"MEDITERRANEAN MARITIME POLLUTION:
THE ROLE OF REMOTE SENSING TO MONITOR AND MITIGATE"
Prof. Goffredo La Loggia
Head of the Department of
Hydraulic Engineering and Environmental Applications
University of Palermo - [email protected]
MEDILAB - Remote sensing and Geographical Information System Lab
Authors: Goffredo La Loggia, Fulvio Capodici, Giuseppe Ciraolo, Antonino
Maltese
Palermo June 14, 2010
University of Palermo
The need of monitoring and mitigate maritime pollution
Human activities contaminate both coastal zone and open sea:
- pollutants;
- ecosystems;
- recovery time.
Pollution monitoring and mitigation by integrating:
- remote sensing,
- hydrodynamic;
- bio-optical modelling.
Coastal water pollution is strictly related to land activities:
-≈ 60% of world’s population lives within 60 km from the coastline impacting water
quality.
- Pesticides and fertilizers over-application:
- coastal zone algae growth;
- natural food chain alteration;
-coastal waters oxygen deprivation.
Offshore pollution is related to maritime oil transport:
- a quarter of the global maritime traffic;
- causing ≈7% of the world oil accidents during the last 25 years;
- biological impacts firstly on open sea than on coastal zone habitats.
Water Bodies pollution monitoring and mitigation
Offshore
Coast, lagoon and lakes
•
•
•
•
Water quality
Toxic blooms
Submerged vegetation distribution and dynamic
Hydrodynamic and solute transport models
•
•
Water quality
Oil spill
The Planktothrix rubescens bloom (Oscillatoria rubescens) in some Sicilian lakes.
0.14
Lake Trinità
0.12
Lake Prizzi
R [-]
0.1
0.08
0.06
0.04
0.02
0
350
450
550
650
750
850
950
l [nm]
- The contamination of reservoirs used for civil and agricultural supply highlights
human healthy risks
- Spectral reflectance R(l) [-] of a typical Sicilian lake water (dashed line) and that
of a water characterized by a Planktothrix rubescens algal bloom (continuous line).
Water Bodies pollution monitoring and mitigation
Offshore
Coast, lagoon and lakes
•
•
•
•
Water quality
Toxic blooms
Submerged vegetation distribution and dynamic
Hydrodynamic and solute transport models
•
Water quality
•
•
•
•
Surface Clorophyll (Chl-a);
Total Sunspended Sediments
(TSS)
Water Nephelometric Turbidity
(NTU)
Oil spill
CALIBRATION SITE, CALIBRATION PARAMETERS AND NTU (WATER TURBIDITY)
Calibration MAP
coefficients July
August September Literature
b
a
1203.9 1203.9
1203.9
1203.9
rs
b
1.112
1.399
1.290
1.087
NT  a  R (645)
10 NTU
The Castellammare gulf
2D model (finite
difference)The Augusta
The Gela
gulf
gulf
NTU July 2008
0 NTU
Water Bodies pollution monitoring and mitigation
Offshore
Coast, lagoon and lakes
•
•
•
•
Water quality
Toxic blooms
Submerged vegetation distribution and dynamic
Hydrodynamic and solute transport models
•
•
Water quality
Oil spill
The note deepens on the Oil spill issue reporting the MAPRES research project
Marine pollution monitoring and detection by aerial surveillance and satellite images
Recent accidents in the
Mediterranean sea
Oil spill pollution
Effects of large spills\
• Vegetation
• Animals
• Economic activities
Oil Spill events
1.Atlantic Empress
2.ABT Summer
3.Castillo de Bellver
4.Amoco Cadiz
5.Haven
6.Odyssey
7.Torrey Canyon
8.Urquiola
9.Hawaiian Patriot
10.Independenta
11.Jakob Maersk
DATA
LOCALITA'
NAVE
SVERSAMENTI (t)
Marzo 1967
Gran Bretagna
Torrey Canion
121.000
Gennaio 1975
Portogallo
Jacob Maersk
84.000
Maggio 1976
Spagna
Urquiola
101.000
Marzo 1978
Francia
Amoco Cadiz
228.000
Dicembre 1978
Spagna
Andros Patria
47.000
Aprile 1979
Francia
Gino
42.000
Novembre1979
Bosforo
Independenta
95.000
Febbraio 1980
Grecia
Irenes
102.000
Aprile 1991
Italia
Haven
144.000
Dicembre 1992
Spagna
Aegeum Sea
80.000
Gennaio 1993
Gran Bretagna
Braer
85.000
Febbraio 1996
Gran Bretagna
Sea Empress
60.000
Dicembre 1999
Francia
Erika
31.000
Dicembre 2002
Spagna
Prestige
77.000
Principal oil spill events in Europe
12.Braer
13.Khark 5
14.Aegean Sea
15.Sea Empress
16.Katina P.
17.Assmi
18.Metula
19.Wafra
20.Exxon Valdez
Oil pollutions types
Prestigie
SYSTEMATIC
 Industrial
discharges
OPERATIVE
 Tank washing
ACCIDENTAL
 Oil tanker accident
 Bilge waters discharges
 Pipeline break
 Ballast water discharges
 Oil platform accident
 Oil terminal accident
Oil transportation
Spain 13th July 2007
Ship “Don Pedro” had been sailing from Ibiza to the
eastern port city of Valencia when it hit rocks and sank
Wednesday with 150 tons of fuel oil and 50 tons of
gasoline on board
Spain 13th July 2007
Three Ibiza beaches:
Talamanca, Ses Figueretes and Platja de Bossa
were closed while crews cleaned up the spill
Il caso della “Prestige” (Novembre 2002)
Direzione del vento
Immagine ASAR (radar ad apertura sintetica) ENVISAT dell’ESA
Oil slicks individuate tramite SAR
Scarichi illeciti: numero di spills individuati nel 1999: 1638 per un totale
di 13500 tn
UNA APPLICAZIONE NEL CANALE DI SICILIA E’ STATA
REALIZZATA NELL’AMBITO DEL PROGETTO MAPRES
MAPRES
rationale and general description
MAPRES
rationale and general description
•The project has been implemented in the following Countries:
Italy, Republic of Malta, United Kingdom
•The starting date was: January 2007
•The ending date was: December 2007
• Duration: 12 months
MAPRES
rationale and general description
Remotely sensed data from:
OIL SPILL DETECTION
Active and Passive sensors
Hydrodynamic Numerical Simulations
OIL SPILL propagation
forecasting
OIL SPILL mitigations
procedures
MAPRES exercise
Impact on coastal environment and
best practices for mitigation and
damage recovery
Using guidelines coming from
preceding tasks
Expected result: Operating Manual
OIL SPILL PROPAGATION FORECASTING
CONISMA L.R.U. 1
“Dipartimento di Ingegneria Idraulica ed Applicazioni Ambientali
(D.I.I.A.A.)” - University of Palermo (ITA)
Scientific Coordinator: Prof. Enrico Napoli
University of Malta (UOM) - International Ocean Institute –Malta Operational
Centre (MT)
Scientific Coordinator: Dr. Aldo Drago
OIL SPILL PROPAGATION FORECASTING
THE NEED
►
Use an operational system for predicting the fate and
transportation of an oil spill in the Malta Channel
►
Develop coastal models to detail the areas around the Maltese
Islands and Pozzallo
►
In



case of emergency, oil spill models help to determine ...
where will the oil slick move to
when will it get there
what will be its state when it arrives
OIL SPILL PROPAGATION FORECASTING
Ocean satellite
& in situ observations
Oil spill
characteristcs
and conditions
Data
Assimilation
Operational
ocean model
nesting and
downscaling
Regional/shelf/
coastal models
Operational
atmospheric
forecasts
Elaboration
of fields
Operational
oil spill
model
Response
MEDSLIK
model
The models solves the free-surface Reynolds and
continuity equations in 3D
OIL SPILL PROPAGATION FORECASTING NESTING
1st level: coarse grid, the Ocean General Circulation
Model, operating on the whole Mediterranean
Sea (resolution 1/8 degrees)
OIL SPILL PROPAGATION FORECASTING NESTING
2nd level: the regional scale Circulation Model,
operating on the Sicilian channel
(resolution 1/32 degrees)
OIL SPILL PROPAGATION FORECASTING NESTING
3rd level: the Rosario Shelf Model, operating on the
Maltese channel (resolution 1/64 degrees)
OIL SPILL PROPAGATION FORECASTING NESTING
A novel level: the Coastal Model, operating with a
1/512 degrees resolution
Malta
Coastal
Model
Pozzallo
Coastal
Model
The Malta Coastal Model
Spatial resolution
1/512° x 1/512°
344 cells:
E-W direction
280 cells:
N-S direction
19 cells: depth
The total number of
cells is 1.926.400
OIL SPILL PROPAGATION FORECASTING examples
61 hr simulation using the Malta
Shelf Model
61 hr simulation restarted at 25
hrs using Malta Shelf Model
and the higher resolution Malta
Coastal Model
OIL SPILL PROPAGATION FORECASTING examples
Coastal Oil Distribution
No Boom
Coastal Oil Distribution
With Boom
THE MAPRES EXERCISE
COMANDO GENERALE DEL CORPO
DELLE CAPITANERIE DI PORTO
Pozzallo and Catania sections
THE VEGA 2007 EXERCISE
C.V.(CP) Paolo Cafaro e del C.F. (CP) Marco Mancini
THE MAPRES EXERCISE
DATE : 28 E 29 NOVEMER 2007
PLACE: POZZALLO – PIATTAFORMA VEGA;
ACTORS:
- Coast Guard ships: CP 316 – CP 2113
- Coast Guard airplanes: ATR42 MP- “Manta 10-02”, Piaggio P166dl3-SEM “Orca 8-01”;
Supply vessels: Ecol Roma and Kerob Express.
SIMULATED SPILL: 10 tons od petrol (2 ton of “Rice Hull”)
In Catania Coast Guard aerial base researchers analyzed the
hydrodynamic simulation forecast and compared the results vs
the acquired data.
The position of the husk rice retrieved by means of remotely
sensed data were compared to the simulations of the
hydrodynamic forecast model.
THE MAPRES EXERCISE
ATR42
MEDILAB Water Activities
Pozzallo SIMULATION
29th November 2007
THE MAPRES EXERCISE
"MEDITERRANEAN MARITIME POLLUTION:
THE ROLE OF REMOTE SENSING TO MONITOR AND MITIGATE"
Prof. Goffredo La Loggia
Head of the Department of
Hydraulic Engineering and Environmental Applications
University of Palermo - [email protected]
MEDILAB - Remote sensing and Geographical Information System Lab
Thanks for your attention
Authors: Goffredo La Loggia, Fulvio Capodici, Giuseppe Ciraolo, Antonino Maltese
Palermo June 14, 2010
University of Palermo