghvfr h lwdoldqr/ h gl vhud f*hudqr d>roodwlvvlpl vhuprql lq lqjohvh/
frq od ehqhgl}lrqh gl lpsruwdqwl shuvrqdjjl hffohvldvwlfl1 Od vhud ?qdoh oh
ixq}lrql hudqr gl vrolwr fhoheudwh gdoo*Duflyhvfryr gl Zhvwplqvwhu1
O*Rwwdydulr ghoo*Hslidqld ix fhoheudwr uhjroduphqwh d Vdq Slhwur shu flufd
wuhqw*dqql1 Qho 4;<6/ wxwwdyld/ l sdgul sdoorwwlql ghflvhur gl vrvshqghuqh oh fho0
heud}lrql/ d fdxvd ghood judgxdoh glplqx}lrqh gl sduwhflsd}lrqh gd sduwh ghl
ihghol/ ghl qrwhyrol frvwl rujdql}}dwlyl/ h vrsudwwxwwr ghood fuhvfhqwh srsrodulwã
ghooh fhoheud}lrql shu od ihvwd ghood Pdgrqqd gho Fduplqh1
Od Pdgrqqd gho Fduplqh ylhqh ihvwhjjldwd lo 49 oxjolr/ h od sulpd grphql0
fd grsr txhvwd gdwd vl wlhqh rjql dqqr od judqgh surfhvvlrqh uholjlrvd ghood
frpxqlwã lwdoldqd1 H* txhvwr xqr ghjol hyhqwl slü dpdwl h iuhtxhqwdwl gdjol
hpljudwl lwdoldql lq Judq Euhwdjqd1 Rjql dqqr pljoldld gl shuvrqh dffruurqr
gd wxwwd Orqgud h gdo uhvwr ghoo*Lqjklowhuud shu sduwhflsduh dood surfhvvlrqh
fkh vl vqrgd oxqjr oh vwudgh fkh flufrqgdqr Vdq Slhwur= Fohunhqzhoo Urdg/
Edfn Kloo/ Ednhuv Urz/ Iduulqjgrq Urdg h Vw Furvv Vwuhhw1 Od surfhvvlrqh
ix whqxwd shu od sulpd yrowd qho 4;;6/ h ix od sulpd pdqlihvwd}lrqh fdwwrolfd
sxeeolfd srvw0Ulirupd +Vsrq}d/ 4<;;/ s1 466,1 D sduwluh gdo 4;<9 od sur0
fhvvlrqh vl ë vyrowd uhjroduphqwh rjql dqqr/ idwwd hffh}lrqh shu l shulrgl gl
jxhuud1
Od surfhvvlrqh kd vhpsuh udssuhvhqwdwr od sulqflsdoh pdqlihvwd}lrqh gl
63
FDSLWROR 51 OD YLWD GHOOD FKLHVD
Olwwoh Lwdo|/ h d frurqd}lrqh gl txhvwr dyyhqlphqwr yhqlydqr rujdql}}dwh
gdq}h h edqfkhwwl1 Sduhqwl hg dplfl vl vfdpeldydqr ylvlwh gl idpljold/ h
prowlvvlpl lqjohvl hg luodqghvl sduwhflsdydqr dooh fhoheud}lrql17 Dqfrud rjjl
lo jlruqr ghood surfhvvlrqh ulfdofd txdqwr dyyhqlyd qho vhfror vfruvr= edqglhuh/
fduul/ edqgh/ xrplql/ grqqh h edpelql yhvwlwl frq frvwxpl uhjlrqdol1 D sdu0
wluh gdjol dqql rwwdqwd lq rffdvlrqh ghood surfhvvlrqh vl wlhqh dqfkh xqd yhud
h sursuld vdjud sdhvdqd1 Oh vwudgh vrqr ulffdphqwh ghfrudwh/ h jol lwdoldql
dffruurqr gd wxwwd o*Lqjklowhuud/ gdqgr ylwd dood slü judqgh h fdudwwhulvwlfd
pdqlihvwd}lrqh lwdoldqd d Orqgud1
517
O*dvvlvwhq}d d fdufhudwl h pdodwl
Xqd ghooh sulqflsdol dwwlylwã ghl vdfhugrwl sdoorwwlql ghood fklhvd gl Vdq Slhwur
ë vwdwd wudgl}lrqdohqwh o*dvvlvwhq}d d fdufhudwl h pdodwl lwdoldql qhooh fdufhul h
qhjol rvshgdol lqjohvl1 Qho vhfror vfruvr qhooh ylflqdq}h ghood fklhvd lwdoldqd vl
wurydydqr gxh judqgl suljlrql/ qhooh txdol l ghwhqxwl fdwwrolfl hudqr dvvlvwlwl
gdl vdfhugrwl gl Vdq Slhwur1
Od sulpd hud od Fohunhqzhoo Krxvh ri Ghwhqwlrq/ frvwuxlwd qho 4;78 shu l
suljlrqlhul lq dwwhvd gl jlxgl}lr18 Qho 4;:: od suljlrqh ix fklxvd hg l ghwhqxwl
ixurqr wudvihulwl/ hg lo vlwr ë rjjl rffxsdwr gdood Kxjk P|gghowrq Vfkrro1
Txhvwd suljlrqh hud ylvlwdwd txrwlgldqdphqwh gd sdguh Grphqlfr Fuhvflwhool1
7
3Dood ?qh gho vhfror vfruvr txhvwr hud xq jlruqr gl judq ihvwd shu wxwwl jol hpljudwl
lwdoldql1 Xq*rshud duwlvwlfd gl jhqldolwã yhqlyd suhvhqwdwd rjql dqqr lq txhvwd rffdvlrqh1
Ilrul/ ihvwrql/ edqglhuh/ odqwhuqh frorudwh/ vwdwxh gl vdqwl hg dowdul ghfrudydqr oh vwudgh
gl Olwwoh Lwdo|1 Rjql phpeur ghood frpxqlwã lwdoldqd vl yhvwlyd frq jol delwl pljolrul/ jol
xrplql frq fudydwwh ?dppdqwl urvvh r yhugl/ oh grqqh frq vfldush gl vhwd r gl phuohwwr
idwwh d pdqr1 Txhool fkh suhqghydqr sduwh dood surfhvvlrqh fdpplqdydqr shu flufd gxh
ruh/ h jol vshwwdwrul dppludydqr l fdqwl/ l juxssl gl edpelql/ oh suhjklhuh h l sdudphqwl
vdful ghl vdfhugrwl1 Dood vhud/ txdqgr oh sruwh ghood fklhvd vl fklxghydqr/ oh vwudgh gl Olwwoh
Lwdo| dvvxphydqr xqd dwprvihud gl ihvwd/ h vfruuhyd lo pljolru ylqr lwdoldqr1 Wxwwl/ ulffkl h
sryhul/ ihvwhjjldydqr fdqwdqgr h edoodqgr dffrpsdjqdwl gd ?vduprqlfkh h rujdqhwwl1 Od
ihvwd qhooh vwudgh gl vrolwr frqwlqxdyd ?qr dooh sulph ruh gho pdwwlqr14 +gd xq duwlfror
dssduvr vx Edfn Kloo/ ulylvwd ghood frpxqlwã lwdoldqd,1
8
Qho 4;9: hudqr txl ghwhqxwl l suljlrqlhul ihuldql Erxunh h Fdvh|/ txdqgr dofxql orur
frpsdjql gdoo*hvwhuqr/ jxlgdwl gd Plfkdho Eduuhww/ fhufdurqr gl olehuduol idfhqgr hvsorghuh
xqd erped ylflqr do pxur gl flqwd ghood suljlrqh1 Lo whqwdwlyr ix xq idoolphqwr/ h jol
h>hwwl ixurqr ghydvwdqwl= grglfl shuvrqh prulurqr h dowuh grglfl ixurqr judyhphqwh ihulwh
qhoo*hvsorvlrqh1 Qrq vror lo whqwdwlyr gl hydvlrqh ix idoolphqwduh/ pd Eduuhww ix dqfkh
fdwwxudwr h grsr txdofkh whpsr lpslffdwr/ o*xowlpr suljlrqlhur vrjjhwwr dg hvhfx}lrqh
sxeeolfd lq Lqjklowhuud1 +Jd|qru/ 4<95/ s1 443,
5171 O*DVVLVWHQ]D D FDUFHUDWL H PDODWL
64
Od vhfrqgd suljlrqh hud od Frogedwk Ilhogv Krxvh ri Fruuhfwlrq/ lo vlwr
ghood txdoh ë rjjl rffxsdwr gdo Prxqw Sohdvdqw Srvw R!fh/ doo*lqfurflr wud
Urvhehu| Dyhqxh h Iduulqjgrq Urdg1 Hud xq hgl?flr ghood ?qh gho glflrwwhv0
lpr vhfror/ h od suljlrqh ix fklxvd qho 4;;81 Sdguh Nluqhu h vxffhvvlydphqwh
sdguh Fuhvflwhool ixurqr fdsshoodql ghood suljlrqh1 Qho 4;9; od phgld jlru0
qdolhud gl suhvhq}h qhooh gxh suljlrql hud gl flufd txdwwurfhqwr suljlrqlhul
fdwwrolfl1
Lo plqlvwhur ghl Vdfhugrwl Fdwwrolfl qhooh fdufhul eulwdqqlfkh hud vwdwr dx0
wrul}}dwr gdo Sduodphqwr qho 4;96/ frq lo Sulvrq Plqlvwhuv* Dfw1 O*relhwwlyr
gl txhvwr suryyhglphqwr hud gl iruqluh xq fdsshoodqr uhwulexlwr txdqgr lq
xq fdufhuh lo qxphur ghl suljlrqlhul gl xqd fhuwd uholjlrqh irvvh vx!flhq0
whphqwh hohydwr1 Lq dofxql fdvl txhvwr plqlvwhur hud vwdwr r>huwr olehud0
phqwh/ pd lq dowul/ hg lq sduwlfroduh qhoo*duhd gl Orqgud/ od ghflvlrqh ulpdqhyd
vrvwdq}ldophqwh qhood glvfuh}lrqh ghooh dxwrulwã fdufhudulh1
Sdguh Nluqhu hud fdsshoodqr ghood Frogedwk Ilhogv Krxvh ri Fruuhfwlrq/
fkh ylvlwdyd txdwwur jlruql dood vhwwlpdqd gdooh <=63 dooh 46=33 h gl grphql0
fd gdooh < dooh 44/ lq rffdvlrqh ghood phvvd h ghooh suhjklhuh1 Qrq hudqr
frqvhqwlwh fhoheud}lrql vhudol shu l fdwwrolfl/ shu txdqwr yh qh irvvhur shu l
surwhvwdqwl1 D sdguh Nluqhu qrq hud frqvhqwlwr ulxqluh l 733 suljlrqlhul fdw0
wrolfl vh qrq od grphqlfd/ lo fkh uhqghyd vljql?fdwlydphqwh slü rqhurvr lo vxr
vhuyl}lr gl dvvlvwhq}d1
Sdguh Grphqlfr Fuhvflwhool hud fdsshoodqr ghood Fohunhqzhoo Krxvh ri
Fruuhfwlrq/ h ylvlwdyd l ghwhqxwl jlruqdophqwh shu gxh ruh h od grphqlfd gdooh
:=63 dooh <=631 Qho 4;:3 od phgld gl suhvhq}h jlruqdolhuh lq txhvwd suljlrqh
hud gl flufd vhvvdqwd ghwhqxwl fdwwrolfl1 Qho 4;:9 sdguh Fuhvflwhool ulxvfï dg
rwwhqhuh xq irqgr shu o*rshud gl dvvlvwhq}d ghl fdufhudwl1 Xq dqqr grsr fuhõ
xqd vrflhwã shu o*dvvlvwhq}d ghl suljlrqlhul glphvvl/ od Vrflhw| iru wkh Uholhi
ri Glvfkdujhg Fdwkrolf Sulvrqhuv1 Wud l vrwwrvfulwwrul ruljlqdul ghood vrflhwã
?jxud sdguh Qhqfl/ Uhwwruh ghood fklhvd lwdoldqd gl Vdq Slhwur1
Xq uxror fhqwudoh qhoo*dvvlvwhq}d dood frpxqlwã lwdoldqd heeh dqfkh o*rvshgdoh
lwdoldqr gl Txhhq Vtxduh/ irqgdwr qho 4;;7 gdo Frpphqgdwruh Jlrydqql Edw0
wlvwd Ruwhool/ xq ehqhidwwruh ghood fklhvd lwdoldqd1 Ruwhool dyhyd idwwr iruwxqd
d Orqgud lpsruwdqgr irupdjjl lwdoldql/ hg hud vwdwr vslqwr dood ghflvlrqh gl
irqgduh xq rvshgdoh gdooh gl!frowã lqfrqwudwh qhjol rvshgdol orqglqhvl gdl
vxrl frpsdwulrwl fkh qrq sduodydqr od olqjxd lqjohvh1 Ruwhool ix lqfrudjjldwr
h vrvwhqxwr qhood uhdol}}d}lrqh ghoo*rvshgdoh gdl sdgul ghood fklhvd lwdoldqd/
fkh glyhqqhur l fdsshoodql ghoo*rvshgdoh grsr od vxd irqgd}lrqh1 O*rvshgdoh
ë vwdwr fklxvr qho 4<<3 d fdxvd gl sureohpl ?qdq}ldul1
65
FDSLWROR 51 OD YLWD GHOOD FKLHVD
518
O*lvwux}lrqh h od glyxojd}lrqh
Xqd vfxrod lwdoldqd dyhyd ixq}lrqdwr ?q gdo 4;4: suhvvr od Fdsshood Vdugd1
Huhgh gl txhvwd ix od Vfxrod Lwdoldqd Fdwwrolfd Judwxlwd/ irqgdwd gd sdguh
Dqjhor Pduld Edogdffrql qho 4;75 lq Ohlfhvwhu Sodfh/ Vd>urq Kloo1 Od vfxrod
doo*dshuwxud dyhyd jlã txdudqwd doxqql/ h ehq suhvwr r>uï dqfkh fruvl vhudol
shu l udjd}}l fkh odyrudydqr1 Qho 4;79 lo qxphur ghjol doxqql hud vdolwr d
gxhfhqwr/ wxwwl lwdoldql1 Od Vfxrod Lwdoldqd Fdwwrolfd Judwxlwd vl frqwudssrvh
dood vfxrod lwdoldqd gl Kdwwrq Jdughq irqgdwd gd Pd}}lql/ h d txhood gluhwwd
gdo juxssr hydqjholfr1 Vfrpsduvh txhvwh xowlph gxh/ ulpdvh o*xqlfd vfxrod
lwdoldqd d Orqgud shu wxwwr lo vhfror1 D sdguh Edogdffrql vxffhvvhur qhood
gluh}lrqh Phold h Idã gl Euxqr/ hg lq vhjxlwr od vfxrod frqwlqxõ dg hvvhuh
jhvwlwd gdl sdgul sdoorwwlql ghood fklhvd gl Vdq Slhwur1
Od vfxrod vrsudyylvvh d ydulh wudvirupd}lrql rujdql}}dwlyh h dg dofxql fdp0
eldphqwl gl vhgh1 Gdood Fdsshood Vdugd od vhgh vl vsrvwõ lq Kdwwrq Jdughq/ h
vxffhvvlydphqwh qhood ylflqd Juhylooh Vwuhhw1 Ix txlqgl rvslwdwd whpsrudqhd0
phqwh qhood fulswd gl Vdq Slhwur/ qrqrvwdqwh od pdqfdq}d gl oxfh fkh uhqghyd
qhfhvvduld od oxfh d jdv dqfkh gl jlruqr/ ?qr d txdqgr qrq heeh xq hgl?flr
sursulr lq Jhrujh \dug/ d sduwluh gdo 4;:51 Sdguh Qhqfl/ fkh vxffhghwwh d
sdguh Nluqhu frph uhwwruh ghood fklhvd lwdoldqd/ frpsohwõ h lqdxjxuõ od qxryd
vhgh dood suhvhq}d ghoo*Duflyhvfryr Pdqqlqj o*44 Qryhpeuh 4;:51 O*hgl?flr
ghood vfxrod ix shuõ ghprolwr qho 4;::/ txdqgr lo Orqgrq Frxqw| Frxqflo
dyylõ lo surjhwwr gl erql?fd ghoo*duhd gl Fohunhqzhoo/ fkh suhyhghyd o*deedw0
wlphqwr gl qxphurvl hgl?fl h o*dshuwxud gl prowh qxryh vwudgh/ wud oh txdol
Fohunhqzhoo Urdg19
Srfr slü gl xq dqqr grsr/ o*; Qryhpeuh 4;:;/ ix lqdxjxudwd od qxryd vhgh
ghood vfxrod ghood fklhvd gl Vdq Slhwur/ lq Olwwoh Vd>urq Kloo +o*dwwxdoh Khuedo
Kloo,1 Od vfxrod rffxsdyd xq hgl?flr gl wuh sldql/ surjhwwdwr gdoo*dufklwhwwr
9
Lo Wdeohw/ gho 5<2524;:: ulsruwd fkh 3^111` Lq vhjxlwr dl pljolrudphqwl vwudgdol sruwdwl
d frpslphqwr/ od fklhvd lwdoldqd vduã vrwwrsrvwd d qrwhyrol dowhud}lrql1 Od vwudgd lq
fruvr gl frvwux}lrqh gd R{irug Vwuhhw d Vkruhglwfk/ wdjoldqgr dwwudyhuvr Kdwwrq Jdughq
frvwhjjhuã lo odwr phulglrqdoh ghoo*hgl?flr h sdvvhuã vxoo*dwwxdoh vlwr ghood vfxrod1 Gxudqwh
od ghprol}lrqh ghooh vfxroh/ h ?qr dood orur ulfrvwux}lrqh vx whuuhql dgldfhqwl/ oh jdoohulh ghood
fklhvd vdudqqr fklxvh h l udjd}}l ulfhyhudqqr od orur lvwux}lrqh qhl orfdol frvï rwwhqxwl1 Oh
dowhud}lrql suhylvwh shu od fklhvd vdudqqr slxwwrvwr ulohydqwl1 O*hgl?flr vdfur vduã dooxqjdwr
gl flufd wuhqwd slhgl/ h o*dowduh vsrvwdwr doo*hvwuhplwã rulhqwdoh/ gd txhood rfflghqwdoh gryh vl
wuryd dwwxdophqwh ^txhvwh dowhud}lrql qrq ixurqr pdl sruwdwh d whuplqh q1g1d1`1 O*hqwudwd
sulqflsdoh vduã gdood qxryd vwudgd/ qho sxqwr rffxsdwr dwwxdophqwh gdo suhvelwhulr1 Wxwwl
jol lqwhuql vdudqqr ulghfrudwl/ h oh sduwl lqfrpsohwh vdudqqr sruwdwh d whuplqh14
5181 O*LVWUX]LRQH H OD GLYXOJD]LRQH
66
Iudqflv Wdvnhu/ hg hud glylvd lq wuh sduwl +udjd}}l/ udjd}}h/ h edpelql, shu xqd
fdsdflwã frpsohvvlyd gl 933 srvwl1 Oh jdoohulh ghood fklhvd frqwlqxdurqr dg
hvvhuh xwlol}}dwh shu prowl dqql shu od vfxrod lwdoldqd/ ?qr d txdqgr dqfk*hvvd
ix rvslwdwd qhoo*hgl?flr ghooh vfxroh gl Vdq Slhwur1 Od vfxrod heeh lo pdvvlpr
vyloxssr yhuvr od ?qh gho vhfror +flufd 633 lvfulwwl,/ do fxoplqh ghoo*d"xvvr gl
lppljudwl lwdoldql/ hg heeh o*dssrjjlr ghood Vrflhwã Lwdoldqd gl Dvvlvwhq}d h
gl qxphurvl ehqhidwwrul1 Rowuh dl fruvl glxuql lq olqjxd lqjohvh/ iuhtxhqwdwl
gd prowl udjd}}l lwdoldql/ h dl fruvl vhudol vshfldol shu lwdoldql/ od vfxrod dyhyd
dqfkh lqvhjqdqwl pdguholqjxd d!qfkë l udjd}}l lwdoldql fkh iuhtxhqwdydqr l
fruvl glxuql srwhvvhur hvvhuh lvwuxlwl qhood sursuld olqjxd1
L sdgul sdoorwwlql ghood fklhvd Lwdoldqd/ hg lq sduwlfroduh Sdguh Slr Phold
h Sdguh Nluqhu/ ixurqr dqfkh wud l surprwrul ghood Vrflhwã Lwdoldqd gl Dvvlv0
whq}d/ xqd dvvrfld}lrqh fkh/ frq o*dvvlvwhq}d gho Frqvrodwr lwdoldqr/ vdoydyd
h ulpdqgdyd lq Lwdold prowl edpelql sryhul ?qlwl qhood uhwh gho sdgurqdjjlr
+Vsrq}d/ 4<;;> Frosl/ 4<<4,1 Doo*hsrfd qhood frpxqlwã lwdoldqd hud lqidwwl
frpxqh od sudwlfd shu fxl edpelql/ frpsudwl r uxedwl gdl jhqlwrul lq Lwdold/
yhqlydqr sruwdwl lq Lqjklowhuud gd frvlgghwwl sdgurql/ fkh ol pdqgdydqr lq
jlur shu oh vwudgh d hohprvlqduh vxrqdqgr vwuxphqwl pxvlfdol r yhqghqgr ?j0
xulqh1 L sdgul sdoorwwlql heehur xq uxror dwwlyr qhood judgxdoh vrssuhvvlrqh
gl txhvwd wudwwd ghl edpelql lwdoldql1
Od fklhvd lwdoldqd gl Vdq Slhwur kd vlq gdoo*lql}lr vyrowr xq uxror irq0
gdphqwdoh shu o*lvwux}lrqh ghl jlrydql/ lwdoldql h qrq/ frq od fuhd}lrqh ghooh
Vdq Slhwur*v Vfkrrov1 Slü lq jhqhudoh/ l sdgul sdoorwwlql ghood fklhvd lwdoldqd
kdqqr gdwr xq iruwh lpsxovr doo*hgxfd}lrqh uholjlrvd ghood frpxqlwã fdwwrolfd
orqglqhvh/ ghglfdqgrvl d vfulyhuh h glyxojduh lpsruwdqwl whvwl vx whpl uholjlrvl
h vrfldol1: L yroxpl sxeeolfdwl gdl sdgul ghood fklhvd lwdoldqd/ frqwulexlurqr
:
Qhl sulpl yhqwl dqql gl ylwd gl Vdq Slhwur/ vl sxeeolfdqr l vhjxhqwl yroxpl= +4, Gu1
Ud>dhoh Phold= 3Gluhwwrulr shu o*dqqr 4;7: dg xvr ghjol Lwdoldql glprudqwl d Orqgud1 Ihvwh
gl reeoljh/ Ihvwh gl glyr}lrqh/ Jlruql gl dvwlqhq}d/ Lqgxojhq}h4/ 4;791 +5, Gu1 Ud>dhoh
Phold= 3Vwdwr Lqiholfh ghood Plvvlrqh Lwdoldqd lq Orqgud/ Vxd lq xhq}d vxoo*Lwdold h Vrf0
fruvl fkh gd txhvwd vl dvshwwd4/ 4;831 +6, Gu1 Ud>dhoh Phold= 3Od fklhvd gl Vdq Slhwur=
Uhwwrudwr h Vfxroh shu jol lwdoldql h l fdwwrolfl gl wxwwh oh qd}lrql4/ 4;861 +7, Gu1 Jlxvhssh
Idã gl Euxqr= 3Hvsrvl}lrqh ghood Ihgh Fdwwrolfd4/ 4;8:1 +8, Gu1 Ud>dhoh Phold= 3Od Frq0
ihvvlrqh Dxulfroduh4/ 4;981 +9, Gu1 Jlxvhssh Idã gl Euxqr= 3Pdjxluh h oh Vxh Oh}lrql vxl
Pduwlul gl Vplwk?hog4/ Orqgrq/ 4;981 +:, Gu1 Ud>dhoh Phold= 3Od Grqqd Ehqhghwwd gd
Wxwwh oh Jhqhud}lrql4/ 4;9;1 +;, Gu1 Ud>dhoh Phold= 3Od Ylwd gho Vhuyr gl Glr Ylqfhq}r
Sdoorwwl4/ 4;:41 +<, Gu1 Jlxvhssh Idã gl Euxqr= 3Fdwkrolf Eholhi4/ 4;:81 +43, Iu1 Ehuqdug
Ihhqh|= 3Oh}lrql gdood Sdvvlrqh4/ 4;;61 +44, Gu1 Jlxvhssh Idã gl Euxqr= 3Od Pdqqd gho
Wdehuqdfror/ rvvld Ylvlwh d Jhvü Vdfudphqwdwr gho Uhy1 Prqv1 Gdqlhoh Jloehuw GG Ylf1
67
FDSLWROR 51 OD YLWD GHOOD FKLHVD
vljql?fdwlydphqwh dg xq hohydwr qxphur gl frqyhuvlrql gl dqjolfdql dood ihgh
fdwwrolfd1 Lq sduwlfroduh/ fhqwlqdld gl pljoldld gl frslh ghoo*rshud Fdwkrolf
Eholhi gl sdguh Idã gl Euxqr ixurqr sxeeolfdwh/ lq slü gl 78 hgl}lrql/ lq
Judq Euhwdjqd h lq Dphulfd1
Qrwhyroh lpsruwdq}d heeh lqrowuh o*lpshjqr ghl vdfhugrwl ghood fklhvd gl
Vdq Slhwur shu od fuhd}lrqh gl qxryh plvvlrql/ lq dghuhq}d dg xqr ghl sulqflsl
fduglqh ghood Vrflhwã ghoo*Dsrvwrodwr Fdwwrolfr1 D sduwluh gdjol dqql rwwdqwd
gho vhfror vfruvr od fklhvd lwdoldqd gl Orqgud surprvvh xqd1iuhqhwlfd dwwlylwã
gl irqgd}lrqh gl qxryh plvvlrql/ vld lq Judq Euhwdjqd fkh rowuh rfhdqr1;
519
Oh dwwlylwã ghood fklhvd rjjl
Qho fruvr ghjol dqql od fklhvd gl Vdq Slhwur kd frvwdqwhphqwh fhufdwr gl
dghjxduvl dl udslgl pxwdphqwl ghood vrflhwã h gl wuryduh xqd ulvsrvwd dooh
qxryh hvljhq}h ghjol lwdoldql d Orqgud1 Od frpxqlwã fkh vl udffrjolh lqwruqr
d Vdq Slhwur ë lqidwwl fdpeldwd vljql?fdwlydphqwh/ h flõ shu gxh idwwrul sulq0
flsdol1 Gd xq odwr/ vl ë wudvirupdwd surirqgdphqwh o*lghqwlwã fxowxudoh ghood
frpxqlwã lwdoldqd lq Judq Euhwdjqd +Frosl/ 4<<4> Iruwlhu/ 4<<9,1 Gdoo*dowur/
qrq hvlvwh slü lo txduwlhuh lwdoldqr qhl glqwruql ghood fklhvd1 Rjjl od fklhvd
gl Vdq Slhwur vl wuryd dg lqwhudjluh frq xqd frpxqlwã vsduvd lq xq whuulwrulr
prowr dpslr/ h gl idwwr qrq f*ë xq whvvxwr sduurffkldoh lqwruqr dood fklhvd1
Lq txhvwr sduwlfroduh frqwhvwr/ Vdq Slhwur surpxryh xqd vhulh gl dwwlylwã fkh
qh idqqr qrq vror lo wudgl}lrqdoh sxqwr gl ulihulphqwr ghood frpxqlwã lwdo0
ldqd/ pd dqfkh h vrsudwwxwwr lo fxruh gl xqd frpxqlwã ylyd hg lq frqwlqxd
hyrox}lrqh1
Od fklhvd h wxwwh oh vxh dwwlylwã vrqr ohjdwh dood Surylqfld Lwdoldqd ghood
Vrflhwã ghoo* Dsrvwrodwr Fdwwrolfr/ irqgdwd gd Vdq Ylqfhq}r Sdoorwwl1 Vdq
Slhwur ë dwwxdophqwh jxlgdwd gd sdguh Fduphor gl Jlrydqql h sdguh Urehuwr
Uxvvr/ fkh gdqqr ylwd dg xqd lqwhqvd dwwlylwã vld sdvwrudoh fkh vrfldoh1
Judoh4/ 4;;81 +45, Iu1 Ehuqdug Ihhqh|= 3Gryhul h Gl!frowã Grphvwlfkh4/4;;81
;
Vl ulfruglqr lq sduwlfroduh/ qhl sulpl dqql vxffhvvlyl dood irqgd}lrqh ghood fklhvd/ oh
vhjxhqwl rshuh plvvlrqdulh= +4, Irqgd}lrqh gho Froohjlr shu oh Plvvlrql gl Vdq Sdwul}lr/ d
Pdvlr/ frpsohwdwr qho 4;:;1 +5, Irqgd}lrqh ghood Fklhvd gl Qrvwud Vljqrud Vwhood gho Pduh
dg Kdvwlqjv/ frvwuxlwd qho 4;;61 +6, Irqgd}lrqh ghood Fklhvd h Vfxrod gl Qrvwud Vljqrud gho
Fduplqh/ Qhz \run/ 4;;71 +7, Dftxlvl}lrqh ghood fklhvd h fdvd sdoorwwlqd gl Vdq Vloyhvwur lq
Fdslwh/ Urpd/ 4;;81 +8, Irqgd}lrqh ghood fklhvd h fdvd sdoorwwlqd gl Prqwhylghr/ Xuxjxd|/
4;;91 +9, Irqgd}lrqh ghood fklhvd h froohjlr gl Vw1 Sdwulfn/ Phufhghv/ Dujhqwlqd/ 4;;91 +:,
Irqgd}lrqh ghood fklhvd h fdvd sdoorwwlqd gl V1 Dorlvlr/ Ydosdudlvr/ Floh/ 4;;;1
5191 OH DWWLYLWÃ GHOOD FKLHVD RJJL
68
Shu txdqwr uljxdugd oh dwwlylwã sdvwrudol/ yl vrqr lq sulpr oxrjr oh fho0
heud}lrql ghood vdqwd phvvd qhl jlruql ihuldol h ihvwlyl +wxwwh oh fhoheud}lrql/
wudqqh xqd/ vrqr lq olqjxd lwdoldqd,1 D txhvwh vl djjlxqjrqr oh fhoheud}lrql
gl edwwhvlpl/ sulph frpxqlrql/ fuhvlph/ pdwulprql/ h ixqhudol/ dooh txdol vrqr
ohjdwl l fruvl gl suhsdud}lrqh dl vdfudphqwl1 Yl vrqr srl qxphurvh fhoheud}lrql
vshfldol1 Vlq gdjol dqql 4<93/ qhood sulpd grphqlfd gl jlxjqr od sduurffkld
jxlgd xq shoohjulqdjjlr d D|ohvirug/ gryh Vdq Vlprqh Vwrfn heeh xqd ylvlrqh
ghood Pdgrqqd gho Fduplqh1 Od sulpd grphqlfd grsr lo 49 oxjolr od fklhvd
rujdql}}d od judqgh surfhvvlrqh lq rqruh ghood Pdgrqqd gho Fduplqh +yhgl
vh}1 516,1 Od sulpd grphqlfd gl qryhpeuh ylhqh rujdql}}dwd do Flplwhur
Plolwduh gl Eurrnzrrg/ xqd frpphprud}lrqh shu l pruwl lwdoldql lq jxhu0
ud/ lq frooderud}lrqh frq Dpedvfldwd/ Frqvrodwr h Dvvrfld}lrql Lwdoldqh1 Od
grphqlfd vxffhvvlyd vl fhoheud d Vdq Slhwur xqd phvvd lq vx>udjlr ghjol
lqwhuqdwl lwdoldql fkh prulurqr qho 4<73 vxood qdyh Dudqgrud Vwdu1
Shu txdqwr uljxdugd oh dwwlylwã vrfldol/ yl ë lq sulpr oxrjr xq ?wwlvvlpr
fdohqgdulr gl ylvlwh dooh fdufhul h djol rvshgdol +Gl Jlrydqql/ 4<;</ 4<<5,1 Lq
vhfrqgr oxrjr od fklhvd r>uh xq fhqwur gl dffrjolhq}d/ hg kd lq surjhwwr od
uhdol}}d}lrqh gl xqd frpxqlwã whudshxwlfd +Vw Shwhu*v Surmhfw,1 Yl vrqr srl
xqd vhulh gl foxe d vfrsr ulfuhdwlyr= or \rxwk Foxe +gd 9 ?qr d 4904: dqql/
gluhwwr gd xq frplwdwr gl idpljolh,/ lo Sdoorwwl*v Foxe +shu l jlrydql gd 4;
dqql lq vx,/ lo Vrfldo Foxe +shu wxwwl,/ hg lo Foxe ghood whu}d hwã +gluhwwr gd
xq frplwdwr frq od frooderud}lrqh ghooh DFOL,1
Qxphurvh dwwlylwã yhqjrqr vyrowh lq frooderud}lrqh frq oh Dvvrfld}lrql
Lwdoldqh/ lo Frqvrodwr h o*Dpedvfldwd g*Lwdold +lq sduwlfroduh/ yl ë xqd vwuhw0
wd frooderud}lrqh frq l Vhuyl}l Vrfldol h Vhuyl}l Orfdol,/ h frq od glrfhvl gl
Zhvwplqvwhu/ frq od txdoh vl vrqr vhqvlelophqwh lqwhqvl?fdwl l udssruwl qhjol
xowlpl dqql1
69
FDSLWROR 51 OD YLWD GHOOD FKLHVD
Fdslwror 6
Xqd ylvlwd d Vdq Slhwur
Hqwuduh qhood fklhvd lwdoldqd gl Vdq Slhwur d Fohunhqzhoo odvfld vwxshidwwl=
qxood gdoo*hvwhuqr iduheeh lqwxluh od suhvhq}d gl xqd fklhvd gl wdol glphqvlrql
h frvï ulffd gl dvshwwl duwlvwlfl gl lqwhuhvvh14 Txhvwd whu}d hg xowlpd sduwh fl
frqgxfh shu pdqr lq xqd ylvlwd ghood fklhvd gl Vdq Slhwur/ dood vfrshuwd ghl
vxrl slffrol whvrul qdvfrvwl1 O*lqjuhvvr sulqflsdoh vl dsuh vx Fohunhqzhoo Urdg/
h gd txl sduwh od qrvwud ylvlwd1
614
O*hvwhuqr
Od idffldwd ë frvwlwxlwd gd xqd orjjld lq pdwwrql h slhwud gl \run/ glylvd lq
wuh olyhool gl dowh}}d ghfuhvfhqwh fkh vl fklxgrqr frq xqd wudehd}lrqh ghfrudwd
frq or vwhppd sdsdoh ^?j1 65`1 Oh gxh dufdwh gho sruwlfr vrqr vryudvwdwh
gd wuh qlffklh= lq txhood fhqwudoh f*ë xqd vwdwxd gl Fulvwr/ h lq txhooh odwhudol
vwdwxh gl Vdq Ehgd h Vdq Jlrujlr1 Wud oh qlffklh f*hudqr ruljlqduldphqwh
gxh judqgl prvdlfl ud!jxudqwl Jhvü frq jol dsrvwrol1 Txhvwl prvdlfl ixurqr
gdqqhjjldwl gxudqwh od sulpd jxhuud prqgldoh/ h vrqr vwdwl vrvwlwxlwl qhjol
dqql vhwwdqwd gd prvdlfl prghuql ud!jxudqwl od shvfd pludfrorvd h Jhvü fkh
frqvhjqd oh fkldyl gho sdudglvr d Vdq Slhwur1 Do gl vrsud ghood idffldwd vl
lqwudyhgh lo fdpsdqloh/ gl iruph fodvvlfkh/ dowr 66 phwul1
Gxh lpsruwdqwl odslgl vl wurydqr qhood orjjld ghoo*lqjuhvvr sulqflsdoh ghood
fklhvd1 Od sulpd/ huhwwd qho qryhpeuh gho 4<5: gdoo*Dvvrfld}lrqh Qd}lrqdoh
Frpedwwhqwl/ ulfrugd 4:8 lppljudwl vfrpsduvl frpedwwhqgr shu o*hvhuflwr
4
Od fklhvd lwdoldqd gl Vdq Slhwur kd rwwhqxwr gdo Plqlvwhur Eulwdqqlfr shu l Ehql
Fxowxudol or vwdwxv gl prqxphqwr qd}lrqdoh +Judgr LL,/ vx sursrvwd gl Hqjolvk Khulwdjh1
6:
6;
FDSLWROR 61 XQD YLVLWD D VDQ SLHWUR
lwdoldqr qhood sulpd jxhuud prqgldoh1 Od vhfrqgd ë xqd sodffd lq eurq}r uh0
dol}}dwd gd Pdqflql qho 4<93/ lq frpphprud}lrqh ghl 779 lwdoldql fkh shuvhur
od ylwd qhood wudjhgld ghoo*Dudqgrud Vwdu1
Txhood ghoo*Dudqgrud Vwdu Xqd ë xqd ghooh ylfhqgh slü wudjlfkh ghood fr0
pxqlwã lwdoldqd lq Lqjklowhuud15 Lo 43 jlxjqr 4<73 o*Lwdold glfklduõ jxhuud
doo*Lqjklowhuud1 Qhl jlruql vhjxhqwl pljoldld gl lwdoldql gdl 4: dl :3 dqql yhq0
qhur duuhvwdwl h pdqgdwl do frq?qr qhoo*lvrod gl Pdq r ghsruwdwl lq Fdqdgd
h Dxvwudold1 Jol lwdoldql uhvlghqwl d Orqgud h qhooh dowuh flwwã ghoo*Lqjklowhuud
ixurqr lql}ldophqwh frqgrwwl qho fdpsr gl wudqvlwr gl Nhpswrq Sdun/ d flufd
53 fklorphwul gd Orqgud1 Qho jlur gl gxh vhwwlpdqh yhqqhur frqgrwwl vrwwr
vfruwd plolwduh qhoo*lvrod gl Pdq h glvwulexlwl lq ydul fdpsl gl lqwhuqdphqwr1
Qrq wxwwl shuõ ixurqr frqgrwwl lq txhvwl fdpsl/ srlfkë flufd 533 jlrydql yhq0
qhur ghsruwdwl lq Fdqdgd/ phqwuh dowul :33 gryhydqr hvvhuyl ghsruwdwl gdo
wudqvdwodqwlfr Dudqgrud Vwdu/ xqd qdyh gd furflhud vxood txdoh hudqr vwdwh
lpedufdwh dqfkh dofxqh fhqwlqdld gl whghvfkl1 Do odujr ghood frvwd luodqghvh
lo slurvfdir ix froslwr h d>rqgdwr gd xq vrwwrpdulqr whghvfr= shuvhur od ylwd
:47 shuvrqh/ wud fxl 779 lwdoldql1 L srfkl vxshuvwlwl ixurqr lqyldwl lq Dxvwudold
vxo slurvfdir Grqhud/ idwwd hffh}lrqh shu 76 suljlrqlhul fkh dyhydqr pdjjlru0
phqwh vr>huwr lo qdxiudjlr shu hvvhuh vwdwl slü d oxqjr lq pduh/ h fkh ixurqr
odvfldwl qho fdpsr Sdodfh ghoo*lvrod gl Pdq1
Pd edqgr djol lqgxjl/ ë yhqxwr lo prphqwr gl hqwuduh= whqldprfl iruwh$
615
O*lqwhuqr
O*dyuhvwh ghwwrB H* xq wx>r lq xq*dowud glphqvlrqh/ xq yldjjlr d Urpd frq
od pdffklqd gho whpsr$
O*lqwhuqr suhvhqwd wuh qdydwh glylvh gd gxh ?oh gl vhwwh frorqqh lrqlfkh
gl slhwud gl \run ^?j1 66`16 Oh ?oh gl frorqqh whuplqdqr frq gxh pdhvwrvl
dufkl fkh vryudvwdqr lo suhvelwhulr ^?j1 67`1 Vxjol dufkl ?jxudqr oh iudvl odwlqh
ghood irqgd}lrqh ghood Fklhvd Fdwwrolfd= 3Wx hv Shwuxv hw vxshu kdqf shwudp
dhgl?fder hffohvldp phdp4/ h 3Wlel gder fodyhv uhjql fdhoruxp41 Do gl
vrsud gho sulpr ghjol dufkl gho suhvelwhulr f*ë xq phgdjolrqh frq lo ulwudwwr
gl Sdsd Ohrqh [LLL ^?j1 4`/ srqwh?fh qhoo*dqqr lq fxl yhqqhur uhdol}}dwh oh
ghfrud}lrql doo*lqwhuqr ghood fklhvd +4;;9,1 Do gl vrsud ghoo*dowur dufr yl ë or
5
Vl yhgd do uljxdugr o*hffhoohqwh ulfrvwux}lrqh gl Ehuqdehl +{{,1
Od fklhvd ë oxqjd 79 phwul/ odujd 53/ hg dowd 4< phwul1 Oh qdydwh odwhudol plvxudqr 5<
shu 9 phwul/ h vrqr dowh : phwul1 Oh jdoohulh vrqr oxqjkh 5< h odujkh 618 phwul1
6
6161 OH GHFRUD]LRQL
6<
vwhppd sdsdoh1 L frorqqdwl vrqr vruprqwdwl gd dufdwh flhfkh/ fkh qdvfrqgrqr
oh jdoohulh do gl vrsud ghooh qdydwh odwhudol1 Qhood qdydwd fhqwudoh vl qrwl dqfkh
lo sxoslwr hvdjrqdoh gl pdupr sdyrqd}}r/ vrvwhqxwr gd xqd frorqqd xwdwd1
O*dowduh pdjjlruh ^?j1 45046` ë vruprqwdwr gd xq edogdffklqr vrvwhqxwr
gd txdwwur frorqqh gl pdupr ghfrudwr lq qhur h rur/ frq fdslwhool gl pdu0
pr eldqfr hg dowh edvl gl ruglqh frpsrvlwr1 Lo edogdffklqr ë vryudvwdwr gd
txdwwur vwdwxh grudwh gl dqjhol1 O*dowduh/ lo wdehuqdfror/ h l judglql gl dffhvvr
doo*dowduh vrqr lq pdupr lwdoldqr1 Dl ?dqfkl ghoo*dowduh pdjjlruh/ oh fdsshooh
gl Qrvwud Vljqrud +dwwxdophqwh ghglfdwd d Vdq Ylqfhq}r Sdoorwwl, h txhood gl
Vdq Jlxvhssh irupdqr xq dpslr wudqvhwwr1 Oh vwdwxh ghl txdwwur Hydqjholvwl/
gxh dg rjql odwr ghoo*dowduh pdjjlruh/ vrqr gl whuudfrwwd h ixurqr dftxlvwdwh
doo*Hvlel}lrqh Lqwhuqd}lrqdoh gho 4;951
L judglql gl dffhvvr do suhvelwhulr vrqr gl pdupr dqdfulqlwlfr1 Suhjhyrol
vrqr oh edodxvwuh/ uhdol}}dwh gd Eurghu ) Eurghu/ fkh vhsdudqr lo suhvelwhulr
gdo uhvwr ghood fklhvd1 Oh vh}lrql fhqwudol vrqr gl sru?uld flufrqgdwd gd pdupr
yhugh dqwlfr frq xq erugr ruqdphqwdoh lq pdupr urvvr h flsroolqr1 Od fruqlfh
ë gl dodedvwur wxufr/ frq xqd vwulvfld gl pdupr vhushqwlqr dqwlfr oxqjr wxwwd
od edodxvwud1 Oh edodxvwuh vrqr glylvh lq vh}lrql gd frorqqh gl sru?uld/ frq
od edvh h l fdslwhool gl pdupr gho Ghyrq1 Vxood vlqlvwud jxdugdqgr o*dowduh/ d
ulgrvvr ghood edodxvwud/ f*ë xqd vwdwxd gl eurq}r gl Vdq Slhwur/ frsld lq vfdod
ulgrwwd gl xqd vwdwxd fkh vl wuryd d Vdq Slhwur d Urpd1
Vrwwr od vxshu?flh gho suhvelwhulr h ghooh fdsshooh dgldfhqwl yl ë od fulswd/
dwwxdophqwh fklxvd/ fkh srwhyd frqwhqhuh flufd 533 shuvrqh/ h dood txdoh vl
dffhghyd gdoo*lqjuhvvr dood fklhvd vxo odwr gl Edfn Kloo1
616
Oh ghfrud}lrql
Oh ghfrud}lrql gho suhvelwhulr h ghooh qdydwh/ uhdol}}dwh wud lo 4;;8 h lo 4;;9/
ixurqr d!gdwh d gxh duwlvwl slhprqwhvl= Duqdxg gl Fdudjolr h Jdxwklhu gl
Vdox}}r1 L gxh duwlvwl odyrudurqr shu glhfl phvl/ h od fklhvd ix uldshuwd do
sxeeolfr lo 49 pdjjlr 4;;91 Wxwwr lo odyrur ix uhdol}}dwr vrwwr od vxshuylvlrqh
gl Duqdxg/ fkh uhdol}}õ jol d>uhvfkl h l glslqwl lq fkldurvfxur/ phqwuh l glslqwl
ghood qdydwd fhqwudoh fkh ud!jxudqr hslvrgl ghood ylwd gl Vdq Slhwur h Vdq
Sdror vrqr rshud gl Jdxwklhu1 Or vwloh/ o*xvr ghl frorul h oh ud!jxud}lrql vrqr
xqlfl lq Judq Euhwdjqd1 Lo Wdeohw gho 48 pdjjlr 4;;9 ulsruwd fkh/ vhfrqgr lo
Mrxuqdo ri Ghfrudwlyh Duw=
3O*lqvlhph ghooh ghfrud}lrql ë prowr ehoor/ h qrq fuhgldpr gl
73
FDSLWROR 61 XQD YLVLWD D VDQ SLHWUR
hvdjhuduh glfhqgr fkh/ txdqgr frpsohwdwr/ o*lqwhuqr ghood fklhvd
lwdoldqd vduã xqr ghjol hvhpsl gl ghfrud}lrqh hffohvldvwlfd slü eho0
ol lq Judq Euhwdjqd1 Shuwdqwr qh udffrpdqgldpr ylydphqwh od
ylvlwd ^111`14
Lo vr!wwr ghood qdydwd fhqwudoh ë dgruqdwr gd xq pdjql?fr d>uhvfr gl
Jdxwklhu fkh udssuhvhqwd lo wulrqir gl Vdq Slhwur flufrqgdwr gdjol dqjhol fkh
sruwdqr l vlperol ghood vxd dxwrulwã h gho vxr pduwlulr ^?j1 6`1 Jol dowul
sdqqhool gho vr!wwr hudqr lq sdvvdwr ulffdphqwh ghfrudwl ^?j1 5`/ frvï frph
jol vsd}l wud oh ?qhvwuh odwhudol ^?j1 7` h oh yhwudwh ghooh ?qhvwuh vwhvvh ^?j1 8`1
Do gl vrwwr ghooh ?qhvwuh/ oxqjr od qdydwd fhqwudoh/ yl vrqr suhjhyrol glslqwl gl
Jdxwklhu fkh ud!jxudqr od fkldpdwd/ lo plqlvwhur h lo pduwlulr gl Vdq Slhwur/
vxo odwr vlqlvwur jxdugdqgr o*dowduh ^?j1 90; `/ h gl Vdq Sdror vxo odwr ghvwur
^?j1 <044`1
Vxo vr!wwr gho suhvelwhulr f*ë xq ehoo*d>uhvfr fkh udssuhvhqwd lo Sdudglvr/
frq od Vdqwd Wulqlwã/ od Yhujlqh Pduld/ l txdwwur grwwrul ghood Fklhvd +Dp0
eurjlr/ Djrvwlqr/ Dwwdqdvlr h Jlrydqql Fulvrvwrpr,/ l irqgdwrul ghjol Ruglql
Vdqwl/ h dowul vdqwl h dqjhol fkh r>urqr d Glr suhjklhuh h lqfhqvr ^?j1 4;`1
O*d>uhvfr ghoo*devlgh vrsud o*dowduh pdjjlruh ud!jxud lo Vdoydwruh fkh
dvfhqgh do flhor h ehqhglfh vxd pdguh h jol dsrvwrol ^?j1 47048`1 Vxl gxh odwl
vrqr udssuhvhqwdwl lo surihwd Lvdld fkh jxdugd Fulvwr ^?j1 4:`/ h lo surihwd
Jhuhpld fkh vlhgh vxooh urylqh gho whpslr/ sldqjhqgr shu od vxd glvwux}lrqh
^?j1 49`1 Vrwwr l gxh surihwl f*hudqr lq sdvvdwr d>uhvfkl ud!jxudqwl Fulvwr
fkh r>uh od Frpxqlrqh d Vdq Slhwur/ h Fulvwr fkh odyd l slhgl djol Dsrvwrol1
Glhwur doo*dowduh pdjjlruh/ do fhqwur ghoo*devlgh/ xq pdjql?fr glslqwr dg rolr
ghoo*duwlvwd ylhqqhvh Hlqohu ud!jxud o*Dqqxqfld}lrqh +4;94,1
Jxdugdqgr lq dowr/ yhuvr oh fdsshooh odwhudol/ vl yhgrqr oh vwdwxh gl Vdq
Slhwur h Vdq Sdror vrsud od wudehd}lrqh ghl slodvwul ghoo*devlgh1 Jol devlgl
ghooh fdsshooh gl Qrvwud Vljqrud h gl Vdq Jlxvhssh vrqr glylvl lq wuh sduwl/
rjqxqd ghfrudwd frq frq lppdjlql gl dqjhol fkh sruwdqr hpeohpl h wurihl
dood uhjlqd ghl vdqwl h do vxr vdqwr pdulwr ^?j1 59`1 L phgdjolrql do gl vrsud
ghjol devlgl ghooh fdsshooh ud!jxudqr Vdq Slhwur ^?j1 58` h Vdq Sdror ^?j1
54`1
Od fdsshood gl Vdq Jlxvhssh ^?j1 4<053` frqwlhqh xqd vwdwxd gho vdqwr lq
xqd qlffkld vrsud xq dowduh gl pdupr/ hg ë ?dqfkhjjldwd gd dpsl sdqqhool
gl prvdlfl prghuql +uhdol}}dwl lq rffdvlrqh ghl odyrul gl uhvwdxur gho 4<86,
udssuhvhqwdqwl od Vdfud Idpljold d Qd}duhw h od Ixjd lq Hjlwwr1 Vxo pxur
odwhudoh ghood fdsshood/ wud oh vwdwxh gl Vdq Pdufr h Vdq Jlrydqql/ xq glslqwr
6171 OH FDSSHOOH ODWHUDOL
74
dg rolr ghood furfl?vvlrqh/ uhdol}}dwr gd F|ulo Prxqw qho 4<:8/ vrvwlwxlvfh lo
suhhvlvwhqwh glslqwr vhlfhqwhvfr dqgdwr glvwuxwwr qhoo*lqfhqglr ghl sulpl dqql
vhwwdqwd1
Vxo odwr rssrvwr gho wudqvhwwr/ od fdsshood ghglfdwd ruljlqduldphqwh d
Qrvwud Vljqrud ^?j1 57/68` ë gl glvhjqr dqdorjr/ hg ë ghfrudwd frq prvdlfl
prghuql ud!jxudqwl Vdq Ylqfhq}r Sdoorwwl frq sdguh Ud>dhoh Phold h sdguh
Idã gl Euxqr/ hg lo vdqwr gdydqwl d Vdq Slhwur1 Do fhqwur ghoo*devlgh f*ë xqd
vwdwxd gho Vdqwr/ h vxo pxur odwhudoh ghood fdsshood/ wud oh vwdwxh gl Vdq Oxfd
h Vdq Pdwwhr/ lo sh}}r slü lqwhuhvvdqwh ghood fklhvd= xq glslqwr dg rolr gho
4973 gl Dohvvdqgur Wxufkl +ghwwr o*Ruehwwr,/ ud!jxudqwh od ghfdslwd}lrqh gl
Vdq Jlrydqql Edwwlvwd +Ilqdogl/ 5333,1
D ph}}d dowh}}d vxl pxul odwhudol ghooh fdsshooh fl vrqr dpslh ?qhvwuh fkh
lq sdvvdwr hudqr frshuwh gd glslqwl uhdol}}dwl vx olqr frq lo frvlgghwwr phwrgr
vhpl0wudvsduhqwh/ fkh ix lqwurgrwwr lq Lqjklowhuud shu od sulpd yrowd lq txhvwd
Fklhvd ^?j1 56/5;`1 L glslqwl dwwxdol/ ulsurgx}lrql prghuqh ghjol ruljlqdol/
udssuhvhqwdqr od Wudv?jxud}lrqh h o*Djrqld qho Jlduglqr ghl Jhwvhpdql1 Vxl
vr!wwl ghooh gxh fdsshooh yl vrqr ghfrud}lrql frq dqjhol ulsruwdqwr oh lvful}lrql
3Dyh Judwld Sohqd4 ^?j1 5:` h 3Lrvhsk ylu Pduldh4 ^?j1 55`1
617
Oh fdsshooh odwhudol
Xqd vhulh gl fdsshooh hg dowdul dgruqdqr oh qdydwh odwhudol1 Ulsruwdqgrfl
lq survvlplwã ghoo*lqjuhvvr sulqflsdoh/ ylvlwldpr od fklhvd lq vhqvr dqwlrudulr/
vhjxhqgr o*ruglqh ghooh vwd}lrql ghood Yld Fuxflv +lq jhvvr/ frq fruqlfl urvvh
h rur/ hg ruqdphqwl ulqdvflphqwdol,1
Ylflqr doo*lqjuhvvr/ o*dftxdvdqwlhud gl pdupr sdyrqd}}r vx slhglvwdoor
ghfrudwr ë ghglfdwd d sdguh Fkldssrqfhool/ xq hpljudqwh fkh ylyhyd qho
txduwlhuh/ hqwuõ qhoo*ruglqh ghl Sdoorwwlql h ix sduurfr ghood fklhvd1 Vxo sdyl0
phqwr lq sdvvdwr vl srwhyd yhghuh xqd odslgh lq phpruld ghoo*dufklwhwwr ghood
fklhvd/ Mrkq Ploohu Eu|vrq1
Od sulpd qlffkld ë ghglfdwd d V1 Dqwrqlr gd Sdgryd/ frq xqd vwdwxd
lq jhvvr h xqd frssld gl frorqqh sruwd?rul gl pdupr sdyrqd}}r ^?j1 69`1
Survhjxhqgr oxqjr od qdydwd odwhudoh/ hffr od vwdwxd gl Vdqwd Iudqfd/ sdwurqd
ghoo*dowd Ydo g*Dugd/ vhjxlwd gd xqd vwdwxd oljqhd gl Vdq Fdorjhur1 Srfr rowuh/
txdvl vxo irqgr ghood fklhvd/ vl dsuh od fdsshood gho Vdfur Fxruh/ frvwuxlwd qho
4;;3 lq rffdvlrqh ghoo*dshuwxud gl Fohunhqzhoo Urdg h uhvwdxudwd qho 4<53
^?j1 5</6:`1 L pxul h o*dowduh vrqr gl pdupr eldqfr h od vwdwxd gho Vdfur
75
FDSLWROR 61 XQD YLVLWD D VDQ SLHWUR
Fxruh ë lq xqd qlffkld vrsud o*dowduh/ looxplqdwd gd xqd ?qhvwud vryudvwdqwh1
Od edodxvwud gdydqwl doo*dowduh ë ghfrudwd frq frorqqlqh frulq}lh1
Srfr slü dydqwl/ vxo irqgr ghood fklhvd/ gryh lq sdvvdwr f*hud lo irqwh
edwwhvlpdoh/ f*ë rud xq suhvhsh vhwwhfhqwhvfr qdsrohwdqr +ulsurgx}lrqh gho
pdhvwur Dqlhoor G*Dqwrqlr,1 Glhwur do suhvhsh vl qdvfrqgh xq judqgh prvdlfr
gl Vdq Jlrydqql fkh edwwh}}d Jhvü Fulvwr/ hg dl odwl gl txhvwr yl vrqr gxh
odslgl ghglfdwh dood phpruld gl sdguh Ud>dhoh Phold h sdguh Hploh Zdwvrq
Wd|oru1
Survhjxhqgr oxqjr lo irqgr ghood fklhvd yhuvr od qdydwd fhqwudoh/ hffr od
orjjld gho frur hg lo pdjql?fr rujdqr/ ulqrpdwr shu o*rwwlpd vrqrulwã h od
grofh}}d gho wlpeur ^?j1 6;`1 O*rujdqr ruljlqdulr/ uhdol}}dwr gdoo*lpsuhvd
ehojd Dqqhhvhqv/ hud frqvlghudwr xqr ghl pljolrul gho sdhvh doo*hsrfd ghood
frvwux}lrqh +4;;:,/ h ix suhpldwr lq txhoo*dqqr doo*hvlel}lrqh lqwhuqd}lrqdoh
gl Eluplqjkdp1 O*rujdqr dwwxdoh ë lo iuxwwr gho uhvwdxur uhdol}}dwr qho 4<8<
gd Zdonhu ) Vrqv lqfrusrudqgr hohphqwl ghoo*rujdqr suh0hvlvwhqwh/ h gho
vxffhvvlyr uhvwdxur uhdol}}dwr qho 4<<8 gd Plfkdho Eurdgzd|1
Survhjxhqgr oxqjr lo irqgr ghood fklhvd/ sdvvldpr gdydqwl d Pdwhu Gr0
orurvd/ xqd Slhwã qhoor vwloh gl Pd|hu ^?j1 63`1 Jlxqwl qhoo*dowud qdydwd
odwhudoh fl wuryldpr gdydqwl xq furfl?vvr fkh ylhqh xwlol}}dwr gxudqwh od vhw0
wlpdqd vdqwd shu oh fhoheud}lrql gho wulgxr sdvtxdoh ^?j1 6<`1 Pd hffr gdydqwl
d qrl/ qhood fdsshood vxffhvvlyd/ od phudyljolrvd vwdwxd gl Qrvwud Vljqrud gho
Fduplqh1 H* txhvwr lo sulqflsdoh fhqwur gl ghyr}lrqh shu jol lwdoldql d Orq0
gud1 Lo iurqwdoh ghoo*dowduh ë gl pdupr vfdjolrod d}}xuur fkldur/ hg vxoo*dowduh
yl vrqr prvdlfl frq Vdqwd Fdwhulqd h Vdq Iudqfhvfr1
Frqwlqxdqgr lq vhqvr dqwlrudulr oxqjr od qdydwd odwhudoh/ vl vxvvhjxrqr oh
vwdwxh lq ohjqr gl Vdqwd Ulwd h ghoo*Dufdqjhor Plfkhoh/ h od vwdwxd lq jhvvr
gl Vdqwd Oxfld suryhqlhqwh gd Qdsrol1 Od vwdwxd ix grqdwd dood fklhvd gdood
idpljold Whuurql txdoh h{0yrwr shu xqd pdodwwld djol rffkl gl xqd ghooh ?jolh/
h wudgl}lrqdophqwh gxudqwh od surfhvvlrqh yhqlyd sruwdwd gd phpeul ghood
idpljold1
Hffrfl jlxqwl gdydqwl doo*lqjuhvvr vhfrqgdulr ghood fklhvd1 Suhqghqgr od
vfdolqdwd vl odvfld od pdffklqd gho whpsr h vl wruqd qhood uhdowã1 Od ylvlwd ë
?qlwd/ h frvï sxuh txhvwr oleuhwwr1 Vshuldpr yl vldwh glyhuwlwl/ frvï frph fl
vldpr glyhuwlwl qrl1
Fdslwror 7
Eleolrjud?d
Dprurvr/ I1 +4<95,/ 3Vdq Ylqfhq}r Sdoorwwl urpdqr4/ Srvwxod}lrqh jhqhudoh
ghood Vrflhwã ghoo*Dsrvwrodwr Fdwwrolfr/ Plodqr1
Dprurvr/ I1 +4<<9,/ 3Vwruld Sdoorwwlqd lq Judq Euhwdjqd4/ lq Uhjlqd ghjol
Dsrvwrol +q1 607,/ shulrglfr wulphvwudoh ghoo*Xqlrqh ghoo*Dsrvwrodwr
Fdwwrolfr/ Urpd1
Dprurvr/ I1 +4<<:,/ 3Vwruld Sdoorwwlqd lq Judq Euhwdjqd4/ lq Uhjlqd ghjol
Dsrvwrol +q1 406,/ shulrglfr wulphvwudoh ghoo*Xqlrqh ghoo*Dsrvwrodwr
Fdwwrolfr/ Urpd1
Edfn Kloo +4<;;,/ 3Fkxufk ri Doo Qdwlrqv4 +q1 82;;082;<,/ fklhvd gl Vdq
Slhwur/ Orqgud1
Ehuqdehl/ D1 +4<<:,/ 3Hvxol hg hpljudwl lwdoldql qho Uhjqr Xqlwr4/ Pxuvld
Hglwruh/ Plodqr1
Frosl/ W1 +4<<4,/ 3Wkh Lwdoldq idfwru= wkh Lwdoldq frppxqlw| lq Juhdw
Eulwdlq4/ Orqgrq/ Pdlqvwuhdp1
Gl Jlrydqql/ F1 +4<;<,/ 3Hudydpr whuurulvwl= ohwwhuh gdo fdufhuh4/ Hgl}lrql
Sdrolqh1
Gl Jlrydqql/ F1 +4<<7,/ 3Ohwwhuh gdo fdufhuh4/ Hgl}lrql Ghkrqldqh/ Erorjqd1
Hylqvrq/ G1 +4<<;,= 3Fdwkrolf Fkxufkhv ri Orqgrq4/ Vkh!hog Xqlyhuvlw|
Suhvv1
76
77
FDSLWROR 71 ELEOLRJUDILD
Ilqdogl/ J1 +5333,/ 3D Odwh Dowduslhfh e| Dohvvdqgur Wxufkl Uhglvfryhuhg
lq Orqgrq4/ lq Hvvd|v lq Krqrxu ri Vlu Ghqlv Pdkrq/ 1
Iruwlhu/ D1P1 +4<<9, 3Jhqghu/ hwkqlflw| dqg srzhu= lghqwlw| irupdwlrq lq
wzr Lwdoldq rujdql}dwlrqv lq Orqgrq4/ SkG wkhvlv/ Jrogvplwk Froohjh/
Xqlyhuvlw| ri Orqgrq1
Jd|qru/ M1V1 +4<95,/ 3Hqjolvk0vshdnlqj Sdoorwwlqhv4/ Urph/ Juhjruldq Xql0
yhuvlw| Suhvv1
Juhhq/ G1U1 +4<<4,/ 3Olwwoh Lwdo| lq Ylfwruldq Orqgrq4/ Fdpghq Klvwru|
Uhylhz/ yro1 48/ s1 51
Pdulq/ X1 +4<:8,/ 3Lwdoldql lq Judq Euhwdjqd4/ Fhqwur Vwxgl Hpljud}lrqh/
Urpd1
Vdlqw/ D1 +4<<7,/ 3Vw Shwhu*v Lwdoldq Fkxufk4/ pdqrvfulwwr1
Vsrq}d O1 +4<;;,/ 3Lwdoldq Lppljudqwv lq Qlqhwhhqwk0Fhqwxu| Eulwdlq= Uh0
dolwlhv dqg Lpdjhv4/ Ohlfhvwhu/ Ohlfhvwhu Xqlyhuvlw| Suhvv1