ORGANISED CRIME PORTFOLIO
Workshop Milan, 25th of September 2013
2. OCGs and illegal markets
Transcrime - Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore di Milano
www.transcrime.it
www.ocportfolio.eu
Objectives and scope
• Why a review of illegal markets?
- to estimate OCGs illegal proceeds (see Activity 4.1)
- to identify the role of OCGs as actors in illegal markets
• Why review of existing estimates instead of producing new ones?
– Because the main focus of OCP is on OC investments
– Because there are many reliable estimates available
(especially on drugs and money laundering, e.g. RAND study,
Walker & Unger, etc)
– Because of differences in data availability across EU countries
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What has been analysed
OCGs involvement
in illegal markets
Collection of
estimates
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Identification
of OCG
actors
Illegal markets covered
• Selection of illegal markets based on latest EU SOCTA 2013 and
academic literature. So far covered by Transcrime:
1. Drugs trafficking (cocaine, heroin, cannabis, other illicit drugs)
2. Human trafficking for sexual exploitation
3. Illegal trafficking in firearms (ITF)
4. Illicit trafficking of tobacco products (ITTP)
5. Illegal gambling
6. Extortion racketeering
7. Frauds
To cover yet:
8. Usury
9. Counterfeiting
10. Environmental crime
11. Other illegal (e.g. organized theft, pharmaceutical theft, etc)
Data sources and country coverage
• Sources used for review of illegal markets:
– Academic literature
– LEA, ARO, FIU reports
– Institutional reports (e.g. UNODC, EMCDDA, BASCAP, etc)
– Open sources (only in some cases, e.g. ITF)
• Country coverage:
– Transcrime  focus on Italy, France, Ireland, whole EU
– URJC  Spain; UU  NL; PCF  Finland; Durham UK
– 7 OCP countries but other EU MS covered when mentioned
in reports
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Illegal markets database
• Electronic database (originally in Word, then transformed in
Excel file)
• Criteria of inclusion:
– Mention of OCG(s) involved in illegal markets
– Calculation of estimates of proceeds/size/turnover
• + 500 records  each record has:
– 1 estimate and/or 1 mention of OCG(s) involved
– 1 illegal market
– Geographic area (if available, 1 country)
– Source, year, measurement unit, web link
• Filters by country, Illegal market, OCG, source
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Illegal markets database
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Number of studies on illegal markets
ILLEGAL MARKET
NUMBER OF STUDIES ON ILLEGAL
MARKETS
DRUGS TRAFFICKING
43
HUMAN TRAFFICKING
36
ITF
28
ITTP
26
EXTORTION RACKETEERING
8
FRAUDS
20
TOTAL
161
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Numbers of studies on illegal markets
Per country
COUNTRY
DRUGS
HUMAN
TRAFFICKING TRAFFICKING
ITF
ITTP
EXTORTION
FRAUDS TOTAL
RACKETEERING
Finland
1
4
0
2
0
0
7
France
13
6
2
6
1
1
29
Ireland
6
0
0
8
1
1
16
Italy
11
7
6
12
2
4
42
Spain
3
2
1
2
1
0
8
The
Netherlands
3
3
7
2
0
0
12
United
Kingdom
9
3
2
3
1
7
25
Europe
2
5
4
0
2
6
19
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Numbers of studies on illegal markets
Studies with estimates - Per country
ILLEGAL MARKETS ESTIMATES
DRUGS
TRAFFICKING
HUMAN
TRAFFICKING
ITF
ITTP
EXTORTION
RACKETEERING
FRAUDS
TOTAL
Finland
1
1
0
2
0
0
4
France
3
3
1
2
0
0
9
Ireland
2
0
0
4
0
1
7
Italy
6
3
0
3
1
2
15
Spain
1
2
0
2
0
0
5
The
Netherlands
1
2
0
2
0
0
5
United
Kingdom
2
3
2
2
0
6
15
Europe
1
2
1
0
0
4
8
COUNTRY
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Numbers of studies on illegal markets
With mentions of OCGs - Per country
OCP
COUNTRIES
DRUGS
TRAFFICKING
HUMAN
TRAFFICKING
ITF
ITTP
EXTORTION
RACKETEERING
FRAUDS
TOTAL
Finland
0
3
0
0
0
0
3
France
7
5
1
2
1
0
16
Ireland
1
0
0
1
1
1
4
Italy
5
5
6
7
1
3
27
Spain
The
Netherlands
UK
2
1
1
0
1
0
5
2
3
7
0
0
0
12
7
2
0
1
1
1
12
Europe
1
4
4
0
2
3
14
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Preliminary outputs
• Databases:
– Word Database
– Excel Database
• Maps:
– «Static» maps (preliminary maps produced and shared
with Sebastiano Tinè and ARO platform in June 2013)
– Interactive maps (under construction)
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Preliminary outputs
e.g. Preliminary Map Cocaine actors – June 2013
Transcrime elaboration (June 2013)
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Preliminary outputs
Preliminary Map Heroin actors – June 2013
Transcrime elaboration (June 2013)
www.ocportfolio.eu
Actors maps sources
Source OCG actors maps for cocaine and heroin:
DNA, 2011, Relazione Annuale Sulle Attività Svolte Dal Procuratore Nazionale Antimafia e Dalla Direzione Nazionale Antimafia Nonché Sulle Dinamiche e Strategie Della
Criminalità Organizzata Di Tipo Mafioso Nel Periodo 1 Luglio 2010 - 30 Giugno 2011, Roma: Direzione Nazionale Antimafia.
EMCDDA, and EUROPOL, 2013, EU Drug Markets Report: A Strategic Analysis, Lisbon: EMCDDA & EUROPOL.
Paoli L., and Reuter P., 2008, “Drug Trafficking and Ethnic Minorities in Western Europe”, European Journal of Criminology, 5 (1): 13–37.
Police College of Finland, 2013, Unpublished report prepared for Project OCP
Reitox National Focal Point, 2012, National Report 2011: Finland, Lisbon: EMCDDA
Reitox National Focal Point, 2012, National Report 2011: Italy, Lisbon: EMCDDA
Reuter P., 2009, Assessing the Operation of the Global Drug Market. Report 1. Santa Monica, CA: RAND Corporation. http://www.rand.org/pubs/technical_reports/TR705.
Gendarmerie - STRJD - Service Technique de Recherches Judiciairies et de Documentation, 2013, Unpublished report prepared for Project OCP
Kinzig J., and Luczak A., 2004, “Organised Crime in Germany: A Passe-Partout Definition Encompassing Different Phenomena.” In Organized Crime in Europe: Concepts,
Patterns and Policies in the European Union and Beyond, edited by Fijnaut C., and Paoli L., Dordrecht: Springer.
(Kleemans E., 2004, “Crossing Borders: Organised Crime in the Netherlands” In Organized Crime in Europe: Concepts, Patterns and Policies in the European Union and
Beyond, edited by Fijnaut C., and Paoli L., Springer. Dordrecht. Beyond. Dordrecht: Springer
Source OCGs actors maps for cocaine:
Besozzi C., 2004, “Illegal Markets and Organised Crime in Switzerland: A Critical Assessment.” In Organized Crime in Europe: Concepts, Patterns and Policies in the
European Union and Beyond, edited by Fijnaut C. and Paoli L., Dordrecht: Springer.
Gómez-Céspedes A., and Stangeland P., 2004, “Spain: The Flourishing Illegal Drug Haven in Europe” In Organized Crime in Europe: Concepts, Patterns and Policies in
the European Union and Beyond, edited by Fijnaut C., and Paoli L., Springer. Dordrecht
McSweeney T., Turnbull P., and Hough H., 2008, Tackling Drug Markets and Distribution Networks in the UK. A Review of the Recent Literature, London: UK Drug Policy
Commission.
Reitox National Focal Point. 2012. “National Report 2011: Germany”. Lisbon: EMCDDA.
SOCA 2010 The United Kingdom Threat Assessment of Organized Crime, London: Home Office 3
Source OCGs actors maps for heroin:
Paoli L., 2000, Illegal Drug Markets in Frankfurt and Milan, Lisbon: EMCDDA
www.ocportfolio.eu
Preliminary outputs
Preliminary Map Eroine Estimates – June 2013
Sources:
1. Transcrime. 2013. Gli Investimenti delle Mafie. Roma: Ministero
dell’Interno
2. Fabi F, Ricci R., and Rossi C., 2011, “Segmentazione e
Valutazione Del Mercato Dal Lato Della Domanda.” In Il Mercato
Delle Droghe. Dimensione, Protagonisti, Politiche, by Rey G. M.,
Rossi C., Zuliani A.. Venezia: Marsilio Editori. 3
3. Illicit Drug Market, 2010, Il Mercato Illecito Della Droga e Le Sue
Possibili Regolamentazioni. Agire Nel Mercato Per Contrastare
L’industria Della Droga, Roma: Istituto Superiore di Sanità.
4. Baldassarini A., and Corea C., 2009, “How to Measure Illegal
Drugs in the National Accounts Framework. The Case of Italy”
presented at The Illicit Drug Market and its Possible Regulatory
Body, Roma
5. Canzonetti A., 2009, Il Mercato: Quantità, Consumi, Valori. Una
Stima Delle Dimensioni Del Mercato Delle Sostanze
Stupefacenti e Della Sua Incidenza Sul Prodotto Interno Lordo
Nazionale, Attraverso Un Approccio Lato Domanda e Lato
Offerta presented at the Illicit Drug Market and its Possible
Regulatory Body, Roma
6. Kilmer B., and Pacula R. S, 2009, Estimating the Size of the Illegal
Drug Market: A Demand-side Approach, Report 2, Santa
Monica, CA: RAND Corporation.
7. Pudney, S., Badillo C., Bryan M., Burton J., Conti G., and Iacovou
M., 2006, “Estimating the Size of the UK Illicit Drug Market.” In
Measuring Different Aspects of Problem Drug Use:
Methodological Developments. London: Home office.
8. Bramley-Hanker E., 2001, Sizing the UK Market for Illicit Drugs,
London: Home Office.
9. Center for the Study of Democracy. 2012. Serious and Organized
Threat Assessment. Sofia
10. Connolly J., 2005, The Illicit Drug Market in Ireland. Overview 2,
Dublin: Health Research Board.
Transcrime elaboration (June 2013)
www.ocportfolio.eu
Preliminary outputs
• Databases:
– Word Database
– Excel Database
• Maps:
– «Static» maps (preliminary maps produced and shared
with Sebastiano Tinè and ARO platform in June 2013)
– Interactive maps (under construction)
www.ocportfolio.eu