I POP’s nelle deposizioni
atmosferiche
POPs in atmospheric deposition
S. Guerzoni1, P. Rossini2
1
2
CNR - ISMAR, Venezia
Istituto di Ricerca Gruppo CSA, Rimini
MONARPOP - Venezia 5 Ottobre 2007
The Grasshopper Effect
When POPs travel
through the atmosphere,
they tend to move in
stages. This is known as
the grasshopper effect.
POPs travel from
southern regions to the
Arctic because of the
tendency of the
grasshopper effect to
carry contaminants from
warm to cold areas, as
illustrated by the diagram.
Similar machanisms
occur also in high
mountains and glaciers
http://www.itk.ca/environment/contaminants-sources-pathways.php
The movement of Persistent Organic Pollutants (POP’s)
via the ‘‘Grasshopper effect’’ from low-land to high altitudes
Source: Fernandez P.F., and Grimalt J.O. On the global distribution of persistent organic pollutants. Chimia 2003:
57: 514–521.
S
#
B
LIS
CHI
Y
S
#
S
#
CAE
MIR
S
#
S
#
S
#
S
#
S
#
Y
S
#
S
#
S
#
ADM
MAL
DOG
EZI
S
#
S
#
Y
#
SF
S
#
S
#
IBM
#
S
S
#
S
#
S
#
S
#
C
segnale industriale
segnale lagunare
segnale urbano
segnale misto
area industriale
N
5
Atmospheric deposition
samples were collected
monthly at several sites
located in Venice lagoon
area.
Urban sites (green circle)
in the city of Mestre
0
5
Industrial sites (red circle)
inside and few km
downwind (SW) the
industrial area of Porto
Marghera (dotted area)
Lagoon sites (blu circle) in
the city of Venice and in
two remote places (B,C)
10 Kilometers
Sampling equipment
locations
Opena area = 0.04 m2
Comparison between the sampling and analytical methods used
by Canadian (IADN) and German (OSPAR) regional monitoring
networks for PAHs (rural site in Ontario, Canada).
Source: Blanchard et al (2006). A comparison of European and North American atmospheric deposition networks: polycyclic
aromatic hydrocarbons and lindane. J. Environ. Monit., 2006, 8, 465–47.
Bulk deposition of 6PAHs at urban (ADM) lagoon (IBM) and
industrial (EZI) sites around Venice in 2002–2004
180000
ADM
-2
sum PAHs ng m month
-1
160000
IBM
EZI
140000
120000
100000
80000
60000
40000
20000
10000
Aug
Jul
Jun
May
Apr
Mar
Feb
Jan
Dec
Nov
Oct
Sep
0
Source: Rossini et al (2007). POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS IN ATMOSPHERIC DEPOSITIONS AROUND THE
VENICE LAGOON. Polycyclic Aromatic Compounds, 27:3, 197 – 210.
Annually averaged deposition (a) wet and (b) dry particulate*
(*) dry particulate deposition was obtained by multiplying oncentration of PAHs
in particles (collected on filters) by a deposition velocity of 0.2 cm s-1
Mean PAH bulk deposition profiles for Venice area, April 2002-Dec 2004.
6000
900
ADM
800
IBM
EZI
5000
-2
ng m d
-1
700
4000
600
500
3000
400
2000
300
200
1000
100
sumPAHs
IPY
BghiPE
dBahA
BaP
BbkjFA
CHR
BaA
PY
F
A
0
PHE
0
Source: Rossini et al (2007). POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS IN ATMOSPHERIC DEPOSITIONS AROUND THE
VENICE LAGOON', Polycyclic Aromatic Compounds, 27:3, 197 – 210.
S
#
B
PCCD-Fs
LIS
Y
#
S
S
#
CHI
CAE
S
#
Y
#
S
S
#
S
#
ADM
S
#
S
#
MIR #S
Source:
Source: Rossini et al (2005) Atmospheric fall-out of POPs around the industrial
district of Porto Marghera, Italy. Science of the Total Environment 349, 190– 200.
S
#
MAL
DOG
EZI
S
#
S
#
Y
#
SF
S
#
S
#
IBM
#
S
S
#
S
#
S
#
S
#
C
segnale industriale
segnale lagunare
segnale urbano
segnale misto
area industriale
N
5
~30
0
5
10 Kilometers
S
#
LIS
PCB
CHI
Y
S
#
S
#
CAE
S
#
S
#
S
#
S
#
MIR #S
Y
S
#
S
#
S
#
ADM
MAL
DOG
EZI
S
#
S
#
Y
#
SF
S
#
S
#
IBM
#
S
S
#
S
#
S
#
S
#
segnale industriale
segnale lagunare
segnale urbano
segnale misto
area industriale
Source:
Source: Rossini et al (2005) Atmospheric fall-out of POPs around the industrial
district of Porto Marghera, Italy. Science of the Total Environment 349, 190– 200.
N
5
1
0
5
10 Kilometers
S
#
HCB
LIS
CHI
Y
S
#
S
#
CAE
S
#
S
#
S
#
S
#
MIR #S
Y
S
#
S
#
S
#
ADM
MAL
DOG
EZI
S
#
S
#
Y
#
SF
S
#
S
#
IBM
#
S
S
#
S
#
S
#
S
#
Source:
Source: Rossini et al (2005) Atmospheric fall-out of POPs around the industrial
district of Porto Marghera, Italy. Science of the Total Environment 349, 190– 200.
segnale industriale
segnale lagunare
segnale urbano
segnale misto
area industriale
N
5
1
0
5
10 Kilometers
S
#
PAH
LIS
CHI
Y
#
S
S
#
CAE
S
#
S
#
S
#
S
#
MIR #S
Y
#
S
S
#
S
#
ADM
MAL
DOG
EZI
S
#
S
#
Y
#
SF
S
#
S
#
IBM
#
S
S
#
S
#
S
#
S
#
Source:
Source: Rossini et al (2005) Atmospheric fall-out of POPs around the industrial
district of Porto Marghera, Italy. Science of the Total Environment 349, 190– 200.
segnale industriale
segnale lagunare
segnale urbano
segnale misto
area industriale
N
5
200
0
5
10 Kilometers
S
#
BaP-Eq
LIS
CHI
Y
S
#
S
#
CAE
S
#
S
#
S
#
S
#
MIR #S
Y
S
#
S
#
S
#
ADM
MAL
DOG
EZI
S
#
S
#
Y
#
SF
S
#
S
#
IBM
#
S
S
#
S
#
S
#
S
#
Source:
Source: Rossini et al (2005) Atmospheric fall-out of POPs around the industrial
district of Porto Marghera, Italy. Science of the Total Environment 349, 190– 200.
segnale industriale
segnale lagunare
segnale urbano
segnale misto
area industriale
N
5
~15
0
5
10 Kilometers
S
#
TEQ
LIS
CHI
Y
#
S
S
#
CAE
S
#
S
#
S
#
S
#
MIR #S
Y
#
S
S
#
S
#
ADM
MAL
DOG
EZI
S
#
S
#
Y
#
SF
S
#
S
#
IBM
#
S
S
#
S
#
S
#
S
#
segnale industriale
segnale lagunare
segnale urbano
segnale misto
area industriale
N
Source:
Source: Rossini et al (2005) Atmospheric fall-out of POPs around the industrial
district of Porto Marghera, Italy. Science of the Total Environment 349, 190– 200.
5
WHO safety limit
(7 pgm2d-1)
0
5
10 Kilometers
Comparison of annual atmospheric loadings
of POPs to the lagoon with other sources
Trends in deposition fluxes of dioxin
#
S
urban
DOG
8
WHO-TEQ
I-TEQ
6
#
S
#
S
#
S
#
S
#
S
pg TE m-2 d-1
#
S
#
S
4
2
#
S
#
S
#
S
#
S
0
#
S
1998-99
2002-03
2003-04
2004-05
lagoon
IBM
8
WHO-TEQ
I-TEQ
#
S
4
2
0
1998-99
2002-03
2003-04
2004-05
EZI
industrial
25
20
pg TE m-2 d-1
#
S
pg TE m-2 d-1
6
WHO-TEQ
I-TEQ
15
10
5
0
1998-99
2002-03
2003-04
2004-05
30-700
1-30
2-20
2-12
15-600
1-20
200-6000
532
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International studies have concluded that around 95 per cent of human
exposure occurs through our consumption of food as shown in Figure.
People may also be exposed through breathing in air contaminated by dioxins
from smoke, factory or incinerator emissions or from uncontrolled hazardous
waste sites containing dioxins
Source:Do Dioxins Pose a Danger for Human Health? [http://www.environment.gov.au/settlements/chemicals/dioxins/factsheet3.html]
Air-breathing organisms (including
humans) exhibit higher BMFs than those
in water-respiring organisms
Relationship between tissue residue
concentrations and trophic level
in Arctic organisms.
Source: Kelly et al. (2007) Food Web–Specific Biomagnification
of Persistent Organic Pollutants. Science 317, 236.