Strategies for
optimised collection
of biowaste
Enzo Favoino
Working Group on Composting
And Integrated Waste Management
Scuola Agraria del Parco di Monza
Scuola Agraria del Parco di Monza
Development of source separation
of biowaste in the EU
• Obligations for biowaste management
– NL: compulsory schemes for separate collection
– AUT: obligation upon households to either take part in separate
collection or to compost in the backyard
– GER: KrWKrW-AbfG separate collection widely diffused
– Catalunya (Spain): ley 6/95 compulsory for all Municipalities
with a pop. > 5000 (recently extended to cover all Municipalities)
– SK (Act 24/04): Garden Waste to be separately colelcted by 2006;
biowaste by 2010
• Targets
– SWE: 35% composting target
– ITA, UK: recycling targets acting as drivers
Scuola Agraria del Parco di Monza
What does “OPTIMISED” mean?
• High captures
• Best quality (low % of contraries)
• Avoiding increase of waste arisings
• Not incurring incremental costs
• Fulfilling diversion targets of the Landfill
Directive
Is this achievable at all? …all at a same time?
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% recycling
Scuola Agraria del Parco di Monza
A remarkable, longlong-lasting effect
55
50
45
Kerbside biowaste
collection implemented
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
Time
Scuola Agraria del Parco di Monza
Catalunya (Spain), 2000
Total separate Collection Riudecanyes
Before implementation
6%
After implementation
76%
Tiana
6%
57%
Scuola Agraria del Parco di Monza
Achievable recycling rates – South Italy
Municipality
VAIRANO PATENORA
COMIZIANO
CIMITILE
GIFFONI SEI CASALI
BAIANO
SAN CIPRIANO PICENTINO
CASAMARCIANO
SAN VITALIANO
SALA CONSILINA
CAMPOSANO
MANOCALZATI
Population
Recycling
rate
%
Capture organic
waste
kg/inhab.year
5.930
2.009
7.000
4.086
4.800
6.040
3.600
5.013
13.182
5.640
3.200
78,00%
66,80%
61,80%
60,90%
60,30%
57,70%
54,40%
51,70%
51,00%
43,80%
38,30%
122
123
130
82
79
71
71
137
65
58
78
Scuola Agraria del Parco di Monza
Tackling problems
• Increase captures of food waste
– Fulfill targets of the LFD
– Make collection of residuals easier
– Achieve a broad optimisation of the
collection scheme
• Food waste needs frequent collection
– Collection rounds for food waste have to be
made cheaper !
Scuola Agraria del Parco di Monza
Food waste in residual waste
Municipality
Altivole
Arcade
Breda di Piave
Casale sul Sile
Castello di Godego
Cessalto
Conegliano
Cornuda
Giavera del Montello
% Food waste
7,82
8,24
7,61
9,42
8,05
6,30
9,40
7,19
6,88
Scuola Agraria del Parco di Monza
Optimisation of source separation
of BIOWASTE:
Key issues
• Need to make the system useruser-friendly
– Increase participation, enhance captures
– Simplify collection of residual waste
• Avoid excess deliveries of garden waste
– Prevent increase of waste arisings
– Optimise conditions for collection of food waste
• Tackle FERMENTABILITY (food waste) and
VOLUME (garden waste) with different systems
Scuola Agraria del Parco di Monza
Purity VS Population
Collection at the doorstep
100
11127
12720
9652
34849
4713
30800
7824,192308
5971
19230
11177
16112
4332
23890
98
96
20028
92
44748
50121
Road containers (bring banks)
6832
6893
90
88
9062
6152
6274
86
26475
84
150.000
Population
100.000
50.000
7161
82
0
Purity
119187
10493
94
80
75650
Scuola Agraria del Parco di Monza
Increase of waste arisings:
to be considered
• Increase of packaging
• Deliveries of industrial waste inside the
MSW collection system
•
Increasing captures of garden waste
5 kilos (av.) grass clippings
typically increased twotwo-fold by leaves, prunings
mostly home composted or burned in the past
Scuola Agraria del Parco di Monza
Compositional analyses BEFORE
implementation
D1
D2
D3
D4
D5
Average
Kg py
(@ 400
kg MSW)
Fines
8,7
11,91
12,07
12,65
11,70
11,41
45,62
Food
30,1
26,47
27,48
27,70
29,11
28,17
112,68
37,06 35,99725 37,13789
37,816
38,464
37,30
149,18
1,95
1,64
2,64
10,54
TOTAL food*
Garden
3,88
2,23
* Including Food waste + 80% of fines
3,48
Scuola Agraria del Parco di Monza
A potential problem:
high captures of yard waste
Kilograms/inhabitant.year
Garden waste Food waste
FORTE DEI MARMI
PIETRASANTA
SIRTORI
SERAVEZZA
LIERNA
ARESE
MONTICELLO BRIANZA
ROVELLO PORRO
BURAGO DI MOLGORA
SAN ROCCO AL PORTO
PRESEZZO
GUDO VISCONTI
VIAREGGIO
CORREZZANA
USMATE VELATE
GESSATE
DERVIO
CARNATE
GAGGIANO
462,62
237,14
227,20
200,29
172,34
120,49
113,59
111,87
108,39
102,51
87,70
84,76
81,56
81,39
81,17
80,96
80,29
79,61
78,45
28,99
21,59
36,69
9,25
0,00
44,38
68,91
0,00
65,08
38,87
63,60
56,60
47,21
47,80
58,60
84,93
25,18
62,14
69,10
Scuola Agraria del Parco di Monza
Seasonal fluctuations – garden waste
Monthly Collection Trends - Green and Kitchen Biowaste
2.000.000
1.800.000
1.600.000
Green
and
wood
waste
Quantity (kg)
1.400.000
1.200.000
1.000.000
800.000
Kitchen
biowaste
600.000
400.000
200.000
0
1
2
3
4
5
Monthly quanties collected (aggregate PD1
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
Month
Scuola Agraria del Parco di Monza
A rationale for optimisation
• Innovative schemes for source separation
focusing on intensive collection of food
waste
– High captures, low costs for collection
• High density of food waste alone implies
lower costs for its collection
– PickPick-up time is much lower with hand
hand--picking
– open lorries adopted instead of packer trucks
Scuola Agraria del Parco di Monza
Biobins - Key problems
• The use of biobins may imply high deliveries of garden
waste
• Bins require mechanical loading
• Low density implies adoption of expensive packer
trucks – or high costs for transport
• Reduced frequency of collection is therefore considered
to save money
• This impairs captures of food waste – fairly high
percentages in residual waste
Scuola Agraria del Parco di Monza
Solutions
• Adopt smallsmall-size receptacles (at detached houses)
– No delivery of garden waste – to be tackled through separate,
cheaper schemes
– High density of food waste
• Fast handhand-picking
• Low cost for transport – small lorries needed
• Higher frequency for collection possible
– Higher captures
– Simplified schemes for the collection of residuals
Scuola Agraria del Parco di Monza
Tools
Buckets
• volume: 6.5 to 30 litres
• hand-picked
• unit pick-up time: 20” - 60”
• May be adopted instead of wheelie
bins at detached/terraced houses
with gardens
Scuola Agraria del Parco di Monza
Scuola Agraria del Parco di Monza
Benefits of small receptacles - 1
• Faster pickpick-up
• Cheaper transport
• Lower amount of waste to be managed (avoids
excess deliveries of garden waste)
• Home composting is enhanced
• Reduction of costs !!
Scuola Agraria del Parco di Monza
Benefits of small receptacles - 2
• Possibility for more frequent collection of
food waste
• Higher captures
• Reduced frequency for collection of
residuals
• Wider optimisation
Scuola Agraria del Parco di Monza
Kitchen waste smells even in cloudy UK
Fortnightly organics/residual, but …
Scuola Agraria del Parco di Monza
South Somerset
Scuola Agraria del Parco di Monza
Tools -2
• Biobags help keep receptacles
clean
• Biobags and (comparatively)
frequent collection make the
system useruser-friendly
• Higher captures of food waste,
lower percentage in residual
waste
– Reduced frequency for collection
of residual waste
Scuola Agraria del Parco di Monza
Collection of garden waste
at Civic Amenity sites
at the doorstep
less frequent than food waste
higher participation in home
composting programmes
Scuola Agraria del Parco di Monza
Collection of dry recyclables
Lessons to learn
• Hand
Hand--sorting might imply higher overall costs
commingled paper/plastics collection not much
recommendable
• Best practice achievable by means of vehicles
best suited for different materials
Consider density and compactability
Avoid fleets with only one type of truck
Scuola Agraria del Parco di Monza
Strategies to implement collection
of dry recyclables
• material-specific collection of separate streams
glass
paper
plastics
• “light” multi-material collection
paper +
plastics +
tissues +
cans/tins
• “heavy” multi-material collection
glass +
plastics +
cans/tins
• “combined” collection of dry materials
plastics + cans/tins
glass + cans/tins
Scuola Agraria del Parco di Monza
Costs of MSW management –
some general remarks
• Increased cost of disposal
– Landfill Directive
– Incineration Directive + IPPC
• Anyway cost of collection may by itself
be comparatively low – similar to
commingled MSW collection
– Savings on disposal
Scuola Agraria del Parco di Monza
East Milan WM District
(62% diversion on aggregate)
Waste management cost per inhabitant and year
70,00
Euro/year
60,00
50,00
40,00
30,00
20,00
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
Year
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
Scuola Agraria del Parco di Monza
INFA--VHE report (Germany, 2004)
INFA
Difference
to mixed
MSW
Mixed MSW
Residuals
Biowaste
R+B
Rural area
kg/inhab/y
coll/week
coll/cost (€inhab/y)
treat./cost (€/inhab/y)
treat./cost (€/t)
total cost (€/inhab/y)
220
1
9,4
27,5
125
36,9
130
0,5
5,93
16,25
125
22,18
100
0,5
4,63
6
60
10,63
230
1
10,56
22,25
12%
-19%
32,81
-11%
Urban area
kg/inhab/y
coll/week
coll/cost (€(inhab/y)
treat./cost (€/inhab/y)
treat./cost (€/t)
total cost (€/inhab/y)
270
1
17,88
33,75
125
51,63
225
0,5
14,56
28,13
125
42,685
50
0,5
5,27
3
60
8,27
275
1
19,83
31,13
2%
11%
-8%
50,96
-1%
5%
Scuola Agraria del Parco di Monza
Collection + transp. costs
Municipalities in Verona Province 1998
MEDIA convenzionale
61.090
€ 31,55 /inh.y
Villafranca
San Bonifacio
Legnago
TRADITIONAL
COMMINGLED
COLLECTION
Bussolengo
Cast elnuovo D.G.
Casaleone
But t apiet ra
Mezzane di Sot t o
Bevilacqua
Angiari
MEDIA domiciliarizzat o
Sona
SOURCE
SEPARATION AT
THE DOORSTEP
€ 31,70 /inh.y
62.197
€ 32,12 /inh.y
S.Mart ino B.A.
Fumane
MEDIA doppio cont enit ore
SOURCE
SEPARATION
BY MEANS OF
ROAD CONTAINER
61.389
P eschiera
Oppeano
Dolce'
0
20.000
40.000
60.000
80.000
100.000 120.000
Cost (ITL.inhab-1 yr-1)
Scuola Agraria del Parco di Monza
TOOLS AND STRATEGIES TO CUT COSTS
Tool
Details
Reducing pick- Hand pick-up of small
up time
receptacles much faster
than mechanical loading
Reduction of
the frequency
for collection
of “Residuals”
Effective systems to
collect biowaste make its
percentage in Residuals
less than 15 %
Applies where…..
… food waste
collected separately
from garden waste, in
small receptacles
…captures of FOOD
waste are increased
Use of bulk
Bulk density of food waste …tools for collection
lorries instead is much higher
of food waste prevent
of packer
(0.7kg/dm3) than yard
deliveries of garden
trucks
waste
waste
Scuola Agraria del Parco di Monza
Benefiting from small, cheap lorries
(costs per inhabitant, Eur/inh.year)
Scuola Agraria del Parco di Monza
Food waste in residual waste
Municipality
Altivole
Arcade
Breda di Piave
Casale sul Sile
Castello di Godego
Cessalto
Conegliano
Cornuda
Giavera del Montello
% Food waste
7,82
8,24
7,61
9,42
8,05
6,30
9,40
7,19
6,88
Scuola Agraria del Parco di Monza
Guidance
Manual for Municipalities, Slovak Republic
www.spz.sk/sk/komp/biologicky_odpad_eng.pdf
Scuola Agraria del Parco di Monza
Test, assess, disseminate !!
• Make results VISIBLE
– Point results more meaningful than average
ones !!
– National awards, NGOs
• Analyse residuals !
Scuola Agraria del Parco di Monza
Summary remarks
• Separate collection of biowaste a PROVEN strategy
• Similar schemes deliver similar results everywhere – MAKE
IT HAPPEN !
• Food waste remarkably different from garden waste
(fermentability, volume) – adopt “fit for purpose” systems
• intensive collection of food waste may deliver high
diversion and savings on collection
• Process adaptation possible and already widely adopted
–
–
–
–
–
Turning
Pretreatment
Recycling coarse rejects
AD
….
Scuola Agraria del Parco di Monza
Thank you !
Enzo Favoino
[email protected]
+39-335-355446 (mobile)