The PASSIVE
Silvia Mazzau
Prof.ssa.
Quando si usa la forma passiva?
Quando l’enfasi è sull’azione piuttosto che su chi la compie
Come si costruisce?
Con il verbo ESSERE nel tempo verbale che occorre usare
+
la TERZA FORMA del PARADIGMA (es. to build
built
Tempo verbale
Simple present
Present Continuous
Simple Past
Past Continuous
Present Perfect
Past Perfect
Future (“will”)
Future (“going to”)
Present Infinitive
Past Infinitive
Forma AFFERMATIVA (3^pers. sing.)
Attiva
Passiva
builds
is building
built
was building
has built
had built
will build
is going to build
to build
to have built
can build
Verbi modali (al pres.)
must build
is built
is being built
was built
was being built
has been built
had been built
will be built
is going to be built
to be built
to have been built
can be built
must be built
BUILT)
Forma NEGATIVA (3^pers. sing.)
Attiva
Passiva
doesn’t build
isn’t building
didn’t build
wasn’t building
hasn’t built
hadn’t built
won’t build
Isn’t going to build
not to build
not to have built
can’t build
mustn’t build
isn’t built
isn’t being built
wasn’t built
wasn’t being built
hasn’t been built
hadn’t been built
won’t be built
isn’t going to be built
not to be built
not to have been built
can’t be built
mustn’t be built
Prof.ssa.Silvia
Dalla forma ATTIVA alla forma PASSIVA (1)
Forma ATTIVA
Es.
Tr.
Soggetto
She
Ella
Es.
Tr.
Soggetto
Fantasy books
Libri di fantasy
Forma PASSIVA
+
+
Forma attiva (simple pres.)
writes
scrive
verbo in forma passiva
are written
sono scritti
Con by + oggetto
Come si traduce il complemento d’agente?
+
+
compl. oggetto
fantasy books.
libri di fantasy.
compl. d’agente
by her.
da lei.
es. by Tom/him, by Sara/her …
Il complemento d’agente va sempre espresso? No: se è generico (they, we, people…) va omesso.
Forma ATTIVA
Es.
Tr.
Forma PASSIVA
Soggetto
They
Essi
Soggetto
Es. A new restaurant
Tr. Un ristorante nuovo
+
+
Forma attiva (pres. perfect)
have built
hanno costruito
Forma passiva
has been built
é stato costruito
+
+
compl. oggetto
a new restaurant.
un ristorante nuovo.
compl. d’agente
by them.
da loro.
Mazzau
Prof.ssa.Silvia
Dalla forma ATTIVA alla forma PASSIVA (2)
Forma ATTIVA
Es.
Tr.
Soggetto
He
Egli
Es.
Tr.
Soggetto
Jane
Jane
Forma PASSIVA
ATTENZIONE!!!
+
+
by + pronome oggetto
I persuaded Sam.
He loves Sally.
She doesn’t love him.
You didn’t see us yesterday.
Es.
Carol has called me twice.
He has broken my nose.
We are driving her home.
They always invite you.
Forma attiva (simple pres.)
invited
ha invitato
verbo in forma passiva
was invited
è stata invitata
+
+
compl. oggetto
Jane.
Jane.
compl. d’agente
by him.
da lui.
es. by me, you, him, her, it, us, you, them
Sam was persuaded by me.
Sally is loved by him.
He isn’t loved by her.
We weren’t seen by you yesterday.
I have been called twice by Carol.
My nose has been broken by him.
She is being driven home by us.
You are always invited by them.
Mazzau