AGBOGBLOSHIE GHANA: A BRIDGE WITH OLD MONITORS: RECYCLING? IT TAKES A METHOD TO RECOVER MATTER AND ENERGY FROM WASTES: INTEGRATING RESOURCES' FLOWS, SCIENTIFIC KNOWLEDGE, RISK PERCEPTION AND ACTORS' NETWORKS TO OPTIMIZE THE RECOVERY OF VALUE FROM WASTES SIMONETTA TUNESI FEEM - IEFE MILANO – 11 DICEMBRE 2014 THE PROBLEM IS COMPLEX BUT PLANNING SOLUTIONS IS BETTER THAN RELYING ONLY ON COMMUNICATION In realtà – mormorò Tiresia – se c’è una cosa che mi interessa è che non esistono storie irrilevanti. Tutto è connesso con tutto. Dovunque si cambi qualcosa, il cambiamento riguarda il tutto. […] Quel dannatissimo ultimo oracolo riguardante la solita eterna pestilenza a Tebe! Invece di costruire una fognatura come si deve, tanto per cambiare ti chiedono un oracolo. F. Dürrenmatt, La morte della Pizia, 1976 IT TAKES A METHOD TO RECOVER MATTER AND ENERGY FROM WASTES: INTEGRATING RESOURCES' FLOWS, SCIENTIFIC KNOWLEDGE, RISK PERCEPTION AND ACTORS' NETWORKS TO OPTIMIZE THE RECOVERY OF VALUE FROM WASTES SIMONETTA TUNESI MILANO - FEEM- IEFE 10 DECEMBER 2014 The main objectives of the proposed method are to: argue that it is possible to sustainably solve the problem of solid waste management; to offer a method to overcome empirical approaches and provide scientific tools for the strategic planning and assessment of waste management; provide a complete and detailed vision of an integrated waste management system: underline the needs to innovate and adapt technical solutions to the specificity of different situations and to involve the relevant actors in the building of the system; adopt scientific and objective criteria to assess the effectiveness of an integrated WM system and use the results of life cycle assessment to design infrastructural development, support public involvement and a transparent decision making process. IT TAKES A METHOD TO RECOVER MATTER AND ENERGY FROM WASTES: INTEGRATING RESOURCES' FLOWS, SCIENTIFIC KNOWLEDGE, RISK PERCEPTION AND ACTORS' NETWORKS TO OPTIMIZE THE RECOVERY OF VALUE FROM WASTES SIMONETTA TUNESI MILANO - FEEM- IEFE 10 DECEMBER 2014 THE PROBLEM IS COMPLEX BUT PLANNING SOLUTIONS IS POSSIBLE ENERGY RECOVERY WITH TT RESIDUI INDIFFERENZIATI TRASPORTO A PORTA A PORTA TRATTAMENTO TERMICO ample network of actors ‘wicked’ problem ever changing wastes sofisticated industrial ORGANISATION OF COLLECTION RD PORTA A PORTA WASTE COMPOSITION risk of incinerators intensely debated RECUPERO SCORIE CENERI A DISCARICA INTERMEDIATE CLEANING PLANTS RD A PRIMA PULIZIA RECUPERO FERROSI OTHER A RECUPERO SCORIE DISCARICA PERICOLOSI SCARTI RD PROSSIMITA' RD A PRIMA PULIZIA IMPIANTI DI PRIMA PULIZIA A IMPIANTI DI SELEZIONE AL RECUPERO VETRO RIFIUT I SPECIALI ASSIMILATI RECOVERY OF MATTER TRASPORTO CENTRI di A PRIMA PULIZIA PRIVATO E RACCOLTA PUBBLICO IS PROPOSED AS A PLANNING TOOL BY THE COMPARISON OF EFFECTIVENESS DISCARICA SCARTI IMPIANTI DI SELEZIONE TRANSPORT A RECUPERO CARTA A RECUPERO FE e non-FE LCA OF ALTERNATIVE SCENARIOS A RECUPERO FERROSI PRE-TREATMENT RESIDUI INDIFFERENZIATI TRASPORTO A PROSSIMITA'/STRADALE TRATTAMENTO TERMICO RIFIUT I URBANI infrastructure TRATTAMENTO TERMICO RIFIUT I INDIFFERENZIATI A RECUPERO RECUPERO NON-FERROSI NON-FERROSI VETRO LANDFILL CARTA FE e non-FE A RECUPERO TRASPORTO PLASTICA PLASTICA INTERNAZIONALE IMPIANTO COMPOSTAGGIO INTERNATIONAL TRANSPORT COMPOST SCARTI ALIMENTARI A COMPOSTAGGIO SCARTI VEGETALI A DIGEST IONE ANAEROBICA DIGEST IONE ANAEROBICA A RECUPERO ENERGIA ENERGIA DA SCARTI VEGETALI RECOVERY FROM ORGANIC WASTES Compost Use CENERI SCARTI A DISCARICA IT TAKES A METHOD TO RECOVER MATTER AND ENERGY FROM WASTES: INTEGRATING RESOURCES' FLOWS, SCIENTIFIC KNOWLEDGE, RISK PERCEPTION AND ACTORS' NETWORKS TO OPTIMIZE THE RECOVERY OF VALUE FROM WASTES SIMONETTA TUNESI MILANO - FEEM- IEFE 10 DECEMBER 2014 LET’S GIVE OURSELVES A METHOD DESCRIBE THE WASTE ‘ACTORS NETWORK’ AND HOW DECISIONS ARE TAKEN THE SECOND PRINCIPLE OF THERMODYNAMICS IS A PROTAGONIST IN THE WASTE NETWORK: NOTHING COMPARES WITH CONSUMING LESS THE ASSESSMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS AND EFFECTIVENESS OF ALTERNATIVE SCENARIOS OF WASTE MANAGEMENT BY LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT LET’S RECLAIM WASTE IT TAKES A METHOD TO RECOVER MATTER AND ENERGY FROM WASTES: INTEGRATING RESOURCES' FLOWS, SCIENTIFIC KNOWLEDGE, RISK PERCEPTION AND ACTORS' NETWORKS TO OPTIMIZE THE RECOVERY OF VALUE FROM WASTES SIMONETTA TUNESI MILANO - FEEM- IEFE 10 DECEMBER 2014 WASTE MANAGEMENT IS A WICKED PROBLEM “ …. you may agree that it becomes morally objectionable for the planner to treat a wicked problem as though it were a tame one, or to tame a wicked problem prematurely, or to refuse to recognize the inherent wickedness of social problems.” ONE SHOULD NOT DEAL WITH WM AS IF IT WERE A TAME PROBLEM • There is no definitive formulation of a wicked problem: the information needed to understand a wicked problem depends upon one's idea for solving it: to describe a wicked-problem in sufficient detail, one has to develop an inventory of all conceivable solutions ahead of time. • Wicked problems have no stopping rule • Solutions to wicked problems are not true-or-false, but good-or-bad • There is no immediate and no ultimate test of a solution to a wicked problem • Every solution to a wicked problem is a "one-shot operation"; • Every wicked problem is essentially unique • Every wicked problem can be considered to be a symptom of another problem • …. IT TAKES A METHOD TO RECOVER MATTER AND ENERGY FROM WASTES: INTEGRATING RESOURCES' FLOWS, SCIENTIFIC KNOWLEDGE, RISK PERCEPTION AND ACTORS' NETWORKS TO OPTIMIZE THE RECOVERY OF VALUE FROM WASTES SIMONETTA TUNESI MILANO - FEEM- IEFE 10 DECEMBER 2014 IT TAKES A METHOD TO RECOVER MATTER AND ENERGY FROM WASTES: INTEGRATING RESOURCES' FLOWS, SCIENTIFIC KNOWLEDGE, RISK PERCEPTION AND ACTORS' NETWORKS TO OPTIMIZE THE RECOVERY OF VALUE FROM WASTES SIMONETTA TUNESI MILANO - FEEM- IEFE 10 DECEMBER 2014 WM REQUIRES AN INDUSTRIAL SUPPLY CHAIN RESPONSIBILITY OF OLD INDUSTRIALISATION COUNTRIES TO PRODUCE AND EXPORT TECHNOLOGY WHICH CAN TAKE CARE OF ITS CONSEQUENCES IT TAKES A METHOD TO RECOVER MATTER AND ENERGY FROM WASTES: INTEGRATING RESOURCES' FLOWS, SCIENTIFIC KNOWLEDGE, RISK PERCEPTION AND ACTORS' NETWORKS TO OPTIMIZE THE RECOVERY OF VALUE FROM WASTES SIMONETTA TUNESI MILANO - FEEM- IEFE 10 DECEMBER 2014 THE DEVELOPMENT OF THERMAL TREATMENT AND EMISSION ABATEMENT TECHNOLOGIES DEMONSTRATE THAT: TECHNOLOGY CAN BE MADE TO TAKE CARE OF ITS CONSEQUENCES These workers are doing the same thing: extracting precious metals from WEEE Laborer heating acid mixture to extract gold from imported computer chips: waste acids and sludges are dumped on soil and into the river. The only protective equipment used are rubber boots and gloves. from BAN http://www.eea.europa.eu/themes/landuse/multimedia AN INTEGRATED WM SYSTEM CONSTANTLY EXCHANGES MATTER AND ENERGY WITH THE REST OF THE SOCIETY AND THE PRODUCTIVE SYSTEM system boundaries PREVENTION IF WE ADOPT THE INDUSTRIAL ECOLOGY’S CRITERIA THE QUESTION TO ANSWER BECOMES: HOW TO OPTIMISE THESE EXCHANGES? IT TAKES A METHOD TO RECOVER MATTER AND ENERGY FROM WASTES: INTEGRATING RESOURCES' FLOWS, SCIENTIFIC KNOWLEDGE, RISK PERCEPTION AND ACTORS' NETWORKS TO OPTIMIZE THE RECOVERY OF VALUE FROM WASTES SIMONETTA TUNESI MILANO - FEEM- IEFE 10 DECEMBER 2014 3 strategies for recovery of energy from residual waste Differing for organisaiton, recovery efficiency and environmental impacts: 1. Energy recovery from residual waste in thermal treatment plants 1C 1B 2. pre-treatment (MBT) of residual waste and energy recovery from RDF (refuse derived fuel) in a dedicated plant, existing of built on purpose 3. pre-treatment (MBT) of residual waste: BUT for energy recovery from RDF no dedicated plants is planned: RDF is left to the market, for thermal treatment in ‘incinerators’ or coinceneration in cement kiln and power plants often outside the area where waste are produced and managed. LCA PROVIDES A SYNTHETIC VIEW OF THE EFFECTIVENESS OF ALTERNATIVE SCENARIOS CO2 eq. Acidificazione 1A disc 1B TT 1C MBT/TT 1E TT/AD/t Consumo Risorse 0,50 -0,50 persone eq. -1,50 -2,50 1F MBT/CEM -3,50 All scenarios: RD 55% -4,50 -5,50 IT TAKES A METHOD TO RECOVER MATTER AND ENERGY FROM WASTES: INTEGRATING RESOURCES' FLOWS, SCIENTIFIC KNOWLEDGE, RISK PERCEPTION AND ACTORS' NETWORKS TO OPTIMIZE THE RECOVERY OF VALUE FROM WASTES SIMONETTA TUNESI MILANO - FEEM- IEFE 10 DECEMBER 2014 To disassemble complexity and understand which elements govern the environmental efficiency of a whole WM system, the analysis deepens and the impacts of the each WM phases are quantified kg CO2 eq. x 1.000.000 10 Raccolta Riciclaggio Trasporto Trattamenti Imp. Intermedi Discarica 5 0 -5 emission of greenhouse gases -10 Corrente 1A DISC 1B TT 1C TMB/TT 1D 1E 1F DISC/AD/tt TT/AD/tt TMB/CEM IT TAKES A METHOD TO RECOVER MATTER AND ENERGY FROM WASTES: INTEGRATING RESOURCES' FLOWS, SCIENTIFIC KNOWLEDGE, RISK PERCEPTION AND ACTORS' NETWORKS TO OPTIMIZE THE RECOVERY OF VALUE FROM WASTES SIMONETTA TUNESI MILANO - FEEM- IEFE 10 DECEMBER 2014 LCA COMPARISON OF ALTERNATIVE STATEGIES FOR THE RECOVERY OF ENERGY FROM WASTE Abiotic resources saving: sensitivity analysis kg Antimio eq. x 1000 1A Disc 1B TT 1C MBT+TT 1D Cemen 1E TT+EnSO 0 -50 -100 -150 -200 -250 -300 IT TAKES A METHOD TO RECOVER MATTER AND ENERGY FROM WASTES: INTEGRATING RESOURCES' FLOWS, SCIENTIFIC KNOWLEDGE, RISK PERCEPTION AND ACTORS' NETWORKS TO OPTIMIZE THE RECOVERY OF VALUE FROM WASTES SIMONETTA TUNESI MILANO - FEEM- IEFE 10 DECEMBER 2014 LCA COMPARISON OF ALTERNATIVE STATEGIES FOR THE RECOVERY OF ENERGY FROM WASTE Abiotic resources saving: sensitivity analysis 1B TT 1C MBT+TT 1D Cemen 1E TT+EnSO 0 MBT consumption depend on the way single processes are assembled: more separation more energy consumption -50 -100 -150 SC 1C – resources consumption of plants -200 -250 -300 kg antimonio eq. kg Antimio eq. x 1000 1A Disc 5 -5 -15 -25 -35 -45 -55 -65 -75 -85 TT Compostaggio Compostaggio SV SA TMB LCA COMPARISON OF ALTERNATIVE STATEGIES FOR THE RECOVERY OF ENERGY FROM WASTE Abiotic resource saving: sensitivity analysis kg Antimio eq. x 1000 1A Disc 1B TT 1C MBT+TT 1D Cemen 1E TT+EnSO 0 -50 Importance of performing LCA with real data -100 -150 -500 kg coal/ t CSS -200 -250 -300 -900 kg coal/ t CSS LCA COMPARISON OF ALTERNATIVE STATEGIES FOR THE RECOVERY OF ENERGY FROM WASTE Abiotic resource saving: sensitivity analysis kg Antimio eq. x 1000 1A Disc 1B TT 1C MBT+TT 1D Cemen 1E TT+EnSO 0 -50 -100 -150 -200 -250 INDICATORE DI SINTESI Rifiuti biodegradabili a discarica (t/a) -300 1A DISC 1B TT 1C NONEcod 1D Cement 1E TT+En S RECCOMENDATIONS Coordinate and assess policy at the NATIONAL SCALE: establish a National Plan for WM. Openly discuss the need to INTEGRATE WM within the NATIONAL ENERGY SYSTEM and to exploit its potential for the reduction of greenhouse gases emissions. Properly select the number, type and capacity of the plants necessary to complete the waste infrastructure system at the national and regional scales, using LCA and GIS. Recognise the urgency of SETTING IN PLACE A SIGNIFICANT INFRASTRUCTURE CAPACITY to overcome main national differences, of planning towards national self-sufficiency and of reducing illegal trafficking. IT TAKES A METHOD TO RECOVER MATTER AND ENERGY FROM WASTES: INTEGRATING RESOURCES' FLOWS, SCIENTIFIC KNOWLEDGE, RISK PERCEPTION AND ACTORS' NETWORKS TO OPTIMIZE THE RECOVERY OF VALUE FROM WASTES SIMONETTA TUNESI MILANO - FEEM- IEFE 10 DECEMBER 2014 RECCOMENDATIONS Homogenise national legislation on environmental crimes and international efforts to PREVENT ILLEGAL behaviour. Give VALUE TO PUBLIC ENGAGEMENT AND DISCUSSION on waste management and risk communication; and give full disclosure to the results of monitoring health and air emissions from all treatment plants Define a public national strategy to use TECHNOLOGICAL INNOVATION to support a shift in consumption patterns, the evolution of waste management and the creation of new JOBS. Assess the system: adopt Criteria and Indicators for an effective and sustainable WM development and operation. IT TAKES A METHOD TO RECOVER MATTER AND ENERGY FROM WASTES: INTEGRATING RESOURCES' FLOWS, SCIENTIFIC KNOWLEDGE, RISK PERCEPTION AND ACTORS' NETWORKS TO OPTIMIZE THE RECOVERY OF VALUE FROM WASTES SIMONETTA TUNESI MILANO - FEEM- IEFE 10 DECEMBER 2014 [email protected]