Albo signanda lapillo
giorno da contrassegnare con un
sassolino bianco, come i romani
rappresentavano un giorno da
ricordare a causa di un lieto,
memorabile evento, come è quello
innovativo di oggi.
1
La LILT (Lega Italiana per la lotta
contro i tumori) nell'ambito
dell'attività istituzionale di
informazione e prevenzione rivolta
ai giovani, ha elaborato il progetto:
“Una mela al giorno...
il piacere che fa star bene”
Ideato da Marica Triola SVT Università di Bologna SFP via Filippo Re, 6 BOLOGNA
2
Lo scopo di questa iniziativa è di sensibilizzare gli studenti delle
scuole sulla centralità che ha una equilibrata alimentazione nella
lotta e nella prevenzione delle malattie e dei tumori. Si vuole
introdurre il concetto di piacere in modo strettamente correlato
con quello di benessere, sottolineando gli aspetti di una
alimentazione sana e naturale. Questo Ufficio, vista l'importanza
del progetto e tenuto conto che la LILT è stata individuata dal
Ministero della Pubblica Istruzione come partner privilegiato per
le attività di formazione e prevenzione, ha ritenuto opportuno
collocare questa iniziativa all'interno dei percorsi di Educazione
alla Salute proposti dalle singole scuole. Il progetto, avviato
contemporaneamente nelle province di Trento, Biella, Milano,
Bologna, Salerno prevede il coinvolgimento degli alunni con
momenti di informazione e promozione del consumo della mela.
3
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Questa presentazione, elaborata d’intesa con
l’Ufficio Scolastico Provinciale di Bologna, si
propone di illustrare come l’argomento del
progetto, la mela, possa essere anche occasione
di insegnamento della lingua inglese e di
dimostrazione delle ampie possibilità offerte
dall’approccio metodologico CLIL (Content and
Language Integrated Learning o Apprendimento
Integrato di Lingua e Contenuto).
Pur
avendo
un
valore
meramente
esemplificativo, sarà utile per far emergere le
molteplici applicazioni possibili che si possono
realizzare collegando la mela alle più svariate
4
discipline e modalità didattiche.
Ideato da Marica Triola SVT Università di Bologna SFP via Filippo Re, 6 BOLOGNA
An apple a
day…
CLIL
…keeps the
Doctor away
5
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Contenuti
1 Botanical information
2 History
3 Apple cultivars
4 Growing apples
4.1 Apple breeding
4.2 Pollination
4.3 Maturation and harvest
4.4 Pests and diseases
5 Commerce
6 Human consumption
7 Health benefits
8 Cultural aspects
9 Storage
The apple
Ideato da Marica Triola SVT Università di Bologna SFP via Filippo Re, 6 BOLOGNA
6
Mele famose
Storytime
La storia
N.Y.
THE BIG APPLE
•Eva fece cadere in
tentazione Adamo;
•venne posta sulla testa
del figlio di Guglielmo Tell
affinché egli la colpisse
con una freccia;
• cadde in testa a Isaac
Newton, facendogli intuire
la legge di gravitazione
universale.
Alimentazione,
salute,
prevenzione,
benessere
1 Botanical information
2 History
3 Apple cultivars
4 Growing apples
4.1 Apple breeding
4.2 Pollination
4.3 Maturation and
harvest
4.4 Pests and diseases
5 Commerce
6 Human consumption
7 Health benefits
8 Cultural aspects
9 Storage
The apple
CLIL
FAVOLE, MITI
GEOGRAPHY
GEOGRAFIA
PRODUZIONE
E COMMERCIO
nella fiaba Biancaneve e i sette
nani (Brontolo, Cucciolo, Dotto,
Eolo, Gongolo, Mammolo, Pisolo)
dei fratelli Grimm, avvelena
Biancaneve.
Roald Dahl’s Snow-White and the
seven Dwarves
La mela d'oro che Paride diede ad
Afrodite(Elena) poiché ella era,
per lui, la più bella dea
dell’Olimpo
I tre pomi d'oro del Giardino delle
Esperidi: un'impresa di Eracle e
strumenti magici del mito di
Atalanta e Melanione.
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7
The apple
An apple a day/ Una mela al giorno
Pronouncing the word APPLE /Pronuncia la parola mela.
Brainstorming
Profumi e ricordi nella tua infanzia / Recalling your childhood through an
apple
What is an apple. Describe an apple, taste an apple, its colour, apple
components. Cos’è una mela. Descrivi una mela, assaggia una mela, i suoi
colori, (taste the colour), i componenti della mela, i sapori che conosci.
Alcuni esempi: La buccia è liscia o rugginosa, di colore verde, giallo o
rosso con macchie e striature. La polpa è bianca o giallognola, soda e
succosa, di sapore dolce o acidulo, a volte farinosa. Vi sono mele da
tavola con diversi periodi di maturazione e mele da sidro diffuse nei
Paesi nordici e in Francia. La mela è molto usata in cucina, si mangia sia
cruda sia cotta e se ne estraggono vari succhi. A differenza di altra
frutta, la mela non contiene molta vitamina C (7 mg per 100 g).
Biancaneve / Snowwhite, Eva / Eve, Paride, la guerra di Troia, L’Odissea
Il pomodoro / The tomato
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8
History
La storia
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9
The apple and its
history
La storia della
mela e la mela
nella storia
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10
Alcune mele famose
• La più famosa e chiacchierata è senz’altro quella con cui
Eva fece cadere in tentazione Adamo: gli scienziati non
hanno ancora scoperto di che qualità fosse;siccome però
era nell’Eden, doveva essere necessariamente ottima; il
risultato però fu che i due furono cacciati dal Paradiso
Terrestre. Oggi le mele si possono gustare senza pericolo.
• Una mela “storica” fu quella posta sulla testa del figlio di
Guglielmo Tell affinché egli la colpisse con una freccia;
l’eroe non sbagliò la mira e divenne il simbolo
dell’indipendenza della Svizzera;
• una mela “scientifica” fu quella che cadde in testa allo
scienziato Isaac Newton, che si riposava sotto un melo,
facendogli intuire la legge di gravitazione universale che
sconvolse e rivoluzionò le conoscenze sul cosmo.
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11
La mela “morsicata”
Uno storico Macintosh 128k
una popolare varietà di mela, la McIntosh ha
dato il nome
(Apple Macintosh detto
comunemente Mac) al primo computer ad
essere dotato di interfaccia grafica e di
mouse,
caratteristiche
assolutamente
rivoluzionarie. Il Macintosh ottenne un
successo di mercato senza precedenti,
grazie al suo approccio amichevole (userfriendly) e alla facilità d'uso. La sua
interfaccia grafica usava per la prima volta
metafore facili da comprendere, quali il
cestino, la scrivania, le finestre, gli appunti
ecc. aprendo l'uso del computer a tutti . Per
questo motivo il Macintosh è divenuto una
pietra miliare nello sviluppo dell'industria
del computer.
12
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In tempi moderni, l’invenzione del logo THE BIG APPLE salvò
New York dal fallimento,rilanciando il turismo. Nel 2007 i visitatori
furono 46 milioni, e spesero 26 milioni di dollari (cos’è il turismo?)
13
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14
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Apple bobbing
“Apple bobbing” is a popular party game at Halloween
parties. Several apples are put in a bowl of water, and
people take it in turn to try and catch one with their
mouth – without using their hands. “Bobbing” means
to move up and down very quickly, so it is actually very
difficult to bite an apple without using your hands when
it is moving around in a bowl of water. The person who
catches the most, is the winner.
Girl: You’ve been very busy, you’ve organised party
games as well. But what on earth is “bobbing apples?”
Boy: It’s fantastic fun, wait till you see everybody try
it. It’s a bowl of water with about 12 apples inside, and
you have to try to get an apple out of the bowl using
only your mouth.
Girl: Sounds like great fun for my make up and hair. 15
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Festivals and special Days in Britain MELANIE BIRDSALL Scholastic Inc., 2000 Classroom PHOTOCOPIABLE timesavers,
Printed in the U.K.
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16
APPLE PEEL
Festivals and special Days in Britain MELANIE BIRDSALL Scholastic Inc.,
2000 Classroom PHOTOCOPIABLE timesavers, Printed in the U.K.
Ideato da Marica Triola SVT Università di Bologna SFP via Filippo Re, 6 BOLOGNA
17
APPLE PEEL
There are lots of superstitions at Hallowe’en. Here is one. Try it at home!
Solve the anagrams and write a girl’s name and a boy’s name for each letter.
Festivals and special Days in Britain MELANIE BIRDSALL Scholastic Inc., 2000 Classroom PHOTOCOPIABLE
timesavers, Printed in the U.K.
Ideato da Marica Triola SVT Università di Bologna SFP via Filippo Re, 6 BOLOGNA
18
FAVOLE, MITI
• nella fiaba Biancaneve e i sette nani dei
fratelli Grimm, avvelena Biancaneve.
• Roald Dahl’s Snow-White and the seven
Dwarves
• La mela d'oro che Paride diede ad
Afrodite (Elena) poiché ella era, per lui, la
più bella dea dell’Olimpo
• I tre pomi d'oro del Giardino delle
Esperidi: un'impresa di Eracle e strumenti
magici del mito di Atalanta e Melanione.
19
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A
glittering
galloping
musical
20
21
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La mela è originaria del mar Nero e del mar Caspio.
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22
23
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Alimentazione,
salute,
prevenzione,
benessere
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24
The apple in your dietary menu
La mela nelle diete
La mela è forse il frutto più valutato dalla
moderna dietologia. Sicuramente la presenza
per gran parte dell'anno, la facile portabilità
(che la rende molto pratica per gli spuntini) e,
non ultime, le caratteristiche alimentari
giustificano la posizione di rilievo che occupa
presso gli alimentaristi. Del resto anche
presso i romani era comune cominciare il
pranzo con le uova e finirlo con mele e altra
frutta (da cui la celebre frase Dalle uova
fino alle mele).
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25
The apple is the pomaceous fruit of the
apple tree, species Malus domestica in the
rose family Rosaceae. It is one of the
most widely cultivated tree fruits. The
tree is small and deciduous, reaching 5–12
m tall, with a broad, often densely twiggy
crown.
The leaves are alternately arranged simple
ovals 5–12 cm long and 3–6 cm broad on a
2–5 cm petiole with an acute tip, serrated
margin and a slightly downy underside.
26
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Flowers are produced in spring simultaneous with
the budding of the leaves. The flowers are white
with a pink tinge that gradually fades, five
petaled, 2.5-3.5 cm in diameter. The fruit
matures in autumn, and is typically 5–9 cm
diameter. The centre of the fruit contains five
carpels arranged in a five-point star, each carpel
containing one to three seeds. The tree originated
from Asia, where its wild ancestor is still found
today. There are more than 7,500 known cultivars
of apples resulting in range of desired
characteristics. It should be noted however, that
cultivars vary in their yield and the ultimate size
of the tree, even when grown on the same
rootstock.
27
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Botanical information
The wild ancestor of Malus domestica
is Malus sieversii. It has no common
name in English, but is known in
Kazakhstan, where it is native, as
'alma'; in fact, the region where it is
thought to originate is called Alma-Ata, or 'father of the
apples'. This tree is still found wild in the mountains of
Central Asia in southern Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan,
Tajikistan, and Xinjiang, China. For many years, there
was a debate about whether M. domestica evolved
from chance hybridisation among various wild species.
Recent DNA analysis by Barrie Juniper, Emeritus Fellow
in the Department of Plant Sciences at Oxford
University and others, has indicated, however, that the
hybridisation theory is probably false.
28
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Instead, it appears that a
single species still growing in
the Ili Valley on the northern
slopes of the Tien Shan
mountains at the border of
northwest
China
and
the
former Soviet Republic of
Kazakhstan is the progenitor of
the apples we eat today.
Leaves taken from trees in this area were
analyzed for DNA composition, which showed
them all to belong to the species M. sieversii,
with some genetic sequences common to M.
domestica.
29
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Other species that were
previously thought to have
made contributions to the
genome of the domestic
apples are Malus baccata
and Malus sylvestris, but there is no hard
evidence for this in older apple cultivars.
These and other Malus species have been
used
in
some
recent
breeding
programmes to develop apples suitable for
growing in climates unsuitable for M.
domestica, mainly for increased cold
tolerance.
30
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La mela nelle diete / The apple in your dietary menu
Pesticidi e conservanti - Per le mele il marchio di
produzione è essenziale perché garantisce norme
restrittive sull'uso di sostanze chimiche; si può
ricorrere a mele biologiche o a mele dai marchi
conosciuti, mentre è meglio diffidare di mele
"anonime" soprattutto lontano dalla stagione tipica
della qualità di mela considerata.
INFO AL. - Carboidrati: 10,4; proteine: 0,2;
grassi: 0,3; acqua: 85,6; colesterolo: 0; sodio: 2;
calorie: 45; parte edibile: 94; calorie al lordo: 38.
31
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The center of diversity of the genus
Malus
is
the
eastern
Turkey,
southwestern Russia region of Asia
Minor. The apple tree was perhaps the
earliest tree to be cultivated, and their
fruits were improved through selection
over a period of thousands of years by
early farmers. Alexander the Great is
credited with finding dwarfed apples in
Asia Minor in 300 BC; those he brought
back to Greece might have been the
progenitors of dwarfing rootstocks.
32
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Apples were brought to North America with
colonists in the 1600s, and the first apple
orchard on this continent was said to be near
Boston in 1625. Winter apples, picked in late
autumn and stored just above freezing, have
been an important food in Asia and Europe for
millennia, as well as in Argentina and in the
United States since the arrival of Europeans. In
the 1900s, irrigation projects in Washington
state[ began and allowed the development of
the multi-billion dollar fruit industry, of which
the apple is the leading species.
33
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Apple cultivars
There are more than 7,500 known cultivars of apples.
Different cultivars are available for temperate and subtropical
climates. Reputedly the world's biggest collection of apple.
cultivars is housed at the National
Fruit Collection in England. Apples
do not flower in tropical climates
because they have a chilling
requirement. Commercially popular
apple cultivars are soft but crisp. Other
desired qualities in modern commercial apple breeding are a
colourful skin, absence of russeting, ease of shipping, lengthy
storage ability, high yields, disease resistance, typical "Red
Delicious" apple shape, long stem (to allow pesticides to
penetrate the top of the fruit), and popular flavour.
34
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Old cultivars are often oddly shaped, russeted, and have
a variety of textures and colours. Some find them to have
a better flavour than modern cultivators, but may have
other problems which make them
commercially unviable, such as low yield,
liability to disease, or poor tolerance for
storage or transport.
A few old cultivars are still produced on
a large scale, but many have been kept
alive by home gardeners and farmers
that sell directly to local markets. Many unusual and
locally important cultivars with their own unique taste and
appearance are out there to discover; apple conservation
campaigns have sprung up around the world to preserve
such local cultivars from extinction.
35
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In the United Kingdom old cultivars such as Cox's
Orange Pippin and Egremont Russett are still
commercially important even though by modern
standards they are low yielding and disease
prone. Although most cultivars are bred for eating
fresh (dessert apples), some are cultivated
specifically for cooking (cooking apples) or
producing cider. Cider apples are typically too tart
and astringent to eat fresh, but they give the
beverage a rich flavour that dessert apples
cannot. Modern apples are generally sweeter
than older cultivars.
36
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Most North Americans and Europeans flavour
sweet, subacid apples, but tart apples have a
strong minority following. Extremely sweet apples
with barely any acid flavour are popular in Asia and
especially India. Tastes in apples vary from one
person to another and change continually over
time. As an example, the U.S. state of Washington
made its reputation for apple growing on Red
Delicious. In recent years, many apple
connoisseurs have come to regard the Red
Delicious as inferior to cultivars such as Fuji and
Gala due to its merely mild flavour and insufficiently
firm texture.
37
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Apple breeding
Like most perennial fruits, Apples
ordinarily propagate Asexually by
grafting. Seedling apples are
different from their parents,
sometimes radically.
Most new apple cultivars originate as seedlings, which
either arise by chance or are bred by deliberately
crossing cultivars with promising characteristics. The
words 'seedling', 'pippin', and 'kernel' in the name of
an apple cultivar suggest that it originated as a
seedling.
38
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Apples can also form bud sports
(mutations on a single branch).
Some bud sports turn out to be
improved trains of the parent
cultivar. Some differ sufficiently
from the parent tree to be
considered new cultivars. By
of crossing, more rigid applesmeans
can be achieved by breeders. For
example, the Excelsior Experiment Station of the University
of Minnesota has, since the 1930s, introduced a steady
of
important hardy apples that are widely grown, both
progression
commercially and by backyard orchardists, throughout
Minnesota and Wisconsin. Its most important introductions
have included 'Haralson' (which is the most widely cultivated
apple in Minnesota), 'Wealthy', 'Honeygold', and 'Honeycrisp'.
39
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Pollination
Apples are self-incompatible; they must cross-pollinate to develop fruit. During
the flowering each season, apple growers usually provide pollinators to carry the
pollen. Honeybee hives are most commonly used. Orchard mason bees are also
used as supplemental pollinators in commercial orchards. Bumble bee queens are
sometimes present in orchards, but not usually in enough quantity to be
significant pollinators. There are four to seven pollination groups in apples
depending on climate:
Group A – Early flowering, May 1 to 3 in England (Gravenstein, Red Astrachan)
Group B – May 4 to 7 (Idared, McIntosh)
Group C – Mid-season flowering, May 8 to 11 (Granny Smith, Cox's Orange Pippin)
Group D – Mid/Late season flowering, May 12 to 15 (Golden Delicious, Calville
Blanc d'Hiver).
Group E – Late flowering, May 16 to 18 (Braeburn, Reinette d'Orléans)
Group F – May 19 to 23 (Suntan)
Group H – May 24 to 28 (Court Pendu Plat)
One cultivar can be pollinated by a compatible cultivar from the same group or
40
close (A with A or A with B but not A with C or D).
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Maturation and harvest
Cultivars vary in their yield and the
ultimate size of the tree, even
when grown on the same
rootstock. Some cultivars, if left
unpruned, will grow very large, which allows them to
bear a great deal more fruit, but makes harvest very
difficult. Mature trees typically bear 40–200 kg of
apples each year, though productivity can be close
to zero in poor years. Apples are harvested using
three-point ladders that are designed to fit amongst
the branches. Dwarf trees will bear about 10–80 kg
of fruit per year.
41
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Commerce
At least 55 million tonnes of apples
were grown worldwide in 2005, with
a value of about $10 billion. China
produced about two-fifth of this
total. United States is the second
leading producer, with more than
7.5% of the world production.
Turkey, France, Italy and Iran are
among the leading apple exporters.
In the United States, more than
60% of all the apples sold
commercially are grown in Washington state. Imported
apples from New Zealand and other more temperate areas
are competing with US production and increasing each year.
42
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Human consumption
Apples can be canned, juiced, and optionally fermented to
produce apple juice, cider, ciderkin, vinegar, and pectin.
Distilled apple cider produces the spirits applejack and
Calvados. Apple wine can also be made. They make a popular
lunchbox fruit as well. Apples are an important ingredient in
many winter desserts, for example apple pie, apple crumble,
apple crisp and apple cake. They are often eaten baked or
stewed, and they can also be dried and eaten or re-constituted
(soaked in water, alcohol or some other liquid) for later use.
Puréed apples are generally known as apple sauce. Apples are
also made into apple butter and apple jelly. They are also used
cooked in meat dishes. In the UK, a toffee apple is a traditional
confection made by coating an apple in hot toffee and allowing
it to cool. Similar treats in the US are candy apples (coated in a
hard shell of crystallised sugar syrup), and caramel apples,
coated with cooled caramel.
43
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Apples are eaten with honey at the Jewish New Year of
Rosh Hashanah to symbolize a sweet new year. Farms with
apple orchards may open them to the public, so consumers
may themselves pick the apples they will buy. Sliced apples
turn brown with exposure to air due to the conversion of
natural phenolic substances into melanin upon exposure to
oxygen. Different cultivars differ in their propensity to
brown after slicing. Sliced fruit can be treated with
acidulated water to prevent this effect. Organic apples are
commonly produced in the United States. Organic
production is difficult in Europe, though a few orchards
have done so with commercial success, using diseaseresistant cultivars and the very best cultural controls. The
latest tool in the organic repertoire is a spray of a light
coating of kaolin clay, which forms a physical barrier to
some pests, and also helps prevent apple sun scald.
44
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Scarto: 15% (8% torsolo e gambo, 7% buccia)
Nome scientifico: Malus domestica
Nutrienti
Unità
Valore per
100 g
Principali
Acqua
g
Calorie
kcal
48
Calorie
kj
200
Proteine
g
0.27
Lipidi
g
0.13
Ceneri
g
0.17
Carboidrati (per differenza)
g
12.76
Fibre
g
1.3
Zuccheri
g
10.10
Saccarosio
g
0.82
Glucosio (destrosio)
g
3.25
Fruttosio
g
45
6.03
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86.67
Minerali
Calcio, Ca
mg
5
Ferro, Fe
mg
0.07
Magnesio, Mg
mg
4
Fosforo, P
mg
11
Potassio, K
mg
90
Zinco, Zn
mg
0.05
Rame, Cu
mg
0.031
Manganese, Mn
mg
0.038
46
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Vitamine
Vitamina C, acido ascorbico
mg
4.0
Tiamina (B-1)
Riboflavina (B-2)
Niacina (B-3)
Acido pantotenico (B-5)
mg
mg
mg
mg
0.019
0.028
0.091
0.071
mg
UI
mcg_RAE
0.037
38
2
Vitamina E (alpha-tocoferolo)
mg
0.05
Tocoferolo, beta
mg
0.01
Vitamina K (fillochinone)
Acidi grassi, polinsaturi
mcg
g
0.6
0.037
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Vitamina B-6
Vitamina A, UI
Vitamina A, RAE
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Health benefits
Apples, with skin (edible parts)
Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz)
Energy 50 kcal 220 Kj
Carbohydrates
13.81 g
- Sugars
10.39 g
- Dietary fiber
2.4 g
Fat
0.17 g
Protein
0.26 g
Vitamin A equiv. 3 μg
0%
Thiamin (Vit. B1) 0.017 mg
1%
Riboflavin (Vit. B2) 0.026 mg
2%
Niacin (Vit. B3) 0.091 mg
1%
Pantothenic acid (B5) 0.061 mg
1%
Percentages are relative to US
recommendations for adults.
Source: USDA Nutrient database
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Health benefits
Apples, with skin (edible parts)
Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz)
Vitamin B6 0.041 mg
3%
Folate (Vit. B9) 3 μg
1%
Vitamin C 4.6 mg
8%
Calcium 6 mg
1%
Iron 0.12 mg
1%
Magnesium 5 mg
1%
Phosphorus 11 mg
2%
Potassium 107 mg
2%
Zinc 0.04 mg
0%
Percentages are relative to US
recommendations for adults.
Source: USDA Nutrient database
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THE FOOD PYRAMID
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An old proverb attests to the health benefits of the fruit: "An apple a
day keeps the doctor away." Research suggests that apples may
reduce the risk of colon cancer, prostate cancer and lung cancer. Like
many fruits, apples contain Vitamin C as well as a host of other
antioxidant compounds, which may reduce the risk of cancer by
preventing DNA damage. The fiber content, while less than in most
other fruits, helps regulate bowel movements and may thus reduce
the risk of colon cancer. They may also help with heart disease,
weight loss and controlling cholesterol, as they do not have any
cholesterol, have fibre (which reduces cholesterol by preventing
reabsorption), and are bulky for their caloric content like most fruits
and vegetables.
There is evidence that in vitro, apples possess phenolic compounds
which may be cancer-protective and demonstrate antioxidant activity.
The predominant phenolic phytochemicals in apples are quercetin,
epicatechin, and procyanidin B2.
The seeds are mildly poisonous, containing a small amount of
amygdalin, a cyanogenic glycoside, but a large amount would need to
be chewed to have any toxic effect.
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Cultural aspects
For the allegorical use of the apple in religion,
mythology and folktales, as well as other
cultural aspects, see: Apple symbolism.
Apples appear in many religious traditions,
often as a mystical and forbidden fruit. One of
the problems identifying apples in religion,
mythology and folktales is that the word
"apple" was used as a generic term for all fruit,
other than berries but including nuts, as late as
the 1600s.
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Applefest
Applefest is a yearly three-day festival held in Franklin,
Pennsylvania that starts the first Friday of October that
attracts over 30,000 people. The three-day event is the
largest crafts festival in western Pennsylvania.
The festival includes an apple pancake breakfast, apple-piebaking and -eating contests, a 5K race, a car show, and
more than 300 craft and vendor booths. Other Applefests
include the Tenbury Wells Applefest, held each year in
October in Tenbury Wells in England, as well as another held
in Clarksville, Missouri.
Washington State Apple Blossom Festival attracts over
100,000 people a year in Wenatchee the sel-proclaimed
"Apple Capital of the World.“
http://www.franklinapplefest.com/
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http://www.franklinapplefest.com/
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1 www.keepkidshealthy.com
2 http://teamnutrition.usda.com/about.html
3 www.rmi.org/sitepages/pid479_php
4 www.energyquest.ca.gov/story/index.html
5 www.images.google.com/images?q=food+pyramid&hl=en
6 www.edugraphics.net/gf-food/gf300.htm
7 www.5aday.gov/benefits/index.html
8 www.mypyramid.gov/pyramid/meat.html
9 www.library.thinkquest.org/C008320/index.html
10 www.childdevelopmentinfo.com/health_safety/nutrition.shtm
11 http://foodnetwork.com/food/cooking/
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Dietrich Bonhoeffer:
L'essenza dell'ottimismo non è soltanto
guardare al di là della situazione
presente, ma è una forza vitale, la forza
di sperare quando gli altri si
rassegnano,
la forza di tenere alta la testa
quando sembra che tutto fallisca,
la forza di sopportare gli insuccessi,
una forza che non lascia mai il futuro
agli avversari, il futuro lo rivendica a
sé”.
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