DICAM
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL, CHEMICAL, ENVIRONMENTAL
AND MATERIALS ENGINEERING
RESEARCH PROJECTS AND ACTIVITIES
2015
Bononia University Press
Bononia University Press
Via Farini 37, 40124 Bologna
tel. (+39) 051 232 882
fax (+39) 051 221 019
www.buponline.com
e-mail: [email protected]
© 2015 Bononia University Press
Tutti i diritti riservati
ISBN 978-88-6923-028-8
Impaginazione: Sara Celia
Stampa: MIG - Moderna Industrie Grafiche (Bologna)
Prima edizione: aprile 2015
CONTENTS
DICAM OVERVIEW5
FOREWORD7
DICAM FIGURES 9
OVERVIEW OF THE INTERNATIONAL MASTER DEGREE PROGRAMMES 10
PhD PROGRAMME
14
RESEARCH PROJECTS AND ACTIVITIES 2015
DIFFUSION IN POLYMERS AND MEMBRANE SEPARATIONS
23
GEOENGINEERING AND NATURAL RESOURCES 39
GEOTECHNICAL AND GEOLOGICAL ENGINEERING 57
INDUSTRIAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL BIOTECHNOLOGIES
AND FLUID-DYNAMICS 73
INDUSTRIAL SAFETY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY 89
GEOMATICS 109
MATERIALS CHEMISTRY 123
MATERIALS SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 139
STRUCTURES 155
TRANSPORTATION INFRASTRUCTURES AND TRANSPORTS 207
WATER ENGINEERING 227
Research Projects and Activities 2015
DICAM OVERVIEW
It is with great pleasure that I welcome this publication of the Department of Civil, Chemical, Environmental and Materials Engineering (DICAM). The present volume is aimed to present a concise
and comprehensive overview of the DICAM research projects and scientific activities, carried out
by its numerous research groups.
Obviously, this publication provides only a still image of the ongoing activities, thus requiring continuous
update, thanks to the constant evolution and liveliness already shown since the birth of the Department.
To such purposes, the Department has also developed a dynamic web site, which represents a precious
source of information and a valuable tool to promote scientific exchange and technological transfer.
What emerges from this picture is a rich and articulated portrait of the varied skills and potentials
of the Department, the first one of the University of Bologna to succeed in the recent strategic plan
of resources and people aggregation of different but interrelated engineering branches.
DICAM currently comprises more than 150 Researchers and Professors, including a large number
of PhD students and Research fellows. It incorporates researchers and collaborators from different
former Departments of the School of Engineering and Architecture of the University of Bologna.
Since 2013, the Department also manages the education activities. Together with the traditional BS
and MS Courses taught in Italian (in the areas of Civil Engineering, Chemical Engineering and Environmental Engineering, with a total of more than 1500 students enrolled), the Department also
manages the following two-year international master programmes completely taught in English:
Chemical and Process Engineering (curriculum “Sustainable Technologies and Biotechnologies for
Energy and Materials”), Environmental Engineering (curriculum “Earth Resources Engineering”),
Civil Engineering, and, in collaboration with the Department of Architecture, the international
curriculum “Rehabilitation of Historic Buildings” within the master programme in Engineering of
Building Processes and Systems, held in Ravenna Campus. Thanks to agreements with top Universities in the world (including Columbia University, NY), students can earn two Master degrees in
two years, by spending the second year abroad.
The collaboration with companies operating in the Ravenna area and with international research
institutes has lead to the development of a new field of specialization and to the implementation of
a new curriculum in “Offshore Engineering” to be offered as an option for students enrolled in our
international Master Degree Programmes.
Finally, the Department is involved in the following postgraduate 1-year professional master programs: Timber Contructions (Assolegno) and Design of Oil & Gas Plants (ENI). All courses are
given in English.
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Research Projects and Activities 2015
The Department has also a very active PhD program in Civil, Chemical, Environmental and Materials Engineering, with more than 80 students enrolled. The PhD program encompasses the following
internal curricula: 1) Infrastructure, Resource and Land Engineering; 2) Structural and Geotechnical Engineering; 3) Chemical and Process Engineering; 4) Materials Engineering and Industrial
Biotechnologies.
The high quality, interdisciplinary nature and collaborative work of the research groups enable the
Department to provide, worldwide, an effective answer to the demands of today’s modern society
and of professional world. This was possible as a result of clear leadership with international individual recognition at the management level but also extending to many of the individual members who
progressively assume greater visibility in the international arena.
The Department faces many challenges for its future. Continuing its quest for excellence, with real
impact in science and technology, is a clear goal. This goal relies on people and this is the most
important asset of DICAM. Now and for the future our mission is to make the Department an
ever more challenging place to be for young researchers. For all of them, my warmest thanks for the
privilege of leading an enthusiastic team.
Francesco Ubertini
Department Head
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Research Projects and Activities 2015
FOREWORD
The Department of Civil, Chemical, Environmental and Materials Engineering (DICAM) is the
result of a large aggregation of research skills and laboratory facilities of diverse but interrelated
engineering branches traditionally developed at the University of Bologna. The department integrates the scientific expertise of various research groups, such as Structural, Transport, Hydraulic,
Survey and Territory Engineering, Applied Chemistry and Materials Science, Chemical, Mining,
Petroleum and Environmental Engineering.
The main objective of the aggregation was bringing together, within a large scientific and administrative organization, many of the multifaceted activities of the School of Engineering and Architecture at the University of Bologna. The mission of the Department is to create and develop advanced
research in the areas of civil, chemical, environmental and materials engineering, starting from evaluation, design, construction and service of manmade structures and infrastructures (including industrial production facilities), through the study and characterization of the constituent materials,
up to the environmental analysis and impact assessment of the footprint on the territory and the
environment.
More than 320 people currently team up to the Department research activities: 105 academic staff,
45 technical, administrative and librarian staff and 174 Ph.D. students, research assistants and research fellows.
The Department is based in the two main locations of the School of Engineering and Architecture
of the University of Bologna, the historical building of downtown Bologna and the new building in
the strategic urban development of Via Terracini, in the close outskirt of the historical downtown,
which houses the largest part of the Laboratory facilities and many modern offices for Researchers
and Professors. However, staff ’s activity also takes place at the satellite University of Bologna Campuses of Cesena and Ravenna.
As far as Research activities are concerned, the Department encompasses 14 specialized laboratories, which represent a large propulsive element to the research in all the specific disciplines, as well
as an essential element for the teaching activities. The following are the Labs facilities currently
operating in the Department: Laboratory of Bioreactors, Photocatalytic Processes and Applied
Fluid-dynamics (LABIOFF), Laboratory of Computational Mechanics (LAMC), Laboratory of
Environmental Biotechnology and Biorefineries (LABIOTEC), Laboratory of Geoengineering
and Natural Resources (LAGIRN), Laboratory of Hydraulic Engineering (LIDR), Laboratory of
Industrial Safety and Environmental Sustainability (LISES), Laboratory of Land Surveying and
Geomatics (LARIG), Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Materials Characterization
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Research Projects and Activities 2015
(LAMAC), Laboratory of Materials Science and Technology (LASTM), Laboratory of Membrane
Processes, Bioseparations and Diffusion in Polymers (LABMEM), Laboratory of Road Constructions (LAS), Laboratory of Structural and Geotechnical Engineering (LISG), Laboratory of Transport Network (LART).
The aim of collecting and making available all useful info about the life of the Department has
been fundamental since its origin. To such purposes, an Editorial Board was established, originally
aimed to plan and develop a modern website (www.dicam.unibo.it), which has now become more
than just a source of constantly updated information, but also a remarkable working tool for all the
Department staff, fostering its institutional relationships with the external world. In the website section illustrating the research projects and scientific activities, information and references have been
progressively and constantly gathered, accounting for the scientific liveliness of the various research
groups within the department. Therefore, it was deemed appreciable and useful to put together all
these materials in this booklet, which represents a concise but comprehensive compendium of the
Department scientific activities.
All the research topics are presented in a 2-pages format which includes title and keywords, people
of the research group, contact person, a short summary with figures and a list of the key publications. Each topic has been then grouped into homogeneous categories, which have been in turn
classified under more general research areas, resulting in an overall picture, organized in 11 main
research areas.
Finally, I would like to acknowledge the Head of Department for having strongly supported the
birth of such publication, along with all the members of the Editorial Board, whose tenacious efforts
in file revision and graphic design have made this publication possible.
Paolo Macini
Coordinator of DICAM Editorial Board
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Research Projects and Activities 2015
DICAM FIGURES
Department organization
Head of Department: Francesco Ubertini
Deputy Head of Department: Fabio Fava
Head of Administration Department: Vanessa Valisella
Department Board: Maria Bignozzi, Roberto Bruno, Vittorio Di Federico, Fabio Fava, Giada Gasparini, Andrea Munari, Virginio Pilò, Lorenza Pucci, Roberta Rizzolo, Federico Rupi, Giulio Cesare Sarti,
Elena Toth, Alessandro Tugnoli, Francesco Ubertini
Department Council: full professors, associate professors, assistant professors and Head of Administration
Department, representatives of technical and administrative staff, representatives of research fellows and
representatives of BS, MS and Ph.D. students
Chairmen of Committees: Research, Alessandro Paglianti; Education, Marco Savoia; Library, Andrea
Munari; Laboratories, Andrea Simone; Editorial Board, Paolo Macini
Staff: Full Professors and Associate Professors (68); Ph.D. Students (85); Research Assistants and Research Fellows (89); Administration Staff (28); Lab Technicians Staff (24)
Laboratories
Laboratory of Bioreactors, Photocatalytic Processes and Applied Fluid-dynamics – LABIOFF
Laboratory of Computational Mechanics – LAMC
Laboratory of Environmental Biotechnology and Biorefineries – LABIOTEC
Laboratory of Geoengineering and Natural Resources – LAGIRN
Laboratory of Hydraulic Engineering – LIDR
Laboratory of Industrial Safety and Environmental Sustainability – LISES
Laboratory of Land Surveying and Geomatics – LARIG
Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Materials Characterization– LAMAC
Laboratory of Materials Science and Technology – LASTM
Laboratory of Membrane Processes, Bioseparations and Diffusion in Polymers – LABMEM
Laboratory of Road Constructions – LAS
Laboratory of Structural and Geotechnical Engineering – LISG
Laboratory of Transport Network – LART
Locations and Contacts
Bologna Head Offices, School of Engineering and Architecture, 2 Viale del Risorgimento, 40136,
Bologna – Italy, phone +39 051 20 93237/93502, fax 0039 051 20 93253;
Bologna, new offices building and Labs, 28 Via Terracini, 40131, Bologna – Italy, phone +39 051
20 9031 2, fax +39 051 20 90322
Cesena Campus Offices, 55 Via Cavalcavia, 47521, Cesena – Italy, phone +39 0547 338311, fax
+39 0547 338307
Ravenna Campus Offices, 5 Via Tombesi dall’Ova, 48121, Ravenna – Italy, phone +39 0544
936511, fax +39 0544 936503
Web sites
www.dicam.unibo.it
www.eng.dicam.unibo.it
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Research Projects and Activities 2015
OVERVIEW OF THE INTERNATIONAL MASTER DEGREE PROGRAMMES
International two-year Master in Civil Engineering
The international two-year Master Programme in “Civil Engineering” (“Laurea Magistrale”), entirely taught in English, is open to students of any nationality.
The main goal of the Master is to educate professionals with the necessary in-depth scientific and
technical knowledge in the field of Civil Engineering, within a multi-cultural educational environment. The programme is meant to prepare students with firm technical bases while nurturing
decision-making and leadership potential. It prepares graduates to practice their profession at an
advanced level and with a unique exposure to an international environment to better understand
the global issues of Civil Engineering.
The programme is organized in core modules and curriculum courses.
The core modules, common for all students, aim at consolidating fundamentals and improving modelling capabilities in the classical areas of Civil Engineering, such as Structural Mechanics and Engineering, Hydraulics and Hydrology, Geotechnical Engineering, Road and Transportation Engineering.
Students will select their field of specialization within three different areas, opting for one of the
following curricula:
- Structural engineering
- Infrastructure design in river basins
- Offshore Engineering (with a second year held in Ravenna Campus)
After the Master, civil engineers plan and design all types of buildings, houses, industrial plants,
bridges, roads and railways, waterways and water reservoirs.
Besides these traditional activities, in industrialised and rapidly evolving societies, the skills of Civil
Engineers are increasingly requested in the fields of territory planning and environment
preservation. Moreover, the arising demand for safety and protection against natural and industrial
risks is the framework in which the skills of Civil Engineers meet the continuously evolving needs
of Civil Protection.
Main employers of civil engineers are national and international construction companies, engineering and consultancy agencies and, public authorities. Quite a number of civil engineers are self-employed and run their own company or office.
International two-year Master in Environmental Engineering, ERE (Earth Resources Engineering) Curriculum
The two-year Master Programme (“Laurea Magistrale”), entirely taught in English, is open to students of any nationality.
The central theme of ERE is the conscientious stewardship of our finite natural resources, namely
minerals, fuels, energy, water, and land. Students taking ERE Programme will attain a broad background in environmental engineering and earth resources covering water resources, pollution prevention, energy, resource economics, recycling, waste and biowaste valorization, alternative and renewable raw materials, reclamation, and health. It prepares graduates to practice their profession at
an advanced level and with a unique exposure to an international environment to better understand
the global issues of environmental engineering.
ERE graduates will be prepared to move to higher levels of their careers, across a variety of industries
and sectors. They will gain access to a wider range of positions both in engineering companies and
in national and international government agencies.
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Research Projects and Activities 2015
Besides these traditional activities, in industrialized and rapidly evolving societies, the skills of Environmental Engineers are increasingly needed in the fields of territory planning and environmental
conservation. Moreover, the rising demand for safety and protection against natural and industrial
risks is the framework in which the skills of Environmental Engineers meet the continuously evolving needs of civil protection agencies.
The Laboratories support both teaching and research activities.
During the courses and the preparation of the final thesis students will find in the laboratories and
the facilities of the department a very interesting and exciting place to improve their knowledge and
abilities.
For their second year, students enrolled in the ERE Programme will be able to choose “Offshore
Engineering” curriculum, held in Ravenna campus, gaining the possibility to carry out internships
and to develop research projects in the companies operating in in the field.
International two-year Master Programme in Chemical and Process Engineering, STEM (Sustainable Technologies and biotechnologies for Energy and Materials) Curriculum
The conventional world-players, such as the chemical and Oil&Gas industry, are undergoing increasing innovation and internationalization, thus requiring global competences and higher qualifications from the chemical engineers recruited.
The STEM curriculum of the Master Degree in Chemical and Process Engineering (“Laurea Magistrale”), entirely taught in English, was built to meet these needs.
In the first year, courses deepen the understanding of fundamental concepts: advanced thermodynamics and transport phenomena, introduction to basic design, and introduction to industrial
safety. In the second year, both compulsory and elective courses are offered on specialized topics,
such as materials, energy and environmental processes and industrial biotechnologies.
Graduates of the programme will be prepared to work in numerous fields, including the conventional chemical and process industry (petrochemical, specialty chemicals, pharmaceutical), the widespread energy industrial sectors (up-stream and down-stream Oil&Gas, energy generation, green
energy production), and many other specialized sectors (material production, food technologies,
industrial biotechnologies, etc.).
The Programme includes the opportunity for students to carry out part of their Masters research
project in the framework of the collaborative research project between the University of Bologna
and private companies or various international research institutes.
For their second year, students enrolled in the STEM Programme will be able to choose “Offshore
Engineering” curriculum, held in Ravenna campus, gaining the possibility to carry out internships
and to develop research projects in the companies operating in in the field.
Among the more important professional sectors addressed by Master studies in Chemical Engineering are:
The conventional Chemical and Process Industry, and in particular the petrochemical, polymers,
specialty chemicals, and pharmaceutical sectors: this industry is characterized by increasing globalization and is steadily recruiting qualified chemical engineers throughout Europe.
The Energy sector: Oil&Gas, both up-stream and down-stream, strongly requires qualified chemical engineers for design and operation in a framework of growing complexity and innovation towards increasing sustainability and environmental compatibility.
The Material sector, with its development towards nanomaterials and smart materials requires qualified chemical engineers to answer the demand for innovation and life-cycle sustainability.
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Research Projects and Activities 2015
The Biotechnology sector, with its evolution towards large-scale production, has a growing requirement of qualified chemical engineers able to support the industrialization of biotechnological processes and their operations.
The Environmental sector, with the growing development of processes for the recovery of wastes,
the valorization of biomass and the implementation of safe and sustainable technologies, needs
qualified chemical engineers as a necessary support to its large-scale operations.
International two-year Master Programme in Engineering of Building Processes and Systems,
HBR (Rehabilitation of Historic Buildings) Curriculum
The innovation in both technical and organizational structure is increasing the complexity of the
building process. The emergence of more stringent requirements and the intense penetration of new
materials and technologies take special relevance in consolidation, recovery and rehabilitation of
historic buildings, which is a market segment in steady expansion.
The growing cultural value attributed to the existing building and the economic and environmental benefits associated with its conservation are expanding this market, whose further
development fuels a demand for high-profile skills, able to meet its specific characteristics and
constraints.
The HBR (Historic Buildings Rehabilitation) international curriculum of the Master in Engineering of Building Processes and Systems was built to meet these needs of new professionals, able to
integrate the functions traditionally found within the process, by focusing on the critical analysis of
the historical heritage, the diagnosis of conservation conditions, the definition of procedures and
techniques for consolidation and rehabilitation of the artefacts, by applying effective methods and
solutions, compatible with the protection of the heritage characters.
In the first year, courses are mainly oriented to address basic issues of the Master’s studies: History
of Italian and European Architecture; Conservation Theory of Historic Buildings and Heritage
Conservation; Survey of Historic Buildings, Materials and Technologies for Historic Buildings;
Advanced Structural Mechanics and Mechanics of Historic Masonry and Wood Structures. Additionally, a Design Project course aims at training the students in applying to a case-study the acquired knowledge.
In the second year, both compulsory and elective courses are offered on specialized topics, such as
Structural Diagnostics, Seismic Assessment and Rehabilitation; Geotechnical Engineering for the
Preservation of Historic Buildings; Mineralogical and Petrographical Characterization of Natural
and Artificial Stone Materials.
At the end of the program, a degree titled “Master in Engineering of building processes and
Systems” (Laurea Magistrale in Ingegneria dei Processi e dei Sistemi edilizi, Classe LM-24) is
awarded.
Graduates of the program will have the training to go on to work in numerous fields, including
Public Administrations, Companies carrying out works of consolidation and recovery of historic
buildings, and many other specific sectors, such as production of building components, diagnostic
and survey services, facility management.
DICAM international Master Degrees include Dual Degree joint education Programmes with
Columbia University in New York (Civil Engineering, ERE, STEM), the University of Miami
(Civil Engineering, ERE) and Tongji University in Shanghai (HBR). Students participating
in the Dual Degree may obtain in two years the International Master Degree (Laurea Magis-
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Research Projects and Activities 2015
trale Internazionale) at the University of Bologna and the Master of Science at the partner
University.
New Dual Degree agreements are in the process of being established, namely with Université de
Liège (Belgium) and USP (University of San Paulo, Brasil).
Completion of all Master Degrees can also lead to entering PhD. level studies.
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Research Projects and Activities 2015
PhD PROGRAMME
The Department provides a highly stimulating environment for PhD research and our doctoral programme attracts outstanding students from a variety of academic backgrounds. They
form an integral part of the Department’s research life and numbers have risen to over 85 PhD
students in 2013. At present, the Department manages a PhD Course in Civil, Chemical, Environmental and Materials Engineering (PhD@DICAM).
The course aims to provide the PhD candidates with the skills required by managing authorities, engineering offices, firms, companies, private and public research centres, etc. Moreover,
the doctoral programme provides students with research experience, the opportunity to pursue
advanced studies in engineering fields (broadly defined), familiarity with appropriate methods
and theories, and participation in an active research community.
The scientific topics of PhD@DICAM are those characterizing the major disciplines in the
field of Civil Engineering, Chemical and Process Engineering, Environmental Engineering,
Materials Engineering and Industrial Biotechnologies.
The PhD course covers a 3-year period and helps the candidates to build up and improve their
base and specialized knowledge, through the development of an original and autonomous research activity. Periods of study and research abroad are also expected.
Curricula and research areas
The PhD Course is characterized by several disciplines in which the research can be developed:
1) Infrastructures, Resources and Land engineering: Hydraulics and Hydraulic works, Sanitary
Engineering, Roads and Transports, Topography and Cartography, Geoengineering and Georesources, Applied Geology.
2) Structural and Geotechnical Engineering: Continuum Mechanics, Structures, Geotechnics.
3) Chemical and Process Engineering: Principles of Chemical Engineering, Chemical Plants,
Fundamental of Chemical Process Development, Industrial and Technological Chemistry.
4) Materials Engineering & Industrial Biotechnology: Fundamental Chemistry of Technologies, Materials Science and Technology, Industrial and Environmental Biotechnologies, Applied Physical Chemistry.
Training: Our PhD training aims to provide students with a qualification of international
standing that is suited for an industrial or academic career. To achieve this, we complement
work on the research project with Departmental base courses or modules on relevant topics, shared by different curricula, and specialized courses specific for each educational path.
Specialized courses are defined also according to the specific targets of the research activity
developed by each candidate.
Research: Our PhD students are encouraged to interact with researchers working in different
areas and are co-supervised by academics of the Department. Such interdisciplinary training
fosters the intellectual capabilities and practical skills needed to cooperate with engineers and
scientists from a variety of academic backgrounds.
Research is carried out in three phases. The first one is aimed at properly setting up the research
program, through an accurate literature overview and the planning of the specialized courses,
and usually takes place in the first year in parallel with the courses. The second phase consists
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Research Projects and Activities 2015
in an autonomous development of the research activity, through analyses, experimental tests
and/or surveys in the field. This phase usually goes from the third to the fifth semester. The
third phase is devoted to results dissemination and to the preparation of the final thesis.
Fabio Fava
Coordinator of PhD@DICAM
15
DICAM – Department of Civil, Chemical, Environmental and Materials Engineering
School of Architecture and Engineering, new Building, Via del Lazzaretto
School of Architecture and Engineering, historical building, Viale Risorgimento
17
DICAM – Department of Civil, Chemical, Environmental and Materials Engineering
18
DICAM – Department of Civil, Chemical, Environmental and Materials Engineering
19
DICAM – Department of Civil, Chemical, Environmental and Materials Engineering
20
RESEARCH PROJECTS AND ACTIVITIES 2015
Diffusion in Polymers and Membrane Separations
Diffusion in Polymers and Membrane Separations – Separation of Liquids with Membranes
MEMBRANES AND MEMBRANE PROCESSES FOR LIQUID MIXTURES
RESEARCH GROUP: Serena Bandini, Carlo Gostoli, Valentina Morelli
KEYWORDS: membrane processes, liquid mixtures, process development, Nanofiltration, food industry
The activity focuses on membrane processes (Microfiltration (MF), Ultrafiltration (UF), Nanofiltration (NF), Reverse Osmosis (RO), Forward
Osmosis (FO), Electrodialysis (ED)) for innovative separation and reaction techniques based on
polymeric, inorganic and composite membranes
for food, energy and process industry applications.
Research activity is carried out on: i) experimental characterization of membrane properties and
of membrane performances, ii) transport and
partitioning phenomena modeling, iii) module
performances characterization and iv) process
development to industrial scale. The activities are
in cooperation with international universities and
industries and can be described as follows.
General assessment of NF modeling. Development
of a partitioning- transport model of electrolyte/
neutral solutes mixtures in NF membranes, accounting Donnan equilibrium, Dielectric Exclusion and hindered mass transport. The studies are
basen on a wide experimentation on membrane
performances and electrochemical characterization of membrane material.
Nanofiltration in food industry. NF is a potential
alternative to RO and UF for concentration operations. Pre-concentration of milk and/or whey for
the production of iposodic cheese was developed.
Separation of simple sugars from complex sugar
mixtures and process development on industrial
scale was patented in cooperation with a company.
Separation of isomers by NF membranes is under
investigation also.
New frontiers in membrane engineering. New
methods for energy production, new apparatuses
including reaction and separation steps, new compact devices to perform conventional unit operations without flooding, channeling or backmixing
problems are among the future challenges. New
inorganic and composite membranes are under
investigation to produce energy by Forward Osmosis or Reverse Electrodyalisis.
A pilot plant for milk Nanofiltration.
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Research Projects and Activities 2015
site-binding and competitive adsorption in determining the charge of nanofiltration membranes, Desalination, 241 (2009) 315-330.
MAIN PUBLICATIONS
G. Mucchetti, G. Zardi, F. Orlandini, C. Gostoli, The pre-concentration of milk by Nanofiltration in the production of fresh cheese Quarg
type. Le Lait 80(2000)43-50.
C. Mazzoni, F. Orlandini, S. Bandini, Role of
the electrolyte type on TiO2 – ZrO2 nanofiltration membranes performances, Desalination,
240 (2009) 227-235.
S.Bandini, Nafion Membranes for Conversion
of Sodium Phenoxides into Undissociated Phenols, J. Membrane Sci., 207 (2002) 209-225.
A.Szymczyk, P.Fievet, S.Bandini, On the Amphoteric Behavior of Desal DK Nanofiltration
Membranes at Low Salt concentrations , J.
Membrane Sci. 355 (2010) 60-68.
S.Bandini, D.Vezzani, Nanofiltration modeling:
the role of dielectric exclusion in membrane
characterization, Chem. Eng. Sci., 58 (2003)
3303-3326
S.Bandini, L.Bruni, Transport phenomena in
Nanofiltration membranes, in “Comprehensive
Membrane Science and Engineering”, vol. 2:
“Membrane operations in molecular separations”,
(2010), 67-89, Oxford: Ac. Press, Elsevier.
S.Bandini, J.Drei, D.Vezzani, The role of pH and
concentration on the ion rejection in polyamide nanofiltration membranes, J. Membrane Sci,
264 (2005), 65-74.
PATENTS
S.Bandini, Modelling the mechanism of membrane charge formation in NF membranes:
Theory and application, J. Membrane Sci., 264
(2005), 75-86.
G. Mucchetti, C. Gostoli, D. Carlini, F. Orlandini, G. Zardi, G. Potena, Procedimento di
preparazione di formaggio fresco da latte concentrato mediante Nanofiltrazione. Patent N.
BO99A000269 Filed on 19/5/1999.
S.Bandini, C.Mazzoni, Modelling the amphoteric behaviour of polyamide nanofiltration membranes, Desalination, 184 (2005) 1307-1316.
Bandini S., Ketsman J., Nataloni L., Sanchez
S., Process for increasing yield of Dextrose
production process, by membrane technology, Application number: 12006676.6 - 2101/
EP12006676. Filed on 24/09/2012 with European Patent Office -Munich
C. Gostoli, G. Mucchetti, New types of fresh cheese
obtained by nanofiltration of milk and whey, in:
E. DRIOLI, W. WEI, Sino-Italian workshop on
the application of membrane technology in food
processing, WEIHAI, 2005, pp. 61-64.
C.Mazzoni, S.Bandini, On Nanofiltration
Desal-5 DK performances with calcium chloride-water solutions, Separation & Purification
Technology, 52 (2006) 232-240.
RESEARCH PROJECTS
Nanofiltration for the production of fresh
cheese (NANOFRESH), 2000-2001, EU- Regione Emilia Romagna, C. Gostoli.
C.Mazzoni, L.Bruni, S.Bandini, Nanofiltration:
role of the electrolyte and pH on Desal DK performances, Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Research Journal, 46 (2007) 2254-2262.
Analisi di fattibilità tecnica per l’arricchimento
del destrosio in acque madri tramite Nanofiltrazione. Convenzione di ricerca tra DICMA
e Cargill srl (SSE BUSINESS UNIT – Castelmassa (RO)) (2010-2012).
L.Bruni, S.Bandini, The role of the electrolyte
on the mechanism of charge formation in polyamide nanofiltration membranes, J. Membrane
Sci. 308 (2008)136-151.
CONTACTS
[email protected]
[email protected]
L.Bruni, S.Bandini, Studies on the role of
26
Diffusion in Polymers and Membrane Separations – Separation of Liquids with Membranes
MEMBRANE CONTACTORS
RESEARCH GROUP: Serena Bandini, Carlo Gostoli, Felipe Varela Coredor
KEYWORDS: membrane contactors, mass transfer operations, membrane reactors, pertraction, wine processing
Membrane Contactors (MC) are mass transfer
devices that allow two phases to come in contact
without dispersion of one phase into the other.
The membrane acts as a mere physical support
for the interface and does not contributes to the
separation through its selectivity, the separation
being primarily based on the principle of phase
equilibrium. The macroporous membrane, usually in the shape of hollow fibres, may be either
hydrophilic or hydrophobic; the interface is
immobilized at the pore mouth on the side in
contact with the non-wetting phase, whereas
the pores are filled by the wetting phase.
Polymeric membranes were usually employed in
membrane contactor studies and applications,
especially Polypropylene and PVDF. Recently
increasing efforts have been devoted to develop ceramic membranes, or hybrid membranes
to get better chemical and thermal stability as
well as higher mechanical strength. Membrane
surface modification techniques to improve the
hydrophobicity has also been investigated.
The research group performed fundamental investigation on mass transfer rate in MC, especially in the shell side of hollow fibre modules as
well as in strictly related processes, as Membrane
Distillation and Osmotic Distillation.
The applications considered are typical of chemical and process engineering as well as of food
and biotechnology industry:
- recovery of bioproducts (Vanillin) from fermentation broths by using selective solvents;
- removal of Volatile Organic Compounds from
- aqueous streams and/or solvent recovery;
- membrane reactors: chemical reactions and
stripping operations for absorbents regeneration at high temperature and average pressures.
- alcohol level adjustment of wines; production
of alcohol free wine;
- juices concentration at room temperature.
Membrane contactor: operation concept with
hydrophobic membranes.
Pilot plant for fruit juice concentration and ethanol removal from wine.
27
Research Projects and Activities 2015
C. Boi, S.Bandini, G.C.Sarti, Pollutants removal
from wastewaters through membrane distillation,
Desalination, 183 (2005) 899-910.
MAIN PUBLICATIONS
C. Gostoli, R. Ferrarini, Applications of osmotic
distillation in food and wine processing: the critical
points, their weaknesses and the potentialities, in:
E. Dioli, G. Di Profio, M.A. Liberti, proc. of: International Workshop on Membrane Distillation
and Related Technologies, Ravello (SA) – Italy,
October 9-12, 2011) pp. 80-82.
M. Celere, Gostoli C., Osmotic distillation with
propylene glycol, glycerol and glycerol-salt mixtures,
J.Membrane Sci , 229 (2004)159-170.
A. Versari, R. Ferrarini, G.B. Tornielli, G.P. Parpinello, C. Gostoli, E. Celotti, Treatment of grape
juice by osmotic distillation, J. of Food Sci., 10
(2004), E422 - E427.
C. Gostoli, Recovery of Biosynthetic Products Using
Membrane Contactors, in: Hironori Nakaajima,
Mass Transfer - Advanced Aspects, Rijeka, InTech
d.o.o., 2011, pp. 619 -644.
Celere M., Gostoli C., The heat and mass transfer
phenomena in osmotic membrane distillation, Desalination 147(2002) 133-138
Sciubba L., Di Gioia D., Fava F., Gostoli C., Recovery of vanillin obtained via microbial bioconversion using membrane contactors, in: International
Biotechnology Simposium and Exhibiotion IBS
2010, S.N., s.n, 2010, pp. F119, Rimini, 14-18
September 2010).
C. Gostoli, Thermal Effects in Osmotic Distillation, J.Membrane Sci. 163/1(1999)75-91.
S.Bandini, A.Saavedra and G.C. Sarti, Vacuum
Membrane Distillation: Experiments and Modeling. AIChE J., 43 (1997) 398-408.
L. Sciubba, D. Di Gioia, F. Fava, C. Gostoli, Recovery of vanillin obtained via microbial bioconversion
using membrane contactors, J. Biotechnology, 150,
(2010) 340.
RESEARCH PROJECTS
Attività di test di moduli di Membrane Contactors Ceramici - Progetto di ricerca n. 658283
Convenzione fra DICMA e SAIPEM (Milano),
responsabile Serena Bandini, 2012-2014
Sciubba L., Di Gioia D., Fava F., Gostoli C., Membrane-based solvent extraction of vanillin in hollow
fiber contactors, Desalination 241 (2009) 357-364.
Sviluppo di processi a membrana in Enologia,
Convenzione tra DICMA e Juclas S.r.l. (Verona),
responsabile Carlo Gostoli, 2011-2012
Ferrarini R., Bocca E., Gostoli C., Membrane techniques for the product quality and identity, in: Preceedings of XXXI World Congress of Vine and
Wine, PARIS, OIV (International Organization
of Vine and Wine), 2008, pp. 185-191
Dealcolazione di vini con tecnologie a membrana, Convenzione fra DICMA e Terranera S.r.l.
(Grottolella, AV), responsabile Carlo Gostoli,
2007-2008.
Sciubba L., Di Gioia D., Fava F., Gostoli C., Membrane based solvent extraction of vanillinin hollow fiber contactors, in: BEKASSY-MOLNAR,
BELAFI-BAKO, PERMEA 2007, Membrane
Science and Technology Conference of Visegrad
Countries, pp. 1-5, Siofok (H), Sept. 2-6 2007.
Pilot plant for juice concentration by direct osmosis, CONFROD Project, 1999-2000, Progetto
cofinanziato con fondi Europei nell’ambito della
misura 1.6 (sviluppo dell’innovazione) Obiettivo
2, della Regione Emilia Romagna, responsabile
Carlo Gostoli
Bruni L., Gostoli C., Membrane Contactors in
Wine Processing, in: BEKASSI-MOLNAR, BELAFI-BAKO, PERMEA 2007, Membrane Science and Technology Conference of Visegrad
Countries, Siofok (H), Sept. 2-6 2007
Study of a Process for the Production of Superior Quality Juices, U. E. (BRITE/EURAM),
contract N. BRE2-CT94-1499, 1 February
1995 - 31 January 1997, Italian Coordinator:
Carlo Gostoli.
M. Celere, C. Gostoli, Heat and mass transfer in
osmotic distillation with brines, glycerol and glycerol-salt mixtures, J.Membrane Sci. 257 (2005) 99110.
CONTACTS
[email protected]
[email protected]
28
Diffusion in Polymers and Membrane Separations – Membrane Bioseparations
BIOMOLECULES PURIFICATION WITH AFFINITY MEMBRANES:
EXPERIMENTAL AND THEORETICAL STUDIES
RESEARCH GROUP: Cristiana Boi, Giulio Cesare Sarti
KEYWORDS: affinity membranes, monoliths, chromatography, protein purification, mathematical modelling
The aim of the research is the purification of biomolecules for therapeutic use, biomedical and biotechnology applications using affinity convective
chromatography. In this area two classes of separations are considered: purification of biomolecules
and selective apheresis. The research activity is both
experimental and theoretical, with a particular emphasis on mathematical modelling.
The experimental activity is focused on the functionalization and characterization of membranes
and other chromatographic supports for purification of virus, monoclonal antibodies, proteins and
different biomolecules.
The choice of appropriate materials, membranes, ligands and spacer arms, is the first step towards the
development of affinity membranes.
Ligand immobilization is the critical step of the process, since the ligand needs to maintain its functionality while immobilized on the support. The choice
of the spacer arm, that acts as a linker between membrane and ligand is crucial for the process.
Affinity membranes are initially characterized in
batch using pure protein solutions, then the protein
of interest is purified from the complex solution (e.g.
surnatant of cell culture or serum) where it originates.
The experimental characterization is mainly performed using a low pressure chromatographic system,
FPLC, in which columns with the solid supports to
be characterized (beads, membranes or monoliths)
are operated. The relevant transport parameters and
the kinetic parameters of adsorption and elution are
determined from the experimental data, it is important to note that kinetic parameters need to be determined for every protein/ligand system.
A mathematical model has been developed for the
description of the whole chromatographic cycle: adsorption, washing and elution. Model validation has
been performed with experimental data obtained
with a bench scale apparatus for different affinity
systems, using both membranes and monoliths,
with different proteins and ligands. Scale-up studies
using the model as a predictive tool for bioprocess
design are also performed.
29
Fig. 1. Some of the laboratory instruments of
the research group.
Fig. 2. Comparison between experimental
data (circles) and model results (line) for IgG
adsorption on B14-TRZ-Epoxy2 affinity
membranes at two different operating conditions.
Research Projects and Activities 2015
MAIN PUBLICATIONS
Progress, 24 (2008) 640-647.
C. Boi, S. Dimartino, G.C. Sarti, S. Williams, S.
Hofer, J. Horak, W. Lindner, Influence of different spacer arms on A2P affinity membranes for
human IgG capture, Journal of Chromatography
B, 879 (2011) 1633-1640.
C. Boi, Membrane adsorbers as purification tools
for monoclonal antibody purification, Journal of
Chromatography B 848 (2007), 19-27.
C. Boi, S. Dimartino, G.C. Sarti, Modelling and
simulation of affinity membrane adsorption,
Journal of Chromatography A, 1162 (2007) 2433.
S. Dimartino, C. Boi, G. C. Sarti, Influence of
protein adsorption kinetics on breakthrough
broadening in membrane affinity chromatography, Journal of Chromatography A, 1218 (2011)
3966-3972.
C. Boi, G.C. Sarti, Development and characterisation of affinity membranes for immunoglobulin purification, Separation Science and Technology, 42:13 (2007) 2987-3001.
S. Dimartino, C. Boi, G.C. Sarti, A novel model for the simulation of protein purification
through affinity membrane chromatography,
Journal of Chromatography A, 1218 (2011)
1677-1690.
C. Boi, F. Cattoli, R. Facchini M. Sorci, G.C.
Sarti, Adsorption of lectins on affinity membranes, Journal of Membrane Science 273 (1-2),
(2006), 12-19.
C. Boi, V. Busini, M. Salvalaglio, C. Cavallotti,
G.C. Sarti, Understanding ligand–protein interactions in affinity membrane chromatography for antibody purification, Journal of Chromatography A, 1216 (2009) 8687-8696.
F. Cattoli, C. Boi, M. Sorci, G.C. Sarti, Adsorption of pure recombinant MBP-fusion proteins
on amylose affinity membranes, Journal of
Membrane Science 273 (1-2), (2006), 2-11.
C. Boi, S. Bandini, G.C. Sarti, Pollutants removal from wastewaters through membrane distillation, Desalination 183 (1-3), (2005), 383-394.
C. Boi, C. Algeri, G.C. Sarti, Preparation and
characterization of polysulfone affinity membranes bearing a synthetic peptide ligand for the
separation of murine immunoglobulins, Biotechnology Progress, 24 (2008) 1304-1313.
RESEARCH PROJECTS
EU FP6 NMP3-CT-2004-500160, Project:
AIMs “Advanced Interactive Materials by Design”.
C. Boi, S. Dimartino, G.C. Sarti, Experimental
and simulation analysis of membrane adsorbers
used for the primary capture step in antibody
manufacturing. Chemical Engineering Transactions, ISBN: 889560802X, Vol. 14 (2008), pp.
91-96.
IT PRIN 2008, Project: “Sviluppo di membrane di affinità per anticorpi monoclonali”.
CONTACTS
C. Boi, S. Dimartino, G.C. Sarti, Performance
of a new Protein A affinity membrane for the
primary recovery of antibodies, Biotechnology
[email protected]
[email protected]
30
Diffusion in Polymers and Membrane Separations – Gas Separation with Membranes
GAS SEPARATION WITH POLYMERIC MEMBRANES
RESEARCH GROUP: Luca Ansaloni, Matteo Minelli, Maria Grazia De Angelis, Marco Giacinti Baschetti,
Giulio C. Sarti, Ferruccio Doghieri
KEY WORDS: gas separation, CO2 capture, membranes, gas transport properties
Membranes based on polymeric materials are
known to offer a selective ability towards different
gases and vapours. Membrane separations represent a clean and economic way to replace traditional separation and purification technologies
based on high pressure or temperature gradients
and on phase change. The research activity focuses on the characterization and modeling of the gas
permeation into commercial as well as innovative
membranes in order to design specific separation
processes and to optimize material properties. The
research is carried out in combination both with
the final users of the separation processes, either in
the industrial or pilot plant scale, and with material
manufacturers and chemists. Separation of interest
include: CO2 removal from natural gas, biogas
or flue gas, purification of hydrogen from steam
reforming or from fermentation (biohydrogen),
separation of hydrocarbons from light gases, etc.
The research also includes macroscopic modeling
of the mass transport properties allowing to gain a
deep understanding of the separation process. The
current activity is particularly focused on:
1) Polyimide membranes (e.g. Matrimid) which
exhibit good thermal and mechanical properties
and interesting performances in CO2/CH4 and
CO2/N2 separations.
2) high free volume glassy polymers (PTMSP,
polynorbornenes, polymer of intrinsic microporosity PIM, Amorphous Teflon), with high gas
permeability and selectivity.
3) mixed matrix membranes based on glassy polymers and nano-sized silica particles that enhances
the permeation rates of gases, with different effects
on selectivity.
4) rubbery polymers based on ethylene oxide or
propylene oxide with high solubility for CO2.
The lab is equipped with pure and mixed gas permeometers, balances and pressure decay devices
for pure and mixed gas sorption. Also polymer
swelling can be monitored. The research is carried
on in collaboration with several Italian and Foreign groups.
31
Fig.1 a) effect of temperature and water absorbed on the gas permeability in Nafion®
N117;
b) effect of butane pressure and amount of
silica filler on the butane permeability in
Amorphous Teflon AF2400 mixed matrix
membrane.
Research Projects and Activities 2015
Giacinti Baschetti M., Ghisellini M., Quinzi
M., Doghieri F., Stagnaro P., Costa G., Sarti
G.C. (2005). Effects on sorption and diffusion
in PTMSP and TMSP/TMSE copolymers of
free volume changes due to polymer ageing.
Journal of Molecular Structure 739, 75-86.
MAIN PUBLICATIONS
Minelli M., Friess K., Vopicka O., De Angelis
M.G. (2013) Modeling gas and vapor sorption
in a Polymer of Intrinsic Microporosity (PIM1). Fluid Phase Equilibria 347, 35-44.
Minelli M., Giacinti Baschetti M. Hallinan
D.T., Balsara N.P. (2013) Study of Gas Permeabilities through Polystyrene-block-poly(ethylene oxide) Copolymers. Journal Of Membrane
Science 432, 83-89.
De Angelis M.G., Sarti G.C., Sanguineti A.,
Maccone P. (2004). Permeation, Diffusion, and
Sorption of Dimethyl Ether in Fluoroelastomers. Journal of Polymer Science. Part B, Polymer
Physics 42, 1987-2006.
Galizia M., De Angelis M.G., Sarti G.C., Finkelshtein E., Yampolskii Y. (2011, 2012).
Sorption of hydrocarbons and alcohols in addition-type poly(trimethyl silyl norbornene) and
other high free volume glassy polymers. I. experimental data; II: NELF model predictions.
Journal of Membrane Science 385-386, 141-153
and 405-406, 201-211.
De Angelis M.G., Merkel, T.C., Bondar, V.I.,
Freeman, B.D., Doghieri, F. Sarti, G.C. (2002).
Gas Sorption and Dilation in Poly(2,2-bistrifluoromethyl-4,5- difluoro -1,3- dioxole-co-tetrafluoroethylene): Comparison of
Experimental Data with Predictions of the Non
Equilibrium Lattice Fluid Model. Macromolecules 35, 1276-1288.
Catalano J., Myezwa T., De Angelis M.G., Giacinti Baschetti M., Sarti G.C. (2012). The effect of relative humidity on the gas permeability
and swelling in PFSI membranes. International
Journal of Hydrogen Energy 37, 6308-6316.
RESEARCH PROJECTS
BIOHYDRO 2010-2012: Combined biological production of methane and hydrogen from
wastes of the agro-food industry
Ferrari M.C., Galizia M., De Angelis M.G.,
Sarti G.C. (2010). Gas and Vapor Transport
in Mixed Matrix Membranes Based on Amorphous Teflon AF1600 and AF2400 and Fumed
Silica. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research 49 11920-11935.
Accordo di Programma MSE-ENEA sulla Ricerca di Sistema Elettrico: “Studio di membrane
polimeriche e processi a membrana per l’arricchimento in metano del biogas” 2011-2012.
Fossati P., Sanguineti A., De Angelis M.G.,
Giacinti Baschetti M., Doghieri F., Sarti G.C.
(2007). Gas solubility and permeability in
MFA. Journal Of Polymer Science. Part B, Polymer Physics 45, 1637-1652
FP6 Project: Multimat Design 2005-2008:
Computer aided molecular design of multifunctional materials with controlled permeability properties.
Convenzione CNR, progetto “Carbone pulito”
PAR 2011.
CONTACTS
Prabhakar R.S., De Angelis M.G., Sarti G.C.,
Freeman B.D., Coughlin M.C. (2005). Gas and
Vapor Sorption, Permeation, and Diffusion in
Poly(tetrafluoroethylene-co-perfluoromethyl
vinyl ether). Macromolecules 38, 7043-7055.
[email protected]
[email protected]
[email protected]
[email protected]
32
Diffusion in Polymers and Membrane Separations – Gas Separation with Membranes
MEMBRANES FOR ENERGY APPLICATIONS
RESEARCH GROUP: Giulio C. Sarti, Marco Giacinti Baschetti, Maria Grazia De Angelis
KEYWORDS: proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFC), ionomers, hydrogen, palladium membranes
The activity focuses on the study of novel techniques
for the processing of new energy carriers (hydrogen)
and the optimization of new energy production devices (fuel cells).
Palladium Membranes for Hydrogen purification. Hydrogen is one of the most promising energy carriers, due to its intrinsically clean combustion
and possible use in fuel cells. Hydrogen is mainly
produced by the reforming of natural gas; an efficiency increase in that process is a first step toward
a more sustainable future. Palladium membranes
can be used to purify hydrogen produced via steam
reforming, reducing costs and improving efficiency
of the whole process, due to high permeability and
selectivity, and lower energy consumption than currently used systems (e.g. pressure swing absorber).
Moreover membrane systems and can be assembled
within the steam reforming reactor, to increase the
reaction efficiency and yield.
The activity is aimed at testing and modeling transport of hydrogen-containing mixtures in palladium
membranes, in order to design the most appropriate
membranes and modules in a real separation environment, in the presence of poisoning gases, such as
CO and water vapour.
Ionomer Membranes for Fuel Cells. Proton Exchange Membranes Fuel Cells (PEMFCs) are energy production devices that use hydrogen (or methanol) as fuel and polymeric membranes as electrolytes
(e.g. Nafion®, Aquivion®). The membrane conductivity depends on the humidity absorbed and the study
of mass transport through the membrane is essential
for controlling its performance. The activity is focused at the experimental and theoretical study of
fluid transport through membranes as a function
of operative conditions and membrane properties,
especially at temperatures above 60°C as they allow
the use of alternative fuels and reduce electrode catalyst poisoning. The analysis is carried out with the
aid of infrared spectroscopy, dry and humid gas permeometers, balances and pressure decay devices for
sorption, TGA measurements.
33
Fig. 1. Rubotherm Magnetic Balance for hydrogen transport in palladium membranes.
Fig. 2. Relative permeability of gases in humidified Nafion® N117 membranes for fuel cells,
versus water volume fraction in the membrane.
Research Projects and Activities 2015
branes deposited on ceramic supports. Journal
of Membrane Science 325(1), 446-453.
MAIN PUBLICATIONS
Ferrari M.C., Catalano J., Giacinti Baschetti M., De Angelis M.G., Sarti G.C. (2012).
FTIR-ATR Study of Water Distribution in a
Short-Side-Chain PFSI Membrane. Macromolecules 45, 1901-1912.
D. Gorri, MG De Angelis, M Giacinti Baschetti, GC Sarti (2008). Water and methanol permeation through short-side-chain perfluorosulphonic acid ionomeric membranes, Journal of
Membrane Science 322, 383-391.
Catalano J., Myezwa T., De Angelis M.G., Giacinti Baschetti M., Sarti G.C. (2012). The effect of relative humidity on the gas permeability
and swelling in PFSI membranes. International
Journal of Hydrogen Energy 37, 6308-6316.
Y. Yamamoto, M. C. Ferrari, M. Giacinti
Baschetti, M. G. De Angelis, G. C. Sarti (2006).
A quartz crystal microbalance study of water
vapor sorption in a short side-chain PFSI membrane, Desalination 200 (1-3), 636-638
Catalano, J., Giacinti Baschetti, M., Sarti, G. C.
(2011). Influence of water vapor on hydrogen
permeation through 2.5 μm Pd–Ag membranes.
International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 36,
8658-8673.
M.G. De Angelis, S. Lodge, M. Giacinti
Baschetti, G.C. Sarti, F. Doghieri, A. Sanguineti, P. Fossati (2006). Water sorption and
diffusion in a short-side-chain perfluorosulfonic acid ionomer membrane for PEMFCS: effect
of temperature and pre-treatment. Desalination
193, 398-404.
Catalano, J., Giacinti Baschetti, M., & Sarti, G.
C. (2010). Hydrogen permeation in palladium-based membranes in the presence of carbon
monoxide. Journal of Membrane Science 362(12), 221-233.
RESEARCH PROJECTS
FISR DM 17/12/2002 “Idrogeno puro da gas
naturale mediante reforming a conversione
totale ottenuta integrando reazione chimica e
separazione a membrana. Funded by the Italian
government through the “Contributo del Fondo Integrativo Speciale Ricerca” (2005-2009).
Hallinan DT, De Angelis MG, Giacinti
Baschetti M, Sarti GC, Elabd Yossef A. (2010).
Non-Fickian Diffusion of Water in Nafion,
Macromolecules 43, 4667-4678.
Coroneo, M., Montante, G., Giacinti Baschetti, M., Paglianti, a. (2009). CFD modelling of
inorganic membrane modules for gas mixture
separation. Chemical Engineering Science, Vol.
64(5), pp. 1085-1094.
Sviluppo di una filiera integrata dell’idrogeno
per lo sfruttamento delle fonti energetiche
alternative e la decarbonizzazione. Funded
within the “Accordo Programma Quadro tra il
Ministero dello Sviluppo Economico, il Ministro dell’Università e della Ricerca e la Regione
Emilia-Romagna - II Integrativo - Sostegno allo
sviluppo dei laboratori di ricerca nei campi della
nautica e dell’energia per il Tecnopolo di Ravenna” (2012-2013).
Catalano J., Giacinti Baschetti M., De Angelis M.G., Sarti G.C., Sanguineti A., Fossati P.
(2009). Gas and water vapor permeation in a
short-side-chain PFSI membrane. Desalination
240, 341-346.
Catalano, J., Giacinti Baschetti, M., Sarti, G.
C. (2009). Influence of the gas phase resistance
on hydrogen flux through thin palladium–silver membranes. Journal of Membrane Science,
339(1-2), 57-67.
Funded Collaboration with Ausimont (20002005) and Solvay-Solexis (2005-2009).
CONTACTS
[email protected]
marco,[email protected]
[email protected]
Pizzi, D., Worth, R., Giacinti Baschetti, M.,
Sarti, G. C., Noda, K.-ichi. (2008). Hydrogen
permeability of 2.5μm palladium–silver mem-
34
Diffusion in Polymers and Membrane Separations – Gas Separation with Membranes
SUSTAINABLE PACKAGING MATERIALS WITH IMPROVED BARRIER PROPERTIES
RESEARCH GROUP: Matteo Minelli, Maria Grazia De Angelis, Marco Giacinti Baschetti, Ferruccio Doghieri
KEYWORDS: barrier properties, nanocomposite materials, hybrid organic/inorganic materials, biodegradable
packaging materials, PLA, nanocellulose
The research activity on packaging materials
started in early 2000s with the participation
to National projects and networks aggregating
different synthesis and characterization groups
around the idea of building barrier nanocomposites as well as hybrid organic/inorganic
coatings for traditional packaging materials.
The goal was to reduce the amount of material
required to protect the packaged goods against
oxygen, humidity and other fluids passing
through the film.
In 2004 the group joined a large collaborative
FP6 project named SUSTAINPACK which
was specifically devoted to the development of
new, sustainable eco-friendly composite packaging materials based on natural substances:
cellulose, polylactic acid, and so on. The activity
on sustainable packaging as then never stopped
and is still ongoing due to constant collaboration with other European entities within different european project such as the International
training netweork NEWGENPAK and COST
Action BIOMATPACK, as well as in collaborations with other Italian Universities.
In this research field the group is currently involved in the study of barrier properties of microfibrillated cellulose (MFC) and is higly specialised in the characterization of gas permeability in packaging materials, both in dry and humid conditions, as well as in the measurement of
moisture absorption at different temperatures.
Several modelling tools based on both numerical and analytical approach are available to describe the experimental data with particular reference to the case of nanocomposites materials.
Apart from these activities in the same framework also other research are carried out such as
the study of corrosion protective coatings or of
polymer swelling during sorption.
a)b)
Fig. 1. Schematic of a random nanocomposite
system (a) and calculated O2 concentration profile inside it (b).
Fig. 2. Effect of water humidity on O2 permeability in microfibrillated cellulose (MFC) films.
35
Research Projects and Activities 2015
ings: I. Effects of organic–inorganic ratio and
molecular weight of the organic component,
European Polymer Journal, 44, pp. 2581-2588.
MAIN PUBLICATIONS
Minelli M., Giacinti Baschetti M., Doghieri F.
(2011). A comprehensive model for mass transport properties in nanocomposites, Journal of
Membrane Science, 381, pp. 10 - 20.
Toselli M., Pilati F., Marini M., Doghieri F., De
Angelis M.G., Minelli M. (2008). Oxygen permeability of novel organic–inorganic coatings:
II. Modification of the organic component with
a hydrogen-bond forming polymer, European
Polymer Journal, 44, pp. 3256-3263
Deflorian F., Fedel M., Dirè S., Tagliazucca V.,
Bongiovanni R., Vescovo L., Minelli M., De
Angelis M.G. (2011). Study of the effect of organically functionalized silica nanoparticles on
the properties of UV curable acrylic coatings,
Progress In Organic Coatings, 72, pp. 44-51.
Malucelli G., Priola A., Amerio E., Pollicino
A., di Pasquale G., Pizzi D., De Angelis M. G.,
Doghieri F. (2007). Surface and barrier properties of hybrid nanocomposites containing silica
and PEO segments, Journal Of Applied Polymer
Science, 103, pp. 4107-4115.
Minelli M., Giacinti Baschetti M., Doghieri F.,
Ankerfors M., Lindström T., Siró I., Plackett D.
(2010). Investigation of mass transport properties of microfibrillated cellulose (MFC) films,
Journal of Membrane Science, 358, pp. 67-75.
RESEARCH PROJECTS
Minelli M., Giacinti Baschetti M., Doghieri F.
(2009). Analysis of modeling results for barrier
properties in ordered nanocomposite systems,
Journal of Membrane Science, 2009, 327, pp.
208-215.
NEWGENPAK Marie Curie Initial Training
Network:” New Generation of Functional Cellulose Fibre Based Packaging Materials for Sustainability”
BIOMATPACK COST ACTION “Impact of
Renewable Materials in Packaging for Sustainability: Development of Renewable Fibre and
Bio-based materials for New Packaging Applications”
Minelli M., De Angelis M.G., Doghieri F.,
Rocchetti M., Montenero A. (2010). Barrier
properties of organic-inorganic hybrid coatings
based on polyvinyl alcohol with improved water
resistance, Polymer Engineering and Science, 50,
pp. 144-153
FP6 Large Collaborative Project SUSTAINPACK (Innovation and Sustainable Development in the Fibre Based Packaging Value Chain)
Malucelli G., Amerio E., Minelli M., De Angelis
M.G. (2009). Epoxy-siloxane hybrid coatings by
a dual-curing process, Advances In Polymer Technology, 28, pp. 77-85
CONTACTS
[email protected]
[email protected]
[email protected]
[email protected]
Minelli M., De Angelis M.G., Doghieri F.,
Marini M., Toselli M., Pilati F. (2008). Oxygen
permeability of novel organic–inorganic coat-
36
Diffusion in Polymers and Membrane Separations – Diffusion in Polymers and Modelling
MODELLING SOLUBILITY IN POLYMERS
RESEARCH GROUP: Giovanni Cocchi, Matteo Minelli, Maria Grazia De Angelis, Marco Giacinti Baschetti, Giulio C. Sarti, Ferruccio Doghieri
KEYWORDS: solubility, glassy polymers, non equilibrium, thermodynamics, polymer solutions.
The solubility of fluids in polymers is relevant in
many industrial applications such as membrane
separations and packaging, as well as polymer
processing and technology (desolventization,
CO2 and solvent foaming). Starting from mid1990s, the group has developed a model specifically devoted to the prediction of solubility in
glassy polymers named Non Equilibrium Thermodynamics for Glassy Polymers (NET-GP)
and the relative versions NELF, NE-SAFT, NEPHSC which adopt the concepts of the Lattice
Fluid (LF), SAFT and PHSC equations of state,
respectively.
Such approach indeed adopts, to identify univocally the out-of- equilibrium state of the system,
the density of the glassy phase, and allows to extend to the non equilibrium domains the most
accurate equation of state (EoS) models available
for polymeric systems, such as the Lattice Fluid
theory (LF), the Statistical Associating Fluid
Theory (SAFT) and the related Perturbed Hard
Sphere Chain theory (PHSC) model. The system
parameters can be taken from the literature, from
experimental data or molecular simulations.
The approach has been applied to the prediction
of pure and mixed gas, vapor and liquid solubility
in glassy polymers in a wide range of temperatures and pressures. The approach can be applied
to homopolymers, polymer blends and block
copolymers, as well as to composite materials
(mixed matrix membranes), and can span at temperatures above and below Tg.
The approach can account for the effects of history and processing conditions on the sorption
properties, and it has been recently implemented
with molecular techniques to obtain the parameters of poorly characterized polymers. The model
is downloadable from the group website and is
interfaced to an user-friendly Excel spreadsheet,
containing also a large database with the parameters of several fluids and polymers.
Fig. 1. below: CO2 solubility in blends of Polystyrene and Poly(phenylene oxide) (PS/PPO)
at 35°C, lines are NELF model prediction based
on binary mixture data only (PS- CO2 and
PPO-CO2), reported in the figure above.
Fig. 2. Infinite dilution solubility coefficient
of CO2 in polycarbonate at infinite dilution as
a function of reciprocal temperature. Dashed
line: SAFT EoS; Solid line: NE-SAFT model.
37
Research Projects and Activities 2015
in glassy polymer blends, In: I. Pinnau; B. Freeman, Advanced Materials For Membrane Separations, New York, Oxford Univ. Press, pp. 55-73.
MAIN PUBLICATIONS
M. Minelli, G. Cocchi, L. Ansaloni, M. Giacinti
Baschetti, M.G. De Angelis, F. Doghieri (2013).
Vapor and Liquid Sorption in Matrimid Polyimide: Experimental Characterization and Modeling. Ind. Eng Chem. Res., 52, pp. 8936-8945.
Giacinti Baschetti, M., Doghieri, F., Sarti, G.C.
(2007). Solubility in glassy polymers: correlations through the non-equilibrium lattice fluid
model, Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Research, Vol. 40, 3027-3037.
Minelli M., De Angelis M.G., Hofmann D.
(2012). A novel multiscale method for the prediction of the volumetric and gas solubility behavior of high-Tg polyimides, Fluid Phase Equilibria, 333, pp. 87-96.
Sarti G.C., Doghieri F. (1998). Prediction of the
solubility of gases in glassy polymers based on the
NELF Model, Chemical Engineering Science, 53,
3435-3447.
Sarti G.C., De Angelis M.G. (2012). Calculation
of the solubility of liquid solutes in glassy polymers, AIChE Journal, 58, pp. 292-301.
Doghieri F., Sarti G.C. (1998). Predicting the
Low-pressure solubility of gases and vapors in
glassy polymers by the NELF model, Journal of
Membrane Science, 147(1), 73-86.
Minelli M., Campagnoli S., De Angelis M.G.,
Doghieri F., Sarti G.C. (2011). Predictive model
for the solubility of fluid mixtures in glassy polymers, Macromolecules, 44, pp. 4852-4862.
Doghieri F., Sarti G.C. (1996). Non-equilibrium
lattice fluids - A predictive model for the solubility in glassy polymers, Macromolecules, 29, 78857896.
De Angelis M.G., Sarti G.C. (2011). Solubility of
gases and liquids in glassy polymers, Annual Review of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering,
2, pp. 97-120.
De Angelis M.G., Sarti G.C., Sanguineti A.,
Maccone P. (2004). Permeation, Diffusion, and
Sorption of Dimethyl Ether in Fluoroelastomers,
Journal of Polymer Science. Part B, Polymer Physics, Vol. 42, pp. 1987-2006.
De Angelis M.G., Sarti G.C. (2008). Solubility
and diffusivity of gases in Mixed Matrix Membranes containing hydrophobic fumed silica:
correlations and predictions based on the NELF
model, Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, 47, pp. 5214-5226.
RESEARCH PROJECTS
PRIN 08: Characterization and macroscopic
modeling of the thermodynamic behavior of binary and ternary polymers/solvent mixtures for
the fabrication of biomedical devices through
thermally induced phase separation (TIPS).
De Angelis M.G., Sarti G.C., Doghieri F. (2007).
NELF model prediction of the infinite dilution
gas solubility in glassy polymers, Journal of Membrane Science, 289, pp. 106-122.
Vigoni 2009: Multiscale prediction of gas solubility in high performance polymers.
Doghieri F., De Angelis M.G., Giacinti Baschetti M., Sarti G.C. (2006). Solubility of gases and
vapors in glassy polymers modelled through
non-equilibrium PHSC theory, Fluid Phase
Equilibria, 241(1-2), pp. 300-307.
FP6 Project: Multimat Design 2005-2008:
Computer aided molecular design of multifunctional materials with controlled permeability
properties.
Giacinti Baschetti M., De Angelis M.G., Doghieri
F., Sarti G.C. (2005). Solubility of gases in polymeric membranes, in: M. A. Galan E. Martin Del
Valle, Chemical Engineering - Trends And Developments, Chichester, Wiley & Sons, pp. 41-62.
CONTACTS
[email protected]
[email protected]
[email protected]
[email protected]
[email protected]
Grassia F., Giacinti Baschetti M., Doghieri F.,
Sarti G.C. (2001). Solubility of gases and vapors
38
Geoengineering and Natural Resources
Geoengineering and Natural Resources – Petroleum Engineering, Fluids Mechanic in Porous Media
and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance
MAGNETIC RESONANCE AND PETROPHYSICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF POROUS MEDIA
RESEARCH GROUP: Villiam Bortolotti, Paolo Macini, Ezio Mesini, Marianna Vannini
KEYWORDS: MRR, porous media, permeability, wettability, UPEN
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Relaxometry (MRR)
is a universally accepted technique for the spatially
non-resolved determination of structural and transport properties of porous media in a non-destructive and non-invasive way. It is based on parameters
like longitudinal and transverse relaxations time
(T1 and T2, respectively) and magnetization density (Mo) and, nowadays, is widely used both in core
and log analysis to determine petrophysical properties of rocks, such as porosity, pore size distribution,
permeability, wettability changes and irreducible
water saturation. Natural rocks are usually heterogeneous and this generally leads to multiexponential relaxation, which we have usually inverted by
UpenWin software, to obtain the distribution of
local Surface/Volume ratios.
UpenWin is a software for Windows internally
developed that implements the UPEN (Uniform
PENalty) algorithm and is distributed by the University of Bologna. UPEN is a robust algorithm for
the inversion of multiexponential decay data, that
allows appropriate smoothing of the distribution,
allowing sharp peaks without breaking broad features into multiple peaks not required by the data.
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) is a spatially
resolved method to get information on the distribution of oil or/and water into the porous medium and to follow flow and absorption of the saturating fluids. A powerful extension of the previous
techniques is the Quantitative Relaxation Tomography (QRT), based on the combination of MRR
with MRI. QRT generates relaxation time maps,
i.e. images where the signal of each voxel (elementary volume, corresponding to the elementary 2D
pixel in the image) is proportional to T1 or T2 or
Mo of the fluid in that voxel.
The research activity of this group is focalized on the
use of both MRR and MRI techniques to characterize the petrophysical properties of the porous media,
to monitor the saturating fluids flow and to quantify
the interaction of the fluids with the surfaces of the
pores space. Particularly studied are the wettability
and the permeability of rocks, that mainly affects oil
recovery, and natural and amended soils.
Fig. 1. Magnetic Resonance Tomograph (Esaote, Italy) at the LAGIRN Lab.
Fig. 2. Creation of a T2 relaxation times map of
a rock sample.
Fig. 3. T1 relaxation distribution curve; time
evolution of the wettability of a rock sample saturated with acid soltrol.
41
Research Projects and Activities 2015
MAIN PUBLICATIONS
studied at pore and sample scale in porous media by portable single-sided and laboratory imaging devices. Journal of Magnetic Resonance,
181: 287-295, 2006.
V. Bortolotti, P. Fantazzini, R. Mongiorgi, S.
Sauro, S. Zanna. Hydration kinetics of cements
by Time-Domain Nuclear Magnetic Resonance: Application to Portland-cement-derived
endodontic pastes. Cement And Concrete Research, 42, 3, 577-582, 2012.
V. Bortolotti, A. Campagnoli, M. Gombia, P.
Fantazzini, G. Barile, C. Masciopinto. Quantitative relaxation tomography (QRT) and field
test to estimate a porosity-transmissivity relationship in fractured aquifer. Proceedings of
FEM-MODFLOW Conference, September
13-16, Karlovy Vary, Czech Republic, Edited by
Karel Kovar, Zbynek Hrkal and Jiri Bruthans,
pp 7-10, 2004.
A. Bonoli, V. Bortolotti, P. Macini, E. Mesini,
M. Vannini. Natural soil mixed with paper mill
sludge characterization by 1h nuclear magnetic
resonance longitudinal relaxation time. Proceedings of the CRETE 2012 - 3rd International Conference on Industrial and Hazardous
Waste Management, Chania (Crete, GR), September 12-14th, 2012.
G. C. Borgia, V. Bortolotti, P. Fantazzini.
Changes of the local pore space structure quantified in heterogeneous porous media by 1H
magnetic resonance relaxation tomography.
Journal of Appl. Physics, 90: 1155-1163, 2001.
V. Bortolotti, P. Fantazzini, M. Gombia, D.
Greco, G. Rinaldin, S. Sykora. PERFIDI filters
to suppress and/or quantify relaxation time
components in multi-component systems: An
example for fat-water systems. Journal of Magnetic Resonance, 206, 2: 219-226, 2010.
G. C. Borgia, V. Bortolotti, P. Fantazzini. Magnetic Resonance Relaxation-Tomography to
Assess Fractures Induced in Vugular Carbonate
Cores. SPE paper 56787, Proceedings of the
74-th Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition of SPE, Houston, 3-6 Oct. 1999.
M. Gombia, V. Bortolotti, RJS Brown, M. Camaiti, L. Cavallero and P. Fantazzini. Water
Vapor Absorption in Porous Media Polluted by
Calcium Nitrate Studied by Time Domain Nuclear Magnetic Resonance. Journal of Physical
Chemistry B, 113, 31, 10580-10586, 2009.
G. C. Borgia, V. Bortolotti, P. Dattilo, P. Fantazzini, G. Maddinelli. Quantitative determination of porosity: a local assessment by NMR
Imaging techniques. Magn. Res. Imaging, 14:
919-921, 1996.
M. Gombia, V. Bortolotti, R. J. S. Brown, M.
Camaiti, and P. Fantazzini. Models of water imbibition in untreated and treated porous media
validated by quantitative magnetic resonance
imaging. Journal of Appl.Physics, 103, 9, pp 8.
2008.
U. Bilardo, G. C. Borgia, V. Bortolotti, P. Fantazzini, E. Mesini. Magnetic resonance lifetimes
as a bridge between transport and structural
properties of natural porous media. J. Pet. Sc.
and Eng., 5: 273-283, 1991.
V. Bortolotti, M. Gombia, F. Cernich, E.
Michelozzi, P. Fantazzini. A study to apply
nuclear magnetic resonance porosity measurements to seabed sediments. Marine Geology,
230: 21 – 27, 2006.
CONTACTS
[email protected]
[email protected]
[email protected]
[email protected]
www.mrpm.org
V. Bortolotti, M. Camaiti, C. Casieri, F. De
Luca, P. Fantazzini, C. Terenzi. Water absorption kinetics in different wettability conditions
42
Geoengineering and Natural Resources – Mines and Quarries, Geothermal, Excavations
ADVANCED METHODS FOR CHARACTERIZATION OF ROCK MATERIALS AND
ROCK MASSES
RESEARCH GROUP: Annalisa Bandini, Paolo Berry, Daniela Boldini, Stefano Bonduà, Villiam Bortolotti, Roberto Bruno, Marianna Vannini
KEYWORDS: nanoindentation, bimrocks, rockburst, Magnetic Resonance, Rock Impact Hardness Number
The research on the rock materials and rock masses characterization, in situ and in laboratory, covers a large number of themes and the main topics
concern with:
a) rock materials
• study of the relationships between microstructure and mechanical response of rocks under static and dynamic loading conditions;
• determination of the nano and micromechanical properties through instrumented indentation
techniques and scratching;
• characterization of the rocks internal structures
through Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (MRI images and NMR curves);
• measurement of the acoustic emissions (AE)
during compression and tensile tests, to study
rockburst phenomena;
• development of innovative and non-conventional investigation techniques to determine the
strength of irregular shaped specimens;
• non destructive characterization techniques
(ultrasounds, dye penetrant inspection, image
analysis);
b) rock masses
• characterization of the mechanical strength of
structurally complex rock masses (bimrocks).
In the research activities, in addition to standard
investigation techniques, non-conventional tests
are specifically designed for particular applications and issues. With regard to non-conventional tests, a strength index (Rock Impact Hardness
Number), a procedure for AE monitoring of rock
samples under compression and instrumented
indentation techniques, totally innovative in
the Rock Mechanics field, have been developed.
As concerns the rock masses, the research group
has designed and performed non-conventional
shear tests (Bim Test) for bimrocks. Moreover,
the research team also utilizes a 3D camera probe
for cored and drilled holes, to examine the rock
masses structures, with continuous logging and a
software for images processing.
Fig. 1. Rock Impact Hardness Number: fracturing induced by stresses on a marble’s sample.
Fig. 2. MRI: internal section of a rock of biocalcarenite saturated with water.
Fig. 3. Schematic representation of a Bimtest.
43
Research Projects and Activities 2015
da2010. West Palm Beach (FL, USA) 20-24 February 2010. RESTON, VA 20191-4400 USA:
ASCE - American Society of Civil Engineers, GSP
n. 199, p. 1227-1236. ISBN/ISSN: 978-0-78441095-0.
Gombia M., Bortolotti V., Brown R.J.S., Camaiti
M., Cavallero L., Fantazzini P. (2009) Water Vapor
Absorption in Porous Media Polluted by Calcium
Nitrate Studied by Time Domain Nuclear Magnetic Resonance. J. Phys. Chem. B, 2 113, 1058010586.
Coli N., Berry P., Boldini D., Bruno R. (2009)
Investigation of block geometrical properties of
the Shale-Limestone Chaotic Complex bimrock
of The Santa Barbara open pit mine (Italy). Proc.
3rd Canada-US Rock Mechanics Symposium & 20th
Canadian Rock Mechanics Symposium. Toronto
(ON, Canada) 9-15 May 2009.
Bonduà, S., Bruno, R., Muge, F. (2002) Geostatistical Simulation of Ornamental Stone Images:
Results Analysis by Mathematical Morphology.
Proc. IAMG 2002 Annual Conference of the International Association for Mathematical Geology.
Berlin (Germany) 15-20 September 2002.
RESEARCH PROJECTS
PRIN 2007 Advanced techniques for monitoring
and characterizing mine and quarry activities to
preserve the safety and the environment during
expoitation. National Coordinator: Prof. P. Berry.
Joint Research Project between Dept. of Earth
Sciences-University of Firenze and DICAM-University of Bologna on “Scientific support regarding
the engineering aspects related to the Allori panel,
in the framework of the 3rd Operative Agreement
between the Dept. Earth Sciences and ENEL Production S.p.A. Gem/Business Unit Santa Barbara,
related to the mining site of Santa Barbara (AR)”.
Coordinator: Prof. P. Berry.
CONTACTS
[email protected]
[email protected]
[email protected]
[email protected]
[email protected]
[email protected]
[email protected]
MAIN PUBLICATIONS
Bandini A., Berry P., Sebastiani M., Bemporad E.
(2014) Nanomechanical characterization of brittle rocks. Nanomechanical Analysis of High Performance Materials. Springer Publication, Series:
Solids Mechanics and its application Tiwari, Atul
(Ed), vol. 203, cap. 11, pp. 209-229, ISBN: 97894-007-6918-2.
Bandini A., Berry P. (2013) Influence of Marble’s
Texture on its Mechanical Behavior. Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering, 46: 785-799.
Bandini A., Berry P., Bemporad E., Sebastiani M.
(2012) Effects of intra-crystalline microcracks on
the mechanical behavior under indentation of a
marble. International Journal of Rock Mechanics
and Mining Sciences 54: 47-55.
Bandini A., Berry P. (2012) Multi-scale investigations on the mechanisms affecting the strength
and deformability of a marble varying in texture.
Proc. 46th US Rock Mechanics Geomechanics Symposium. ARMA 2012. Chicago (USA) 24-27 June
2012. Curran Associates, Inc.: vol. 2, pp. 957-965,
ISBN: 978-162276514-0.
Coli N., Berry P., Bruno R., Boldini D. (2012)
The contribution of geostatistics to the characterisation of some bimrock properties. Engineering
Geology 137-138: 53-63.
Coli N., Berry P., Boldini D. (2011) In situ
non-conventional shear tests for the mechanical
characterisation of a bimrock. International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences 48: 95102.
Coli N., Berry P., Bruno R., Boldini D. (2011) An
integrated geostatistical-geomechanical approach
for the characterization of a bimrock. Proc. 45th US
Rock Mechanics Symposium. San Francisco (USA)
June 26-29, 2011.
Coli M., Livi E., Berry P., Bandini A., Jia X.N.
(2010) Studies for rockburst prediction in the
Carrara Marble (Italy). Proc. 5th International
Symposium on In-situ Rock Stress (ISRSV). Beijing
(China) 25-27 August 2010, London: CRC Press
Taylor & Francis Group A Balkema Book, vol. 1,
pp. 367-373, ISBN: 978-0-415-60165-8.
Bandini A., Berry P. (2010) A suggested approach
to study variability of impact hardness strength
in heterogeneous rock materials. Proc. Geoflori44
Geoengineering and Natural Resources – Mines and Quarries, Geothermal, Excavations
HIGH ENTHALPY – LOW ENTHALPY GEOTHERMAL RESERVOIR
RESEARCH GROUP: Paolo Berry, Stefano Bonduà, Villiam Bortolotti, Roberto Bruno, Carlo Cormio,
Sara Focaccia, Francesco Tinti, Ester Maria Vasini.
KEYWORDS: geothermal numerical model, simulation, GIS, heating & cooling, heat pumps
The best practice to exploit high enthalpy geothermal reservoirs also entails the design, development
and use of numerical codes for simulation works.
Usually, the geothermal reservoir is fractured and
a non isothermal flow of multicomponent multiphase fluids, with in case mass exchange, is present.
At present we use iTOUGH2 (a flexible and robust numerical geothermal simulator extensively
used all over the world) for research and commercial activities. Nowadays, there are much commercial and non-commercial software that manage
and display the input-output data of iTOUGH2,
but in general there are severe limitations on the
use of unstructured grids. The group has therefore
developed an integrated software system to facilitate the mesh creation and population of irregular grids based on the customization of the open
source GRASS GIS and an in-house 3D viewer
written in JAVA.
The use of the underground as geothermal reservoir where storing and retrieving thermal energy
is the field of low-enthalpy geothermal energy, in
which the research team has been engaged during
last five years, nationally and internationally. The
main applications deal with heating and cooling of
residential and industrial buildings. The main contributions concern the modeling of petro-physical
properties of the reservoir and its interaction with
the geo-heat exchanger systems, by the use of geostatistics (GEO-MS) and numerical modelling
(FEFLOW, COMSOL). Recently, methodologies of hydrocarbons to the characterization of
shallow geothermal reservoir have been applied for
the joint simulation of heating and cooling systems
based on geothermal heat pumps. A top application regards Thermal Response Test (TRT); a new
methodology of analysis based on a probabilistic
modelling has been proposed at the international
level. The team adheres to the Committee for Energy Conservation through Energy Storage of the
International Energy Agency (IEA-ECES) and
has collaborated in the drafting of the final document of Annex 21, Subcommittee for TRT.
Fig. 1. Irregular grid, overlapped to a digital elevation model and a geothermal wells map (red
dots) created with GRASS GIS.
Fig. 2. Scheme of shallow geothermal system
based on a vertical borehole heat exchanger.
45
Research Projects and Activities 2015
IAMG 2011 Salzburg, R. Marschallinger & F.
Zobl eds., p.145-162, Peer-reviewed publication
doi: 10.5242/iamg.2011.0305.
S. Focaccia (2012). Characterization of geothermal reservoirs’ parameters by inverse problem resolution and geostatistical simulations. PhD Thesis,
UNIBO.
F. Tinti (2012). La caratterizzazione probabilistica
del sottosuolo come strumento per l’ottimizzazione della progettazione integrata dei sistemi geotermici. PhD Thesis, UNIBO.
R. Bruno, S. Mercuri, F. Tinti, H. Witte (2013).
Probabilistic approach to TRT analysis: evaluation of groundwater flow effects and machine
- borehole interaction. Proceeding of European
Geothermal Congress 2013, Pisa, Italy, 3-7 June
2013 – 5 pp.
R. Bruno, S. Focaccia, F. Tinti (2013). A software
tool for Geostatistical Analysis of Thermal Response Test data: GA-TRT. Computers & Geosciences, in press; Elsevier.
MAIN PUBLICATIONS
P. Berry, S. Bonduà, V. Bortolotti, C. Cormio, A.
Diolaiti (2010). Pre and post processing tools for
tough2. European Geothermal PhD Day, Potsdam, Germany, 12 February 2010.
P. Berry, S. Bonduà, V. Bortolotti, C. Cormio, A.
Diolaiti, E. Lognoli (2010). GIS – based Pre –
processing tools for TOUGH2. Risorse geotermiche di media e bassa temperatura in Italia. Potenziale, Prospettive di mercato, Azioni. Ferrara, Italy,
21-23 Settembre 2010.
P. Berry, S. Bonduà, V. Bortolotti, C. Cormio, A.
Diolaiti, E. Lognoli (2010). TOUGH2VIEWER: post processing tool for visualization of geothermic models. Risorse geotermiche di media e
bassa temperatura in Italia. Potenziale, Prospettive
di mercato, Azioni. Ferrara, Italy, 21-23 Sett. 2010.
P. Berry, S. Bonduà, V. Bortolotti, A. Cassioli, C.
Cormio, A. Diolaiti, E. Lognoli, F.Schoen (2010).
A new global optimization external module for
iTOUGH2. Risorse geotermiche di media e bassa temperatura in Italia. Potenziale, Prospettive di
mercato, Azioni. GeoThermExpo 2010. Ferrara,
Italy, 21-23 Settembre 2010.
P Berry, S. Bonduà, V. Bortolotti, A. Diolaiti, C.
Cormio, E. Lognoli (2011). GRASS GIS per il
pre-processing di TOUGH2. Geomatics Workbooks n° 10 - “FOSS4G-it: Trento 2011”.
S. Bonduá, P. Berry, V. Bortolotti, C. Cormio
(2012). TOUGH2Viewer: A post-processing
tool for interactive 3D visualization of locally refined unstructured grids for TOUGH2, Computers and Geosciences, 46 ,107-118.
C. Cormio, P. Berry, S. Bonduà, V. Bortolotti
(2012). Innovative tools for continuum discretization, better management of tough2 input data
and analysis of the numerical simulation results.
Proceedings of TOUGH Symposium 2012, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, September 17-19, 2012.
R. Bruno, F. Tinti (2009). Sistemi geotermici per il condizionamento. La Termotecnica,
L’EDITRICE SAS Edizioni Tecnico Scientifiche,
Milano, Anno LXIII, N.4, Maggio 2009, p.30-33.
R. Bruno, S. Focaccia, F. Tinti (2011). Geostatistical modeling of a shallow geothermal reservoir
for air conditioning of buildings. Proceedings of
RESEARCH PROJECTS
EuropeAid Project – Energy for Eastern Mayors
(E4EM). DICAM Lead Partner.
Characterization of underground thermal properties for geothermal applications in rural context.
Collaboration with Agronomics School – UNIBO.
Agreement DICAM – SAIPEM n°5000018160
for Studies and Research on Reservoir Engineering (2013 – 2014).
MAC – GEO Project financed by Tuscany Region. “Modellazione matematica di sistemi geotermici per la definizione di strumenti di decisione da
utilizzarsi nelle procedure di controllo di concessioni geotermiche”, in collaboration with University of Florence, CINIgeo and CNR.
CONTACTS
[email protected];
[email protected];
[email protected];
[email protected];
[email protected];
[email protected]
[email protected];
[email protected].
46
Geoengineering and Natural Resources – Mines and Quarries, Geothermal, Excavations
MODELING AND EXPLOITATION OF EARTH RESOURCES
RESEARCH GROUP: Paolo Berry, Roberto Bruno, Stefano Bonduà, Annalisa Bandini, Sara Focaccia
KEYWORDS: ore deposit, geostatistics, numerical model, mining and quarrying, reclamation
The mineral raw materials are the basis of any
process of economic development of man. The
team deals with the characterization, modelling,
selection and exploitation of mineral deposits
and deposits of industrial materials.
Specific topics are the spatial variability studies
and modelling of useful substances and of petrophysical properties of the materials, the optimization of their sampling, the selection of the
exploitable resources, technically and economically. Geostatistics is one of the major theoretical frameworks adopted; estimated and simulated models are typical tools used. The best
international geostatistical software is available
(ISATIS, …) besides its own library.
In the sector of ornamental stone characterization, in the last 15 years the team coordinated
or was partner of several international projects
supported by the European Union (COSS; OSNET; FARO). In this field, an original technology was developed, and then patented, for the
characterization of ornamental stone by image
analysis. An advanced image processing of the
surface of slabs and tiles can achieve goals related to aesthetics, such as quality certification,
certification of origin, the automatic selection of
different products and the degradation analysis.
The research topics in the sector of exploitation
of raw materials are mainly focused on:
• planning and design of mining activities, at gional and local scale;
• processes of selecting the most appropriate methods for mining;
• environmental impact assessment and monitoring of surface and underground mining;
• safety in underground, namely for methane
emissions during stopes and excavations;
• reclamation aspects in planning and design;
• reclamation modelling and requalification projects;
• rehabilitation of abandoned mines and quarries.
Design software for ventilation networks, blasting, environmental control for open pit mining,
was developed. In situ tests are done by advanced technologies (laser scanner, satellite images) and environmental controls are carried out
(seismicity induced by blasting, overpressure).
Fig. 1. Ornamental stone image analysis: variograms in 4 directions of grey tone image of
“Crevola” marble tile.
Fig. 2. DTM (Digital Terrain Model) with contour lines generated by laser detection. Construction of the model is the initial phase of the
simulation for the determination of new forms
of topographic landscape from the recovery
projects studied.
47
Research Projects and Activities 2015
MAIN PUBLICATIONS
Bonduà, S., Bruno, R. & Muge, F.“Geostatistical
Simulation of Ornamental Stone Images: Results
Analysis by Mathematical Morphology” - Proceedings of IAMG 2002 Annual Conference Berlin,
Germany, 15-20/9/2002.
Antonazzo, L., Badiali, E., Bruno, R. & Proverbio,
M. “Certification Mark and Aesthetical Characterisation of Provincia VCO Ornamental Stones” - Proceedings of “2003 Con. Int, de la Piedra Natural”
Lisboa, Portugal, 8-9 Maio, 2003, pp. 11.
Bruno, R. and Pitavy, O. – Stone Characterisation
by Image Analysis: Applications and Future Developments – in “Needs and Priorities in Stone Characterisation”, Chapter 4 OSNET Vol. 6 - Bruno R.,
Montoto M. & Paspaliaris I. Ed. - EUR 20637/6
– Athens, 2004, pp. 61-72.
Bruno, R., Cuoghi, L. & Laurenge, P. – Quantitative identification of marbles aesthetical features
– Proc. IBPRIA 2005, Estoril (Portugal).- Book
Series: Lecture Notes in Computer Science, Vol.
3523 pp. 674-681; Marques, J.S.; Pérez de la Blanca, N.; Pina, P. (Eds.), 2005, Springer.
Martoro, F., Bonduà, S. & Bruno, R. – Non Destructive Characterization of stone products: towards
PDO like mark – in “F.A.R.O. Formazione Avanzata nel Settore delle Rocce Ornamentali e delle
Geoelaborazioni” Chapter 1, Bruno R. & Focaccia, S. Eds –Bologna, Italy, 2009, pp. 25-42
Costa, A.G., Bruno, R. & Becerra Becerra, J.E.
(2009) – Rochas ornamentais nos monumentos:
Um guia para a caracterização e a valorização, in
“Formação avançada no Sector das Rochas Ornamentais e do Geoprocessamento” Chapter 15
A.G. Costa & A.C.Moura Mourão Eds LABTECRochas / IGC-UFMG, Belo Horizonte, Brasil,
2009, pp. 185-194.
Berry P., Squarci P. and Gambini G. - Subsidence
Resulting from Solution Mining of the Buriano Salt
Deposit, Italy - Proc. Of the 6th Int. Symp. On
Land Subsidence, Ravenna, Italia, SISOLS, pp.
249 ÷ 264, sept. 2000.
Berry P., Blengini G.A., Fabbri S., Tafaro V.A. Factors Affecting Safety in Diamond Wire Cutting
Technology- Mine Planning and Equipment Selection 2001, Proc. Of the 10th Int. Symp on Mine
Planning, New Delhi, Oxford & IBH Publishing,
pp. 311-316, 2001.
Berry P., Pistocchi A. - A Multicriterial Geographical Approach for the Environmental Impact Assessment of Open-Pit Quarries — Int. Journal of Surface Mining, Reclamation and Environment, Vol.
17, n° 4. pp. 213 – 226, Swets & Zeitlinger, 2003.
Berry P., Capponi S., Fabbri A. – Seismicity Induced by Excavation Activities. In: Proceedings of
ISMA 2006 – Noise and Vibration Engineering.
Leuven, Belgium, 2006, LEUVEN: P. Sas, M. De
Munek, pp. 1849-1860, 2006
Bandini A., Berry P., Dacquino C. – Implementation of a database for risk assessment of abandoned
Italian mining sites. In: Mine Planning and Equipment Selection and Environmental Issues and
Waste Management in Energy and Mineral Production. Banff, Alberta, Canada, 16-18 Nov. 2009,
The Reading Matrix Inc., pp. 494-502.
Coli M., Livi E., Berry P., Bandini A., Jia X.N.
– Studies for rockburst prediction in the Carrara
Marble (Italy). In: Rock Stress and Earthquakes.
Beijing, China, 2010, London: CRC Press Taylor
& Francis- A Balkema Book, vol. 1, p. 367 - 373.
RESEARCH PROJECTS
EC-DGIII - COSS “Characterisation of Ornamental Stone Standards by Image Analysis of Slab
Surfaces”, 1995-1998. Lead Partner
EC Competitive and Sustainable Growth Programme - OSNET “Ornamental and Dimensional Stone European Network”, 2000-2004.
EC-EUROPEAID Alfa - FARO “Formaçao
Avançada da no sector das Rochas Ornamentais”,
2005-2009. Lead partner.
PA Terni - “Guidelines for the identification, characterization and quantification of mineral deposits
of the second category” 2009-2010.
ARPA PUGLIA, 2011, “Individuazione di modelli di gestione pubblico-privato e criteri di selezione per il recupero di paesaggi degradati a causa
delle attività estrattive dismesse”.
CONTACTS
[email protected]
[email protected]
[email protected]
[email protected]
[email protected]
48
Geoengineering and Natural Resources – Drilling Engineering and Environmental Issues
of the Petroleum Indus-try
DRILLING ENGINEERING AND ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES OF THE OIL INDUSTRY
RESEARCH GROUP: Paolo Macini, Ezio Mesini
KEYWORDS: Drilling, Drill Bits, Drilling Fluids, No-Dig, Upstream industry & Environment
Drilling engineering research concens the study
of bit performance evaluation, the analysis of inhibitive drilling fluid and the optimization and
testing of new formulations of fluids utilized in
trenchless (or no-dig) drilling.
Drill-bits are the most important tools utilized
in oil and gas well drilling. Bit selection is vital
from both the technical-economic standpoint,
and for the optimization of the drilling process,
since it can save drilling and roundtrip time. The
research implemented a novel approach to bit
performance evaluation, based on the analysis
of large databases and the definition of a new
drilling model, allowing the comparison of specific energy, cost per meter and a Bit Index, taking into account al large combination of drilling
parameters, including a more precise lithological
description of the well. Drilling fluid properties
are the key element of any drilling operation. The
principal studies concern the formulation and
the rheological study of fluids utilized in trenchless drilling, whose purpose is the installation of a
pipeline in the subsoil by limiting the excavation
of open pits. Lab evaluation and characterization
of new drilling fluids have been performed in
laboratory and tested in the field. Another field
of research is the evaluation of clay inhibitive effects of water based drilling fluids containing non
toxic additives (polymers, glycols and inorganic
electrolytes), formulated to reduce the mechanical instability of clay formation during drilling.
The environmental research concerning exploration, production and utilization of hydrocarbons is twofold. On one side there are studies
on environmental sustainability of the upstream
industry, aimed to the implementation of strategies of sustainable management of hydrocarbon
production in environmentally sensitive areas.
On the other side, research is focused on anthropogenic soil subsidence caused by underground
fluid withdrawals. The research activity of the
Department concerns both regional subsidence
studies (including modelling) and specific re-
searches on measurement techniques, and in
particular extensometric and in-situ Radioactive
Marker Technique measurements.
Fig. 1. A typical drilling rig operating in Italian
oil fields.
Fig. 2. Natural gas production, offshore gas field.
49
Research Projects and Activities 2015
MAIN PUBLICATIONS
P. Macini, Drilling Engineering, in “Petroleum
Engineering – Upstream”, edited by P. Macini &
E. Mesini, in “Encyclopaedia of Life Support Systems (EOLSS)”, Developed under the Auspices
of the UNESCO, Eolss Publishers, Oxford, UK,
http://www.eolss.net. (2010)
P. Macini, E. Mesini, The Petroleum Upstream
Industry: Hydrocarbons Exploration and Production, in “Petroleum Engineering – Upstream”,
in “Encyclopaedia of Life Support Systems (EOLSS)”, Eolss Publishers, Oxford, UK, http://
www.eolss.net. (2011).
P. Macini, M. Magagni, G. Da Dalt, P. Valente,
Bit Performance Evaluation Revisited by Means
of Bit Index and Formation Drillability Catalogue, Paper SPE 107536, IADC/SPE Middle
East Drilling Technology Conf. & Exhib., Cairo,
Egypt, 22-24 Oct. 2007.
P. Macini, M. Magagni, G. Da Dalt, P. Valente,
Bit performance evaluation by means of bit index
and formation drillability catalogue, OMC 2007,
Offshore Mediterranean Conference, Ravenna,
Italy, 28-30 Mar. 2007.
P. Macini, M. Magagni, G. Da Dalt, P. Valente,
How Minimum Interval Concept Can Improve
Bit Performance Evaluation, Paper SPE 103590,
IADC/SPE Asia Pacific Drilling Technology
Conference & Exhibition, Bangkok, Thailand,
13-15 Nov. 2006.
P. Macini, M. Magagni, P. Valente, Recent evolution of drill bits for hard and abrasive formations, Proc. 15th Intl. Symp. on Mine Planning
& Equipment Selection (MPES 2006), Turin,
Sept. 20-22, 2006, Vol 2, 1255-1260 (ISBN 88901342-4-0)
P. Macini, M. Magagni, P. Valente, Bit Performance Evaluation in Southern Italy, Proc. 15th
Intl. Symp. on Mine Planning & Equipment Selection (MPES 2006), Turin, Sept. 20-22, 2006,
Vol. 2, 1261-1266 (ISBN 88-901342-4-0).
P. Macini, M. Magagni, P. Valente, Drill-Bit Catalog and Bit Index: a New Method for Bit Performance Evaluation, Paper SPE 94798, 2005
SPE Latin American and Caribbean Petroleum
Engineering Conference, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil,
June 20-23, 2005.
P. Macini, Drill bits for horizontal wells, Rudarsko-geolosko-naftni Zbornik (Zagreb University
Bulletin), 8, 111-115, 1996.
P. Macini, E. Mesini, Rock-Bit wear in ultra-hot
holes, Paper SPE/ISRM 28055, Proc. Int. Conf.
“Eurock ‘94”, 223-230, Delft, Aug. 29-31, 1994.
D. Galazzo, P: Macini, R. Maestrello, E: Mesini,
Fluidi di perforazione per HDD: dal laboratorio
al cantiere, Quarry & Construction, 565 (2010),
pp. 101-107 (ISSN 2036-9034).
P. Macini, E. Mesini, Compaction of water/gas
bearing formations: experiences in Northern Italy, Proc. IAH Intl. Symp. “Aquifer System Management”, Dijon, May 30-June 1, 2006.
P. Macini, L’eredità dell’incidente nel Golfo del
Messico e le tecnologie per la sicurezza nell’industria petrolifera, 1° Congresso dei Geologi di Basilicata; Ricerca sviluppo e utilizzo delle fonti fossili: il
ruolo del geologo, Potenza, 30 Nov.-2 Dic. 2012.
P. Macini, Offshore Drilling, Encyclopedia of
Hydrocarbons, Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana
Treccani, Vol. I, Cap. 3.4, 373-384, 2005.
P. Macini, Drilling Rigs and Technology, Encyclopedia of Hydrocarbons, Istituto della Enciclopedia
Italiana Treccani, Vol. I, Cap. 3.1, 303-336, 2005.
P. Macini, E. Mesini, G. Brighenti, Considerations on Strategies of Sustainable Management
of Oil and Gas Fields in Italy. Land Subsidence,
Associated Hazards and the Role of Natural Resources Development, IAHS Publication 339, Eds.
D. Carreon-Freyre, M. Cerca, D.L. Galloway,
IAHS Press, CEH Wallingford, Oxfordshire,
UK, 2010 (ISBN 978-1-907161-12-4, ISSN
0144-7815).
RESEARCH PROJECTS
P. MACINI, Scientific coordination of several
Research Contracts signed between the University of Bologna and Eni S.p.A., Div. E&P
concerning research themes related to drill bit
performance evaluation.
CONTACTS
[email protected]
[email protected]
50
Geoengineering and Natural Resources – Petroleum Engineering and Reservoir Studies
PETROLEUM RESERVOIR ENGINEERING, CARBON CAPTURE & STORAGE
RESEARCH GROUP: Villiam Bortolotti, Paolo Macini, Ezio Mesini
KEYWORDS: Reservoir Engineering, Petrophysics, Porous Media, Reservoir Fluids, Rock Mechanics
distribution and porosity on hydraulic con-ductivity of soils or loose formations.
The research activity of the group concerns the
study, the development and the use of numerical
codes for the simulation of hydrocarbons and
other underground fluids reservoirs, including
the study and the modelling of pollutant transport in ground water.
Among other experimental research in the field of
reservoir engineering, petrophysics and rock mechanics are the following:
- Non-Darcy flow in porous media, observed in
gas wells when the fluids converging to the wellbore attains the velocity peculiar of turbulent flow.
In that case the use of Darcy law would lead to inaccurate production performances evaluation.
- Measurement of rock compressibility at great
depth, at confining pressure up to 150 MPa. The
experimental apparatus has been designed to perform both static and dynamic measurements.
- EOR and wettability reversal studies, including
lab studies on reservoir rock and fluid properties
(interfacial tension, wettability, etc.). Flooding efficiency curves are obtained and used as a criterion
to evaluate the performance of wettability reversal,
which seems to improve oil recovery in fractured
carbonate reservoirs, where oil cannot be economically produced.
- CCS application (reservoir assessment, site evaluation, injection modeling). The widespread application of CCS depends on technical maturity,
costs, overall potential, diffusion and transfer of
the technology to developing countries and their
capacity to apply the technology, regulatory aspects, environmental issues and possible problems
of public perception and acceptability.
- Hydraulic conductivity of rocks and soils, featuring experimental studies on the physico-chemical
interactions occurring between saturating fluids
and permeability of natural porous media. These
studies are aimed to aid the design of waste disposal sites (with potential release of bottom liquids),
including safety criteria management. Other theoretical and lab studies concern the relationships between petro-physical properties of porous media,
with particular reference to the effects of grain size
Fig. 1. Some equipments of the Petroleum Engineering Lab at LAGIRN Lab, DICMA.
Fig. 2. Permeability measurements.
Fig. 3. Soxhlet extractor.
51
Research Projects and Activities 2015
“Groundwater in Fractured Rocks”, London,
2007, 189-202 (ISBN 978-0-415-41442-5,
Krasny J. & Sharp J.M. Eds.).
V. Bortolotti, P. Fantazzini, M. Gombia, P. Macini, E. Mesini, F. Srisuriyachai, Combined Spatially Resolved and Non-resolved 1H-NMR Relaxation Analysis to Assess and Monitor Wettability Reversal in Carbonate Rocks, Paper IPTC
13443, International Petroleum Technology
Conference, Doha, Qatar, 7-9 December 2009.
V. Bortolotti, P. Macini, F. Srisuriyachai, Laboratory Evaluation of Alkali and Alkali-Surfactant-Polymer Flooding Combined with Intermittent Flow in Carbonatic Rocks, Paper SPE
122499, SPE Asia Pacific Oil and Gas Conf. and
Exhib., Jakarta, Indonesia, 4-6 Aug. 2009.
V. Bortolotti, P. Macini, F. Srisuriyachai, Wettability Index of Carbonatic Reservoirs and EOR:
Laboratory Study to Optimize Alkali and Surfactant Flooding, Paper SPE 131043, CPS/SPE
International Oil & Gas Conf. and Exhib. in
China., Beijing, 8-10 June 2010.
V. Bortolotti, P. Fantazzini, M. Gombia, P. Macini, E. Mesini, F. Srisuriyachai, Probing Wettability Reversal in carbonatic rocks by Resolved
and Non-resolved 1H-NMR Relaxation Analysis, Paper SPE 133937, SPE Annual Technical
Conference and Exhibition, Florence, Italy, 19-22
Sept. 2010.
P. Macini, E. Mesini, F. Moia, R. Guandalini, D.
Savoca, Assessing the Underground CO2 Storage Potential in a Highly Populated and Industrialized Area: The Case of Lombardia Region (Italy), Paper SPE 133941, SPE Annual Technical
Conference and Exhibition, Florence, Italy, 19-22
Sept. 2010. (ISBN 978-1-55563-300-4)
G. Cau, G. Girardi, P. Macini, E. Mesini, S. Persoglia, The Italian Contribution to the European
Initiative for the Capture, Transport, and Storage
of CO2, Paper SPE 134083, SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition, Florence, Italy,
19-22 Sept. 2010. (ISBN 978-1-55563-300-4)
MAIN PUBLICATIONS
P. Macini, E. Mesini, R. Viola, Laboratory measurements of non-Darcy flow coefficients in natural and artificial unconsolidated porous media,
Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering 77
(2011) 365-374. Elsevier.
P. Macini, E. Mesini, G. Bitelli, L. Vituari, F. Bonsignore, A. Chahoud, B. Villani, P. Severi, Recent
Extensometric Data for the Monitoring of Subsidence in Bologna (Italy), Proc. 8th Int. Symp.
on Land Subsidence (EISOLS 2010), Queretaro,
Mexico, Oct. 18-22, 2010.
P. Macini, E. Mesini, Compaction of water/gas
bearing formations: experiences in Northern Italy, Proc. IAH Intl. Symp. “Aquifer System Management”, Dijon, May 30- ìJune 1, 2006.
P. Macini, E. Mesini, V. Salomoni, B. Schrefler,
Casing influence while measuring in situ reservoir compaction. Journ. of Petroleum. Science &
Engineering, 50, 2006, 40-54.
P. Macini, E. Mesini, V. Salomoni, B. Schrefler,
Effects of drilling-induced disturbance to estimate reservoir compaction through radioactive
marker technique. Proc. 7th Int. Symp. On Land
Subsidence (SISOLS 2005), Shanghai, R.P. China, Oct. 23-28, 2005.
P. Macini, E. Mesini, Measuring reservoir compaction through radioactive marker technique,
Jour. of Energy Resources Technology, 124,
2002, 269-275.
P. Macini, E. Mesini, R. Viola, Aquifer protection: a combined study of microstructure and
transport properties in clay-sand mixtures, IAHSP Vol. 10, London, 2007, 435-444 (ISBN 9780-415-44355-5, Chery, L. & de Marsily, G., Eds.).
P. Macini, E. Mesini, Probing the effects on Hydraulic conductivity of grain size distribution
and porosity of soils, Proc. 9th Congr. Int. Ass. of
Eng. Geol., ISBN No. 0-620-28559-1, Durban,
Sept. 16-20, 2002, 1566-1575.
P. Macini, E. Mesini, R. Viola, Non-Darcy Flow:
Laboratory Measurements in Unconsolidated
Porous Media, Paper SPE 113772, SPE Europec/
EAGE Annual Conf. & Exhib., Rome, Italy, 9-12
Jun. 2008.
G. Brighenti, P. Macini, Non-Darcy two-phase
flow in fractured rocks, IAH-SP Series, Vol. 9,
CONTACTS
[email protected]
[email protected]
[email protected]
52
Geoengineering and Natural Resources – Mines and Quarries, Geothermal, Excavations
ENGINEERING AND SAFETY OF EXCAVATIONS AND UNDERGROUND CONSTRUCTIONS
RESEARCH GROUP: Annalisa Bandini, Paolo Berry, Daniela Boldini, Valentina Fargnoli
KEYWORDS: tunnels, safety of excavations, seismicity, soil-structure interaction, numerical modelling
The research related to underground constructions covers many different topics and aspects of
tunnelling, the most important and recent being:
- the tunnelling-induced subsidence and the interaction with surface structures
- the seismic behaviour of tunnels
- the soil-lining interaction in deep tunnels, especially in squeezing conditions
- the influence of hydro-mechanical coupling on
tunnel behaviour
- the interaction between tunnelling and landslides
- the air overpressures and seismicity induced by
blasting and excavation activities to underground
and surface structures
- the excavation of tunnels in rock masses with
methane
- the analysis of the geomechanical and technological parameters affecting the TBM excavation rate
The activity is developed using both numerical
analysis and experimental investigations.
As concerns the numerical modelling, special
emphasis is dedicated to the implementation of
advanced constitute models for soil, to the correct
simulation of construction stages extending also
the investigation to three-dimensional conditions
and to the appropriate representation of the structural systems, those latter being the typical lining
and support elements placed after the excavation
or the buildings and monuments located at the
ground surface. The results of the numerical simulations are most of the time validated against real
case-histories and monitoring data.
In situ new investigations approaches and technological innovations for tunnel excavations are
under development. With reference to safety, the
research group has been involved in the definition
of 44 suggested methods of “best practice” for safe
working in tunnelling, adopted by the regions
Emilia Romagna and Tuscany. These recommendations have been applied so far in approximately
200 km of tunnels of TAV and VAV projects.
Fig. 1. Methane monitoring in TBM-EPB.
Fig. 2. Example of 3D Finite Element mesh for
the analysis of soil-structure interaction during
tunnelling in urban areas.
Fig. 3. Distribution of curvature in the tunnel
lining during a dynamic Finite Element analysis.
53
Research Projects and Activities 2015
No. 7, 886-897.
Boldini D., Lackner R., Mang H.A. (2004).
Influence of face reinforcement and shotcrete
support on static conditions of deep tunnels: a
thermo-chemo-mechanical study. Rivista Italiana di Geotecnica 4, 52-69.
Boldini D., Graziani A., Ribacchi R. (2004).
Raticosa tunnel, Italy: characterization of tectonized clay-shale and analysis of monitoring
data and face stability. Soils and Foundations 44,
No. 1, 59-71.
Berry P., Squarci P., Gambini G. (2000) Subsidence Resulting from Solution Mining of the
Buriano Salt Deposit, Italy. 6th Int. Symp. on
Land Subsidence. Ravenna, SISOLS sept. 2000,
p. 249-264.
Berry P., Dantini E.M., Martelli F., Sciotti M.
(2000) Emissioni di metano durante lo scavo di
gallerie. Quarry and Construction, anno XXXVIII, n° 1, 37-64.
Berry P. (2000) Lo scavo di gallerie con mezzi
meccanici. 4a edizione Conf. Permanenti della
SIG: Lo scavo, metodi, tecniche ed attrezzature
nella progettazione e costruzione della tratta Bologna – Firenze. Scarperia (FI) marzo 2000, p.
19-43.
Berry P., Dantini E.M., Lunardi P. (1999) Pressioni in aria e sismi indotti in opere sotterranee
da volate in galleria. Strade & Autostrade, anno
III, n° 5, 40-46.
Berry P., Dantini E.M. (1986) Role of Blasting
Control in Excavation Works near a Preexisting
Tunnel. Int. Conf. on Rock Eng. and Excav. in
an Urban Environment, IMM. Hong Kong, pp.
15-25.
MAIN PUBLICATIONS
Amorosi A., Boldini D., de Felice G., Malena
M., Sebastianelli M. (2013). Tunnelling-induced deformation and damage on historical
masonry structures. Geotechnique. In print.
Fargnoli V., Boldini D., Amorosi A. (2013).
TBM tunnelling-induced settlements in coarsegrained soils: the case of the new Milan underground line 5. Tunnelling and Underground
Space Technology. In print.
Graziani A., Boldini D. (2012). Influence of
hydro-mechanical coupling on tunnel response
in clays. Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering 138, No. 15, 415-418.
Graziani A., Boldini D. (2012). Remarks on
axisymmetric modeling of deep tunnels in argillaceous formations. I: Plastic clays. Tunnelling
and Underground Space Technology, 28: 70-79.
Boldini D., Graziani A. (2012). Remarks on
axisymmetric modeling of deep tunnels in argillaceous formations. II: Fissured argillites. Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology 28,
80-89.
Amorosi A., Boldini D., Elia G. (2010). Parametric study on seismic ground response by
finite element modelling. Computers and Geotechnics 37, No. 4, 515-528.
Amorosi A., Boldini D. (2009). Numerical
modelling of the transverse dynamic behaviour
of circular tunnels in clayey soils. Soil Dynamics
and Earthquake Engineering 29, No. 6, 10591072.
Berry P., Capponi S., Fabbri A. (2006) Seismicity Induced by Excavation Activities. ISMA
2006 – Noise and Vibration Engineering. Leuven (Belgium) September, 2006, LEUVEN: P.
Sas, M. De Munek, p. 1849-1860.
Graziani A. Boldini D., Ribacchi R. (2005):
Practical estimate of deformations, loads and
stress relief factors for deep tunnels supported
by shotcrete. Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering 38, No. 5, 345-372.
Boldini D., Lackner R., Mang H.A. (2005).
Ground-shotcrete interaction of NATM tunnels with high overburden. Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering 131,
RESEARCH PROJECTS
PRIN 2006. Effetti sismici sulle costruzioni in
sotterraneo.
PRIN 2008. Analisi progettuali di costruzioni
sotterranee in condizioni sismiche.
CONTACTS
[email protected]
[email protected]
[email protected]
[email protected]
54
Geoengineering and Natural Resources – Transition Engineering: Raw Material,
Natural Resources and Solid Waste
TRANSITION ENGINEERING AS NEW APPROACH FOR DESIGN AND MANAGEMENT IN AN ENVIRONMENTAL, SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC SUSTAINABILITY
RESEARCH GROUP: Alessandra Bonoli, Luca Antonozzi, Francesca Cappellaro, Andrea Conte, Sara Rizzo, Anna Zanchetta e Sara Zanni
KEY WORDS: LCA, ecological footprint, water, recycling, green technologies
The team of Engineering of Transition is developing research activities oriented to building a sustainable world, from the point of view of environmental, social and economic, by saving and valorizing
natural resources: raw materials, water and energy.
Several themes of study and research to support
design and management, in urban and industrial
context, that can be summarized as follows:
→ treatment, valorization and recycling of raw materials and solid waste;
→ water supply, water and groundwater saving,
wastewater recovery and recycling in relation with
urban, industrial and agricultural uses;
→ energy recovery from solid waste and study of
environmental impacts and waste production in
relation with renewable energy sources;
→ research of unconventional or recycled materials for building and construction: recycled aggregates from demolition, utilization of straw, hemp,
raw land, etc. for energy savings and to reduce
climate-change emissions, for zero impact buildings, and in relation to greater simplicity in the
process of rebuilding in areas affected by seismic
events;
→ support to technological innovation in industrial R&D by recycling, savings and minimizing
of environmental impacts: Ecodesign, Life Cycle
Assessment and Life Cycle Cost Analysis, evaluation of Ecological Footprint, Carbon and Water
footprint, multicriteria analysis and risk analysis
in several production issues and in many environmental engineering activities (soil and polluted
water reclamation, resources use and saving, waste
management, etc.)
→ application of the concepts of resilience, green
technologies and “site specific” design in rural
and urban areas in order to reduce climate-change
emissions and to save water, energy, soil and natural resources.
A specific stream of research concerns the application of all these researches and studies in cooperation activities for emerging and developing
countries.
Fig. 1. Comparison of environmental performances (by LCA) for six different concretes realized with different recycled materials content.
Fig. 2. The experimental DICAM urban green
roof for the collection and regulation of the water and buildings energy saving determination.
Fig. 3. Flotation treatment on the shredding residue of End of Life Vehicles for the recovery and
recycling of different material fractions.
55
Research Projects and Activities 2015
Pantaleoni F., Bonoli A., Bergonzoni M. (2009).
The life cycle assessment of the production of
sound insulating panels. In: Sardinia 2009. vol.
1, p. 30-36, Cagliari, Ottobre 2009.
MAIN PUBLICATIONS
Bonoli A., Dall’Ara A. (2012). A bioremediation case of an ex-quarry area restored by paper
sludge. JOURNAL OF BIOTECHNOLOGY, vol. 157, p. 499-504, ISSN: 0168-1656,
doi: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2011.08.010.
Garfi M., Tondelli S., Bonoli A. (2009). Multi-criteria decision analysis for waste management in Saharawi refugee camps. Waste Management, vol. 29, p. 2729-2739, ISSN: 0956-053X.
Bonoli A., Franchini M., Ventaglio E. (2011).
A Procedure for Evaluating the Compatibility of Surface Water Resources with Environmental and Human Requirements. WATER
RESOURCES MANAGEMENT, vol. 25, p.
3613-3634, ISSN: 0920-4741, doi: 10.1007/
s11269-011-9873.
Bonoli A., Magelli F., Bi H., Boucherb K.,
Melinc S. (2008). An environmental impact assessment of exported wood pellets from Canada
to Europe. BIOMASS & BIOENERGY, vol.
33, p. 434-441, ISSN: 0961-9534.
Bonoli A., Garfi’ M. (2008). L’acqua piovana:
un alleato per sopperire alla crisi idrica mondiale. Il Sole 24 Ore, vol. 1, p. 89-93, ISSN: 0391786X.
Bonoli A., Chiavetta C., Tinti F. (2011). Comparative life cycle assessment of renewable
energy systems for heating and cooling. PROCEDIA ENGINEERING, vol. 21, p. 591-597,
ISSN: 1877-7058.
Garfì M., Ferrer-Martí L., Bonoli A., Tondelli
S. (2011). Multi-criteria analysis for improving
strategic environmental assessment of water
programmes. A case study in semi-arid region of
Brazil. Journal Of Environmental Management,
vol. 92(2011), p. 665-675, ISSN: 0301-4797.
Bonoli A., Garfi’ M., Pantaleoni F. (2008). Appropriate Technologies For Plastic Recycling
in Saharawi refugees camp, South Algeria. In:
ACR. Waste and Climate Change conference
proceedings. vol. pdf.413, LONDON:ACR,
London., Thursday 31 January & Friday 1st
February 2008.
Bamonti S., Bonoli A., Tondelli S. (2011). Sustainable Waste Management Criteria for Local
Urban Plans. Procedia Engineering, vol. 21, p.
221-228, ISSN: 1877-7058.
Bonoli A., Nanni M. (2008). Efficiency of Energy Recovery from Municipal Solid Waste. In:
IWWG. Venice 2008 Symposium proceedings.
vol. 1, Elsevier, November 2008.
Mancini M.L., Bonoli A., Chiavetta C. (2011).
Construction and demolition waste (CDW):
Recycling tecnologies and application of life
cycle assessment (LCA) method in stabilized
inert production. In: Proceedings of SARDINIA 2011- vol. 1, p. 133/1-133/7, ISBN:
9788862650007.
RESEARCH PROJECTS
Climate KIC - Pioneers into Practice. European
Institute of Innovation and Technology.
EU Minotaurus Project 7th Framework Programme under Grant Agreement no. 265946.
Management and recycling activities of
post-earthquake waste. Emilia Romagna Region.
Mancini M.L., Bonoli A., Chiavetta C.. (2011).
Life cycle application in industrial waste end of
life tires use for thermo acoustic panels production. In: Proceedings of SARDINIA 2011. p.
134/1-134/7, ISBN: 9788862650007.
CONTACTS
[email protected]
[email protected]
[email protected]
[email protected]
[email protected]
[email protected]
Pantaleoni F., Bonoli A., Bergonzoni M. (2009).
The life cycle analysis of end of life tyres for the
production of asphalt. In: Sardinia 2009 vol. 1,
p. 75-85, Cagliari, Ottobre 2009.
56
Geotechnical and Geological Engineering
Geotechnical and Geological Engineering – Hydrogeological Risk
ANALYSIS AND MITIGATION OF LANDSLIDE RISK
RESEARCH GROUP: Lisa Borgatti, Federico Cervi, Guido Gottardi, Alberto Landuzzi, Marco Ranalli,
Laura Tonni
KEY WORDS: landslide, risk, slope stability, slope stabilization, Alps, Northern Apennines
The deformed and displaced units which compose
the fold-and-thrust belts of the Apennines and the
Alps show a prominent predisposition to landslides. Research on large landslides from the recent
past enables to better understand the geomorphological evolution of our territory, and in particular
to evaluate the hazard related to dormant phenomena prone to reactivation. Our research methodology, taking advantage of modern technologies
for data acquisition and representation, consists
of the following stages: 1. detailed geological and
geomorphological survey, to reconstruct stratigraphy and structure of the landslide sites; 2. archive
research, to find any historical evidence of sliding
events. 3. prehistorical landslides dating, by means
of physical and incremental methods; 4. reconstruction of the slope geometry, also with reference
to pre-landslide conditions, with photogrammetric and laser scanning techniques; 5. construction
of longitudinal and transversal sets of geological cross-sections; 6. cross-section calibration by
means of subsurface data; 7. 3D reconstruction
of the sliding surfaces, by interpolation of altitude
data drawn from outcrops and cross sections; 8.
cross-section restoring and possible reconstruction
of the pre-sliding slopes, taking into account any
available historical evidence; 9. geotechnical modelling and slope stability assessment by back-analysis, also by means of probabilistic methods; 10.
development of Bayesian analysis techniques as
means of probabilistic calibration of the models
and statistical update of the data; 11. monitoring
of active movements by means of topographic,
inclinometric and piezometric readings, also in
real-time; 12. numerical modelling aimed at the
design of structural mitigation countermeasures;
13. overall description of landslide evolution, from
the precursors to the main event and the subsequent reactivations, including those expected for
the next future; 14. analysis of the relationships
between landslide occurrence and environmental
factors at the Holocene temporal scale, with particular reference to climate and human interventions, also in archeological contexts.
Fig. 1. Ca’ Lita (RE), April 2004 –3D model of
the landslide after its total reactivation.
Fig. 2. San Leo (RN). Northern sector of the
slab, affected by rock falls and earth flows.
Fig. 3. Baiso (RE). Ustable slopes in varicoulored clayshales.
59
Research Projects and Activities 2015
Gottardi G., Marchi G., Righi P.V. (1998).
Learn-ing from a large landslide in Northern Italy. XI Danube-European Conf. SMGE, Porec,
Croazia, 811-818.
MAIN PUBLICATIONS
Borgatti L., Soldati M. (2013). Hillslope Processes and Climate Change. In: J. Shroder
(Ed.) Treatise on Geomorphology, 7, Mountain and Hillslope Geomorphology, 306-319.
Academic Press San Diego, CA (USA). ISBN
9780080885223.
Gottardi G., Marchi G., Landuzzi A., Benedetti
G. (2004). Sui complessi fenomeni di instabilità
presso le Gole di Scascoli (Appennino Settentrio-nale, Bologna). X Int. Conf. Interpraevent
2004, Riva del Garda, Italia, 2, V/25-V/36.
Borgatti L., Soldati M. (2010). Landslides and
climate change. In: I. Alcántara-Ayala, A. Goudie. Geomorphological Hazards and Disaster
Prevention, 87-96. Cambridge University Press.
ISBN 9780521.
Meier J., Schaedler W., Borgatti L., Corsini A.,
Schanz T. (2008). Inverse Parameter Identification Technique using PSO Algorithm applied
to Geotechnical Modelling. Journal of Artificial
Evolution and Applications, 574613, 14 pp.
doi:10.1155/2008/574613.
Borgatti L., Soldati. M. (2010). Landslides as
a geomorphological proxy for climate change:
A record from the Dolomites (northern Italy).
Geo-morphology, 120, 56-64.
Marcato G., Mantovani M., Pasuto A., Zabuski
L., Borgatti L. (2012). Monitoring, numerical
modelling and hazard mitigation of the Moscardo landslide (Eastern Italian Alps). Engineering
Geology, 128, 95-107.
Borgatti L., Tosatti G. (2010). Slope instability processes affecting the Pietra di Bismantova
ge-osite (Northern Apennines, Italy). Geoheritage, 2, 155-168.
Piastra S., Landuzzi A., Cencini C. (2005).
His-torical landslides (XVII-XIX centuries)
from Romagna Apennines, Northern Italy. A
cultural approach. 6th Int. Congress on Geomorphology, Zaragoza, Spain, 410.
Borgatti L., Vittuari L., Zanutta A. (2010).
Geo-matic methods for punctual and areal
control of surface changes due to landslide phenomena. In Ernest D. Werner, Hugh P. Friedman. Landslides: Causes, Types and Effects,
133- 176. Hauppauge, NY: Nova Science Publishers Inc.
Ranalli M., Gottardi G., Medina-Cetina Z.,
Nadim. F. (2010). Uncertainty quantification in
the calibration of a dynamic viscoplastic model
of slow slope movements. Landslides, 7, 31-41.
Borgatti L., Corsini A., Barbieri M., Sartini G.,
Truffelli G., Caputo G., Puglisi C. (2006). Large
reactivated landslides in weak rock masses: a
case study from the Northern Apennines (Italy).
Landslides, 3, 115-124.
Ranalli, M., Medina-Cetina, Z., Gottardi, G.,
and Nadim, F. (2013). (2013). “Probabilistic
Calibra-tion of a Dynamic Model for Predicting Rainfall Controlled Landslides.” J. Geotech.
Geoenviron. Eng., 10.1061/(ASCE)GT.19435606.0000972.
Corsini A., Borgatti L., Cervi F., Dahne A.,
Ron-chetti F., Sterzai. P. (2009). Estimating
mass-wasting processes in active earth slides–
earth flows with time-series of High-Resolution
DEMs from photogrammetry and airborne LiDAR. NHESS, 9, 433-439.
Tonni L., Gottardi G., Marchi G. (2001). Analisi di stabilità e modellazione numerica dei
movimenti di versante nell’area di Corniglio
(Appennino Parmense). Quaderni di Geologia
Applicata, 8-2, 133-158.
Gottardi G., Butterfield R. (2001). Modelling
ten years of downhill creep data. XV ICSMGE,
Is-tanbul, Turchia, 1, 99-102.
CONTACTS
Gottardi G., Tonni L. (2003). Interpretation
of slope movements induced by adjacent large
land-slide in Northern Italy. Natural Hazards
Review, 4(2), 71-77.
[email protected]
[email protected]
[email protected]
60
Geotechnical and Geological Engineering – Regional Geology
TECTONICS AND SEDIMENTATION IN THE OUTER NORTHERN APENNINES
RESEARCH GROUP: Alberto Landuzzi.
KEYWORDS: Outer Northern Apennines, marker horizons, olistostromes, syndepositional tectonics, active
tectonics.
In the mountain range bounded to the S by the
Mugello and Casentino basins, to the W by the
Sillaro valley and to the E by the Conca valley, a
study of the tectono-sedimentary relationships
between the Umbria-Romagna foredeep and
the Liguride nappe allows to define accurately
chronology and style of the Apennine deformation. We recognise synsedimentary gentle folds
and postdepositional thrusts in the foredeep
succession, low angle normal faults confined
within the nappe, and high angle normal faults
offsetting the whole Apennine stack. The latter
are connected to exumation and dismembering
of the stack itself. Our research, carried out in
collaboration with BiGeA – University of Bologna, focuses at the following subjects: (1) Age
determination and physical correlation of the
marker horizons in the foredeep successions of
Mugello and Alta Romagna, along with detection of time-equivalent surfaces in the semi-allochthonous succession. (2) Characterisation of
synsedimentary folding in the inner part of the
Umbria-Romagna foredeep. (3) Structural and
physiographic reconstruction of the Miocene
Apennine front, by the study of olistostromes
and their peculiar sedimentary covers. (4) Analysis of reactivations and displacements of the
Liguride overthrust. (5) Mapping and interpretation of the low angle normal faults confined
within the Liguride nappe. (6) Study of the relationships between recent uplift and the high angle normal faults which offset the whole Apennine stack. Our research is based upon the classical techniques of mapping and elaboration of
stratigraphic and tectonic data. Seismic profiles
and borehole data provided by hydrocarbon exploration companies are used for calibration at
depth of geological cross-section (collaboration
with public institutions and private enterprises).
Fig. 1. Geologic map of the Liguride overthrust
in the Western Tuscany-Romagna Apennines.
Fig. 2. Regional geologic cross-section from the
Mugello basin (Tuscany) to the Po Plain (Emilia).
61
Research Projects and Activities 2015
MAIN PUBLICATIONS
CONTACTS
Zattin M., Landuzzi A., Picotti V., Zuffa G.G.
(2000). Discriminating between tectonic and
sedimentary burial in a foredeep succession,
Northern Apennines. J. Geol. Soc. London, 157,
629-633.
[email protected]
Barchi M., Landuzzi A., Pialli G.P., Minelli G.
(2001). Outer Northern Apennines. In: Anatomy of an Orogen (Eds. G.B. Vai and I.P. Martini), Kluwer Academic Publishers, 215-254.
Pini G.A., Lucente C.C., Cowan D.S., De Libero C.M., Dellisanti F., Landuzzi A., Negri A.,
Tateo F., Del Castello M., Morrone M., Cantelli L. (2004). The role of olistostromes and argille scagliose in the structural evolution of the
Northern Apennines. Memorie Descrittive della
Carta Geologica d’Italia, 63/1, B13, 1-40.
Roveri M., Landuzzi A., Bassetti M.A., Lugli
S., Manzi V., Ricci Lucchi F., Vai G.B. (2004).
The record of Messinian events in the Northern
Apennines foredeep basin. Memorie Descrittive
della Carta Geologica D’Italia, 63/2, B19, 1-46.
Landuzzi A. (2005). Sezione geologica dell’Appennino tra il Mugello e la Pianura Padana. In:
Valli di Zena, Idice e Sillaro, Gruppo di studi
Savena Setta Sambro.
Bernagozzi G., Landuzzi A., Vai G.B. (2005).
I percorsi nascosti. Il tracciato alta velocità Bologna-Firenze. In: Valli di Zena, Idice e Sillaro,
Gruppo di studi Savena Setta Sambro, 324-342.
Landuzzi A. (2005). Geologic Map of the Diaterna Area. In: Mapping Geology in Italy (Eds.
C. Venturini, G. Pasquarè, G. Groppelli), APAT,
ROME.
Landuzzi A. (2005). Schematic geologic map of
the Western Tuscany-Romagna Apennines. In:
Mapping Geology in Italy (Eds. C. Venturini, G.
Pasquarè, G. Groppelli), APAT, ROME.
Landuzzi A. (2005). Sin-depositional advancement of the Liguride allochthon in the Miocene
foredeep of the Western Romagna Apennines
(Italy). In: Mapping Geology in Italy (Eds. C.
Venturini, G. Pasquarè, G. Groppelli), APAT,
ROME, 219-226.
62
Geotechnical and Geological Engineering – Hydrogeological Risk
HYDROGEOLOGICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF MOUNTAINOUS AND PLAIN AREAS
RESEARCH GROUP: Lisa Borgatti, Federico Cervi, Gilberto Bonaga
KEYWORDS: hydrogeology, hydrochemistry, spring, clay-rich landslide, flood control reservoir
The research is focused primarily on groundwater,
on the one hand assessing and characterising water
as reserve and resource, on the other hand in terms
of hazard and risk, with reference to slope instability and flooding.
Hydrogeological monitoring in mountainous
areas is aimed at assessing rainfall infiltration
and the amounts of groundwater stored inside
the aquifers, together with their hydrodynamic
properties. The study is carried out with a multidisciplinary approach, using also hydrochemistry and isotopic geochemistry. One of the most
promising topic, is the study of the hydrological
and geotechnical characteristics of complex landslides in clay-rich slopes (assessment of hydrogeological, chemical and isotopic variations following rainfall and infiltration processes, numerical
modeling of infiltration processes and flow, deformation and slope stability).
In plain areas, the main focus is on flood mitigation
measures and their interactions with groundwater.
This problem is worthy of research as during the last
decades, a large number of flood control reservoirs
were built in Emilia Romagna, in order to mitigate
flood risk in urban areas. Besides this main purpose,
the need for a multiple exploitation of the water
stored in the reservoir is becoming of paramount
importance, as a consequence of unusual drought
periods and also as a source of alternative of energy
production. In order to change what was the original designed destination, i.e., reservoirs that would
have been filled for short periods and only in case
of high return period flood events, a series of field
and lab experimental data are needed, primarily to
assure the stability of structures (dam, levees, eventual flood gates etc.) and also to check for possible
negative effects, with particular reference to the risk
of groundwater pollution and of base flow modifications. Therefore, a multidisciplinary research has
to be undertaken, to collect hydrological, geological, hydrogeological and geochemical data, that are
the basis of conceptual and numerical model that
have to be developed in order to understand the interactions between the reservoir and the aquifer, in
different scenarios.
Fig. 1. Mulino delle Vene, Onfiano di Carpineti
(RE). Springs area being monitored and sampled for hydrogeological characterization.
Fig. 2. Macognano brackish spring (Val Dolo,
MO).
Fig. 2. Parma River flood control reservoir during the field operations in 2007.
63
Research Projects and Activities 2015
A case study in the northern Apennines (Reggio
Emilia Province, Italy). Landslides, 7(4), 433-444.
MAIN PUBLICATIONS
Bonaga G., Mesini E., Pasquali C. (2004). Misure
di conducibilità idraulica di sedimenti argillosi
per la progettazione di una cassa di espansione, in:
Problemi di Geoingegneria: Sondaggi e Perforazioni, SEGRATE (MI), Geo-Graph S.n.C., 2004,
pp. 127-134.
Cervi F., Bloschl G., Borgatti L., Ronchetti F.,
Corsini A. (2009). Predizione a scala regionale di
indici di magra in bacini montani non strumentati e possibili implicazioni nella stima del Deflusso
Minimo Vitale. Conferenza Interregionale Studi ed esperienze sull’uso sostenibile delle risorse
idriche dell’Appennino mitigazione degli effetti
del cambiamento climatico miglioramento dello
stato ecologico dei corsi d’acqua ottimizzazione
degli interventi per lo sfruttamento idropotabile
ed idroelettrico. Pennabilli, Montefeltro. 26-27
Giugno 2009. (pp. 17 - 20).
Borgatti L., Cervi F., Corsini A., Ronchetti F. &
Pellegrini M. (2007). Hydro-mechanical mechanisms of landslide reactivation in heterogeneous
rock masses of the northern Apennines (Italy). In:
Proceedings of the First North American Landslide Conference, Landslides and Society: Integrated Science, Engineering; Management, and
Mitigation, Vail, Colo., June 2007, American Society of Environmental and Engineering Geologists,
AEG Special Publication n. 23, 749-758.
Corsini, A., Cervi, F., Ronchetti, F. (2009). Weight
of evidence and artificial neural networks for potential groundwater spring mapping: an application to the Mt. Modino area (northern Apennines,
Italy). Geomorphology, 111(1-2), 79-87.
Borgatti L., Corsini A., Chiapponi L., D’Oria
M., Giuffredi F., Lancellotta R., Mignosa P.,
Moretti G., Orlandini S., Pellegrini M., Remitti
F., Ronchetti F., Tanda M.G., Zanini A. Collecting a multi-disciplinary field dataset to model the
interactions between a flood control reservoir and
the underlying porous aquifer. AGU Fall Meeting,
2008.
Ronchetti F., Borgatti L., Cervi F., Corsini A.
(2010). Hydro-mechanical features of landslide
reactivation in weak clayey rock masses. Bulletin
of Engineering Geology and the Environment, 69,
267-274.
Ronchetti F., Borgatti L., Cervi F., Gorgoni C.,
Piccinini L., Vincenzi V., Corsini A. (2009).
Groundwater processes in a complex landslide,
northern Apennines, Italy. Natural Hazards and
Earth System Sciences, 9, 895 - 904.
Cervi, F., Ronchetti, F., Martinelli, G., Bogaard,
T.A., Corsini, A. (2012). Origin and assessment of
deep groundwater inflow in the Ca’ Lita landslide
using hydrochemistry and in situ monitoring. Hydrology and Earth System Sciences, 16, 4205–4221.
Ronchetti F., Borgatti L., Cervi F., Corsini A.,
Gorgoni C., Piccinini L., Truffelli G., Vincenzi
V. (2009). Hydrogeologic characterististics of roto-traslational slides in flysch. Landslide processes
from geomorphologic mapping to dynamic modelling. A cura di Malet J.-P., Remaitre A., Bogaard
T. Landslide processes from geomorphologic
mapping to dynamic modelling. Landslide processes. Strasbourg, France. 6-7 February 2009. (pp.
183-189). ISBN: 2-95183317-1-4. Strasbourg:
CERG.
Cervi, F., Debieche, T-H., Marc, V., Krzeminska,
D.M., Bogaard, T.A., Malet, J.P. (2011) Variable
contributions of mixing end-members during
small scale sprinkling experiments in partially
weathered black marls Proceeding of the II italian
workshop on landslides - (Picarelli L, Greco R,
Urcioli G Eds) Large slow active slope movements
and risk management, with a section on landslide
hydrology - hillslope hydrological modelling
for landslide prediction, Cues, Napoli, 135-140.
ISBN 9788897821090.
CONTACTS
Cervi, F., Berti, M., Borgatti, L., Ronchetti, F.,
Manenti, F., Corsini, A. (2010). Comparing predictive capability of statistical and deterministic
methods for landslide susceptibility mapping:
[email protected]
[email protected]
64
Geotechnical and Geological Engineering – Hydrogeological Risk
PHYSICAL AND NUMERICAL MODELLING OF THE BEHAVIOUR OF FALLING
ROCK PROTECTION BARRIERS
RESEARCH GROUP: Guido Gottardi, Laura Govoni, Alessio Mentani, Francesco Ubertini, Cristina Gentilini, Stefano de Miranda
KEYWORDS: rockfall, risk mitigation, passive systems, physical modelling, FEM
Risk analysis and mitigation of very fast slope movements is the context of the research that addresses
the physical and numerical modelling of passive systems against falling rocks and is especially focused
on falling rock protection barriers, metallic structures designed to intercept and stop falling rocks
along a slope. Such topic is currently of great interest, also following the recent publication of the “European Guideline for Technical Approval of falling
rock protection kits” (ETAG 027). The research has
involved the physical modelling of flexible falling
rock protection barriers of high energy absorption
capacity (from few hundreds to more than 5000
kJ) to investigate the highly non-linear mechanical
response of these complex metallic structures in dynamic conditions. Tests were carried out in the fullscale test site located in Fonzaso, near Belluno in
Italy, in collaboration with the Consorzio Triveneto
Rocciatori and the Officine Maccaferri. Results of
these tests, in which a free-falling concrete block (of
velocity about 25 m/s and weight from 5 kN to 160
kN) impacts a prototype of barrier, have enabled
the set-up of a reliable and consistent database and
have provided a convenient starting point for the
development of several non-linear and dynamic FE
models. Such models have recently led to the development of a general and efficient strategy for the
numerical modelling of these structures. In collaboration with the Autonomous Province of Bolzano,
the numerical strategy has been also successfully applied to investigate the behaviour of other models
of falling rock protection barriers with low energy
absorption capacity (less than 200 kJ), widely used
but not adequately studied.
The research is currently developed along two main
directions: 1) structural design optimization, with
special emphasis on the foundations and 2) definition of a computational tool taking into full account
the effect of these structures in typical procedures of
rockfall risk analysis and mitigation, with particular
interest on the barrier actual working conditions.
65
Fig. 1. Impact test on a falling rock protection
barrier prototype.
Fig. 2. FE model of a falling rock protection barrier under full-scale testing conditions.
Research Projects and Activities 2015
In-ternational Journal of Physical Modelling in
Geotechnics 11 (4), 126-137.
MAIN PUBLICATIONS
Gottardi G. and Govoni L. (2013). Modellazione e progetto di barriere paramassi, Hevelius
Edizioni, Benevento.
Gottardi G. and Govoni L. (2010). Full scale
modelling of falling rock protection barriers.
Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering 43 (3),
261-274.
Gentilini C., Govoni L., Gottardi G., Mentani
A. and Ubertini F. (2013). Design of falling
rock protection barriers using numerical models, Engineering Structures 50, 96-106.
de Miranda S., Gentilini C., Gottardi G., Govoni L. and Ubertini F. (2010). A simple model to
simulate the full-scale behaviour of falling rock
protection barriers, 7th International Conference
on Physical Modelling in Geotechnics (ICPMG
2010), Zurich, Switzerland, Vol. 2, 1247-1252.
Gentilini C., Govoni L., de Miranda S., Gottardi G. and Ubertini F. (2012). Three-dimensional numerical modelling of falling rock protection barriers, Computers and Geotechnics 44,
58-72.
Cantarelli G., Giani G.P., Gottardi G. and Govoni L. (2008). Modelling rockfall protection
fences. Proc. First World Landslide Forum. Tokyo, Parallel Session Volume, 103-108.
Gottardi G., Govoni L., Ranalli M., Mentani A.,
Strada C. (2012) The role of falling rock protection barriers in the context of landslide risk
analysis and mitigation, 12th Congress INTERPRAEVENT 2012, Grenoble, France, Vol. 2,
699-706.
RESEARCH PROJECTS
Research and consulting contract with Consorzio Triveneto Rocciatori, Belluno, Italy (20062008). Investigation of the behaviour of falling
rock protection barriers from the results of fullscale impact tests. Scientific Coordinator: Guido Gottardi.
S. de Miranda, C. Gentilini, G. Gottardi, L.
Govoni, A. Mentani, F. Ubertini (2011). On
the structural response of falling rock protection barriers, XX Congress AIMETA - Associazione Italiana di Meccanica Teorica e Applicata,
12-15 September 2011, Bologna, 1-10.
Research and consulting contract with Officine
Maccaferri, Bologna (2008-2009). Numerical
modelling of the behaviour of falling rock protec-tion barriers under full-scale impact tests.
Scien-tific Coordinator: Guido Gottardi.
Gottardi G. and Govoni L. (2011). Modellazione e progetto di barriere paramassi. XXIV
Convegno Nazionale di Geotecnica. Innovazione
tecnologica nell’ingegneria geotecnica, Napoli,
Vol. 1, 73-84.
Research and consulting contract with Autono-mous Province of Bolzano (2010-2012).
Risk as-sessment and mitigation of the road network of the Provincia Autonoma of Bolzano.
Scientific Coordinator: Guido Gottardi.
Gottardi G., Govoni L., Ranalli M., Mentani A.
and Strada C (2011). The effectiveness of protection systems toward rockfall risk mitigation,
Proc. 3rd International Symposium on Geotechnical Safety and Risk (ISGSR 2011), Munich,
157-164.
CONTACTS
[email protected]
[email protected]
[email protected]
[email protected]
Govoni L., de Miranda S., Gentilini C., Gottardi
G. and Ubertini F. (2011). Two-dimensional
modelling of falling rock protection barriers,
66
Geotechnical and Geological Engineering – Soil Mechanics
GEOTECHNICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF NATURAL SOILS BY IN SITU TESTING
RESEARCH GROUP: Guido Gottardi, Laura Tonni, Michela Marchi, María Fernanda García Martínez
KEYWORDS: piezocone, silty soils, soil compressibility, riverbank seismic stability, partial drainage
In situ testing plays a crucial and effective role in
subsoil geotechnical characterization. Since early
‘90s, the DICAM Geotechnical Engineering Lab
has been equipped with a Delft Geotechnics piezocone device, installed on a suitably arranged and
fully dedicated independent lorry, fitted for continuous and automated data acquisition. Significant
efforts have been put on the refinement of testing
procedures and on the improvement of measurement interpretation.
In last years, research in this area has been mainly
based on the extensive piezocone testing campaign
performed at the Treporti Test Site (Venice, Italy)
within a long-lasting and comprehensive research
project funded by the Italian Ministry of Research
and carried out in cooperation with the Italian Universities of Padova and L’Aquila. The project aimed
at better understanding the stress-strain-time response of the heterogeneous, predominantly silty
sediments of the Venetian lagoon and similar intermediate soils, for which little information can be
generally found in the geotechnical literature.
The large amount of piezocone data thus available
has been interpreted with particular reference to
the evaluation of compressibility characteristics of
silts and silt mixtures, which have been found not
to follow the framework published for other soils.
In the context of intermediate soils, research has
also focused on the issue of partial drainage detection during cone penetration. Indeed, in these
soils, different degrees of drainage are very likely
to occur under a standard rate of penetration and
the preliminary evaluation of such condition turns
out to be of crucial importance for the assessment
of representative mechanical parameters. Accordingly, piezocone tests at non-standard penetration
rates have been performed in the silty soils of the
Venetian lagoon as well as in other sites of the Emilia-Romagna region.
More recently, the research group has been involved in the geotechnical characterization, by in
situ testing, of the sediments forming the banks of
the Po river and the surrounding subsoil, within a
research project aimed at verifying the seismic stability of the embankments.
Fig. 1. Profiles of the corrected cone resistance
qt, soil behaviour type index Icn and normalized
cone resistance Qtn for a piezocone test performed at the Treporti Test Site.
Fig. 2. Typical stratigraphic section of the Po
river embankments.
67
Research Projects and Activities 2015
Proc. 4th Int. Conf. on Site Characterization,
ISC-4, Vol. 1, 383-389.
MAIN PUBLICATIONS
Tonni L. and Gottardi G. (2009). Partial drainage effects in the interpretation of piezocone
tests in Venetian silty soils. Proc. 17th ICSMGE,
Alexandria, Egypt, Vol. 2, 1004-1007.
Tonni L. and Simonini P. (2012). Evaluation of
secondary compression of sands and silts from
CPTU. Geomechanics and Geoengineering: An
International Journal.
Tonni L. and Gottardi, G. (2010). Interpretation of piezocone tests in Venetian silty soils
and the issue of partial drainage. Proc. of the
2010 GeoShanghai International Conference,
Deep Foundations and Geotechnical In Situ Testing, ASCE Geotechnical Special Publication (205
GSP), 367-374.
DOI: 10.1080/17486025.2012.726748
Tonni L. and Simonini P. (2013). Shear wave velocity as function of cone penetration test measurements. Engineering Geology, 163, 55-67.
Gottardi G., Madiai C., Marchi M., Tonni L.
and Vannucchi G. (2013). Methodological approach for the static and seismic stability analysis of the Po riverbanks. Proc. 18th ICSMGE,
Paris (France). In press.
Tonni L., Gottardi G., Berengo V. and Simonini
P. (2010). Classification, overconsolidation and
stiffness of Venice lagoon soils from CPTU.
Proc. CPT’10, 567-574. Omnipress.
Tonni L. and Gottardi G. (2011). Analysis and
interpretation of piezocone data on the silty
soils of the Venetian lagoon (Treporti test site).
Canadian Geotechnical Journal 48 (4), 616–
633.
RESEARCH PROJECTS
Tonni L., Gottardi G. and Simonini P. (2011).
Piezocone data and state parameter interpretation for Venetian silty soils. Proc. 5th Int. Symp.
Deformation Characteristics of Geomaterials, ISSeoul 2011, 1260-1267. Millpress, the Netherlands.
Research and consulting contract with AUTORITÀ DI BACINO DEL FIUME PO.
Evaluation of the seismic stability of the Po riverbanks in the Emilia-Romagna area.
Bersan S., Cola S., Simonini P., Gottardi G.
and Tonni L. (2012). Secondary compression
of Venice Lagoon sands and silts from CPTU.
[email protected]
[email protected]
[email protected]
PRIN 2000. A geotechnical model of the soil
for safeguarding Venice and its lagoon. Research project funded by the Italian Ministry of
Research.
CONTACTS
68
Geotechnical and Geological Engineering – Soil Mechanics
MODELLING OF GRANULAR SOIL BEHAVIOUR IN STATIC AND SEISMIC CONDITIONS
RESEARCH GROUP: Laura Tonni, Guido Gottardi
KEYWORDS: constitutive models, Generalized Plasticity, sand, liquefaction, numerical modelling
Due to the increasing complexity of geotechnical problems to be analysed, over the last years a
considerable amount of research has been carried
out on the constitutive modelling of soils. The
attention of this research group has been mainly
focused on the constitutive modelling of sands
and sandy silts, within a rather versatile theoretical framework known as Generalized Plasticity.
In this context, an existing Generalized Plasticity formulation for sands (Pastor, Zienkiewicz &
Chan, 1990), specifically developed to describe
many important features of granular soil behaviour in both monotonic and cyclic loading
conditions, has been assumed as a base.
The specific research activity of the team has
mainly focused on the following two main areas:
1) A number of modifications and refinements,
based on the state parameter concept in conjunction with the Critical State framework, have been
introduced into the original constitutive equations,
in order allow unified modelling of soil behaviour
over a wide range of stress levels and void ratios. A
significant application of such model has concerned
the modelling of the complex mechanical behaviour
of silty sediments of the Venetian lagoon basin.
2) A great amount of work has dealt with the implementation of Generalized Plasticity models
into FE codes and especially on the development
of robust and accurate integration schemes of
the rate constitutive equations. Special emphasis
has been given to the implementation of the Pastor-Zienkiewicz-Chan formulation. Typical applications of the model to general boundary value
problem analyses have concerned the numerical
modelling of initiation mechanisms of landslides,
with special reference to catastrophic failures due
to seismic-induced soil liquefaction or debonding
phenomena in collapsible, weakly cemented soils.
The whole research has been carried out in close
cooperation with Spanish researchers of the
Centro de Estudios y Experimentación de Obras
Públicas (CEDEX, Madrid).
(a)
(b)
(c)
Fig. 1. (a) Soil layer problem and seismic input;
(b) Evolution of mean effective stress p¢at different soil column points; (c) Evolution of excess
pore pressure at different soil column points.
69
Research Projects and Activities 2015
Tonni L., Cola S. and Pastor M. (2006). A Generalized Plasticity approach for describing the
behaviour of silty soils forming the Venetian
Lagoon basin. Proc. Sixth European Conference
on Numerical Methods in Geotechnical Engineering, 93-99. Taylor & Francis Group, London.
MAIN PUBLICATIONS
Mira P., Tonni L., Pastor M. and Fernández-Merodo J.A. (2009). A Generalized midpoint algorithm for the integration of a Generalized Plasticity model for sands. International
Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering
77, No. 9, pp. 1201-1223.
Tonni L., Mira P., Pastor M. and Fernández
Merodo J.A. (2005). Numerical modelling of
granular soils using Generalized Plasticity. Proc.
XI International Conference on Computer Methods and Advances in Geomechanics, IACMAG,
Vol. 1, 199-206. Pàtron Editore.
Fernández-Merodo J.A., Mira P., Pastor M. and
Tonni L. (2008). Modélisation numérique des
mécanismes de rupture. Micromécanique de la
rupture dans les milieux granulaires, Cap. 10,
355-392. Lavoisier, Paris.
Pastor M., Fernández Merodo J.A, Herreros I.,
Mira P., González E., Haddad B., Quecedo M.,
Tonni L. and Drempetic V. (2008). Mathematical, constitutive and numerical modelling of
catastrophic landslides and related phenomena.
Rock mechanics and rock engineering 41, No. 1,
85-132.
Fernández Merodo J.A, Pastor M., Mira P.,
Tonni L., Herreros M.I., González E. and Tamagnini R. (2004). Modelling of diffuse failure
mechanisms of catastrophic landslides. Computer methods in applied mechanics and engineering,
193, 2911-2939.
RESEARCH PROJECTS
Cola S., Tonni L., Pastor M. (2008). Mathematical Modelling of Venetian Sediment Behaviour
Using Generalized Plasticity. Proc. IACMAG
2008, Vol. 2, 838-846. Red Hook, NY:Curran
Associates, Inc.
JOINT RESEARCH PROGRAMME ITALY-SPAIN, IT1895 (2004-2006). Supported
by MIUR and the Spanish Ministerio de Ciencia y Tecnología. Code. “Finite Element Modelling of Seismic-Induced Landslides”. Italian
Coordinator: Prof. Guido Gottardi, University
of Bologna. Spanish Coordinator: Prof. Manuel
Pastor, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid.
Cola S. and Tonni L. (2007). Adapting a Generalized Plasticity model to reproduce the stressstrain response of silty soils forming the Venice
lagoon basin. Soil stress-strain behavior: Measurement, Modeling and Analysis. A collection of
papers of the Geotechnical Symposium in Rome,
16-17 March 2006, Series Solid Mechanics and
its applications, Vol. 146, 743-758. Springer.
CONTACTS
[email protected]
[email protected]
70
Geotechnical and Geological Engineering – Foundations
MODELLING THE RESPONSE OF SHALLOW FOUNDATIONS UNDER GENERAL
LOADING
RESEARCH GROUP: Guido Gottardi, Laura Govoni, Michela Marchi
KEYWORDS: soil-structure interaction, macroelement, stability of equilibrium, off-shore foundations, towers
The response of shallow foundations subjected to
combined loading has been intensively investigated for the last two decades. The understanding of
their behaviour is crucial in many structural and
geotechnical applications, not only off-shore like
wind turbines, but also for other structures like
gravity walls, chimneys, historical towers (Fig. 1).
Among the most innovative and advanced analysis methods, the so-called Macro-element models
enable to apply the external resultant forces (V,
M/B, H) and displacements (w, θB, u) to the
whole foundation and surrounding soil system,
as generalised stress and strain variables (Fig. 2).
This conceptual framework is simpler and more
intuitive than the well-known finite element
methods and, at the same time, it is more rational
and consistent with the cultural background of
the civil engineer.
The research group has worked for many years on
these topics, moving from extensive experimental campaigns involving several 1g and centrifuge
tests carried out on shallow and embedded footings. These data have been interpreted through
simple elastic, hardening-plastic models which
are able to reproduce a footing response to general loading conditions with success. These models
have been also modified to accommodate other
important phenomena such as the soil creep and
have been used to explore the stability of historical towers, whose soil-structure interaction is
strongly time dependent. More recently the research group is exploring the use of more sophisticated constitutive models which can be model
the footing response to other loading condition,
such as cyclic or dynamic. The research group is
currently planning further experimental tests to
develop such models.
The research has been carried out in collaboration
with the University of Southampton, the Oxford
University, The Centre for Offshore Foundation
Systemsof Perth (WA), the Politecnico of Torino.
Fig. 1. Two examples of structures with shallow
foundations under combined loading: wind
turbine and historical towers (in the picture a
scheme of a wind turbine and the ‘Two Towers’
in Bologna).
Fig. 2. Yield surface of a surface footing on sand
in the 3D space of applied loading components.
71
Research Projects and Activities 2015
MAIN PUBLICATIONS
ellazione del comportamento di fondazioni superficiali. Relazione Generale, V Convegno Nazionale dei Ricercatori di Ingegneria Geotecnica su
“Fondazioni Superficiali e Profonde”, Politecnico
di Bari, 15-16 Sept. 2006; Vol. 2, 85-119.
Marchi M., Fabbi I., Gottardi G., Butterfield
R., Lancellotta R. (2013). Analytical modelling of the creep-rotation rate for leaning towers. 2nd TC301 Int. Symp. on Geotech. Eng.
for the Preservation of Monuments and Historic
Sites, 30-31 May 2013, Napoli, Italy. ISBN:
9781138000551.
Govoni L., Gourvenec S., Gottardi G., Cassidy
M.J. (2006). Drum centrifuge tests of surface
and embedded footings on sand, International
Conference on Physical Modelling in Geotechnics,
Hong Kong, China, 4-6 August 2006, 651-657.
Marchi M. (2012). Effect of creep on the stability
of leaning towers. 22nd European Young Geotechnical Engineers Conference. Gothenburg, Sweden,
26-29 August, 2012. ISBN: 978-91-637-1435-1.
Gottardi G., Govoni L., Butterfield R. (2005).
Yield loci for shallow foundations by `swipe’
testing, International Symposium on Frontiers in
Offshore Geotechnics (ISFOG), Perth, Western
Australia, 469-475.
Govoni L., Gourvenec S., Gottardi G. (2011).
A centrifuge study on the effect of embedment
on the drained response of shallow foundations
under combined loading, Géotechnique, Vol.
61(12), 1055-1068. ISSN: 0016-8505.
Butterfield R., Gottardi G. (2003). Determination of the yield curves for shallow foundations
by “swipe” testing, International Symposium on
Shallow Foundations (FONDSUP 2003), Paris,
France; Vol. 1, 111-118.
Marchi M., Butterfield R., Gottardi G. Lancellotta, R. (2011). Stability and strength analysis
of leaning towers. Géotechnique, Vol. 61(12),
1069-1079, ISSN: 0016-8505.
Gottardi G., Houlsby G.T., Butterfield R.
(1999). Plastic Response of circular footings
on sand under general planar loading, Géotechnique, Vol. 49(4), 453-469.
Govoni L., Gourvenec S., Gottardi G. (2010).
Centrifuge modelling of circular shallow foundations on sand, International Journal of Physical Modelling in Geotechnics, Vol. 10(2), 35-46.
ISSN: 1346-213X.
Butterfield R., Gottardi G., Houlsby G.T.
(1997). Standardised sign conventions and notation for generally loaded foundations, Géotechnique Vol. 47(4), 1051-1054.
Gourvenec S., Govoni L., Gottardi G. (2008).
The effect of embedment on the response of
shallow foundations on sand under general
loading, BGA International Conference on Foundations, Dundee, Scotland, 24-27 June 2008.
873-884. ISBN: 978-1-84806-044-9.
Gottardi G., Butterfield R. (1995). The displacement of a model rigid surface footing on
dense sand under general planar loading, Soils
and Foundations, Vol. 35(3), 71-82.
Gottardi G., Cavallari L., Marchi M. (2008).
Soil fracturing of soft silty clays for the reinforcement of a bell tower foundation. Geotechnics of Soft Soils. University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, Scotland, 3-5 Sept. 2008. Vol. 1, 31 - 41,
ISBN: 978-0-415-47591-4
Butterfield R., Gottardi G. (1994). A complete
three-dimensional failure envelope for shallow
footings on sand, Géotechnique Vol. 44(1), 181184.
Gottardi G., Butterfield R. (1993). On the bearing capacity of surface footings on sand under
general planar load, Soils and Foundations, Vol.
33(3), 68-79.
Marchi M., Gottardi G., Butterfield R., Zervos
A. (2008). On the stability of Santo Stefano bell
tower in Venice. 2nd BGA International Conference on Foundations, ICOF 2008. Dundee, Scotland, UK, 24-27 June 2008. Vol. 2, 1581-1592,
ISBN: 978-1-84806-044-9
CONTACTS
[email protected]
[email protected]
[email protected]
Gottardi G. (2007). Recenti sviluppi nella mod72
Industrial and Environmental Biotechnologies and Fluid-Dynamics
Industrial and Environmental Biotechnologies and Fluid-Dynamics – Industrial Biotechnologies
RECOVERY/PRODUCTION OF BIO-BASED COMPOUNDS AND BIOMATERIALS FROM AGRO-INDUSTRIAL RESIDUES OR MICROORGANISMS FROM
NON-CONVENTIONAL HABITATS
RESEARCH GROUP: Lorenzo Bertin, Fabio Fava, Lucia Giacomucci, Andrea Negroni, Noura Raddadi,
Giulio Zanaroli
KEYWORDS: agro-industrial residues, bioreactor, microbial characterization, non-conventional habitats
The research is dedicated to the biotechnological production of bio-based compounds and
biomaterials. To that aim, two main strategies
are followed: (a) the exploitation of microorganisms collected from non-conventional environments, which could represent a ‘reservoir’
of microbial diversity and hence of new compounds and bioactive molecules; (b) the valorization of agro-industrial waste through the
recovery and/or the transformation of their organic fraction. Bacteria adapted to the extreme
environmental conditions could be a resource of
new pigments that can be used as natural colorants, biosurfactants for the stimulation of the
bioremediation of xenobiotics-contaminated
marine sites, or extracellular enzymes that can
be exploited in industrial processes. Microbiota
actually taken into consideration are those from
extreme environments including desert sand/
rocks, inland (‘Chott’) or coastal (‘Sebkha’) saline systems in the south of Tunisia, and several
polluted sites in the Mediterranean Sea.
Target residues to be valorized are: (i) wastewaters from the industrial production of olive oil,
wine and cheese, and (ii) bran. If wastewaters
contain high added-value compounds, they are
pre-treated according to solid-phase extraction
procedures for the recovery of such molecules
(e.g., polyphenols occurring in olive mill wastewaters, which are natural antioxidants employed
in several industrial fields). Wastewaters are employed as the feedstock for the biotechnological
production of polyhydroxyalkanotes (PHAs),
i.e., microbial biopolymers whose mechanical
properties are similar to those of polypropilene.
Wastewaters are previously digested under anaerobic acidogenic conditions for the production of volatile fatty acids, which represent a
suitable substrate for PHA production. Bran is
enzimatically hydrolyzed for the recovery of fe-
rulic acid and its conversion into biovanillin via
microbial conversion, after ferulic acid purification from carbohydrates (to be employed as the
carbon source for the bioconversion process),
and fructooligosaccharides (FOS) with prebiotic properties.
Fig. 1. Pigmented bacteria from desert sand and
saline systems.
Fig. 2. Fermenter for bioconversion to biovanillin.
75
Research Projects and Activities 2015
symbiotic control of phytoplasmoses. In: Weintraub P.G, Jones P. Phytoplasmas: genomes, plant
hosts and vectors. pp. 272-292, Wallingford.
MAIN PUBLICATIONS
Scoma A., Bertin L., Fava F. (2013). Effect of hydraulic retention time on biohydrogen and volatile fatty acids production during acidogenic
di-gestion of dephenolized olive mill wastewaters. Biomass and Bioenergy 48, 51-58.
Crotti E., Damiani C., Pajoro M., Gonella E.,
Rizzi A., Ricci I., Negri I., Scuppa P., Rossi P.,
Ballarini P., Raddadi N., Marzorati M., Sacchi
L., Clementi E., Genchi M., Mandrioli M., Bandi C., Favia G., Alma A., Daffonchio D. (2009).
Asaia, a versatile acetic acid bacterial symbiont,
capable of cross-colonizing insects of phylogenetically distant genera and orders. Environmental Microbiology 11, 3252-3264.
Puoci F., Scoma A., Cirillo G., Bertin L., Fava F.,
Picci N. (2012). Selective extraction and purifica-tion of gallic acid from actual site olive mill
wastewaters by means of molecularly imprinted
microparticles. Chem. Eng. J., Vol. 198-199, pp.
529-535.
Di Gioia D., Sciubba L., Ruzzi M., Setti L., Fava
F. (2009). Production of vanillin from wheat
bran hydrolyzates via microbial bioconversion.
Journal of Chemical Technology and Biotechnology, 84, 1441-1448.
Scoma A., Pintucci C., Bertin L., Carlozzi P.,
Fava F. (2012). Increasing the large scale feasibility of a solid phase extraction procedure for
the re-covery of natural antioxidants from olive
mill wastewaters. Chemical Engineering Journal
198-199, 103-109.
Sciubba L., Di Gioia D., Fava F., Gostoli C.
(2009). Membrane-based solvent extraction of
vanillin in hollow fiber contactors. Desalination, 241, 357-364.
Scoma A., Bertin L., Zanaroli G., Fraraccio S.,
Fava F. (2011). A physicochemical–biotechnological approach for an integrated valorization
of olive mill wastewater. Bioresource technology
102, 10273-10279.
RESEARCH PROJECTS
EU FP7-KBBE-2010-4 Project ID. 266473:
ULIXES (Unravelling and exploiting Mediterra-nean Sea microbial diversity and ecology for
xe-nobiotics’ and pollutants’ clean up).
Bertin L., Ferri F., Scoma A., Marchetti L., Fava
F. (2011). Recovery of high added value natu-ral
polyphenols from actual olive mill wastewater
through solid phase extraction. Chemical Engineering Journal 171, 1287-1293.
EU FP7-KBBE-2009-3 ID 245267 Project:
NA-MASTE (New Advances in the integrated
Man-agement of food processing wAste in India
and Europe: use of Sustainable Technologies for
the Exploitation of byproducts into new foods
and feeds).
L. Bertin, S. Lampis, D. Todaro, A. Scoma,
G. Vallini, L. Marchetti, M. Majone, F. Fava.
(2010) Anaerobic acidogenic digestion of olive
mill wastewaters in biofilm reactors packed with
ce-ramic filters or granular activated carbon.
Water Research 44, 4537- 49.
EU FP7-KBBE-2010-4 ID. 265669 Project:
ECOBIOCAP (Ecoefficient Biodegradable
Com-posite Advanced Packaging).
Raddadi N., Gonella E., Camerota C., Pizzinat
A., Tedeschi R., Crotti E., Mandrioli M., Bianco P. A., Daffonchio D. Alma A. (2011). ‘Candidatus Liberibacter europaeus’ sp. nov that is
associated with and transmitted by the psyllid
Cacopsylla pyri apparently behaves as an endophyte rather than a pathogen. Environmental
Mcrobiology 13, 14-26.
EU FP7-2012-ID 311933 Project: WA-TER4CROPS (Integrating bio-treated wastewater
with enhanced water use efficiency to support
the Green Economy in EU and India).
CONTACTS
[email protected]
[email protected]
[email protected]
[email protected]
Alma A., Daffonchio D., Gonella E., Raddadi N.
(2009). Microbial symbionts of auchenor-rhyncha transmitting phytoplasmas: a resource for
76
Industrial and Environmental Biotechnologies and Fluid-Dynamics – Industrial Biotechnologies
BIOTECHNOLOGIES FOR THE SUSTAINABLE PRODUCTION OF BIOPOLYMERS AND THE DEGRADATION/VALORIZATION OF CONVENTIONAL PLASTICS AND MICROPLASTICS
RESEARCH GROUP: Lorenzo Bertin, Fabio Fava, Lucia Giacomucci, Andrea Negroni, Noura Raddadi,
Giulio Zanaroli
KEYWORDS: plastiche di scarto, biopolimeri, valorizzazione, biodegradazione
The research has the objective of finding solutions
to the environmental problems linked to the production and consumption of plastics, which are obtained on the industrial scale from fossil sources and
accumulate in the environments in which they are
disposed, because of their scarce biodegradability.
To this aim, the exploitation of renewable resources
for the production of microbial biodegradable biopolymers, which could replace conventional plastics in defined applications, can represent a strategic
approach. In particular, polyhydroxyalkanoates
(PHAs) are polyesters, which are stored by several
aerobic bacteria as a carbon and energy source under a metabolic stress due to the lack of one or more
nutrients. To date, PHAs are industrially produces by employing sugars obtained from dedicated
crops. The research objective is the substitution of
such substrates with typical wastes of the Mediterranean basin, such as olive mill wastewaters and
winery waste. The residue organic material has to
be converted in volatile fatty acids (VFAs) within
acidogenic anaerobic digestion processes.
The biodegradation/valorization of waste plastics
represents a further possible strategy to the aims
describes above. The research activity deals with
the development of experimental procedures for
the selection of novel and robust microorganisms,
both as pure cultures and mixed consortia, able to
attack polyethylenes, polypropylenes, polystyrene
and polyvinyl chloride. For this purpose, actual-site
aged plastic wastes obtained from landfills, terrestrial and marine sites will be utilized as sources of
microorganisms potentially able of biodegrading
plastics. Such microorganisms will be isolated and
their biodegradation activity will be compared with
those of private pure bacterial strains purchased
from public culture collections. The opportunity
to have controlled depolymerization of some polymers by selected enzymes to get oligomers to be
reused in new or hydrid polymer production is also
being evaluated.
Fig. 1. PHA film obtained by chemical extraction of the polymer from C. necator culture.
Fig. 2. Anaerobic microcosms for the enrichment of microbial communities from waste
plastics able to degrade synthetic polymers.
77
Research Projects and Activities 2015
MAIN PUBLICATIONS
Lampis S., Majone M., Valentino F., Vallini G.,
Villano M. (2009). Exlopiting olive mill effluents as a renewable resource for production of
biodegradable polymenrs through a combined
anaerobic-aerobic process. J. Chem. Technol. Biotechnol. 84(17), 901-908.
Scoma A., Bertin L., Fava F. (2013). Effect of hydraulic retention time on biohydrogen and volatile fatty acids production during acidogenic
di-gestion of dephenolized olive mill wastewaters. Biomass and Bioenergy 48, 51-58.
Raddadi N., Crotti E., Rolli E., Marasco R., Fava
F., Daffonchio D. (2012). The most important
Bacillus species in biotechnology. In ESTIBALIZ SANSINENEA. Bacillus thuringiensis Biotechnology. p. 329-345, Max Haring-Springer
press, Netherlands.
RESEARCH PROJECTS
EU FP7-KBBE-2012.3.5-02 Project ID.
312100: BIOCLEAN (New BIOtechnologiCaL approaches for biodegrading and promoting the environmEntal biotrAnsformation of
syNthetic polymeric materials)
Giacomucci L., Toja F., Sanmartín P., Toniolo
L., Prieto B., Villa F., Cappitelli F. (2012). Degradation of nitrocellulose-based paint by Desulfovibrio desulfuricans ATCC 13541. Biodegradation, 23, 705-716.
EU FP7-KBBE-2010-4 Project ID. 266473:
ULIXES (Unravelling and exploiting Mediterra-nean Sea microbial diversity and ecology for
xe-nobiotics’ and pollutants’ clean up).
EU FP7-KBBE-2010-4 ID. 265669 Project:
ECOBIOCAP (Ecoefficient Biodegradable
Com-posite Advanced Packaging).
Scoma A., Bertin L., Zanaroli G., Fraraccio S.,
Fava F. (2011). A physicochemical–biotechnological approach for an integrated valorization
of olive mill wastewater. Bioresource technology
102, 10273-10279.
EU FP7-2012-ID 311933 Project: WA-TER4CROPS (Integrating bio-treated wastewater
with enhanced water use efficiency to support
the Green Economy in EU and India).
Bertin L., Lampis S., Todaro D., Scoma A., Vallini G., Marchetti L., Majone M., Fava F. (2010)
Anaerobic acidogenic digestion of olive mill
wastewaters in biofilm reactors packed with
ce-ramic filters or granular activated carbon.
Water Research 44, 4537-49.
CONTACTS
[email protected]
[email protected]
[email protected]
Beccari M., Bertin L., Dionisi D., Fava F.,
78
Industrial and Environmental Biotechnologies and Fluid-Dynamics – Industrial Biotechnologies
BIOREMEDIATION OF CONTAMINATED MATRICES
RESEARCH GROUP: Lorenzo : Lorenzo Bertin, Fabio Fava, Dario Frascari, Maurizio Mancini, Andrea
Negroni, Massimo Nocentini, Davide Pinelli, Noura Raddadi, Giulio Zanaroli
KEYWORDS: biodegradation, biostimulation, bioreactors, microbial immobilization, modeling
The aim of the research line is to develop innovative biotechnological processes for the decontamination of soils, sediments, groundwaters and
wastewaters contaminated by chlorinated and
non-chlorinated hydrocarbons and by polimeric
compounds. The decontamination is attained
either by stimulating the indigenous microbial
population of the contaminated matrix (with the
possible addition of a suitable growth substrate for
cometabolic processes), or by introducting in the
contaminated matrix microbial populations specialized in the degradation of the target pollutants
(bioaugmentation).
The main aspects of the research approach are:
(1) the enrichment and selection of indigenous
microbial cultures, capable to degrade the target
pollutants; (2) the biochemical, physiological,
kinetic and phylogenetic characterization, of the
microbial cultures; (3) the design, development,
optimization and scale-up of the biodegradation
process; (4) the evaluation of the process through
an integrated chemical, microbiological, molecular-biological and ecotoxicological monitoring;
(5) the fluid-dynamic and kinetic modeling of the
process, and its further optimization on the basis
of the results obtained.
The main goals of the research are: (a) to develop
immobilized-biomass processes in packed bed reactors, for the decontamination of ground- and
waste-waters contaminated by non-ionic synthetic surfactants, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs),
chlorobenzoic acids, phenols and chlorinated solvents; (b) to develop innovative bioreactors and
advanced biodegradation strategies (use of biogenous mobilizing agents to increase pollutant bioavailability; bioaugmentation; cometabolism with
pulsed feed of growth substrate) for the decontamination of soils; (c) to detect, characterize and
stimulate the microbial degradation of chlorinated
and non-chlorinated organic pollutants in anaerobic sediments; d) to verify the applicability and
the effectiveness of the proposed biodegradation
approach to the treatment of rain waters collected
from streets and industrial areas, by studying the
pilot-scale application of the process in Sequencing Batch Reactors.
Fig. 1. Attached-cell bioreactor for the treatment
of groundwater.
Fig. 2. Molecular analysis of the active microbial
populations.
79
Research Projects and Activities 2015
(2010). Formal verification of wastewater treatment processes using events detected from
continuous signals by means of artificial neural
networks. Case study: SBR plant, International
Review: Environmental Modelling & Software.
Thematic issue on modelling and automation water
and wastewater treatment processes 25, 648-660.
Di Gioia D., Sciubba L., Bertin L., Barberio C.,
Salvatori L., Frassinetti S., Fava F. (2009). Nonylphenol polyethoxylate degradation in aqueous
waste by the use of batch and continuous biofilm bioreactors. Water Research 43, 2977-2988.
Occulti F., Camera Roda G., Berselli S., Fava
F.. (2008). Sustainable decontamination of an
actual site aged PCB polluted soil through a
biosurfactant-based washing followed by a photocatalytic treatment. Biotechnology and Bioengineering 99, 1525 - 1534.
RESEARCH PROJECTS
EU Project FP7-KBBE-2012-3.5-02 ID
312100: BIOCLEAN (Novel biotechnological
approaches for biodegrading and promoting the
environmental biotransformation of synthetic
polymeric materials).
EU Project EU FP7-KBBE-2012-3.5-01 ID
312139: KILL SPILL (Integrated biotechnological solutions for combating oil spills).
EU Project EU FP7-KBBE-2010-4 ID 265946:
MINOTAURUS (Microorganism and enzyme Immobilization: novel techniques and
approaches for upgraded remediation of underground-, wastewater and soil).
EU Project EU Project FP7-KBBE-2010-4 ID
266473: ULIXES (Unravelling and exploiting
Mediterranean Sea microbial diversity and ecology for xenobiotics’ and pollutants’ clean up).
PRIN 2008: Novel processes for the sustainable
remediation of groundwater contaminated by
chlorinated compounds.
MAIN PUBLICATIONS
Frascari D., Fraraccio S., Nocentini M., Pinelli D.
(2013). Aerobic / anaerobic / aerobic sequenced
biodegradation of a mixture of chlorinated ethenes, ethanes and methanes in batch bioreactors.
Bioresource Technology 128, 479-486.
Zanaroli G., Balloi A., Negroni A., Borruso L.,
Daffonchio D., Fava F. (2012). A Chloroflexi
bacterium dechlorinates polychlorinated biphenyls in marine sediments under in situ-like biogeochemical conditions. Journal of Hazardous
Materials 209-210, 449-457.
Zanaroli G., Negroni A., Vignola M., Nuzzo A.,
Shu H. – Y., Fava F. (2012). Enhancement of
microbial reductive dechlorination of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in a marine sediment
by nanoscale zerovalent iron (NZVI) particles.
Journal of Chemical Technology and Biotechnology 87, 1246-1253.
Ciavarelli R., Cappelletti M., Fedi S., Pinelli D.,
Frascari D. (2012). Chloroform aerobic cometabolism by butane-growing Rhodococcus aetherovorans BCP1 in continuous-flow biofilm reactors.
Bioprocess Biosystems Engineering 35, 667-681.
Frascari D., Cappelletti M., Fedi S., Verbaschi
A., Ciavarelli R., Nocentini M., Pinelli D.
(2012). Application of the growth substrate
pulsed feeding technique to a process of chloroform aerobic cometabolism in a continuous-flow sand-filled reactor. Process Biochemistry 47, 1656-1664.
Zanaroli G., Balloi A., Negroni A., Daffonchio
D., Young L.Y., Fava F. (2010). Characterization
of the microbial community from the marine
sediment of the Venice lagoon capable of reductive dechlorination of coplanar polychlorinated
biphenyls (PCBs). Journal of Hazardous Materials 178, 417-426.
Zanaroli G., Di Toro S., Todaro D., Varese G.C.,
Bertolotto A., Fava F. (2010). Characterization
of two diesel fuel degrading microbial consortia
enriched from a non-acclimated, complex source
of microorganisms. Microbial Cell Factories 9, 10.
Luccarini L., Bragadin G.L., Colombini G.,
Mancini M., Mello P., Montali M., Sottara D.
CONTACTS
[email protected]
[email protected]
[email protected]
[email protected]
80
Industrial and Environmental Biotechnologies and Fluid Dynamics –
Environmental Biotechnologies
WASTEWATER TREATMENT AND PLANT MANAGEMENT
RESEARCH GROUP: Maurizio Mancini
KEYWORDS: nitrogen removal, rainy conditions, finishing, monitoring, neural network, WWTP management
The research activity about URBAN WASTEWATER TREATMENT is carried out by:
• full scale investigation in Bologna WWTP about
oxidization, foaming as effect filamentous biomasses
and functioning during variations in dilution due to
rainy weather conditions.
Results concern:
• efficiency in nitrogen removal in function of SRT
and HDOC
• efficiency in primary phases with increased flow
during rainy weather conditions and in oxygen dissolving in presence of filamentous biomasses.
Research activity about WASTEWATER PLANT
MANAGEMENT is developed by:
• monitoring and full scale investigations in Funo
(BO) SBR WWTP and in Trebbo (BO) SSR
WWTP,
• continuous monitoring and laboratory scale investigations on a plant model realized in Bologna ENEA
PROT laboratories.
Obtained results permit:
• identification of events and typical behaviors of signals useful in focusing variations in active biochemical
processes,
• description of transitory answer obtained by orders
on control plant parameters pointed out by artificial
neural network.
Reserach activity about FINISHING, RECOVERY
AND REUSE OF TREATED URBAN WASTEWATER is developed by:
• full scale investigations about finishing effect of
FWS phytotreatment systems and facultative lagoons,
• laboratory experimentations about anionic/ cationic/non ionic surfactants removal by magnetic filtering,
• full scale and pilot scale experiences about flow conditions and removal efficiency of O.S. and nutrients in
H-SFS / V-SFS phytotreatment plants
Results consist in discussions about:
• efficiency in disinfection and nitrogen removal of
floating macrophytes and microalgal biomass,
• efficiency in surface-active substance removal,
• efficiency of finishing systems and on site treatment
in order to respect exysting law about wastewater recover and reuse.
81
Fig. 1. Bologna WWTP. Modelling of O.S.
removal efficiency in primary and secondary treatment phases during rainy events.
Fig. 2. Riccione (FC). Sea outlet of Marano river receiver of effluents from Riccione WWTP.
Fig. 3. Cesenatico (FC). Allacciamento
channel. Modelling of finishing effect on
discharged treated wastewaters. Facultative
lagoon scheme applied to varying conditions
flow due to tidal oscillations.
Research Projects and Activities 2015
head channel area at Ravenna: functions, design,
environmental impact. Proc. of the 34th IABSE
International Symposium on large structures and
infrastructures for environmentally constrained
and urbanized areas. IABSE 2010-Venice Italy.
22 - 24 September 2010. (vol. 1, pp. 790/1- 8).
ISBN: 978-3-85748-122-2.
Borghi C.C., Fabbri M., Fiorini M., Mancini M.,
Ribani P.L. (2011). Magnetic removal of surfactants from wastewater using micrometric iron
oxide powders. International Review: SEPARATION AND PURIFICATION TECHNOLOGY 83, 180-188.
Mancini M.L. (2012). Surfactants removal from
industrial laundry wastewater using combined
bio-oxidative and physical/chemical processes.
Proceed. International Symposium of Sanitary
and Environmental Engineering, 9th edition.-Milan (Italy). 26-29 june 2012. (vol. 1, pp. 895/1895/8). ISBN: 978-88-903557-2-1.
Mancini M.L. (2012). Wastewater finishing by
facultative lagoons open to tidal flow: field experiences in the internal system of channels at Cesenatico FC- Proceed. International Symposium of
Sanitary and Environmental Engineering, 9th
edition.-Milan (Italy). 26-29 june 2012. (vol. 1,
pp. 890/1 - 890/8). ISBN: 978-88-903557-2-1.
Luccarini L., Pulcini D., Marsilio F., Di Francia M.,
Mancini M., Sottara D. (2012). The use of modelling to implement strategies in automatic control
of WWTPs Proc. Internat.Symposium of Sanitary
and Environmental Engineering, 9th edition.-Milan (Italy). 26-29 june 2012. (vol. 1, pp. 1092/1 1092/4). ISBN: 978-88-903557-2-1.
Archetti R., Mancini M.L. (2012). Freshwater
Dispersion Plume in the Sea: Dynamic Description and Case Study. Hydrodynamics - Natural
Water Bodies. INTECH Ed. Rijeka (pp.129152). ISBN: 978-95-330789-3-9.
RESEARCH PROJECTS
DISTART-DEIS-ENEA ACS Dept.-HERA
BO. Project: Authomatic Management of Municipal Wastewater Treatment.
CIRI - TECNOPOLI Project: Fluidodinamica
per le applicazioni ambientali.
MAIN PUBLICATIONS
Bragadin G.L., Mancini M.L. (2008). Combined
sewage-rain urban drainage system and active
sludge WWTP design. Proceed. ANDIS-DICEA-IWA. International Symposium on Sanitary and Environmental Engineering-SIDISA
08 -Florence (Italy). 24-27 june 2008. (vol. 1, pp.
94/1 - 94/8). ISBN: 978-88-903557-0-7.
Mancini M.L. (2008). Wastewater finishing by
combined algal and bacterial biomass in a tidal flow
channel. Modeling and field experiences in Cesenatico.Proceed.ANDIS-DICEA-IWA.Intern. Symp.
on Sanitary & Environmental Engineering -SIDISA 08 -Florence (Italy). 24-27 june 2008. (vol. 1,
pp. 50/1-50/8). ISBN: 978-88-903557-0-7.
Luccarini L., Bragadin G.L., Mancini M.L.,
Mello P., Montali M., Sottara D. (2008) Process
Quality Assessment in automatic management
of wastewater treatment plants using Formal
Verification. Proceed..International Symposium
on Sanitary and Environmental Engineering-SIDISA08.Florence(Italy). 24-27 jun 2008. (vol.1,
pp.152/1-152/8). ISBN: 978-88-903557-0-7.
Giordano A., Aldrovandi A., Farina R., Mancini
M.L., Stante L. (2008). Utilizzo di una MFC per
la degradazione di sostanza organica e recupero
di corrente elettrica. Primi risultati sperimentali.
Proceed. International Symposium on Sanitary
& Environmental Engineering-SIDISA08. Florence (Italy), 24-27 jun 2008 (vol.1/8, pp.111/1111/8). ISBN:978-88-903557-0-7.
Bragadin G.L., Mancini M.L., Turchetto A.
(2009). Wastewater discharge by estuarine transition flow and thermoaline conditioning in
shore habitat near Cesenatico breakwaters. Proc.
Fifth Internat. Conference on Coastal Structures.
Coastal Structures 2007-Venice. July 2-4, 2007.
(pp.1101-1112). World Scientific Publishing
Company Pte Ltd (SINGAPORE).
Luccarini L., Bragadin G.L., Colombini G.,
Mancini M.L., Mello P., Montali, M., Sottara
D.(2010). Formal verification of wastewater
treatment processes using events detected from
continuous signals by means of artificial neural
networks. Case study: SBR plant. Environmental
Modelling & Software review 25, issue 5, 648-660.
Bragadin G.L., Mancini M.L. (2010). Stormwater tanks option in remediation of Candiano
CONTACTS
[email protected]
82
Industrial and Environmental Biotechnologies and Fluid Dynamics – Environmental Biotechnologies
SEA POLLUTION AND WASTEWATER OUTFALLS
RESEARCH GROUP: Maurizio Mancini, Renata Archetti
KEYWORDS: Oil spill, wastewater, thermoaline conditions, drifter, plume, sea currents, dispersion model
• validation and calibration of a 3D dispersion
model, applied to a plume dispersion in low depth
sea areas characterized by along-shore submerged
and emerged breakwaters.
The research activity about WASTEWATER
DISCHARGE IN COASTAL WATERS AND
EFFECTS ON AQUATIC ECOSYSTEMS is
carried out by:
• coastal dispersion modelling of freshwater coming from mouth of harbour channels and carrying
out monitoring campaigns of sea water quality
data. Research field are the Marano estuary mouth
receiving the outfall of Riccione WWTP and
Rimini Nord along-shore area, characterized by
presence of coastal breakwaters near sea outlet of
Marecchia river,
• monitoring campaigns of hydraulic parameters and water quality analysis executed in different tract of internal channels connected to
Cesenatico port canal.
Results concern
• pointing out and calibration of a quality model
describing aquatic ecosystem of transition waters
in summer dry weather conditions,
• evaluation of thermoaline profile role in maintaining nutrients and pollutants in surface layers of
coastal sea,
• model calibrations and prediction of freshwater dispersion plume area in summer dry weather conditions.
The research activity about OIL SPILL OFF
SHORE OUTFALLS AND COASTAL ZONE
POLLUTANTS DISPERSION is developed by
• testing drifter performances in tracing such offshore as coastal trajectory of floating discharged
substances in different conditions of sea currents
and winds,
• monitoring of freshwater discharged from Cesenatico harbour channel mouth during tidal
phases and varying thermoaline conditions,
• measurements campaigns in coastal sea of vertical profiles of oxygen,temperature, salinity, pH,
redox describing effects of breakwaters in conditioning freshwater alongshore distribution.
Results consist in:
• design of a proper oil spill drifter and tools to
predict oil spill and validate numerical codes
(GNOME, Medslik),
Fig. 1. Sea trajectory monitoring described by
oil spill drifters. Measurement campaigns carried out in the coastal area facing Cesenatico
between june and september 2009.
Fig. 2. Dispersion modelling of freshwater coming from Cesenatico Port Canal basin. Simulation of the plume dispersion during different
wind and current conditions.
83
Research Projects and Activities 2015
merged breakwaters MED & Black Sea ICM08
INTER-NATIONAL
CONFERENCE/
WORKSHOP. Akyaka (Turkey). 14-18 oct
2008.(vol.1,pp.1/1-1/12).
MAIN PUBLICATIONS
Archetti R.. (2009). Design of surface drifter for
the oil spill monitoring. REVUE PARALIA.
Coastal and Maritime Mediterranean Conference. HAMMAMET, TUNISIE (2009). 2-5
Dec 2009. vol. 1, pp. 231 – 234
Mancini M.L. (2008) - Wastewater finishing
by combined algal and bacterial biomass in a
tidal flow channel. Modeling and field experiences in Cesenatico. Proceedings ANDIS-DICEA-IWA. International Symposium on Sanitary & Environmental Engineering -SIDISA
08-Florence (Italy). 24-27 june 2008. (vol. 1, pp.
50/1-50/8). ISBN:978-88-903557-0-7.
Archetti R., Mancini M. (2010). Model Calibration of a wastewater dispersion plume from
a channel harbor by drifter and profilers. Coastlab2010
Archetti R., Mancini M.L. (2012). - Freshwater
Dispersion Plume in the Sea: Dynamic Description and Case Study. Hydrodynamics - Natural
Water Bodies. INTECH Ed. Rijeka (pp. 129152) ISBN: 978-95-330789-3-9
Mancini M.L. (2009). - Impatti dello smaltimento fanghi.- Atti del III Convegno Nazionale: Contributi operativi alla salvaguardia della
balneazione 1988-1998-2008.1988. Riccione.
4 aprile 2008. (vol.1,pp.1/1- 1/14). ISBN: 97888-903945-0-8
Archetti R. Mancini M.L. (2013). - Freshwater discharge by estuarine transition flow near
Cesenatico (Italy) . J. Coast. Res. 65. 13-15. Doi
10.2112/SI65.03.1
Mancini M.L. (2009). - Wastewater discharge
and thermoaline conditioning in south Cesenatico (I) coastal area near breakwaters. Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on
the Mediterra-nean Coastal Environment. MEDCOAST 09 - Sochi-Russia 10-14 november 2009. (vol. 1, pp. 143/1 - 143/7).
Bragadin G.L., Mancini M.L., Turchetto A.
(2009) - Wastewater discharge by estuarine
transition flow and thermoaline conditioning
in shore habitat near Cesenatico breakwaters.
Proc. Fifth Internat. Conference on Coastal
Structures. Coastal Structures 2007-Venice. July
2-4, 2007. (pp.1101-1112). World Scientific
Publishing Company Pte Ltd (SINGAPORE).
Mancini M.L. (2012). Wastewater finishing by
facultative lagoons open to tidal flow: field experiences in the internal system of channels at
Cesenatico FC- Proceedings of the International Symposium of Sanitary and Environmental
Engineering, 9th edition.- Milan (Italy). 26-29
june 2012. (vol. 1, pp. 890/1 - 890/8). ISBN:
978-88-903557-2-1
De Dominicis M. , Pinardi N., Zodiatis G., and
Archetti R. (2013 ) - Lagrangian marine oil
spill modeling for short-term forecasting. Part
II: Numerical simulations and validations. Geoscientific Model Development discussion. 6
(1). pp. 1999-2043.
RESEARCH PROJECTS
Mancini M.L. (2005) - Estuarine Wastewater
Draining into Riccione (I) Coast and Thermoaline Set due to Along-Shore Sand Bar. Proceedings of the Seventh International Conference on the Mediterranean Coastal Environment. MEDCOAST 05 - Kusadasi (Turkey)
25-29 oct 2005. (vol. 2, pp. 815-826). ISBN:
975-00526-0-9. ANKARA: MEDCOAST
Secretariat (TURKEY).
- PRIMI: Pilot project: marine hydrocarbon
pollution. Financed by Agenzia Spaziale ItalianaCIRI
- TECNOPOLI Project: Fluidodinamica per le
applicazioni ambientali
CONTACTS
[email protected] [email protected]
[email protected]
Mancini M.L. (2008) Thermoaline conditioning in Cesenatico coastal seawater due to sub-
84
Industrial and Environmental Biotechnology and Fluid-Dynamics – Biofuels
BIOFUEL PRODUCTION FROM BIOMASSES, MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE AND
SEWAGE SLUDGE
RESEARCH GROUP: Lorenzo Bertin, Fabio Fava, Dario Frascari, Alessandro Paglianti, Davide Pinelli,
Noura Raddadi, Giulio Zanaroli
KEYWORDS: municipal solid waste, organic wastes, anaerobic digestion, biomethane, biohydrogen, biodiesel
The aim of this research line is to study and optimize the production of biofuels through the anaerobic digestion (AD) of organic waste (biohydrogen
and biomethane) and the exploitation of lipid-rich
biomasses and waste matrices (biodiesel).
The research on anaerobic digestion has the following goals: a) the study of the biomethanization of unconventional waste matrices, such as
algae, municipal solid waste, activated sludge from
the treatment of industrial waste, food industry
waste; b) the development of chemical, physical
and enzymatic pretreatments for the subsequent
biomethanization of organic matrices with a high
ligno-cellulosic content; c) the development of
innovative bioreactors (biofilm reactors; non-conventional mixing techniques); d) the development
of two-stage processes, with bioproduction of hydrogen in the 1st stage and methane in the 2nd;
e) the development of prototype reactors aimed at
the study and optimization of the process fluid-dynamics, using techniques such as Particle Image
Velocimetry and Tomography; f ) the kinetic and
fluid-dynamic modeling of the process, including
the use of Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD),
and its subsequent optimization. The research approach includes the biochemical, physiological,
phylogenetic and kinetic characterization of the
microbial cultures. A second research line aims at
the optimization of the process of biodiesel production from lipid-rich seeds, algae, bacteria and
organic wastes. The specific research goals are: a)
the energetic optimization of the process; b) the
study of innovative mixing techniques (such as static mixers), also through CFD; c) the development
of innovative processes with heterogeneous and/or
enzyatic catalysis; d) the optimization of the separation of biodiesel from the polar phase (glycerin and
process water) through the use of coalescers; e) the
biotechnological exploitation of glycerol through
its conversion to 1,3-propanediol; f ) the kinetic
and fluid-dynamic modeling of the process.
The available equipment includes several reactors,
with pH and temperature control and mechanical
agitation, in the 1-30 L volume range.
Fig. 1. Bioreactor for the biological production
of hydrogen.
Fig. 2. Bioreactors for the biomethanization of
organic wastes.
85
Research Projects and Activities 2015
with cattle manure in packed microcosms under
batch conditions, Water Sci. Technol., 58, 17351742.
MAIN PUBLICATIONS
Bertin L., Grilli S., Spagni A., Fava F. (2013). Innovative two-stage anaerobic process for effective
codigestion of cheese whey and cattle manure.
Biores. Technol., 128, 779-783.
Frascari D., Zuccaro M., Pinelli D., Paglianti A.
(2008). A pilot-scale study of alkali-catalysed
sunflower oil transesterification with static mixing and with mechanical agitation. Energy & Fuels, 22, 1493–1501.
Cappelletti M., Bucchi G., De Sousa Mendes J.,
Alberini A., Fedi S., Bertin L., Frascari D. (2012).
Biohydrogen production from glucose, molasses
and cheese whey by suspended and attached cells
of four hyperthermophilic Thermotoga strains. J.
Chem. Technol. Biotechnol., 87, 1291-1301.
Bertin L., Capodicasa S., Occulti F., Girotti S.,
Marchetti L., Fava F. (2007). Microbial processes
associated to the decontamination and detoxification of a polluted activated sludge during its anaerobic stabilization, Water Res., 41, 2407-2416.
Bertin L., Bettini C., Zanaroli G., Frascari D.,
Fava F. (2012). A continuous-flow approach for
the development of an anaerobic consortium capable of an effective biomethanization of a mechanically sorted organic fraction of municipal
solid waste as the sole substrate. Water Res., 46,
413-424.
Dionisi D., Bertin L., Bornaroni L., Capodicasa
S., Petrangeli Papini M., Fava F. (2006). Removal
of organic xenobiotics in activated sludges under
aerobic conditions and anaerobic digestion of the
adsorbed species, J. Chem. Technol. Biotechnol.,
81, 1496-1505.
Bertin L., Bettini C., Zanaroli G., Fraraccio S.,
Negroni A., Fava F. (2012). Acclimation of an
anaerobic consortium capable of an effective biomethanization of mechanically-sorted organic fraction of municipal solid waste through a
semi-continuous enrichment procedure. J. Chem.
Technol. Biotechnol., 87, No 9, 1312-1319.
RESEARCH PROJECTS
EU Project FP6-2004-ID 019829: BIOCARD
(Global process to improve Cynara cardunculus exploitation for energy applications) (20052009).
BIOHYDRO Project (Combined production
of hydrogen and methane from agro-industrial
wastes by biological processes) (2009-2013), financed by the Italian Ministry of Food and Agriculture (MIPAAF).
Casali S., Gungormusler M., Bertin L., Fava F.,
Azbar N. (2012). Development of a biofilm
technology for the production of 1,3-propanediol (1,3-PDO) from crude glycerol. Biochem. Eng.
J., 64, 84-90.
EXTRAVALORE Project (Valorization of the
by-products of the biodiesel production process)
(2010-2013), financed by the Italian Ministry of
Food and Agriculture (MIPAAF).
Bertin L., Capodicasa S., Fedi S., Zannoni D.,
Marchetti L., Fava F. (2011). Biotransformation
of a highly-chlorinated PCB mixture in an activated sludge collected from a Membrane Biological Reactor (MBR) subjected to anaerobic digestion. J. Hazard. Mater., 186, 2060-2067.
EU Project FP7-2012-ID 311933: WATER4CROPS (Integrating bio-treated wastewater
with enhanced water use efficiency to support the
Green Economy in EU and India).
Frascari D., Zuccaro M., Paglianti A., Pinelli D.
(2009). Optimization of mechanical agitation
and evaluation of the mass-transfer resistance in
the oil transesterification reaction for biodiesel
production. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 48, 7540-7549.
CONTACTS
[email protected]
[email protected]
[email protected]
[email protected]
Bertin L., Todaro D., Bettini C., Fava F. (2008).
Anaerobic codigestion of the mechanically sorted organic fraction of a municipal solid waste
86
Industrial and Environmental Biotechnologies and Fluid Dynamics –
Applied Fluid Dynamics and Mixing
APPLIED FLUID DYNAMICS AND MIXING
RESEARCH GROUP: Alessandro Paglianti
KEYWORDS: mixing, multi-phase flow, optical techniques, computational fluid dynamics, inertial separation
The Applied Fluid Dynamics and Mixing Group
is mainly concerned with the investigation of the
behaviour of equipment typically employed in the
chemical and process industries.
Special focus has been given to fluid mixing problems, but over the past few years attention has also
been extended to fluidised beds, static mixers,
membrane modules for gas mixture separations,
filter-press and inertial separators for oil and gas
applications.
Research efforts have been equally devoted to the
development of experimental and computational
techniques for the characterization and the prediction of single and multiphase flows in different
process equipment. The studies in these areas are
based on state-of-art experimental techniques and
Computational Fluid Dynamics, on the development of mathematical and/or phenomenological
models and on the application of these modelling
techniques to the design, rating and optimisation
of equipment.
The experimental laboratory of the research group
is fully equipped for the fluid dynamic characterization of the apparatuses through two complete
Particle Image Velocimetry systems (2D-PIV and
Stereo-PIV), that can be used in stereoscopic
configuration for the detection of the three components of the velocity fields and that can be also
adopted for mixing time measurements (PLIF
technique). A PIV systems has been implemented
for simultaneous two-phase flow measurements
and the other for bubble size and BSD determination. Recently, the investigation of dense multiphase systems based on Electrical Resistance Tomography (ERT) has been started.
For the computational activity, general purpose
commercial CFD codes are usually adopted, implemented with in-house developed user functions
for the introduction of specific models. As for the
computer resources, several up-to-date computers
are available, while on specific problems requiring
particularly advanced computational resources,
the supercomputing facilities of the High Perfor-
mance Systems Department of CINECA have
been used in the recent past.
Fig. 1. Multiphase stirred tank: bubble size analysis.
Fig. 2. CFD simulation of a stirred tank: the
flow field.
87
Research Projects and Activities 2015
(2008). A pilot-scale study of alkali-catalysed
sunflower oil transesterification with static mixing and with mechanical agitation. Energy &
Fuels 22, 1493-1501.
MAIN PUBLICATIONS
Montante G., Paglianti A., Magelli F. (2012).
Analysis of dilute solid-liquid suspensions in
turbulent stirred tanks. Chemical Engineering
Research and Design 90, 1448-1456.
Laurenzi F., Coroneo M., Montante G., Paglianti A., Magelli F. (2009). Experimental and
computational analysis of immiscible liquid-liquid dispersions in stirred vessels. Chemical Engineering Research and Design 87, 507-514.
Montante G., Laurenzi F., Paglianti A., Magelli
F. (2011). A study on some effects of a drag-reducing agent on the performance of a stirred
vessel. Chemical Engineering Research and Design 89, 2262-2267.
Coroneo M., Montante G., Giacinti Baschetti M., Paglianti A. (2009). CFD modelling of
inorganic membrane modules for gas mixture
separation. Chemical Engineering Science 64,
1085-1094.
Coroneo M., Montante G., Paglianti A., Magelli F. (2011). CFD prediction of fluid flow and
mixing in stirred tanks: Numerical issues about
the RANS simulations. Computers and Chemical Engineering 35, 1959-1968.
RESEARCH PROJECTS
Coroneo M., Mazzei L., Lettieri P., Paglianti A.,
Montante G. (2011). CFD prediction of segregating fluidized bidisperse mixtures of particles
differing in size and density in gas-solid fluidized
beds. Chemical Engineering Science 66, 2317-27.
PRIN 2006: Study of the fluid dynamics of
mechanically stirred reactors and tubular reactors for the production of nanoparticles or microparticles.
PRIITT 2008 (Regione Emilia Romagna):
Analysis on the behavior of bi-phase fluids in
filter presses.
Coroneo M., Montante G., Paglianti A. (2010).
Numerical and experimental fluid-dynamic
analysis to improve the mass transfer performances of Pd-Ag membrane modules for hydrogen purification. Industrial and Engineering
Chemistry Research 49, 9300-9309.
Project EU FP6-2004-ID 019829: BIOCARD
(Global Process to Improve Cynara cardunculus
Exploitation for Energy Applications).
BIOHYDRO Project (Combined production
of hydrogen and methane from agro-industrial
wastes by biological processes) (2009-2013),
financed by the Italian Ministry of Food and
Agriculture (MIPAAF).
Montante G., Laurenzi F., Paglianti A., Magelli F. (2010). Two-phase flow and bubble size
distribution in air-sparged and surface-aerated
vessels stirred by a dual impeller. Industrial and
Engineering Chemistry Research 49, 2613-2623.
Industrial projects miscellanea: A2B- Development of a process for the recovery of waste oil
(2011), Comart- Fluid-dynamic study of a slug
catcher and of the cold finger process (2009),
Costacurta- Fluid dynamic analysis of an inertial separator (2008), Pittaluga- Theoretical and
experimental study of the fluid dynamic behavior of a static mixer (2008), Saddam Engineering- Pre-treatment and anaerobic digestion of
stabilized marcs (2012).
Frascari D., Zuccaro M., Paglianti A., Pinelli D.
(2009). Optimization of mechanical agitation
and evaluation of the mass-transfer resistance in
the oil transesterification reaction for biodiesel
production. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research 48, 7540-7549.
Coroneo M., Montante G., Catalano J., Paglianti A. (2008). Modelling the effect of operating
conditions on hydrodynamics and mass transfer
in a Pd-Ag membrane module for H2 purification. Journal of Membrane Science 343, 34-41.
CONTACTS
Frascari D., Zuccaro M., Pinelli D., Paglianti A.
[email protected]
88
Industrial Safety and Environmental Sustainability
Industrial Safety and Environmental Sustainability – Industrial Safety
METHODS AND MODELS FOR THE ANALYSIS OF DOMINO EFFECT IN THE
PROCESS INDUSTRY
RESEARCH GROUP: Alessandro Tugnoli, Giacomo Antonioni, Valerio Cozzani
KEYWORDS: Industrial Safety, Major Accident Hazard, Quantitative Risk Assessment, Domino Effect, Escalation
Domino effect was responsible of several catastrophic accidents. Escalation of primary accidental scenarios triggering domino effect have
caused extremely severe accidental events in
the chemical and process industry. As a matter
of facts, severe accidents may arise from the escalation of primary events to trigger secondary
scenarios. Hence, the identification of possible
escalation events is required in the safety assessment of sites where relevant quantities of
hazardous substances are stored or handled. In
the European Union, the “Seveso-II” Directive
(96/82/EC) requires the assessment of on-site
and off-site possible escalation scenarios in sites
falling under the obligations of the Directive.
The present study aims to the development of
a general methodology and of support tools
for the quantitative assessment of risk due to
domino effect. A set of models for the calculation of equipment damage probability is
developed and combined to improved criteria for the calculation of threshold values for
equipment damage. A specific effort is dedicated to the improvement of models for the
calculation of equipment damage probability
due to jet and pool fires. In this framework,
experimental studies are carried out to assess
the performance of fireproofing materials used
to delay the heat-up of vessels involved by fire.
Experimental results are coupled to finite element models to obtain a detailed model for the
prediction of time to failure. These results will
be coupled to a layer of protection assessment
of mitigation systems, in order to calculate the
expected probability of successful mitigation
with respect to the escalation scenarios.
The improved vulnerability models were applied to the calculation of the contribution of
escalation scenarios to the overall industrial
risk due to major accident hazard. The “domino package” of the Aripar-GIS software was
upgraded to allow its use for risk recomposi-
tion accounting for the contribution of domino effect. The set of tools developed allows
the quantitative assessment of domino effect
in complex lay-outs and extended industrial
areas.
Fig. 1. Large-scale test on a pressurized vessel
involved in fire.
Fig. 2. Finite Elements Modeling of a pressurized vessels involved in fire and increase in individual risk caused by domino accidents.
91
Research Projects and Activities 2015
simplified model for the assessment of the impact probability of fragments. J. Haz.Mat., vol.
116, p. 175.
MAIN PUBBLICATIONS
Antonioni, G., Spadoni, G., Cozzani, V. (2009).
Application of Domino Effect Quantitative
Risk Assessment to an Extended Industrial
Area. Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process
Industry vol.19, pp. 463-477.
Gubinelli, G., & Cozzani, V. (2009). Assessment of Missile Hazard: Reference Fragmentation Patterns of Process Equipment. J. Haz.
Mat., vol. 163 pp.1008-1018.
Bonvicini, S., Ganapini, S., Spadoni, G., Cozzani, V. (2012). The description of population
vulnerability in Quantitative Risk Analysis.
Risk Analysis vol. 32, p. 1576
Gubinelli, G., & Cozzani, V. (2009b). Assessment of Missile Hazard: Evaluation of Fragment Number and Drag Factors. J. Haz.Mat.,
vol. 161, pp. 439-449.
Cozzani, V., Gubinelli, G., Antonioni, G., Spadoni, G., Zanelli, S. (2005). The assessment of
risk caused by domino effect in quantitative area
risk analysis. J. Haz. Mat. vol. 127, p. 14.
Landucci, G., Gubinelli, G., Antonioni, G.,
Cozzani, V. (2009). The assessment of the
damage probability of storage tanks in domino
events. Accident Analysis and Prevention vol.
41, pp. 1206-1215.
Cozzani, V., Gubinelli, G., Salzano, E. (2006).
Escalation thresholds in the assessment of domino accidental events. Journal of Hazardous Materials vol.129, pp. 1-21.
Reniers, G.L.L., Cozzani, V. (2013). Domino
effects in the process industries: Modeling, Prevention and Managing. Elsevier, London (UK).
Cozzani, V., Antonioni, G., Spadoni, G., (2006).
Quantitative assessment of domino scenarios by
a GIS-based software tool. J. Loss Prev. Proc.
Ind. vol. 19, p. 463.
Spadoni, G., Egidi, D., Contini, S. (2000).
Through ARIPAR-GIS the quantified area risk
analysis supports land-use planning activities. J.
Haz.Mat. vol. 71, p. 423.
Cozzani, V., Salzano, E., (2004). The quantitative assessment of domino effect caused by overpressure. Part I: probit models. J. Haz.Mat. vol.
107, p. 67.
Spadoni, G., Contini, S., Uguccioni, G. (2003).
The New Version of ARIPAR and the Benefits
Given in Assessing and Managing Major Risks
in Industrialised Areas. Proc. Safety Env. Protection vol. 81, p. 19.
Di Padova, A., Tugnoli, A., Cozzani, V., Barbaresi, T., Tallone, F. (2011). Identification of
fireproofing zones in Oil&Gas facilities by a
risk-based procedure. Journal of Hazardous Materials vol. 191, p. 83.
RESEARCH PROJECTS
ERGO Project - Value at risk of oil barrel - Convenzione Eni Exploration & Production - DICMA (2012-2014)
Egidi, D., Foraboschi, F.P., Spadoni, G., Amendola, A., (1995). The ARIPAR project: an analysis of the major accident risks connected with
industrial and trasnportation activities in the
Ravenna area. Reliability Eng. System Safety
vol.49, p. 75.
TOSCA - Total Operation Management for
Safety Critical Activities. European Commission, 7th Framework Programme - Nanoscience, Nanotechnologies, Materials and New
Production Technologies (2013-2015).
Gomez-Mares, M., Tugnoli, A., Landucci, G.,
Cozzani, V. (2012). Performance Assessment of
Passive Fire Protection Materials. Industrial and
Engineering Chemistry Research vol. 51, p. 7679.
CONTACTS
[email protected]
[email protected]
[email protected]
Gubinelli, G., Zanelli, S., Cozzani, V., (2004). A
92
Industrial Safety and Environmental Sustainability – Industrial Safety
ANALYSIS OF TECHNOLOGICAL ACCIDENTS TRIGGERED BY NATURAL
DISASTERS (NATECH EVENTS)
RESEARCH GROUP: Valerio Cozzani, Sarah Bonvicini, Giacomo Antonioni, Amos Necci, Alessandro
Tugnoli, Gigliola Spadoni
KEYWORDS: Industrial Safety, Major Accident Hazard, Natural Events, Technological Accidents, NaTech
External hazard factors as natural events and intentional acts of interference are perceived as important threats affecting the safety of chemical
and process plants. The increasing frequency of
some natural events having a particularly high severity also raised a growing concern for the integrity of industrial assets and for the consequences
of major accident scenarios that may be triggered
by intense natural events and that may lead to the
release of huge quantities of hazardous substances.
The specific features of technological accidents
triggered by natural events were recently recognized, and these scenarios are now indicated
as NaTech (Natural-Technological) accidents.
The analysis of past accident databases points
out that NaTech accidents frequently impacted
industrial facilities. However, these scenarios
are seldom considered in major accident hazard assessment, as well as in safety assessment
of industrial facilities. Methodologies and
tools for the specific assessment of the potential consequences of NaTech accidents were
only recently developed, and are still missing
for a number of specific NaTech scenarios.
The present activity aims at the development
of a framework for the analysis of NaTech accidents and to the advancement of tools aimed at
the assessment of NaTech events.
A first aim of the activity is the development of
screening criteria to apply on a regional scale,
to identify hot-spots and critical sites for NaTech scenarios. A second issue is the development of models for the probability of failure
of equipment items when involved in natural
events. A third activity is the development of a
specific methodology supported by a software
tool aimed at the calculation of the individual
and societal risk due to NaTech scenarios.
Results obtained for case-studies evidenced
that technological accidents triggered by natural events may stronly affect the overall risk due
to an industrial activity.
Fig. 1. Effects of an earthquake on a process
plant.
Fig. 2. Individual risk calculated including
NaTech accident scenarios caused by seismic
events.
93
Research Projects and Activities 2015
Renni, E., Cozzani, V., Antonioni, G., Krausmann, E., Cruz A.M. (2009). Assessment of major accidents triggered by lightning. Proc. Eur.
Safety and reliability conf., Taylor & Francis:
London; pp. 959-965.
MAIN PUBBLICATIONS
Antonioni, G., Spadoni G., Cozzani, V. (2007).
A methodology for the quantitative risk assessment of major accidents triggered by seismic
events. J. Hazardous materials 147, 48.
Renni, E., Krausmann, E., Cozzani, V. (2010).
Industrial accidents triggered by lightning. J.
Hazardous Materials 184, 42.
Antonioni, G., Bonvicini, S., Spadoni, G.,
Cozzani, V. (2009). Development of a general
framework for the risk assessment of NaTech
accidents. Reliability engineering system safety
94, 1442.
Sabatini, M., Ganapini, S., Bonvicini, S., Cozzani, V., Zanelli, S., Spadoni, Gigliola (2008).
Ranking the attractiveness of industrial plants
to external acts of interference. Proc. Eur. Safety
and reliability conf., Taylor & Francis: London;
pp. 1199-205.
Campedel, M., Cozzani, V., Garcia-Agreda, A.,
Salzano, E. (2008). Extending the quantitative
assessment of industrial risks to earthquake effects. Risk analysis, 28,1231.
Salzano, E., Basco, A., Busini, V., Renni, E.,
Rota, R., Cozzani, V. (2010). Acceptability
parameters for industrial risk with respect to
natural-technological interactions. Proc. 13th
international symposium on loss prevention
and safety promotion, Ti-Kviv, Antwerpen (B);
pp. 81-88.
Cozzani, V., Salzano, E., Campedel, M., Sabatini, M., Spadoni, G. (2007). The assessment of
major accidents caused by external events. Proc.
12th int. Symp. On loss prevention and safety
promotion, Icheme, Rugby (UK), pp.331-336.
Cozzani, V., Campedel, M., Renni, E., Krausmann, E. (2010). Industrial accidents triggered
by flood events: analysis of past accidents. J.
Hazardous Materials 175, 501.
RESEARCH PROJECTS
iNTeg-Risk - Early Recognition, Monitoring,
and Integrated Management of Emerging, New
Technology related, Risks. European Commission, 7th Framework Programme - Nanoscience, Nanotechnologies, Materials and New
Production Technologies. Large scale integrating project, 2008-2013
Krausmann, E., Cozzani, V., Salzano, E., Renni, E. (2011). Industrial accidents triggered by
natural hazards: an emerging risk issue. Natural
hazards and earth system sciences 11, 921.
Krausmann, E., Renni, E., Campedel, M., Cozzani, V. (2011). Industrial accidents triggered
by earthquakes, floods and lightning: lessons
learned from a database analysis. Natural hazards 59, 285.
Framework agreement DICMA - EC JRC
IPSC 2011-2014
Convenzione quinquennale DICMA - Agenzia
Regionale di Protezione Civile Emilia-Romagna (2010-2015)
Landucci, G., Antonioni, G., Tugnoli, A., Cozzani, V. (2012). Release of hazardous substances
in flood events: damage model for atmospheric
storage tanks. Reliability engineering and system safety.
CONTACTS
valerio. [email protected]
[email protected]
[email protected]
[email protected]
[email protected]
Necci, A., Antonioni, G., Renni, E., Cozzani,
V., Borghetti, A., Nucci, C.A., Krausmann, E.
(2012). Equipment failure probability due to the
impact of lightning. Chem.eng.trans. 26, 129.
94
Industrial Safety and Environmental Sustainability – Industrial Safety
TOOLS AND METHODS FOR QUANTITATIVE RISK ASSESSMENT IN PROCESS
FACILITIES AND IN HAZMAT TRANSPORTATION MATERIALS
RESEARCH GROUP: Sarah Bonvicini, Gigliola Spadoni, Giacomo Antonioni, Alessandro Tugnoli, Valerio
Cozzani
KEYWORDS: fireproofing; hazardous materials; passive fire protection; pipelines; process facilities; quantitative risk assessment; risk reduction; road and railway transport; routing
The concentration of industrial activities close
to residential areas and the related supply of hazardous materials requires operating companies
and control authorities to implement adequate
measures in control of major accident hazard, in
appropriate land use planning, and in integrated emergency planning. The decision-making
process requires the analysis of a large amount
of information on risk sources, accident modeling, population distribution, etc. The treatment
of such information needs the support of software tools. ARIPAR and TRAT are two software packages that implement a probabilistic
methodology to the assessment of the risks of
complex industrial areas, including transport of
dangerous substances, producing a number of
different risk indexes.
The research activities in this area mainly addressed the development of new methods, tools
and models for the identification of accident
scenario and their quantitative assessment. Improved methods for the identification of atypical accident scenarios are addressed within
the activities of two FP7 research projects (iNTeg-Risk and TOSCA). Specific models for the
assessment of risk to the environment caused by
spills of oil and/or of hazardous chemicals from
pipelines were developed. More specifically,
innovative risk indexes are defined for soil and
groundwater and for superficial water bodies,
and a well-defined procedure for their evaluation was established.
In the field of risk mitigation, operative strategies of “hazmat routing” were addressed for
the transportation of hazardous substances.
Hazmat routing consists in the determination
of alternative paths, less risky than those usually
taken by the drivers.
proofing materials were explored by experimental tests. Risk-based criteria for application to
different plant areas were explored. Detailed
models for the assessment of fireproofing performance were developed.
Fig. 1. Individual risk contours for fixed plants
calculated using the ARIPAR software.
Fig. 2. Transportation risk analysis: example of
data and results.
A further important research topic concerned
fireproofing. Basic performance data for fire95
Research Projects and Activities 2015
N.Paltrinieri, S.Bonvicini, G.Spadoni, V.Cozzani, 2012, Cost-Benefit Analysis of Passive Fire
Protections in Road LPG Transportation, Risk
Analysis, 32, 200-219.
ities of Civil Protection in the Emilia Romagna region for the control and reduction of the
risks posed by industrial installations and hazmat transport”. Project leader: Gigliola Spadoni
(2008-2012)
G.Landucci, A.Tugnoli, V.Busini, M.Derudi,
R.Rota, V.Cozzani, 2011, The Viareggio LPG
accident: Lessons learnt, Journ. Loss Prev.,
24(4), 466-476.
Convention with the Municipality of Ferrara
about: “Investigation on the risks caused by
pipelines transport of flammable and toxic substances”. Project leader: Gigliola Spadoni (2007)
N.Paltrinieri, G.Landucci, M.Molag, S.Bonvicini, G.Spadoni, V.Cozzani, 2009, Risk reduction
in road and rail LPG transportation by passive
fire protection, Journ. Haz. Mat., 167, 332-344.
Convention with Trenitalia about: “Risk analysis in the railroad transport of propylene from
Brindisi to Terni”. Project leader: Gigliola Spadoni (2004)
D.Monaci, S Bonvicini, G Antonioni, V. Cozzani,
G.Uguccioni, 2008, Quantitative assessment of
the risk associated to the transport of hazardous
substances by pipeline, Proceedings of CISAP3,
3rd International Conference on Safety & Environment in Process Industry (Rome (I), 11-14
May 2008), Chemical Engineering Transactions.
Convention with RFI – Rete Ferroviaria Italiana about: “Operational Plan Dangerous Goods”.
Project leader: Gigliola Spadoni (2002)
S.Bonvicini, G.Spadoni, 2008, A hazmat multi-commodity routing model satisfying risk
criteria: a case study, Journ. Loss Prev., 21(4),
345-358.
Young Researchers’ Project of the University of
Bologna about: “Evaluation of the environmental risk posed by pipeline transport of hazardous materials”. Project leader: Sarah Bonvicini
(2000)
MAIN PUBLICATIONS
Convention with ITALFERR s.p.a. about:
“Risk reduction in the railway transport of dangerous goods”. Project leader: Gigliola Spadoni
(2000)
V.Cozzani, S.Bonvicini, G.Spadoni, S.Zanelli, 2007, Hazmat transport: A methodological
framework for the risk analysis of marshalling
yards, Journ. Haz. Mat., 147(1-2), 412-423.
M.F.Milazzo, R.Lisi, G.Maschio, G.Antonioni,
S.Bonvicini, G.Spadoni, 2002, HazMat transport through Messina town: from risk analysis suggestions for improving territorial safety,
Journ. Loss Prev., 15(5) 347-356.
Research Contract of the National Research
Council CNR / G.N.D.R.C.I.E. – National
Group for the Defense from chemical, industrial and natural risks about: “Procedures, tools
and guidelines for the risk analysis of road and
railway transport of hazardous materials”. Project leaders: Paolo Leonelli, Sarah Bonvicini
(2000-2002)
P.Leonelli, S.Bonvicini, G.Spadoni, 1999, New
detailed numerical procedures for calculating
risk measures in hazardous materials transportation, Journ. Loss Prev., 12(6), 507-515.
Research Contract of the National Research
Council CNR “Routing of vehicles shipping
hazardous materials”. Project leader: Gigliola
Spadoni (1996-1998)
RESEARCH PROJECTS
CONTACTS
Convention with the Civil Protection Agency
of the Region Emilia Romagna about: “Activ-
[email protected]
[email protected]
96
Industrial Safety and Environmental Sustainability – Industrial Safety
OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY
RESEARCH GROUP: Gigliola Spadoni, Ada Saracino
KEYWORDS: hazards in workplace, dangerous substances, check lists, key safety indicators, industrial safety
performance
From long time the occupational health and
safety on work-place is matter of significant
importance and evidence is given by laws that
Europe has enacted. Recent developments introduced, inside laws too, risk assessment procedure and safety management systems whose specific contents were established extracting basic
points by similar contexts. Necessarily the aim
was and is to guarantee safe work conditions
and to provide a health-observant workplace.
At the same time research efforts have studied
and promoted innovative methods able to evaluate models of organization for companies of
any size. One of these methods was produced
by using the results of a collaboration among
academic and company members of different
cultural background (organizational-economic,
legal and medical-psychological and engineering). This method tried to achieve the balance
between two important features which are: the
evaluation of systems and/or patterns of health
and safety organization and management in
workplace, and the ability to measure effectiveness in exempting the administrative liability
(as included in Legislative Decree n. 231/2001,
Italian Health and Safety laws).
The introduced measures of quantification consist of two different types of tools: check-lists and
indicators. These tools are based on the tree structure of the model, represented in Fig. 2. In summary values given to check-lists and indicators
allow to quantify themes and key-elements and
to lay the foundation of a complete score, that
means obtaining the index of global performance
of the examined company (IPESHE index).
A detailed evaluation of the equation representing IPESHE requires to test consistent but
theoretical considerations on actual workplaces
of industries. Once the procedure is well established, its use allows to define the priority
of interventions for improvements, so that the
management process becomes more effective
and efficient.
Fig. 1. Workers in a evident non-safe condition.
Fig. 2. Tree-structure of the methodology that
evaluates occupational management system.
97
Research Projects and Activities 2015
MAIN PUBLICATIONS
RESEARCH PROJECTS
Saracino A., Spadoni G., Curcuruto M.,
Guglielmi D., Bocci V., Cimarelli V., Dottori E.,
Violante F. (2012), A New Model for Evaluating Occupational Health and Safety Management Systems (OHSMS), CHEMICAL ENGINEERING TRANSACTIONS, VOL. 26,
pp 519-524, ISBN 978-88-95608-17-4, ISSN
1974-9791.
Sicurezza nell’ambiente di lavoro, Convenzione di ricerca tra la Fondazione Alma Mater
dell’Università di Bologna e il Dipartimento di
Ingegneria chimica, mineraria e delle tecnologie
ambientali (DICMA), responsabile scientifico
del DICMA: Gigliola Spadoni, 2011
CONTACTS
[email protected]
Saracino A., Curcuruto M., Pacini V., Spadoni
G., Guglielmi D., Saccani C., Bocci V., Cimarelli
M. (2012), IPESHE: an Index for Quantifying the Performance for Safety and Health in a
Workplace, CHEMICAL ENGINEERING
TRANSACTIONS VOL. 26, 2012, p 489-494,
ISBN 978-88-95608-17-4, ISSN 1974-9791.
Saracino A., Curcuruto M., Guglielmi D., Spadoni G. (2012), Salute e sicurezza negli ambienti di
lavoro: un nuovo sistema di valutazione quantitativa, Convegno Nazionale GRICU 2012: Ingegneria chimica dalla macroscala alla nanoscala.
Montesilvano (PE), 16-19 Settembre 2012.
Saracino A., Bocci V., Cimarelli M., Curcuruto
M., Dottori E., Guglielmi D., Spadoni G., Vella
F., Violante F.(2012) M.I.M.O.SA. una metodologia per incrementare salute e sicurezza nei
luoghi di lavoro, Atti del VII Convegno sulla
Valutazione e Gestione del Rischio negli Insediamenti Civili ed Industriali. VII Convegno Nazionale Valutazione e Gestione del Rischio negli
Insediamenti Civili ed Industriali (VGR 2012).
Pisa. 3-5 Ottobre.
MIMOSA: Metodo per implementare, misurare e organizzare la sicurezza in azienda (2012),
Testo a cura della Fondazione Alma Mater
dell’Università di Bologna, Società editrice Il
Mulino. In stampa.
98
Industrial Safety and Environmental Sustainability – Environmental Technologies
ENHANCED BIOMASS TO ENERGY CONVERSION
RESEARCH GROUP: Carlo Stramigioli, Francesco Santarelli, Lucia Basile, Alessandro Tugnoli, Valerio Cozzani
KEYWORDS: Biomass, Energy, Thermochemical processes, Supply chain analysis, Sustainability assessment
Biomass has the potential to play a significant role
in the world energy scenarios due to its abundance
and to the neutral contribution to the CO2 balance when it is used as fuel.
Biomass energy content can be exploited through
the direct combustion of the biomass or through
the preliminary conversion of the biomass into solid, liquid and gaseous fuels followed by the combustion process. Different thermo-chemical processes
can be used to produce fuels from biomass, e.g. pyrolysis, gasification, Fischer-Tropsch synthesis.
Pyrolysis is a thermo-chemical process in which
organic material is decomposed in absence of
oxygen in a solid residue (i.e. char), in a liquid
product (i.e. pyro-oil) and in a gaseous phase.
Due to the higher density of solid and liquid
products, pyrolysis can be considered a densification process, which is supposed to decrease
the transport burdens from the field to the final
use of the bio-fuels. In particular slow pyrolysis
allows for the production of similar amounts of
liquid, solid and gaseous fractions. Light gases
could supply the heat needed in the process.
The present activity is oriented to the analysis
of biomass to energy routes based on pyrolysis
processes. The experimental characterization
of the pyrolysis process is carried out for different biomass species, in order to understand the
yield and composition of the different product
fractions, and in particular of bio-oil. Specific
aspect as the thermal requirements of the pyrolysis process are also investigated.
In the perspective of bio-oil recovery, manipulation and upgrading, a further aim of the activity is
the exploration of the hazard footprint of bio-oils.
Finally, the sustainability of bio-energy systems
based on the pyrolysis process and their compatibility with the territory still is assessed based both
on reference and experimental data produced in
the activity. Conventional Life Cycle Assessment
(LCA) methodology as well as advanced methodologies for sustainability assessment are further
developed and applied to the assessment of the
biomass to energy supply and conversion chain.
Fig. 1. Fixed bed reactor for experimental characterization of feedstock.
Fig. 2. Example of pyrolysis products from different biomass types.
Fig. 3. Example of sustainability indexes applied
to supply chains.
99
Research Projects and Activities 2015
MAIN PUBLICATIONS
RESEARCH PROJECTS
Cordella, M., Torri, C., Adamiano, A., Fabbri,
D., Barontini, F., Cozzani, V. (2012). Bio-oils
from biomass slow pyrolysis: a chemical and
toxicological screening. Journal of Hazardous
Materials 231-232: 26-35.
Asse 1 PON-FESR 2007-2013. Attività I.1.1
Creazione di Tecnopoli - CIRI Energia ed Ambiente - UO Bioenergia
Cordella, M., Cozzani, V., Santarelli, F. (2010).
Life cycle modeling and environmental impact
assessment of energy production supply chains
based on a biomass pyrolysis densification process.
Proc. 7th European Congress on Chemical Engineering (ECCE-7), CSCHI ed., Prague (CZ).
[email protected]
[email protected]
[email protected]
[email protected]
CONTACTS
Cordella, M., Barontini, F., Santarelli, F., Cozzani, V. (2008). Valutazione del rischio associato
alla produzione ed allo stoccaggio di combustibili derivanti da biomasse. Atti del VI Convegno Nazionale Valutazione e Gestione del
Rischio negli Insediamenti Civili ed Industriali,
DIMNP, Pisa, p. 93: 1-12.
Gomez, C., Velo, E., Barontini, F., Cozzani, V.
(2009). Influence of Secondary Reactions on
the Heat of Pyrolysis of Biomass. Industrial &
Engineering Chemistry Research 48: 1022210233.
Rath, J., Wolfinger, M.G., Steiner, G., Krammer,
G., Barontini, F., Cozzani, V. (2003). Heat of
wood pyrolysis. Fuel 82: 81-91.
Sanchirico, R., Pinto, G., Pollio, A., Cordella,
M., Cozzani, V. (2011). Toxicological Characterization of the Thermal Decomposition Products of Chemicals: a New Approach to an old
Problem. Proc. 10th International Conference
on Chemical and Process Engineering, Chem.
Eng.Trans. 24: 1123-1128, AIDIC: Milano.
Tugnoli, A., Santarelli, F., Cozzani, V. (2011).
Implementation of Sustainability Drivers in
the Design of Industrial Chemical Processes.
A.I.Ch.E. Journal 57: 3063-3084.
Tugnoli, A., Cozzani, V., Santarelli, F. (2007). A
quantitative framework for sustainability assessment in the process industry. Proc. 6th European Congress of Chemical Engineering, EFCE
Event n.669, Norhaven Book: Lyngby (DK); p.
975-976.
100
Industrial Safety and Environmental Sustainability – Environmental Technologies
TECHNOLOGIES FOR FLUE-GAS TREATMENT
RESEARCH GROUP: Carlo Stramigioli, Giacomo Antonioni, Valerio Cozzani, Daniele Guglielmi
KEYWORDS: MSWI, flue-gas treatment, acid gases, gas-solid reactions, process simulation
Power generation from municipal solid waste
incineration is widespread used as a technology
for solid waste treatment and energy recovery.
However one of the main sources of environmental impact for these plants is the continuous emission of pollutants into the atmosphere (emissions
of airborne pollutants are regulated by European
Union Directive 2008/1/EC on IPPC). Another issue to be addressed is the generation of solid
or liquid residues from flue-gas cleaning, depending on the flue-gas treatment process.
For these reasons two-stage processes are becoming more and more popular for the treatment of
the flue-gas from Municipal Solid Waste Incinerators (MSWI). Even if there are some plants that
are already running this process, showing high levels of effectiveness in terms of exhaust gas concentrations, there is still lack of knowledge about reaction efficiency and reactant consumption. Thus
a great amount of solid products are produced by
and should be disposed of, usually by landfilling.
Among the substances produced during waste
combustion, acid gases are of particular interest
because of their environmental impact (long
term exposure, acid rains, etc.), and a feasible
solution is to remove them by means of dry processes. The two-stage dry treatment of flue gas
with solid reactants is one of the Best Available
Technologies for acid gas cleaning. Each stage is
composed of a reactor (where the solid reactants
are mixed with the flue gas) followed by a filter
(where the solid products are separated).
An operational model based on literature data
was proposed to describe the removal efficiency of
acid gases (HCl, HF and SO2) in an incineration
power plant. The model was developed considering the ratio of solid reactants (calcium hydroxide
and sodium bicarbonate) to stoichiometric values,
initially on the basis of plant design data. Then
model parameters have been calibrated using the
design data of an existing MSWI. The implementation within Aspen Hysys® allowed an economic
optimization of the treatment process taking into
account both reactant and disposal costs (Fig. 2).
Fig. 1. The emission stack of the MSWI running
the two-stage process.
Fig. 2. Economic process optimization of the
flue-gas treatment section of a MSWI.
101
Research Projects and Activities 2015
MAIN PUBLICATIONS
RESEARCH PROJECT
Antonioni, G., Modeling and simulation of an
existing MSWI flue gas two-stage dry treatment
(2013) Process Safety and Environmental Protection, ISSN 0957-5820.
Research agreement between Hera S.p.A., Alma
Mater Foundation and University of Modena
and Reggio e Emilia
Guglielmi, D., Antonioni, G., Stramigioli, C.
Cozzani V. Ottimizzazione di un processo di
abbattimento a secco per l’abbattimento dei
gas acidi prodotti nella termovalorizzazione di
RSU. Atti Convegno GRICU 2012
CONTACTS
[email protected]
[email protected]
Antonioni, G., Guglielmi, D., Stramigioli, C.,
Cozzani, V MSWI flue gas two-stage dry treatment: Modeling and simulation (2012) Chemical Engineering Transactions, 26, pp. 213-218.
Antonioni, G., Sarno, F., Guglielmi, D., Morra,
P., Cozzani, V. Simulation of a two-stage dry
process for the removal of acid gases in a MSWI
(2011) Chemical Engineering Transactions, 24,
pp. 1063-1068.
102
Industrial Safety and Environmental Sustainability – Environmental Technologies
METHODS AND TOOLS FOR HEALTH RISK ASSESSMENT
RESEARCH GROUP: Gigliola Spadoni, Sarah Bonvicini, Giacomo Antonioni
KEYWORDS: dangerous substances effects, environmental modeling, human health, health risk evaluation,
industrial and anthropic activities
The assessment of human health risk due to the
use of dangerous substances in anthropic activities
is a topic of growing interest for both citizens and
public authorities. As a matter of fact, the former
want to know the influence that such substances
have on changing life conditions and the latter
must establish rules and regulations to guarantee
a safe exposure to them, if there is. Human health
risk is assessed through a procedure based on identification, evaluation and management. As given in
Fig. 1, the global evaluation procedure can be profitably conducted by using the capabilities of Geographycal Information Systems able to describe
the spatial distribution of sources of Chemicals of
Concern (CoC), of their dispersion in air, water
and soil established through fate and transport
models and finally able to draw maps of cancer risk
or of hazard quotient, if dangerous substances are
involved, being carcinogenic or not. The research
activities of the group were and are focused on all
the aspects of the procedure: methodological contents, simple or complex environmental models,
dose – response models of dangerous substances,
uncertainties evaluation and tolerability criteria;
all these topics have to be deepened if we want to
give an actual and credible picture of health risks
of human beings living in a territory. The software
code EHHRA-GIS includes all the models previously cited; it has been built by research group step
by step following innovations in fields involved,
especially in modeling, and technical regulations
established by national authorities. At present this
tool can manipulate several sources due to industrial and civil activities or to transport, being both
continuous or accidental ones (see, as an example,
Fig. 2). Maps of individual risk produced by one or
several substances, histograms on risk importance
of substances and on the most relevant ways of intakes (by ingestion of foods, by drinking of water
or different beverage…) are some of the several results which can be obtained by the code. It has to
be outlined that all values are useful and important
in order to support the job of territorial authorities
in a correct management of risk.
Fig. 1. Architecture block diagram of the methodology in EHHRA-GIS.
Fig. 2. Map of terrain elevation showing different sources of contamination.
103
Research Projects and Activities 2015
MAIN PUBLICATIONS
Morra P.,Bagli S., Spadoni G. (2006). The Analysis Of Human Health Risk With A Detailed
Procedure Operating In A Gis Environment,
Environment International, Elsevier,Vol. 32 (4),
pp 444-454, ISSN: 0160-4120.
Morra P., Spadoni G., Lisi R., Maschio G.
(2006). The application of the Ehhra-Gis tool
for the assessment of human health risk in the
Pace valley of Messina, in C. Guedes Soares, E.
Zio. Safety and Reliability for Managing Risk.
European Safety and Reliability Conference
2006 (ESREL 2006). Estoril, Portugal. 18-22
September. (vol. 3, pp. 2239 - 2245). ISBN:
978-0-415-42315-1. LONDON: Taylor &
Francis / Balkema.
Lisi R., Milazzo M.F., Morra P., Antonioni G.,
Spadoni G., Maschio G. (2007). Environmental Impact Assessment Of A MSW Incinerator,
Proceedings of SARDINIA 2007, XI International Waste Management and Landfill Symposium, 1 – 5 October 2007, S. Margherita di Pula
(Cagliari), pp. 575-584, CISA-Environmental
Sanitary Engineering Centre, ISBN 978-886265-003-8.
Morra P., Lisi R., Spadoni G., Maschio G.
(2009). The assessment of human health impact
caused by industrial and civil activities in the
Pace valley of Messina, Science of The Total Environment, Elsevier (2009), Vol. 407 (12), pp.
3712-3720, ISSN: 0048-9697.
G. Antonioni, S. Burkhart, J. Burman, A. Dejoan, A. Fusco, R. Gaasbeek, T. Gjesdal, A.
Jäppinen, K. Riikonen, P. Morra, O. Parmhed,
J.L. Santiago. (2012). Comparison of CFD and
operational dispersion models in an urban-like
environment, Atmospheric Environment (Elsevier), Vol.47, 2012 pp.365-372.
Morra P., Spadoni G. (2011). The Environmental And Human Health Risk Assessment: Methodology And Decision Support Systems, in the
book Advances in Environmental Research
vol.20, Nova Publishers Editors: Justin A. Daniels , ISBN: 978-1-61324-869-0.
Morra P., Leonardelli L., Spadoni G. (2011).
The Volatilization of Pollutants from Soil and
Groundwater: Its Importance in Assessing Risk
for Human Health for a Real Contaminated Site, Journal of Environmental Protection,
Vol.2 No.9, pp. 1192-1206, DOI: 10.4236/
jep.2011.29137.
F. Bacci, S. Bonvicini, G. Antonioni, P. Morra,
V. Cozzani, Analisi del rischio di contaminazione di corsi d’acqua dovuti a rilasci accidentali
di liquidi idrocarburici, Atti del VII Convegno
sulla Valutazione e Gestione del Rischio negli
Insediamenti Civili ed Industriali. VII Convegno Nazionale Valutazione e Gestione del
Rischio negli Insediamenti Civili ed Industriali
(VGR 2012). Pisa. 3-5 Ottobre.
P. Morra, C. Campri, G. Antonioni, G. Spadoni, Inquinamento atmosferico e valutazione dei
rischi per la salute, Atti del VII Convegno sulla
Valutazione e Gestione del Rischio negli Insediamenti Civili ed Industriali. VII Convegno Nazionale Valutazione e Gestione del Rischio negli
Insediamenti Civili ed Industriali (VGR 2012).
Pisa. 3-5 Ottobre 2012
Antonioni, G., Sarno, F., Guglielmi, D., Morra,
P., Cozzani, V. Simulation of a two-stage dry
process for the removal of acid gases in a MSWI
(2011) Chemical Engineering Transactions, 24,
pp. 1063-1068.
RESEARCH PROJECT
Attività di Protezione Civile di competenza
regionale in materia di rischi connessi con le
attività’ industriali e i trasporti di sostanze pericolose. Research contract between Regione
Emilia-Romagna and Department of Chemical,
Mining and Environmental Engineering (DICMA), DICMA person responsible: Gigliola
Spadoni, (2004-2008).
CONTACTS
[email protected]
[email protected]
[email protected]
104
Industrial Safety and Environmental Sustainability – Sustainability
SAFETY AND SUSTANABILITY DRIVERS FOR PROCESS DESIGN AND OPTIMIZATION OF SUPPLY CHAINS
RESEARCH GROUP: Alessandro Tugnoli, Valerio Cozzani, Carlo Stramigioli, Francesco Santarelli
KEYWORDS: sustainability assessment, inherent safety, life cycle assessment, optimization, key performance
indicators, process & plant design, supply chain, environmental impact
The main determinants of the impact and safety
of process plants are defined in the design stage,
in particular in the early phases where a higher
number of degrees of freedom is present. Furthermore, the production of goods causes impacts that
extend beyond the actual production facility and
involve up-stream and downstream processes: a
holistic perspective is required in the technological
optimization of such life-cycle.
The research activity on this topic focused on
the development of Key Performance Indicators
(KPIs), applicable as sustainability drivers in the
design activities and in the supply chain optimization. The use of quantitative indicators provides
auditable support in design choices and allows for
selection of the production and treatment technologies which more effectively reduce environmental
burdens, maximize yields and minimize costs.
The main outcomes of the research activity included:
1. Tools for the identification of sustainability KPIs
through a structured approach accounting for the
specific factors and constraints of design activities
(e.g. limited availability of data). System analysis
ranged from Life Cycle Assessment (LCA), to detailed process simulation. Experimental activity supported the collection of relevant performance data
for emerging processes (e.g. biomass densification).
2. Advanced approaches for the interpretation,
normalization and aggregation of indicators. The
use of site-specific factors introduces a sound reference for the interpretation of the indicator values.
3. Indicators for inherent safety assessment. The
methodology was developed to provide both a
flexible procedure for the identification of the hazards, and a sound consequence-based quantification of the safety performance of a process scheme.
4. Specific optimization studies. Examples of studies include: alternative fuel supply chains based on
biomass, production of bulk and fine chemicals,
envisaged hydrogen chain for automotive applications, hazardous wastes.
105
Fig. 1. Sustainability study of alternative design
options for a process plant.
Fig. 2. A product chain study: alternative fuels
from biomass pyrolysis.
Research Projects and Activities 2015
MAIN PUBLICATIONS
Tugnoli A., Landucci G., Salzano E., Cozzani V.
(2012). Supporting the selection of process and
plant design options by Inherent Safety KPIs.
Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries. Vol. 25 (5), pp. 830-842.
Cordella M., Torri C., Adamiano A., Fabbri D.,
Barontini F. & Cozzani V. (2012). Bio-oils from
biomass slow pyrolysis: a chemical and toxicological screening. Journal of Hazardous Materials. vol.
231-232, pp. 26-35.
Tugnoli A., Santarelli F. & Cozzani V. (2011).
Implementation of Sustainability Drivers in the
Design of Industrial Chemical Processes” AIChE
Journal, 57 (11), Vol. 57 (11), pp. 3063-3084.
Righi S., Morfino A., Galletti P., Samorì C.,
Tugnoli A. & Stramigioli C. (2011). Comparative
cradle-to-gate life cycle assessments of cellulose
dissolution with 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium
chloride and N-methyl-morpholine-N-oxide,
Green Chemistry, 13, pp. 367-375.
Landucci G., Tugnoli A. & Cozzani V. (2010).
Safety assessment of envisaged systems for automotive hydrogen supply and utilisation, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, Volume 35,
Issue 3, pp. 1493-505.
Cozzani V., Tugnoli A. & Salzano E. (2009). The
Development of an Inherent Safety Approach to
the Prevention of Domino Accidents, Accident
Analysis & Prevention, Vol. 41 (6), pp. 1216-1227.
Cordella M., Tugnoli A., Barontini F., Spadoni G.
& Cozzani V. (2009). Inherent Safety of Substances: Identification of accidental scenarios due to decomposition products, J. Loss Prev. Proc. Ind., Vol.
22 (4), pp. 455-462.
Tugnoli A., Khan F., Amyotte P. & Cozzani V.
(2008). Safety Assessment in Plant Layout Design
using Indexing Approach: Implementing Inherent
Safety Perspective; Part 1 & Part 2, Journal of Hazardous Materials, Vol. 160 (1), pp. 100–121.
Tugnoli A., Santarelli F. & Cozzani V. (2008). An
Approach to Quantitative Sustainability Assessment in Early stages of Process Design, Environmental Science & Technology, Vol. 42(12), pp.
4555-4562.
Tugnoli A., Landucci G. & Cozzani V. (2008).
Sustainability Assessment of Schemes for Hydrogen Production by Steam Reforming, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, Vol. 33 (16), pp.
4345-4357.
Tugnoli A., Khan F. & Amyotte P. (2008). Inherent Safety Implementation Throughout the
Process Design Lifecycle, Book of abstracts of
PSAM9, 18-23 May; Hong Kong, pp. 24 (paper
on attached CD).
Cordella M., Tugnoli A., Spadoni G., Santarelli F.
& Zangrando T. (2008). LCA of an Italian Lager
beer, International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment, 13 (2), pp. 133-139.
Tugnoli A., Cozzani V. & Landucci G. (2007). A
Consequence Based Approach to the Quantitative
Assessment of Inherent Safety, AIChE Journal,
Vol. 53 (12), pp. 3171-3182.
Cozzani V., Tugnoli A. & Salzano E. (2007).
Prevention of domino effect: From active and
passive strategies to inherently safer design,
Journal of Hazardous Materials, Vol. 139 (2),
pp. 209-219.
RESEARCH PROJECTS
Sviluppo di un approccio integrato alla valutazione della sostenibilità della sicurezza e dell’impatto
ambientale di materiali contenenti ritardanti di
fiamma bromurati. MIUR, Progetto di Ricerca
di Rilevante Interesse Nazionale, PRIN. Unità di
Ricerca. (2004-05).
Indicatori di prestazione nella progettazione di
processo. MIUR, Progetto di Ricerca di Rilevante
Interesse Nazionale, PRIN. Unità di Ricerca.
(2007-08).
iNTeg-Risk - Early Recognition, Monitoring, and
Integrated Management of Emerging, New Technology related, Risks. European Commission, 7th
Framework Programme - Nanoscience, Nanotechnologies, Materials and New Production Technologies. Large scale integrating project (63 partners),
(2008-2013).
CONTACTS
[email protected]
[email protected]
[email protected]
[email protected]
106
Industrial Safety and Environmental Sustainability – Sustainability
PROCESS INTENSIFICATION IN INTEGRATED PROCESSES
RESEARCH GROUP: Giovanni Camera Roda, Francesco Santarelli, Antonio Gaetano Cardillo
KEYWORDS: Process intensification, Membrane reactors, Photocatalyisis, Green chemistry, Water detoxification
In the chemical industry, a process intensification is needed to meet important goals such as
sustainable and eco-friendly processes. The “produce more with less” objective can be achieved
by coupling reaction and separation in a so called
“integrated process”. Our research group has developed in the recent years important knowledge on
the synergetic mechanisms that act in the integration of photocatalysis with membrane separation
processes or other oxidative reactions. Photocatalysis is the most studied among the Advanced
Oxidation Technologies (AOTs), due to many
positive features: mild conditions, no chemical
additives, possibility to use solar radiation to activate the reaction, modularity, simplicity for the
operation and the control etc. The coupling of
photocatalysis with pervaporation is simple and
straightforward, even operating the two processes
in separate equipments. This “membrane reactor”
shows important benefits in the green synthesis of
aromatic aldehydes and in water detoxification. In
the first case the selectivity of the reaction is highly
enhanced by the recovery by the membrane of the
aldehyde while it is produced, avoiding its further
oxidation in the photocatalytic reactor. The result
are very satisfactory and the “AROMA” process
(Advanced Recovery and Oxidation Method for
Aldehydes) has been therefore patented and has
been applied to the production of many aromatic aldehydes, such as vanillin and benzaldehyde.
In water detoxification the membrane reactor has
been used to remove recalcitrant pollutants from
water streams. The rate of detoxification more than
double with respect to the one obtainable without
integration, thanks to a synergy between the two
process, The optimization showed that a relatively
low membrane area is sufficient to maximize the
“intensification” index. It has been shown that also
the coupling of photocatalysis with ozonization
increases synergistically the rate of oxidation and
the capability to control the formation of unwanted compounds. In our laboratories, many apparatuses are available for the experiments and the tests
both for aqueous and gaseous effluents.
Fig. 1. Scheme of an integrated process in our lab.
Fig. 2. One of the experimental apparatuses.
Fig. 3. Optimization of the yield of a membrane
reactor.
107
Research Projects and Activities 2015
MAIN PUBLICATIONS
Camera-Roda G., Santarelli F. (2012), Design
of a Pervaporation Photocatalytic Reactor for
Process Intensification, Chemical Engineering
and Technology 35 (7) , pp. 1221-1228.
Camera-Roda, G., Augugliaro, V., Cardillo A.,
Loddo, V., Palmisano,G.,Palmisano,L.(2013).
A pervaporation photocatalytic reactor for the
green synthesis of vanillin, Chem. Eng. J. 224 ,
pp. 136-143.
Camera-Roda, G., Santarelli, F., Augugliaro, V.,
Loddo, V., Palmisano, G., Palmisano, L., Yurdakal, S.(2011). Photocatalytic process intensification by coupling with pervaporation, Catalysis
Today 161 (1) , pp. 209-213.
Camera-Roda, G., Santarelli, F., Panico, M.
(2009). Study and optimization of an annular
photocatalytic slurry reactor, Photochemical and
Photobiological Sciences 8 (5) , pp. 712-718.
Camera-Roda, G., Santarelli, F. (2007). Optimization of the thickness of a photocatalytic film
on the basis of the effectiveness factor, Catalysis
Today 129 (1-2 SPEC. ISS.) , pp. 161-168.
Camera-Roda G., Santarelli F. (2007), Intensification of water detoxification by integrating
photocatalysis and pervaporation, J. Solar En.
Eng. 129, pp. 68-73.
Camera-Roda et al., the “AROMA process” Patent
Camera-Roda G., Augugliaro V., Loddo V., Palmisano L., Pervaporation Membrane Reactors,
in: A. Basile, Handbook of membrane reactors:
Reactor types and industrial applications (Volume 2), Chap.3, Woodhead Publishing Series in
Energy No. 56, 2013.
F. Occulti, G. Camera Roda, S. Berselli, F.
Fava, Sustainable decontamination of an actual
site aged PCB polluted soil through a biosurfactant-based washing followed by a photocatalytic treatment, Biotech. Bioeng., 2008, 99, pp.
1525 – 1534.
F. Parrino, V. Augugliaro, G. Camera-Roda, V.
Loddo, M.J. López-Muñoz, C. Márquez-Álvarez, G. Palmisano, L. Palmisano, Visible-light-induced oxidation of trans-ferulic acid
by TiO2 photocatalysis, J. Catal. 295, (2012),
Pages 254-260.
CONTACTS
[email protected]
108
Geomatics
Geomatics – Geodetic Activities in Antarctica
GEODETIC ACTIVITIES IN ANTARCTICA FOR THE STUDY OF PRESENT-DAY
GEODYNAMICS AND FOR THE MONITORING OF GLACIAL BODIES
RESEARCH GROUP: Luca Vittuari, Stefano Gandolfi, Antonio Zanutta, Gabriele Bitelli, Luca Poluzzi,
Luca Tavaci
KEYWORDS: VLNDEF, EPICA, DOME C, TALDICE, ITASE
The geodetic activities conducted by DICAM in
Antarctica within the National Program of Research in Antarctica (PNRA) concern two main
areas of research: the study of current geodynamics of Northern Victoria Land and the monitoring applications of glacial bodies for studies related to paleo-climate.
The network VLNDEF (Victoria Land Network
for Deformation control) consists of 28 stations
located (Figure 1). Within the experiments conducted to study the geodynamics of the Northern
Victoria Land were tested different GNSS analysis techniques based on the use of carrier phases
(differenced and un-differenced), particularly interesting for the remote areas of the Earth.
Concerning the applications devoted to Glaciology, the research group is involved in the study
of the velocity field of the ice surface for a radius
of 25 km around the site of perforation depth of
the Antarctic ice sheet at Dome Concordia (European Project for Ice Core in Antarctica, EPICA)
through the establishment of a control network
properly designed and established in situ. The
whole EPICA project involved researchers of
ten European nations, and it allowed to realize a
deep coring in ice of about 3270 m. The extracted cores highlighted the paleo-climatic history of
the last eight climatic cycles of the planet occurred
in lasts 820 000 years. The scientific excellence of
the whole project EPICA was rewarded by the
committee of the European Science Foundation
in 2007 with the prestigious Cartesio - Descartes
Prize for Transnational Collaborative Research.
The group of research took part, starting from
1988, to several international projects, such as the
study of the ice surface dynamics at Talos Dome,
(place of a further deep ice-coring project named
TALDICE) and to the International Trans-Antarctic Scientific Expedition (ITASE). ITASE is
a research program promoted by the SCAR and
the IGBP (International Geosphere Biosphere
Programme) which involves the execution of long
scientific routes realized with tracked vehicles on
the Antarctic plateau.
Fig. 1. Position of the control points of the network VLNDEF, superimposed to the tectonic
scheme investigated for the entire region.
Fig. 2. Tracked vehicles of ITASE project on the
Antarctic plateau during the overnight stop.
111
Research Projects and Activities 2015
MAIN PUBLICATIONS
Bitelli G., Gusella L., Mancini F., Pino I., Vittuari
L. (2008). Analysis of multispectral satellite images for ice-streams velocity evaluation. Terra Antartica Reports, 14, 7-10, ISBN 978-88-88395-10-4.
A. Capra, M. Dubbini, A. Galeandro, L. Gusella,
A. Zanutta, G. Casula, M. Negusini, L. Vittuari,
P. Sarti, F. Mancini, S. Gandolfi, M. Montaguti, G.
Bitelli, VLNDEF Project for Geodetic Infrastructure Definition of Northern Victoria Land, Antarctica, in: Geodetic and Geophysical Observations
in Antarctica, An Overview in the IPY Perspective, BERLIN HEIDELBERG, Springer-Verlag,
2008, pp. 37-72.
Danesi S., Dubbini M., Morelli A., Vittuari L.,
Bannister S., Joint Geophysical Observations of
Ice Stream Dynamics, in: Geodetic and Geophysical Observations in Antarctica, BERLIN HEIDELBERG, Springer-Verlag, 2008, pp. 281-298.
Frezzotti M., Urbini S., Proposito M., Scarchilli C.,
Gandolfi S. (2007). Spatial and temporal variability of surface mass balance near Talos Dome, East
Antarctica. Journal of Geophysical Research vol.
112 ISSN: 0148-0227.
Frezzotti M., Pourchet M., Flora O., Gandolfi S.,
Gay M., Urbini S., Vincent C., Becagli S., Gragnani
R., Proposito M., Severi M., Traversi R., Udisti R.,
Fily M. (2004). New estimations of precipitation
and surface sublimation in East Antarctica from
snow accumulation measurements. Climate Dynamics. vol. 23, pp. 803 - 813 ISSN: 0930-7575.
Frezzotti M., Pourchet M., Flora O., Gandolfi S.,
Gay M., Urbini S., Vincent C., Becagli S., Gragnani R., Proposito M., Severi M., Traversi R., Udisti R., Fily M. (2005). Spatial and temporal variability of snow accumulation in East Antarctica
from traverse data. The Journal of Glaciology. vol.
51(172), pp. 113-124 ISSN: 0022-1430.
King M.A., Z. Altamimi, J. Boehm, M. Bos, R.
Dach, P. Elosegui, F. Fund, M. Hernández-Pajares, D. Lavallée, P.J. Mendes Cerveira, N. Penna,
R.E.M. Riva, P. Steigenberger, T. van Dam, L. Vittuari, S. Williams, P. Willis, Improved Constraints
to Models of Glacial Isostatic Adjustment: A Review
of the Contribution of Ground-based Geodetic Ob-
servations, «SURVEYS IN GEOPHYSICS»,
2010, 31, pp. 465- 507
K.G. Strassmeier, K. Agabi, L. Agnoletto, A. Allan, M. I. Andersen, W. Ansorge, F. Bortoletto,
R. Briguglio, J.-T. Buey, S. Castellini, V. Coud´e
du Foresto, L. Dam´e, H. J. Deeg, C. Eiroa, G.
Durand, D. Fappani, M. Frezzotti, T. Granzer, A.
Gr¨oschke, H. J. K¨archer, R. Lenzen, A. Mancini, C. Montanari, A. Mora, A. Pierre, O. Pirnay, F.
Roncella, F.-X. Schmider, I. Steele, J.W. V. Storey,
N. F. H. Tothill, T. Travouillon, L. Vittuari, and
M. Weber, Telescope and instrument robotization
at Dome C, «ASTRONOMISCHE NACHRICHTEN», 2007, AN 328, No. 6, pp. 451-474.
Urbini S., Frezzotti M., Gandolfi S., Vincent C.,
Scarchilli C., Vittuari L., Fily M. (2008). Historical
behaviour of Dome C and Talos Dome (East Antarctica) as investigated by snow accumulation and
ice velocity measurements. Global and Planetary
Change. vol. 60 (2008), pp. 576 - 588 ISSN: 09218181. doi:10.1016/j.gloplacha.2007.08.002.
Vittuari L., Vincent C., Frezzotti M., Mancini F.,
Gandolfi S., Bitelli G. & Capra A. (2004) - Space
Geodesy as a tool for measuring ice surface velocity
in the Dome C region and along the ITASE traverse. Ann. of Glaciol., 39, 402-408.
Zanutta A., Vittuari L., Gandolfi S., Geodetic GPSbased analysis of recent crustal motions in Victoria
Land (Antarctica), «GLOBAL AND PLANETARY CHANGE», 2008, 62, pp. 115- 131.
RESEARCH PROJECTS
PNRA - RU “Geodesia e osservazioni mareografiche”. (PI G. Bitelli)
PNRA - Project: Paleoclimatic Records from Icecore Data Elaboration (PRIDE). RU of Geodesy
(PI L. Vittuari)
CONTACTS
Observatory activities:
[email protected]
[email protected]
Geodetic application in Glaciology:
[email protected]
[email protected]
112
Geomatics – Geomatics for Cultural Heritage Surveying and Carthographic Heritage
GEOMATICS FOR CULTURAL HERITAGE SURVEYING AND CARTOGRAPHIC
HERITAGE
RESEARCH GROUP: Gabriele Bitelli, Giorgia Gatta, Fabrizio Girardi, Valentina Alena Girelli, Emanuele
Mandanici, Maria Alessandra Tini, Paolo Conte, Luca Vittuari, Antonio Zanutta
KEYWORDS: Beni Culturali, archeologia, modellazione 3D, cartografia storica
The applications of Geomatics in the field of
Cultural Heritage have several purposes: study
and documentation of movable or immovable
objects, structural monitoring in support of restoration, integration with noninvasive diagnostic
techniques (e.g. multispectral/thermal surveys),
high-precision replica of works of art, creating
databases for the visualization and exploration
in virtual reality, new products for museums. The
contextualization in the territory is done by low
altitude photogrammetric surveys, large scale
numerical cartography, terrestrial or aerial laser
scanning, high-resolution satellite imagery.
The research of the team is oriented to the data
acquisition stage, making use of integrated instrumentation (topography, digital photogrammetry,
scanning systems of various types, GNSS, satellite
remote sensing, GIS), and to the development and
application of algorithms and techniques for optimal processing and high-fidelity 3D modeling.
Examples of activities: multi-scale and multi-technical surveys of archaeological sites, from the
territory to the single object; surveying and 3D
modeling of architectural complexes, painted
surfaces, sculptures; high-precision topographic
control of deformation for ancient buildings and
infrastructures; 3D survey of small findings, high
precision monitoring of decay evolution on historic outdoor brick masonry.
The group has worked in major multi-disciplinary projects in a variety of interventions: Italy, Egypt, Turkey, Albania, Syria, Malta, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan.
A particular topic, with a number of significant realizations, is the use of digital methods for the management and enhancement of historical cartography (XVI-XIX century): analysis of the genesis of
the ancient map, metrical acquisition by dedicated
scanners, accuracy evaluation, special methods of
georeferencing, innovative visual techniques, multidisciplinary study of the map content.
The group participates in Alma HeritageScience,
The Integrated Research Team of the University
of Bologna on Science & Technology for Cultural Heritage: http://www.heritage.unibo.it.
Fig. 1. Image from balloon of an archaeological
site; vector plotting and raster orthophoto; laser
scanning and photogrammetry in the model of
a dome; scanning with 3D structured light; digital processing of one eighteenth-century historical map of Bologna.
113
Research Projects and Activities 2015
MAIN PUBLICATIONS
Bitelli G., Mandanici E., Vittuari L. (2013). A
land in its setting: Remote Sensing satellite imagery for the characterization of the Eblaite Chora. In Matthiae P. and Marchetti N. (Eds.): “Ebla
and its Landscape”, 295-301, Left Coast Press
Inc., Walnut Creek, USA.
Bitelli G., Colla C., Gabrielli E., Girardi F., Ubertini F. (2013). Salt effects in plastered and unplastered outdoor brick masonry: quantitative laser
monitoring of surface decay evolution. International Journal of Architectural Heritage (in print)
Bitelli G. (2012). Remote Sensing and Integration with Other Geomatic Techniques in
Archaeology. In Lasaponara R. and Masini N.
(Eds.): “Satellite Remote Sensing. A New Tool for
Archaeology”, 113-127, Springer Verlag
Bitelli G., Gatta G. (2011). Experiences on georeferencing of maps from the XIX century Gregorian Cadastre of Bologna (Italy). e-Perimetron,
Vol. 6, No. 4, 270-275
Bitelli G., Gatta G., Girelli V.A., Vittuari L., Zanutta A. (2011). Integrated Methodologies for
the 3D Survey and the Structural Monitoring of
Industrial Archaeology: The Case of the Casalecchio di Reno Sluice, Italy”, Int. J. of Geophysics,
Vol.2011, ID 874347, 8 pp
Bitelli G., Gatta G. (2011). Digital Processing and
3D Modelling of an 18th Century Scenographic Map of Bologna. In A. Ruas (Ed.) “Advances
in Cartography and GIScience”, Vol.2, 129-146,
Springer-Verlag
Bitelli G., Girelli V.A. (2009). Metrical use of declassified satellite imagery for an area of archaeological interest in Turkey. Journal of Cultural Heritage, vol. 10S, 35-40
Zanutta A., Bitelli G. (2008). Some aspects of
close-range photogrammetric surveys for Cultural
Heritage documentation. ARCHAIA: Case Studies on Research Planning, Characterization, Conservation and Management of Archaeological Sites,
Archaeopress, Oxford, 77-90
Bitelli G., Girelli V.A., Remondino F., Vittuari L.
(2007). The potential of 3D techniques for Cul-
tural Heritage object documentation. Proc. Videometrics-IX, Vol. 6491, S1-S10, San Jose, USA
Bitelli G., Girelli V.A., Marziali M., Zanutta A.
(2007). Use of historical images for the documentation and the metrical study of Cultural Heritage
by means of digital photogrammetric techniques.
The Int Arch Photogram Rem Sens, Vol. XXXVI-5/C53, 141-146.
RESEARCH PROJECTS
PRIN2002 “Strumenti, metodologie operative e
innovatrici per il rilievo e la gestione dei Beni Culturali a supporto della redazione della Carta del
Rischio”. Resp. Scient. G. Bitelli
PRIN2004 “Integrazione di tecniche di rilevamento terrestre, fotogrammetriche e satellitari al
fine del monitoraggio di strutture ed aree di interesse architettonico ed archeologico”. Resp. Scient.
L. Vittuari
PRIN2007 “Approccio multiscala per la salvaguardia di strutture archeologiche murarie in
Ercolano: dal rilievo e modellazione alla diagnostica e analisi strutturale”. Resp. Scient. A. Zanutta
EU FP7-ENV-2008-1 GA_226995: EU-CHIC European Cultural Heritage Identity Card. PI: R.
Zarnic, UniBO: R. Mazzeo, Resp. Scient. Loc.: G.
Bitelli (2009-2012) http://eu-chic.eu/index.php
EU FP7-Ideas ERC-2009-AdG 20090415:
EBLA CHORA - The early state and its chora.
Towns, villages and landscape at Ebla in Syria during the 3rd Millennium BC. Royal archives, visual
and material culture, remote sensing and artificial
neural networks. PI: P. Matthiae, Local Sc. Resp.
G. Bitelli (2010-2014) http://www.eblachora.eu
Progetto di Ricerca Fondazione Cariplo: “Ritratti di città in un interno. Consolidare la memoria
collettiva della città attraverso l’informatizzazione e la divulgazione della cartografia storica”.
Resp. Sc.: G. Bitelli (2008-2014)
CONTACTS
[email protected]
[email protected]
[email protected]
114
Geomatics – Monitoring of Structures and Environment
MONITORING OF STRUCTURES AND ENVIRONMENT
RESEARCH GROUP: Maurizio Barbarella, Stefano Gandolfi, Luca Poluzzi, Luca Tavasci, Andrea Lugli
KEYWORDS: Monitoring, GPS, TLS
The needs of monitoring structures and territory
stabilities is recently often required.
If the monitoring interest few isolated points the
GNSS systems can be a powerful technique for
their characteristics that combine high performances (at centimeter level for real time and millimeter
level for long periods observation) with flexibility
and costs. A first experimentation conduced by
the DISTART researcher has been performed on
buildings over a landslide located in the Appenines
mountains. This experimentation has demonstrate
the possibility to reach real time centimetre level of
accuracy using low cost receiver and monitoring
the position of sensors from a remote location.
Now the experimentation is moving to the optimization of devices, instrumentation and software
procedure in order to improve the accuracy maintaining the low cost aspect that is fundamental for
a large diffusion of this method.
The final aim is to realise a monitoring system that
can monitor, from remote, many structures at the
same time in real time and control any movements
of them. A central aspect consist in the definition
of some procedure able to alert population or
public authorities in case of danger. In figure 1 is
reported an example of the first experimentation
with the monitored buildings and obtained results.
Is almost ready the realization of a real-time monitoring system for one of the most important towers of the City of Bologna both for early warning
system and for the study of their low movements.
Concerning the monitoring of the territory (and
in particular of landslides), Terrestrial Laser Scanner can be employed. As example a landslide in an
area located over a railway has been surveyed using
TLS from 2010 to 2012. All the derived products
DSM and DTM obtained removing vegetation
has been referred to the ETRF00 assumed as
enough stable in the surveyed area. The comparison of the different surveys has evidenced the areas
with movements respect the stable ones. Particularly interesting the information relative to the kinematic of landslide respect to the stable area.
Fig. 1. Example of GNSS time series for buildings monitoring.
Fig. 2. Lower part of the landslide in proximity
of the railway and chromatic representation of
block movements.
Fig. 3. Lower part of the landslide: 2012 TLS
cloud and representation of the movements respect 2010.
115
Research Projects and Activities 2015
PUBBLICATIONS
RESEARCH PROJECTS
Ashkenazi V., Barbarella M., Manzoni G., Graglia G., Musmeci M., Roberts W. (2006) – The
MONITOR Project: Galileo for Land and civil
engineering surveyors – CIVIL ENGINEERING SURVEYOR – ICES May 2006, pp 1619, ISSN: 0266-139X.
MONITOR Project. 6th Framework Program
(2006-2007) Founded by EU, Galileo Joint Undertacking.
Graglia G., Muscinelli R., Manzoni G., Barbarella M., Roberts W. (2006). The MONITOR Project a GNSS based platform for Land Monitoring
and Civil Engineering applications Tyrrhenian
International Workshop on Digital Communications. Island of Ponza, september 6-8.
Barbarella M., Bedin A., Gandolfi S., 2006, The
transmission of GNSS Data in the DISTART
Network for Real Time Kinematic Positioning,
Report on Geodesy (ISSN: 0867-3179) – Wroclaw - Poland, No. 2 (77) 2006, 241-247.
Barbarella M., Bedin A., Gandolfi S., Vittuari
L., 2004, La trasmissione dei dati nelle reti di
stazioni permanenti GNSS per il posizionamento REAL TIME, Atti 8a Conferenza Nazionale
ASITA, Roma, 14-17 dicembre 2004, 259-264.
M. Barbarella, S. Gandolfi, (2008), Monitoraggio GPS in Real Time di edifici con strumenti
a basso costo., Bollettino SIFET (ISSN 1721971X), 2008, 2, 69-86
PRIN2005 (2006-2007) - National Coordination. Reti di stazioni permanenti GPS per il
rilievo in tempo reale in impieghi di controllo e
emergenza. –Operative Unit: Reti di stazioni
permanenti GNSS per il rilievo real time : configurazione in situazioni di emergenza, trasmissione
dati e protocolli, inquadramento
PRIN2007 (2008-2009) –National Coordination. La Geomatica a supporto delle azioni di
Governo del Territorio. – Operative Unit: Monitoraggio in ambito regionale: di Strutture con sistemi GNSS di alta precisione e di caratteristiche
del terreno con dati telerilevati e uso di GIS.
PRIN2010-11 (2012-2014)
Operative Unit: Tecniche innovative ed emergenti di telerilevamento (da aereo, satellite , UAV) e
WEBGIS per la mappatura del rischio in tempo
reale e la prevenzione del danno ambientale.
CONTACTS
[email protected]
[email protected]
Barbarella M., Casali F., Gandolfi S., Ricucci
L., (2010): Rete GPS di monitoraggio in continuo di edifici e suo inquadramento., Atti 14a
Conferenza Nazionale ASITA, (ISBN 978-88903132-5-7), Brescia, 9-12 novembre 2010,
pp.171-180
Gandolfi S., Gusella L., Milano M., 2005, Precise Point Positioning: studio sulle accuratezze
e precisioni ottenibili, Bollettino di Geodesia e
Scienze Affini (ISSN 0006-6710), 4, 2005, 227253.
Gandolfi S., La Via L., 2011, SKYPLOT_
DEM: a tool for GNSS planning and simulations Applied Geomatics, Springer, Doy
10.1007/s12518-011-0045-1 [SCOPUS ref.
2-s2.0-84867345123]
116
Geomatics – Satellite Remote Sensing for Environmental Sustainability and Disaster
SATELLITE REMOTE SENSING FOR ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY
AND DISASTERS MAPPING
RESEARCH GROUP: Gabriele Bitelli, Paolo Conte, Francesca Franci, Alessandro Lambertini, Emanuele
Mandanici, Maria Alessandra Tini, Luca Vittuari, Rossella Casciere, Maurizio Barbarella, Michaela de Giglio
KEYWORDS: Remote Sensing, Sustainability, Energy losses mapping, Environmental monitoring, Disasters
The European project EnergyCity concerns the
use of airborne thermal imagery for the mapping
of energy losses of buildings in seven urban areas,
in the implementation of practices for energy efficiency and reduction of CO2 emissions in European cities. The final data, derived from a complex
image processing workflow, are used in energy
models to flow into a Decision Support WebGIS.
Urban Heat Island (UHI) phenomenon is also addressed by using satellite imagery.
Environmental monitoring of a protected area in
Egypt is conducted by multi- and iper-spectral satellite images, comprising analysis of the water for
Qarun Lake (salinity, chlorophyll) and lithological
mapping of the area by multispectral image classification; the research furthermore covers the analysis of change detection in the region over decades,
using also declassified Corona satellite imagery.
Another satellite multispectral data application is
a study of the effects of salt water intrusion in the
pine forests near Ravenna. The aim is to create a
procedure to assess the vegetation health in areas
potentially damaged analyzing NDVI. In fact, the
salinization of aquifer influences the plants inducing a photosynthetic properties and coverage
changes, observable by spectral measurements.
From the comparison between responses in the
red and infrared channels of vegetation, and its
statistical validation, the most stressed areas could
be identified. Subsequently, related field monitoring at detailed scale can be planned and actions
carried out accordingly.
In the event of a disaster, the availability of high-resolution multispectral satellite images, along with
radar data, allows to realize in a short time and
with a good level of precision the mapping of large
areas, for emergency management and for damage assessment in a GIS environment. Significant
experiences that have been carried by the research
team on various areas of the world are floods, fires,
tsunamis and earthquakes, in the latter case with
the possibility of obtaining a first evaluation of the
level of buildings damage.
Fig. 1. Energy losses of buildings in urban areas:
from original nocturnal thermal image to the use
of processed data in a Decision Support WebGIS.
117
Fig. 2. Chlorophyll-a concentration map in lacustrine water (Qarun Lake) obtained from hyperspectral imagery; effects of atmospheric correction.
Fig. 3. Pine forests near Ravenna: NDVI spatial
distribution with sample areas; average NDVI
trend of sample areas.
Fig. 4. Bam earthquake (2003): buildings damage mapping through object-based classification
of high resolution imagery.
Research Projects and Activities 2015
MAIN PUBLICATIONS
XXXVI, 5/C55, pp. 150-158, ISSN: 1682-1777.
Bitelli G., Franci F., Mandanici E. (2013). Monitoring the urban growth of Dhaka (Bangladesh)
by satellite imagery in flooding risk management
perspective. Proc. Workshop “The Role of Geomatics in Hydrogeological Risk”, 6 pp., Padova.
Bitelli G., Gusella L. (2008). Remote sensing satellite imagery and risk management: image based
information extraction. In C.A. Brebbia & E. Beriatos (Eds.) Risk Analysis VI, pp. 149-158, WIT
Press, Southampton.
Africani P., Bitelli G., Lambertini A., Minghetti
A., Paselli E. (2013). Integration of LIDAR data
into a municipal GIS to study solar radiation. Int.
Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing
and Spatial Information Sciences, Volume XL-1/
W1, 6 pp., Hannover, Germany.
Gusella L., Adams B.J., Bitelli G., Huyck C.K.,
Mognol A. (2005). Object Oriented Image Understanding and Post-Earthquake Damage Assessment for the 2003 Bam, Iran, Earthquake.
Earthquake Spectra, 21, S1, pp. 225-238.
Bitelli G., Conte P. (2011). Techniques, tools and
workflow for remote sensed roof temperature
mapping in some cities across Central Europe.
In: Proc. 17th Int. Conference “Building Services,
Mechanical and Building Industry Days” – Urban
Energy Conference, Debrecen, ISBN: 978-963313-039-1, 49-56, BME Budapest.
RESEARCH PROJECTS
COFIN2003: Tecnologie innovative per la previsione, il controllo e la mitigazione dell’impatto delle
emergenze ambientali. Resp. Scient.: G. Bitelli
PRIN2005: Analisi, comparazione e integrazione di immagini digitali acquisite da piattaforma
aerea e satellitare. Resp. Scient.: G. Bitelli
Bitelli G., Curzi P.V., Dinelli E., Mandanici E.
(2011). Empirical model for salinity assessment
on lacustrine and coastal waters by remote sensing. In U. Michel and D.L. Civco (Eds.) Proc.
SPIE Remote Sensing - Earth Resources and Environmental Remote Sensing/GIS Applications, vol.
8181, pp. 818119-1 - 818119-8.
PRIN2007: La Geomatica a supporto delle azioni di Governo del Territorio. Resp. Scient.: M.
Barbarella.
Bitelli G., Mandanici E. (2010). Atmospheric
correction issues for water quality assessment
from Remote Sensing: the case of Lake Qarun
(Egypt). In U. Michel and D.L. Civco (Eds.),
Proc. SPIE Remote Sensing - Earth Resources and
Environmental Remote Sensing/GIS Applications,
Vol. 7831, pp. 78311Z1-78311Z8.
ASI (Agenzia Spaziale Italiana). Cosmo-SkyMed
AO n. 2248: RAPID RApid Processing for Information on Damage. Contract L/104/09/0.
PI: G. Bitelli (2010-2012).
Conte P., Bitelli G. (2009). Burned areas mapping by multispectral imagery: a case study in
Sicily, Summer 2007. Proc. VII Int. EARSeL
Workshop “Advances in Remote Sensing and GIS
applications in Forest Fire Management”, Matera,
ISBN 978-88-904367-0-3, 277-284.
Gusella L., Adams B.J., Bitelli G. (2008). Mobile
Mapping technology and integration with Remote Sensing imagery for post-disaster damage
evaluation. Int. Arch. of the Photogrammetry,
Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences,
PRIN2008: Mapper - Procedure di acquisizione
ed elaborazione di dati multisorgente per il supporto alle emergenze. Resp. Scient.: G. Bitelli
PRIN 2010-11: Tecniche geomatiche innovative
ed emergenti di rilievo, telerilevamento (da aereo, satellite, uav) e webgis per la mappatura del
rischio in tempo reale e la prevenzione del danno
ambientale. Resp. Scient.: M. Barbarella.
EU Central Europe Contract 2CE126P3. ENERGYCITY - Reducing energy consumption
and CO2 emissions in cities across Central Europe. PI: T. Csoknyai, Resp. Scient. G. Bitelli
(2010-2013) http://www.enercity2013.eu.
CONTACTS
[email protected]
[email protected]
118
Geomatics – Monitoring of Structures and Environment
GEOMATICS FOR THE CONTROL OF GROUND SUBSIDENCE AND LONG-TERM
PHENOMENA
RESEARCH GROUP: (Subsidence) Gabriele Bitelli, Luca Vittuari, Maria Alessandra Tini, Francesca Franci,
Alessandro Lambertini; (Archival Photogrammetry) Antonio Zanutta, Gabriele Bitelli, Luca Vittuari, Valentina Alena Girelli, Giorgia Gatta, Andrea Lugli
KEYWORDS: Subsidence, Deformation Control, Archival Photogrammetry, Landslides, Glaciers, LaserScanning,
Ground subsidence (of natural type or man-induced, e.g. by fluid withdrawal) can be a critical aspect in territory management. Geometrical surveying and monitoring are the first essential steps for
the knowledge and understanding of the phenomenon, to detect entity, trend and spatial arrangement
of the movements. Different techniques have been
applied and integrated over the years by the team:
from spirit leveling (‘70s) to space geodesy (the
‘90s), and finally to the recent use of interferometric analysis of satellite radar images (PSInSAR).
The research was carried out in national and international projects or with public authorities (Regions, Provinces, Municipalities, ARPA) and large
private companies. The primary area of ​study is the
Po Valley, with researches at regional, provincial
or basin scale; a specific interest is furthermore towards coastal zones (EU FP7 project). The activity
is also carried out at urban scale, monitoring single
buildings and structures in city centers (e.g. Bologna) by high precision topographic techniques.
The work involves the production of technical
specifications, design and realization of networks,
monitoring through repeated measurement campaigns, quality verification, realization of GIS databases, production of maps of subsidence rate and
other related products.
Other long-term phenomena can be studied using
historical data, among them old aerial photograms.
The so-called Archival Photogrammetry is made
today through advanced digital techniques that
complement the traditional photointerpretation
for: Multi-temporal landslide studies; Evolution
of glaciers; Change detection in urban centers;
Changes in the coastline; Changes in forest cover.
For this purpose it is frequently necessary to realize
Digital Terrain Models (DTM) or surface models
(DSM) that allow for a metric definition of the
3D form; image matching techniques are applied
on old photogrammetric images or satellite stereo-couples, and airborne or terrestrial laserscanning is an effective solution for current situations.
Fig. 1. Integration of different techniques (levelling, GNSS, radar satellite interferometry) for
subsidence monitoring at different scales; map
of subsidence rate for the regional Emilia-Romagna plain area, derived from radar intereferometric analysis (period 1992-2000).
Fig. 2. Photogrammetric analysis of landslide
movements; analysis of glacier evolution.
119
Research Projects and Activities 2015
MAIN PUBLICATIONS
construction aspects, Secon Hdgk, 147-156.
van der Krogt R., Bitelli G., Bremmer C., Capes
R., Crosetto M., Cyziene J., Granizcki M.,
Hansen R., van Leijen F., Marsh S., Novali F.,
Schach Pedersen S., Westerhoff R. (2013). Monitoring subsidence of coastal lowland areas by
satellite radar interferometry. Proc. 6th EARSeL
Workshop on Remote Sensing of the Coastal Zone
Bitelli G., Gatta G., Giorgini G., Minghetti A.,
Mognol A., Paselli E. (2006). Recupero a fini
metrici di fotogrammi aerei storici per lo studio
delle dinamiche territoriali in ambito urbano: un
caso di studio. Atti X Conferenza Naz. ASITA,
355-360.
Bissoli R., Bitelli G., Bonsignore F., Rapino A.,
Vittuari L. (2010). Land subsidence in Emilia-Romagna Region, northern Italy: recent results. Land Subsidence, Associated Hazards and
the Role of Natural Resources Development, IAHS
Publ. 339, 307-311, Wallingford.
Bitelli G., Bonsignore F., Carbognin L., Ferretti A., Strozzi T., Teatini P., Tosi L., Vittuari L.
(2010). Radar interferometry-based mapping of
the present land subsidence along the low-lying
northern Adriatic coast of Italy. Land Subsidence,
Associated Hazards and the Role of Natural Resources Development, IAHS Publ. 339, 279-286
Bitelli G., Gatta G., Landuzzi A., Vittuari L., Zanutta A. (2009). La fotogrammetria digitale d’archivio per lo studio multitemporale di un’area in
frana nelle Prealpi vicentine, Atti 13a Conferenza
Nazionale ASITA, 415-420.
P. Baldi, N. Cenni, M. Fabris, A. Zanutta (2008).
Kinematics of a landslide derived from archival
photogrammetry and GPS data. Geomorphology,
102, 435-444.
D’Agata C., Zanutta A. (2007). Reconstruction
by indirect source of the recent changes of a debris covered glacier (Brenva, Mont Blanc Massif,
Italy). Methods, results and validation. Global
and Planetary Change, 56, Issues 1-2, 57-68.
Zanutta A., Baldi P., Bitelli G., Cardinali M.,
Carrara A. (2006). Qualitative and quantitative
photogrammetric techniques for multi-temporal
landslide analysis”. Annals of Geophysics, vol.49,
1121-1134.
Bitelli G., Vittuari L. (2006). Integrated methodologies for monitoring of subsidence effects on
urban areas and buildings. Heritage Protection:
Bitelli G., Dubbini M., Zanutta A. (2004). Terrestrial laser scanning and digital photogrammetry techniques to monitor landslide bodies”. The
Int Arch Photogram Rem Sens Spatial Inform Sci,
Vol. XXXV, Part B, 246-251.
Strozzi T., Wegmüller U., Tosi L., Bitelli G., Spreckels V. (2001). Land Subsidence Monitoring
with Differential SAR Interferometry. Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing, vol.
67, 2, 1261-1270.
Bitelli G., Bonsignore F., Unguendoli M. (2000).
Leveling and GPS networks for ground subsidence monitoring in the Southern Po Valley. Journal of Geodynamics, 30, 355-369.
RESEARCH PROJECTS
ARPA Emilia-Romagna, su incarico della Regione Emilia-Romagna: Rilievo della subsidenza
nella pianura emiliano-romagnola, Rete Regionale di monitoraggio della subsidenza (dal 1997)
ASI (Agenzia Spaziale Italiana). Cosmo-SkyMed
AO n. 2283: Integration of classical and space geodetic techniques for the study of vertical ground
motions. Contract L/129/09/0 PI: Luca Vittuari (2010-2012).
EU FP7-SPACE-2009-1 ID: 242332 SUBCOAST - Assessing and Monitoring Subsidence
Hazards in Coastal Lowland around Europe.
A collaborative project aiming at developing a
GMES-service for monitoring and forecasting
subsidence hazards in coastal areas around Europe. Resp. Scient.: G. Bitelli (2010-2013).
CONTACTS
[email protected]
[email protected]
[email protected]
120
Geomatics – International Reference Frames and Network Infrastructures
GEOMATICS FOR THE MAINTENANCE OF THE INTERNATIONL TERRESTRIAL REFERENCE FRAMES (ITRF) AND FOR THE ANALYSIS OF NATIONAL GEODETIC NETWORKS
RESEARCH GROUP: (ITRF-Tie vectors) Luca Vittuari, Pierguido Sarti, Claudio Abbondanza, Monia Negusini, Maria Alessandra Tini (Network analysis) Maurizio Barbarella, Stefano Gandolfi, Antonio Zanutta,
Luca Poluzzi, Luca Tavasci
KEYWORDS: ITRF, IERS, Tie vectors, ETRF, RND, NRTK
The realization of precise and reliable global geodetic reference frames is one of the innovations
that have most contributed to the efficiency of positioning techniques, i.e. for monitoring surveys,
land surveying and cadastral procedures, the stacking-out of large infrastructures, or for maritime,
terrestrial and aerial navigation.
Starting from the initial applications exclusively
conducted by research institutions, we can now
observe a wide dissemination of the techniques of
space geodesy for consumer applications, and it is
sufficient to cite satellite car navigation systems or
applications based on global positioning installed
in smartphones or tablets PC. The reference frame
more accurate is the International Terrestrial Reference Frame (ITRF) maintained by the International Earth Rotation and Reference Systems
Service (IERS). The update of ITRF, entirely depends on the voluntary effort of a large number of
agencies and research infrastructures, this creates
a fundamental relationship between public and
private, national and global technical services. This
reference frame is now the backbone also for the
realization of national reference frames. As example in Italy the Presidency of the Council of Ministers established by the Decree of 10 November
2011, the institution of the Rete Dinamica Nazionale (RDN) as official national reference frame,
composed by 99 GNSS permanent stations. A
team of DICAM studied in collaboration with the
Institute of Radio Astronomy (IRA-INAF) the
ensemble of high-accuracy survey methodologies
and geometrical/statistical procedures necessary
for the measure of eccentricity vectors between
the reference points (RP) of co-located geodetic
instruments and a WG was established in 2003
within the IERS - IAG Sub-Commission 1.2.
Moreover DICAM is involved both in real time
GNSS network for NRTK positioning and for the
RDN analysis by means of the most advanced scientific GNSS data processing packages.
Fig. 1. Topographical measurements for the
estimation of the tie-vectors GPS-VLBI at the
IRA-INAF observatories of Medicina (BO)
and Noto (SR).
Fig. 2. Residual velocities in ETRF of GNSS
permanent stations belonging the Rete Dinamica Nazionale (RDN).
121
Research Projects and Activities 2015
MAIN PUBLICATIONS
Abbondanza C., Negusini M., Sarti P., Vittuari
L.. (2006). An investigation on a GPS-based approach to local tie computation. International
VLBI Service for Geodesy and Astrometry 2006
General Meeting Proceedings. Fourth IVS General Meeting. Concepción, Chile. January 9-13,
2006. (vol. NASA/CP-2006-214140, pp. 162 166). -: NASA Conference Publication (US).
Abbondanza C., Vittuari L., Sarti P., Negusini M..
(2007). An Analysis of Local Tie Vectors’ Temporal Evolution and Site Stability at Medicina
Observatory through Terrestrial and GPS-based
Observations. GEOWISSENSCHAFTLICHE
MITTEILUNGEN. 18th European VLBI for
Geodesy and Astrometry Working Meeting. Vienna. 12-13 April 2007. (vol. 79, pp. 188 - 183).
ISSN 1811-8380. VIENNA: edited by J. Boehm,
A. Pany, and H. Schuh (Austria).
Barbarella M., Cenni N., Gandolfi S., Ricucci L.,
Zanutta A., (2009), Technical and scientific aspects derived by the processing of GNSS networks
using different approaches and software, ION
GNSS 22th International Technical Meeting of
the Satellite Division, 23-25 September 2009, Savannah, GA, USA, 2677-2688.
Barbarella M., Gandolfi G., Ricucci L, Zanutta
A., (2009) The new Italian geodetic reference
network (RDN): a comparison of solutions using
different software packages; http://www.euref.eu/
symposia/2009Florence/06-03-p-gandolfi.pdf
Barbarella M., Gandolfi S., Ricucci L., 2010,
Esperienze di calcolo della Rete Dinamica Nazionale, Bollettino SIFET (ISSN 1721-971X),
2010, 2, 27-43.
Bolli P., Montaguti S., Negusini M., Sarti P., Vittuari L., Deiana GL. (2006). Photogrammetry, laser
scanning, holography and terrestrial surveying of
the Noto VLBI dish. International VLBI Service for Geodesy and Astrometry 2006 General
Meeting Proceedings. Fourth IVS General Meeting. Concepción, Chile. January 9-13, 2006. (vol.
NASA/CP-2006-214140, pp. 172-176).-: NASA
Conference Publication (US).
Dawson J., Sarti P., Johnston G. M., Vittuari L..
(2007). Indirect approach to invariant point determination for SLR and VLBI systems: an assessment. Journal of Geodesy. vol. 81(6-8), pp. 433-
441 ISSN: 0949-7714. DOI 10.1007/s00190006-0125-x.
Montaguti S., Vittuari L., Sarti P., Negusini M.
(2007). Medicina and Noto VLBI Radiotelescopes: gravitational deformations evaluated
with terrestrial laser scanning. GEOWISSENSCHAFTLICHE MITTEILUNGEN. Proceedings of the 18th European VLBI for Geodesy
and Astrometry Working Meeting. Vienna. 12-13
April 2007. (vol. 79, pp. 4-9). VIENNA: edited by
J. Boehm, A. Pany, and H. Schuh (Austria).
Sarti, P., Abbondanza, C., Legrand, J., Bruyninx,
C., Vittuari, L., Ray, J., 2013, Intra-site motions
and monument instabilities at Medicina ITRF
co-location site, Geoph. J. Int., vol. 192, p. 10421051, ISSN: 0956-540X, doi: 10.1093/gji/
ggs092. pp. 1042-1051.
Sarti P., Sillard P., Vittuari L. (2004) - Surveying
co-located Space Geodesy techniques for ITRF
computation, Journal of Geodesy, vol.78, n. 3,
Springer, 210-222. DOI 10.1007/s00190-0040387-0.
Vittuari L., Sarti P., Sillard P., Tomasi P., Negusini
M.. (2005). Surveying the GPS-VLBI Eccentricity
at Medicina: Methodological Aspects and Practicalities. IERS Technical Note. Proceedings of the
IERS Workshop on site co-location. Matera. Italy,
23 - 24 October 2003. (vol. 33, pp. 38 - 48). ISBN:
3-89888-793.
RESEARCH PROJECTS
PRIN 2007: “Uso degli osservatori geodetici co-locati VLBI-GPS per l’omogeneizzazione ed il confronto di serie storiche derivate da PS INSAR e
livellazione geometrica, nello studio dei movimenti
del suolo a scala regionale” (National PI A. Capra).
FARB 2012 – Linea 1 Studi di fattibilità. Titolo
della ricerca: “Metodi matematici per l’esplorazione ambientale sostenibile”. PI: V. Simoncini.
CISIS 2011 e 2012: Monitoraggio della Rete Dinamica Nazionale Italiana (RDN)
CONTACTS
ITRF tie-vectors:
[email protected]
[email protected]
National reference networks:
[email protected]
[email protected]
122
Materials Chemistry
Materials Chemistry – Chemical Physics and Quantum Mechanics of Materials and Electronic Devices
QUANTUM MECHANICAL STUDY AND MODELLING OF STRUCTURAL ELECTRONIC OPTICAL AND TRANSPORT PROPERTIES OF ORGANIC SEMICONDUCTORS FOR ELECTRONIC DEVICES
RESEARCH GROUP: Renato Colle
KEYWORDS: quantum mechanics, organic semiconductors, polymers, thermoelectric materials, organic-inorganic interfaces, organic solar cells, organic field effect transistors
The aim of the research is the quantum-mechanical study, interpretation and prediction of structural, electronic, optical and transport properties
of crystalline organic semiconductors, used or
proposed for photovoltaic cells (OPV) and organic electronic devices, eg OFET. This research
aims also to use the knowledge acquired on these
materials to work out models useful to simulate or predict and interpret the functioning of
electronic devices such as OPV and OFET. The
materials considered are those of major interest
for organic electronics: (1) single crystal organic semiconductors, such as perfluorobutil dicyanoperylene diimide (PDI-FCN2) and Rubrene,
that are the prototype and most efficient n-channel and p-channel materials for OFET; (2) prototype pairs of e-donor /e-acceptor crystalline organic materials for “Bulk HeteroJunction” (BHJ)
solar cells, such as P3HT(polymer) / PCBM
(fullerene derivative); (3) ionic liquid crystalline
materials, such as dicationic thienoviologen salts
of different alkyl-chain lengths, that self-assemble
into either calamitic or columnar mesophases and
are used in the new interdigitated BHJ OPV. In
the study of these materials, large attention is also
devoted to the structure and properties of interfaces, such as e-donor/e-acceptor, organic semiconductor/ metallic electrode or insulating substrate. Finally, (4) we study also organic materials,
such as semiconduting conjugated polymers, e.g.
polyanilines, polypirroles, polythiophenes, that
seem to be the best candidates, alternative to
inorganics, for the realization of economic and
efficient thermoelectric materials, being characterized by poor thermal conductivity, but good
electronic conductivity if suitably doped.
Some of the indicated activities are carried out
in collaboration with research groups of the Department of Physics, University of Pisa (activities
1, 2, 4) and of the Department of Chemistry,
University of Calabria (activity 3).
125
Fig. 1. Primitive cell of crystalline PCBM with
diclorobenzene molecules from QM calculations.
Fig. 2. Conjugated molecule between two Au
electrodes; prototype molecular electronic device.
Research Projects and Activities 2015
MAIN PUBLICATIONS
R.Colle, G.Grosso, A.Ronzani, M.Gazzano,
V.Palermo: “Anisotropic molecular packing of
soluble C60 fullerenes in hexagonal nanocrystals
obtained by solvent vapor annealing”. Carbon 50,
1332-1337 (2012).
R.Colle, G.Grosso, A.Ronzani, C.M.Zicovich-Wilson: “Structure and X-ray spectrum of
crystalline poly(3-hexylthiophene) from DFTVan der Waals calculations”. Phys. Status Solidi
B 248, No.6, 1360-1368 (2011).
R.Colle: “A variational density matrix approach
with nonlocal effective potential”. Theoret.Chem.
Acc. 123, 183-187 (2009).
L.Argenti and R.Colle: “On the B-spline effective
completeness”. Computer Physics Communications 180, 1442-1447 (2009)
G.Cinacchi, R.Colle, P.Parruccini, A.Tani:
“Structural, electronic and optical properties of
a prototype columnar discotic liquid crystal”.
J.Chem.Phys. 129, 174708-1,8 (2008).
C.Cavazzoni, R.Colle, R.Farchioni, and G.
Grosso: “Acidification of three-dimensional
Emeraldine polymers: search for minimum energy paths from base to salt”. J.Chem.Phys. 128,
234903-1,5 (2008).
E.Gnani, S.Reggiani, A. Gnudi, R. Colle, G.
Baccarani: “OH dangling-bond saturation and
dielectric function effects in ultra-scaled SNWFETs”. Proc. of the Device Research Conference.
Device Research Conference (DRC-2008).
Santa Barbara, CA 23-25 June, 2008 (pp. 9596). SANTA BARBARA, CA:IEEE Press.
E.Gnani, S.Reggiani, A.Gnudi, P.Parruccini,
R.Colle, M.Rudan, G.Baccarani: “Band-Structure Effects in Ultrascaled Silicon Nanowires”.
IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices 54,
no.9, 2243-2254 (2007).
R.Colle, P.Parruccini, A.Benassi, and C.Cavaz-
zoni: “Optical properties of emeraldine salt polymers from ab initio calculations: comparison with
recent experimental data”. J.Phys.Chem.B 111,
2800-2805 (2007).
C.Cavazzoni, R.Colle, R.Farchioni, and G.
Grosso: “HCl doped conducting Emeraldine
polymer by ab-initio Car-Parrinello molecular
dynamics”. Phys.Rev.B 74, 033103-1,4 (2006).
C.Cavazzoni, R.Colle, R.Farchioni, and G.
Grosso: “Base and salt 3D forms of emeraldine II
polymers by Car-Parrinello molecular dynamics”.
Comput.Phys.Comm. 169, 135-138 (2005).
G.Cinacchi, R.Colle, and A.Tani: “Atomistic
Molecular dynamics simulation of hexa-pentyloxy-triphenylene: structure and translational
dynamics of its columnar state”. J.Phys.Chem.B
108, 7969-7977 (2004).
C.Cavazzoni, R.Colle, R.Farchioni, and G.
Grosso: “Ab-Initio Molecular Dynamics Study of
the Structure of Emeraldine Base Polymers”. Phys.
Rev. B 69, 115213-1,6 (2004).
C.Cavazzoni, R.Colle, R.Farchioni, and G.
Grosso: “Car-Parrinello Molecular Dynamics
study of electronic and structural properties of
neutral polyanilines”. Phys. Rev. B 66, 1651101,10 (2002).
RESEARCH PROJECTS
CINECA ISCRA 2010 Project: HP10CEC8DR. DFT-van der Waals structural, electronic and optical properties of crystalline PCBM.
CINECA ISCRA 2011 Project: HP10BAPZTX. Small-molecule organic single crystal for field
effect transistors: the case of Rubrene/PDI-FCN2
interface.
CINECA ISCRA 2012 Project: HP10BTREQQ. Polymeric thermoelectric materials.
CONTACTS
[email protected]
126
Materials Chemistry – Macromolecular Chemistry
POLYMERIC COMPOSITES AND NANOCOMPOSITES FOR ADVANCED APPLICATIONS
RESEARCH GROUP: Andrea Munari, Maurizio Fiorini, Nadia Lotti, Annamaria Celli, Martino Colonna, Lara Finelli, Laura Sisti, Paola Marchese, Francesco Di Credico, Matteo Gigli, Matteo Moncalero, Marco
Nicotra, Grazia Totaro, Micaela Vannini
KEYWORDS: layered silicates, layered double hydroxide, carbon nanotubes, fullerenes, biofibres
The skills developed by the research group in
the field of polymeric composites and nanocomposites arise from the specific needs for
high-performance materials, characterized by
low environmental impact. The applications of
these materials are wide: in fact, depending on
the type of nanofiller employed, they are characterized by high mechanical performance,
heat resistance, reduced gas permeability and
flammability and by specificic properties, such
as conduction, optical, antibacterial and photo-catalytic properties. In all cases, in order to
obtain the best possible performances of the final material, physicochemical properties of the
inorganic phase, such as surface area, morphology, particle size, interaction with the polymer
chains and their functional groups, are developed. Moreover, the degree of dispersion and
adhesion at the interface with the matrix, which
play a crucial role and can be controlled by acting on the chemical modification of fillers and
on the techniques used for their mixing with the
matrix, are also improved. The research group is
able to synthesize, for the specific needs, inorganic fillers compatible with polymer matrices
and to disperse them by direct polymerization
or by melt mixing using Brabender or co-rotating twin-screw extruders. Moreover, in the
field of composite, research has been focused
on the preparation of materials based on poly
(butylene succinate) (PBS), which constitutes
one of the emerging biopolymers. Currently the
application of this polyester is limited due to the
high production costs and reduced mechanical
and gas barrier properties. To solve these issues
composites with lignocellulosic fibers, such as
those derived from coconut, sugarcane bagasse,
curauá and sisal, have been prepared through
the technique of thermoforming. Excellent results in terms of adhesion at the interface and
mechanical properties were obtained without
chemically altering the fibers and then developing a final material completely “bio”.
Fig. 1. Materials for composites and nanocomposites preparation.
Fig. 2. a) Polybutylene succinate (PBS) composites with lignocellulosic fibers and b) a thermoplastic with a nanodispersed layered silicate.
127
Research Projects and Activities 2015
MAIN PUBLICATIONS
Sisti L., Totaro G., Fiorini M., Celli A., Coelho C., Hennous M., Verney V. and Leroux
F. (2013). Poly(butylene succinate)/Layered
Double Hydroxide Bionanocomposites: Relationships between Chemical Structure of LDH
Anion, Delamination Strategy, and Final Properties. Journal of Applied Polymer Science DOI:
10.1002/APP.39387.
Frollini E., Bartolucci N., Celli A. and Sisti L.
(2013). Poly(butylene succinate) reinforced
with different lignocellulosic fibers Industrial
Crops and Products 45, 160-169.
Kango S., Kalia S., Celli A, Njugunad J., Habibie
Y., Kumara R. (2013). Surface modification
of inorganic nanoparticles for development of
organic-inorganic nanocomposites – A review.
Progress in Polymer Science 38, 1232-1261.
Sisti L., Cruciani L., Totaro G., Vannini M., Berti C., Tobaldi D.M., Tucci A., Aloisio I., Di Gioia D. and Commereuc S. (2012). TiO2 deposition on the surface of activated fluoropolymer
substrate, Thin Solid Films 520, 2824-2828.
Celli A., Marchese P., Vannini M., Berti C.,
Fortunati I., Signorini R., Bozio R. (2011). Synthesis of novel fullerene-functionalized polysulfones for optical limiting applications. Reactive
& Functional Polymers 71, 641-647.
Colonna M., Berti C., Binassi E., Fiorini M.,
Karanam S. and Brunelle D.J. (2010). Nanocomposite of montmorillonite with telechelic
sulfonated poly(butylene terephthalate): Effect
of ionic groups on clay dispersion, mechanical
and thermal properties. European Polymer Journal 46, 918-927.
Berti C., Fiorini M. and Sisti L. (2009). Synthesis of poly(butylene terephthalate) nanocomposites using anionic clays. European Polymer
Journal 45, 70-78.
Colonna M., Berti C., Binassi E., Fiorini M.,
Acquasanta F. and Celli A. (2009). Improved
dispersion of multi-wall carbon nanotubes in
poly(butylene terephthalate) using benzimidazolium surfactants. e-Polymers, no. 051.
Berti C., Binassi E., Colonna M., Fiorini M.,
Zuccheri T., Karanam S., and Brunelle D.J.
(2009). Improved dispersion of clay platelets
in poly(butylene terephthalate) nanocomposite
by ring-opening polymerization of cyclic oligomers: Effect of the processing conditions and
comparison with nanocomposites obtained by
melt intercalation. Journal of Applied Polymer
Science 114, 3211-3217.
PATENTS
Karanam S., Berti C., Binassi E., Brunelle D.J.,
Colonna M. and Fiorini M. (2010). Process for
synthesis of imidazolium and benzimidazolium
surfactants and their use in clays and nanocomposites. US 2010056693.
Karanam S., Berti C., Binassi E., Brunelle D.J.,
Colonna M. and Fiorini M. (2010). Preparation of imidazolium and benzimidazolium
surfactants for organically-modified clays used
in thermoplastic matrix nanocomposites. WO
2010028032.
Brunelle D.J., Colonna M., Fiorini M., Berti C.
and Binassi E. (2009). Polycarbonate nanocomposites and processes for production of polycarbonate nanocomposites. WO 2009020968.
Brunelle D.J., Colonna M., Berti C. and Fiorini
M. (2006). Nanocomposite polymer composition with improved physical and mechanical properties useful for automotive parts. US
200611646.
CONTACTS
[email protected]
[email protected]
[email protected]
[email protected]
[email protected]
[email protected]
[email protected]
[email protected]
128
Materials Chemistry – Macromolecular Chemistry
ADVANCED POLYMERIC MATERIALS FOR SPORT EQUIPMENT APPLICATIONS
RESEARCH GROUP: Martino Colonna, Maurizio Fiorini, Matteo Moncalero, Marco Nicotra
KEYWORDS: sport equipment, polymeric materials, dynamical-mechanical behavior, coloration, composites
In the last years the polymer group of the
DICAM has focused his attention towards the
study of advanced polymeric materials for sport
equipment, in particular for winter sports, e.g.
ski boots. Hitherto, both in academia and in industry, the research in this field has been minor.
Our method is based on a scientific approach to
choose and develop new materials with specific
characteristics such as low weight, good visco-elastic properties, high impact resistance at
low temperatures and gliding on snow. Thanks to
our knowledge in the characterization and synthesis of polymeric materials we are able to use a
new technique to evaluate and select appropriate
materials for the different applications. For example, through DMTA analysis we can evaluate
the optimal parameters of the visco-elastic material’s behavior. By analyzing the variation of the
elastic modulus with temperature is possible to
evaluate the stiffening of the material in the different conditions of use. From the loss modulus
(E’’) is possible to deduce the vibration’s damping of the material and the speed of elastic return
once the stress is finished. These parameters have
a fundamental effect on the final performance
of the sports equipment. The correct choice of
material also helps in product design, providing
higher performance and less weight. Moreover,
the DMTA analysis allows to calculate the temperature at which the material softens. This fact
may be used to modify the equipment’s geometry through a thermoforming process that allows
the customization of the product on the needs
of the final user. Using our expertise in materials
obtained from renewable sources, we can define
the most appropriate materials, reducing the carbon footprint of the product. We are also able to
study new systems for the material’s coloring and
their photo-degradation during use. We are also
equipped with wireless sensors that can measure
on field the thermal comfort and moisture transport during the use of materials, equipment and
technical sports clothing.
Fig. 1. Dynamical-mechanical analysis of materials used for skiboots.
Fig. 2. Flexural behavior of skiboot.
129
Research Projects and Activities 2015
MAIN PUBLICATIONS
CONTACTS
Colonna M., Fiorini M., Nicotra M. and Moncalero M. Viscoelastic properties of thermoplastic materials used for ski boots. ISEA 2012 International Meeting, Lowell USA.
[email protected]
[email protected]
130
Materials Chemistry – Macromolecular Chemistry
POLYMERIC MATERIALS FOR BIOMEDICAL APPLICATIONS
RESEARCH GROUP: Andrea Munari, Maurizio Fiorini, Nadia Lotti, Annamaria Celli, Martino Colonna,
Lara Finelli, Laura Sisti, Paola Marchese, Francesco Di Credico, Matteo Gigli, Grazia Totaro, Micaela Vannini
KEYWORDS: tissue engineering, controlled drug release, antibacterial properties, biodegradability/biocompatibility, structure-properties relationships
As it is well known, polymers are the most versatile class of materials, thus can be favorably designed to fulfill the needs related to the variety
of tissues and diseases involved in the human
body. The research group has recently focused
its activities on three main aspects of biomedical engineering: tissue engineering, controlled
drug release and polymers with antibacterial
properties.
Tissue engineering The control of molecular
structure and tridimensional architecture of
synthetic polymeric constructs (scaffolds) – designed to reproduce the typical properties of the
damage tissue –is a key element for controlling
cell adhesion, proliferation, migration and differentiation. In the field of tissue engineering
the possibility to employ scaffolds mimicking
native tissue is limited by the scarce availability
of biocompatible and biodegradable polymers
with proper mechanical properties, especially in
terms of stiffness.
Controlled drug release Classical methods of drug
delivery exhibit specific problems that scientists
are attempting to address. The goal of new drug
delivery systems, therefore, is to deliver medications intact to specifically targeted parts of the
body and to release them in a controlled way
depending on the required treatment regime.
The design of the drug carrier is fundamental in
order to achieve the correct tissutal and cellular
localization of drug molecules and perform an
adequate release. In this framework, polymers
and copolymers are the most promising tool to
obtain materials showing specifically designed
properties to be employed as drug carriers.
Polymers with antibacterial properties
Antibacterial properties can be introduced into
a polymer by following different strategies:
chemical modifications carried out in bulk,
surface modification, blending with chemically
modified nanofillers.
a)
b)
Fig. 1. SEM micrographs of PBS scaffolds: a)
1000x, b) 10000x.
Fig. 2. Drug release profile from biodegradable
polymeric microparticles.
131
Research Projects and Activities 2015
MAIN PUBLICATIONS
Gualandi C., Soccio M., Saino E., Focarete M.
L., Lotti N., Munari A., Moroni L., Visai L.
(2012). Easily synthesized novel biodegradable
copolyesters with adjustable properties for biomedical applications. Soft Matter 8, 5466-5476.
Sisti L., Cruciani L., Totaro G., Vannini M., Berti C., Aloisio I., Di Gioia D. (2012). Antibacterial coatings on poly(fluoroethylenepropylene)
films via grafting of 3-hexadecyl-1-vinylimidazolium bromide. Progress in organic coatings 73,
257– 263.
Gualandi C., Soccio M., Govoni M., Valente S.,
Lotti N., Munari A., Giordano E., Pasquinelli
G., Focarete M. L.. (2012). Poly(butylene/diethylene glycol succinate) multiblock copolyesters as a candidate biomaterial for soft tissue engineering: solid-state properties, degradability
and biocompatibility. Bioactive and Compatible
Polymers 27(3) 244-264.
Colonna M., Berti C., Binassi E., Fiorini M.,
Sullalti S., Acquasanta F., Vannini M., Di Gioia
D., Aloisio I. (2012). Imidazolium poly(butylene terephthalate) ionomers with long-term
antimicrobial activity. Polymer 53, 1823-1830.
Soccio M., Lotti N., Gazzano M., Govoni M.,
Giordano E., Munari A. (2012). Molecular architecture and solid-state properties of novel
biocompatibile PBS-based copolyesters containing sulphur atoms. Reactive & Functional
Polymers 72, 856-867.
Colonna M., Berti C., Binassi E., Fiorini M.,
Sullalti S., Acquasanta F., Vannini M., Di Gioia
D., Aloisio I., Karanam S., Brunelle D.J. (2012)
Synthesis and characterization of imidazolium
telechelic poly(butylene terephthalate) for antimicrobial applications. Reactive & Functional
Polymers 72, 133-141
Gigli M., Lotti N., Gazzano M., Finelli L., Munari A. (2012). Macromolecular design of novel
sulphur-containing copolyesters with promising mechanical properties. Journal of Applied
Polymer Science 126, 686-696.
RESEARCH PROJECTS
PRIN NANOMED. Molecular Nanotecnologies for controlled drug release.
CONTACTS
[email protected]
[email protected]
[email protected]
[email protected]
[email protected]
[email protected]
[email protected]
[email protected]
132
Materials Chemistry – Macromolecular Chemistry
MONOMERS AND POLYMERS FROM BIOMASS AND FROM WASTE OF AGROFOOD INDUSTRIES
RESEARCH GROUP: Andrea Munari, Maurizio Fiorini, Nadia Lotti, Annamaria Celli, Martino Colonna,
Lara Finelli, Laura Sisti, Paola Marchese, Claudio Gioia, Grazia Totaro, Micaela Vannini
KEYWORDS: bio-based monomers, biopolymers, bio-PET
There is today a clearly detectable increasing interest in exploitation of non-food biomass and
industrial wastes. Moreover, academic and industrial research is interested in the preparation
of bio-based polymers, i.e. polymers obtained
from renewable resources, in order to substitute
the traditional petro-based polymers.
By the combination of these two necessities, we
have developed some research activities which
are focused on the exploitation of biomass and
agro-food wastes to prepare bifunctional monomers, mainly for the polyester synthesis.
An example of such activity is the development of a chemical route which starts from
terpenes (in particular, from limonene, which
is a raw material of juice industry) to prepare
terephthalic acid (TPA) and derivatives (see
Fig. 1). TPA is an important monomer, from
which poly(ehtylene terephthalate) (PET) and
poly(butylene terephthalate) (PBT), some of
the most important commercial polymers, are
produced. For the first time, it was possible to
prepare fully biobased PET and PBT. Moreover,
other polymers, prepared starting from TPA
derivatives, are now potentially fully biobased
materials. This is the case of aliphatic polymers
containing 1,4-cyclohexylene units, for example
poly(1,4-cyclohexylenedimethylene-1,4-cyclohexanedicarboxylate) (PCCD) polymers,
which are used for outdoor applications, due to
their high UV resistance.
Our reaserch group is developing analogous approaches to obtain other bio-based dicarboxylic
acids, diesters, diols starting from non-food biomass and wastes.
133
Fig. 1. Synthesis of bio-PET and bio-PBT.
Research Projects and Activities 2015
MAIN PUBLICATIONS
Celli A., Marchese P., Sullalti S., Cai J., Gross
R.A. (2013) Aliphatic/aromatic copolyesters
containing biobased w-hydroxyfatty acids: synthesis and structure–property relationships.
Polymer 54, 3774-3783.
Colonna M., Berti C., Fiorini M., Binassi
E., Mazzacurati M., Vannini M., Karanam S.
(2012) Synthesis and radiocarbon evidence of
terephthalate polyesters completely prepared
from renewable resources. Green Chemistry 13,
2543-2548.
Berti C., Celli A., Marchese P., Marianucci E.,
Sullalti S., Barbiroli G. (2010). Environmental-friendly copolyesters containing 1,4-cyclohexane dicarboxylate units: 1. Relationships
between chemical structure and thermal properties. Macromolecular Chemistry and Physics
211, 1559-1571.
Berti C., Celli A., Marchese P., Barbiroli G., Di
Credico F., Verney V., Commereuc S. (2009).
Novel copolyesters based on poly(alkylene dicarboxylate)s: 2. Thermal behavior and biodegradation of fully aliphatic random copolymers
containing 1,4-cyclohexylene rings. European
Polymer Journal 45, 2402-2412.
PATENTS
I., Vannini M. (2010). Bio-based terephthalate
polyesters. US 2010168371.
Berti C., Binassi E., Colonna M., Fiorini M.,
Kannan G., Karanam S., Mazzacurati M., Odeh
I. (2010). Preparation of bio-based terephthalic
acid used to produce terephthalate polyesters.
U.S. Pat. Appl. Publ., US 2010016846.
Berti C., Binassi E., Colonna M., Fiorini M.,
Kannan G., Karanam S., Mazzacurati M., Odeh
I., Vannini M. (2010). Preparation of bio-based
1,4-cyclohexane dimethanol used to produce
terephthalate polyesters. U.S. Pat. Appl. Publ.,
US 20100168373.
Berti C., Binassi E., Colonna M., Fiorini M.,
Kannan G., Karanam S., Mazzacurati M., Odeh
I., Vannini M. (2010). Preparation of bio-based
terephthalic acid used to produce terephthalate
polyesters. PCT Int. Appl. WO 2010078328.
CONTACTS
[email protected]
[email protected]
[email protected]
[email protected]
[email protected]
[email protected]
[email protected]
[email protected]
Berti C., Binassi E., Colonna M., Fiorini M.,
Kannan G., Karanam S., Mazzacurati M., Odeh
134
Materials Chemistry – Macromolecular Chemistry
ECO-FRIENDLY POLYMER FOR FOOD PACKAGING, GREEN BUILDING
AND COATING APPLICATIONS
RESEARCH GROUP: Andrea Munari, Maurizio Fiorini, Nadia Lotti, Annamaria Celli, Martino Colonna,
Lara Finelli, Laura Sisti, Paola Marchese, Claudio Gioia, Francesco Di Credico, Matteo Gigli, Grazia Totaro,
Micaela Vannini
KEYWORDS: biodegradability, mechanical properties, barrier properties, structure-properties relationships
This research field is mainly focused on the synthesis and characterization of novel biodegradable polymers and copolymers which offer physicochemical properties suitable for the desired
application. An alternative approach consists
in the chemical modification of commercially
available polymers to make them attractive for
different uses.
Regardless of the synthetic approach adopted,
the main goal is to find out structure-properties relationships of main interest for designing
a material which completely fits the requested
specifications. As an example, green food packaging materials must accomplish basic requirements to be an ideal candidate for food, which
includes barrier properties (water vapor, gases,
light and aroma), optical properties (transparency), strength, welding and molding properties, disposal requirements, antistatic properties
and, above all, strictly follow food safety.
Copolymerization as well as physical and/or reactive blending approach are an effective way of
achieving a deliverable combination of properties, which are often absent in single component
polymers. Moreover, the final properties of the
material can be favorably modified, depending on the kind, relative amount, distribution
and architecture of the comonomeric units or,
in the case of mixture, by properly varying the
homopolymers and blend composition. The
choice of the monomers to be used in the polymerization process as well as of the comonomeric unit to be introduced along the polymeric
chain of the parent homopolymer will be made
on the basis of the requirements that the materials have to satisfy.
The so synthesized polymers are fully and deeply characterized both using the technology
available in the DICAM labs and through collaborations with other research groups.
Fig. 1. Examples of biopolimers obtained from
renewable resources.
a
135
b
c
Fig. 2. SEM micrographs of partially biodegraded PBS-based copolymers a) 0h, b) 7h, c) 22h of
incubation in the presence of a lipase.
Research Projects and Activities 2015
MAIN PUBLICATIONS
Celli A., Marchese P., Sullalti S., Cai J., Gross
R.A. (2013). Aliphatic/aromatic copolyesters
containing biobased w-hydroxyfatty acids: synthesis and structure–property relationships.
Polymer 54, 3774 - 3783.
Gigli M., Negroni A., Soccio M., Zanaroli G.,
Lotti N., Fava F., Munari A. (2013). Enzymatic
hydrolysis studies on novel eco-friendly aliphatic thiocopolyesters, Polymer Degradation & Stability 98, 934-942.
Soccio M., Lotti N., Gigli M., Finelli L., Gazzano M., Munari A. (2012). Reactive blending
of poly(butylene succinate) and poly(triethylenesuccinate): characterization of the copolymers obtained. Polymer International 61, 11631169.
Gigli M., Lotti N., Gazzano M., Finelli L.,
Munari A. (2012). Novel eco-friendly random
copolyesters of poly(butylene succinate) containing ether-linkages. Reactive & Functional
Polymers 72, 303-310.
Gigli M., Negroni A., Soccio M., Zanaroli G.,
Lotti N., Fava F., Munari A. (2012). Influence
of chemical and architectural modifications on
the enzymatic hydrolysis of poly(butylene succinate) Green Chemistry 14, 2885-2893.
Berti C., Celli A., Marchese P., Barbiroli G., Di
Credico F., Verney V., Commereuc S., (2009).
Novel copolyesters based on poly(alkylene dicarboxylate)s: 2. Thermal behavior and biodegradation of fully aliphatic random copolymers
containing 1,4-cyclohexylene rings. European
Polymer Journal 45, 2402-2412.
Soccio M., Lotti N., Finelli L., Gazzano M.,
Munari A. (2008). Influence of transeterification reactions on the miscibility and thermal
properties of poly(butylene/diethylene succinate) copolymers. European Polymer Journal 44,
1722-1732.
Berti C., Celli A., Marchese P., Barbiroli G., Di
Credico F., Verney V., Commereuc S. (2008).
Novel copolyesters based on poly(alkylene dicarboxylate)s: 1. Thermal behavior and biodegradation of aliphatic-aromatic random copolymers. European Polymer Journal 44, 3650-3661.
Berti C., Celli A., Marchese P., Marianucci E.,
Barbiroli G., Di Credico F. (2008). Influence of
molecular structure and stereochemistry of the
1,4-cyclohexylene ring on thermal and mechanical behaviour of Poly(butylene 1,4-cyclohexanedicarboxylate). Macromoelcular Chemistry and
Physics 209, 1333-1344.
RESEARCH PROJECTS
Soccio M., Lotti N., Finelli L., Gazzano M.,
Munari A. (2010). (2-Hydroxy isobutyric) acid
containing poly(glycolic acid): structure-properties relationship. Journal of Polymer Science
Part B: Polymer Physics 48, 1901-1910.
EU FP7-KBBE-2012.3.5-02 Project: BIOCLEAN. New biotechnological approaches for
biodegrading and promoting the environmental
biotransformation of synthetic polymeric materials.
Berti C., Celli A., Marchese P., Marianucci E.,
Sullalti S., Barbiroli G. (2010). Environmental-friendly copolyesters containing 1,4-cyclohexane dicarboxylate units: 1. Relationships
between chemical structure and thermal properties. Macromolecular Chemistry and Physics
211, 1559-1571.
PON NAMASTE. Nanomaterials for sustainable building.
Commereuc S., Askanian H., Verney V., Celli
A., P. Marchese (2010). About durability of biodegradable polymers: Structure/Degradability
relationships. Macromolecular Symposia 296,
378-387.
CONTACTS
[email protected]
[email protected]
[email protected]
[email protected]
[email protected]
[email protected]
[email protected]
[email protected]
136
Materials Chemistry – Macromolecular Chemistry
INVESTIGATION OF POLYMER CRYSTALLIZATION PROCESS
RESEARCH GROUP: Andrea Munari, Maurizio Fiorini, Nadia Lotti, Annamaria Celli, Martino Colonna,
Lara Finelli, Laura Sisti, Paola Marchese, Matteo Gigli, Grazia Totaro, Micaela Vannini
KEYWORDS: crystallization kinetics, melting behavior, morphology, structure-property relationship
It is well known that crystallization is a phase transition that plays an important role in determining
the morphology of a polymer for a wide range of
technological processes. Therefore, studies of the
isothermal crystallization of polymers commonly
have been used to investigate the specific mechanisms of the crystallization process and from a
technical standpoint are relevant to optimizing
process conditions. In fact, the morphological
structure (size, shape, perfection, orientation of
crystallites), which is formed by crystallization
from the molten state, influences strongly most
of the physical and mechanical properties of polymeric products. Moreover, because the crystal
structure and morphology (the crystal habit and
organization of crystals into aggregates of a higher
order) are responsible for many properties of the
final products, knowledge of the crystallization
mechanism is crucial for designing materials with
the required properties. The crystallization kinetics are investigated by DSC and hot-stage optical
microscopy (MO), both available at the laboratories of the Department. MO technique, beside
measuring spherulitic growth rate, allows to obtain
information on crystal phase morphology, which
changes with undercooling degree and therefore
with Tc. Both melt isothermal and non-isothermal
crystallization kinetics studies are carried out. Melt
isothermal crystallization kinetics is investigated
by DSC technique and the data analyzed according to the Avrami’s treatment. The data obtained
from measurements carried out under non-isothermal conditions are analyzed according Tobin
and Ozawa equations. The crystallization process
is also investigated employing equipments located at other research laboratories, such as: XRD,
AFM and DETA. Lastly, structure-property relationships, which are fundamental to design a
new material with “ad hoc” properties, are found.
For copolymers, crystallization parameters are
correlated with copolymer composition (random
copolymers) and with molecular architecture, i.e.
crystallisable block length (block copolymers).
Fig. 1. Crystallization rate of homopolymers
and copolymers, determined in isothermal
conditions, as a function of the undercooling
degree.
Fig. 2. Optical micrographs of PGA homopolymer, isothermally crystallized at 145°C.
137
Research Projects and Activities 2015
MAIN PUBLICATIONS
Celli A., Marchese P., Sullalti S., Berti C., Barbiroli G. (2011). Eco-Friendly Poly(butylene
1,4-cyclohexanedicarboxylate): Relationships
Between Stereochemistry and Crystallization
Behavior. Macromolecular Chemistry and Physics 212, 1524-1534.
Sanz A., Nogales A., Ezquerra T.A., Soccio M.,
Munari A., Lotti N. (2010). Cold Crystallization of Poly(trimethylene terephthalate) as
revealed by simultaneous WAXS, SAXS and
Dielectric Spectroscopy. Macromolecules 43(2),
671-679.
Soccio M., Lotti N., Finelli L., Munari A. (2009).
Effect of transesterification reactions on the crystallization behaviour and morphology of poly(butylene/diethylene succinate) block copolymers.
European Polymer Journal 45, 171-181.
Soccio M., Nogales A., Lotti N., Munari A.,
Ezquerra T.A. (2007). The b-relaxation as a
probe to follow real-time polymer crystallization in model aliphatic polyesters. Polymer 48,
4742-4750.
Soccio M., Finelli L, Lotti N, Gazzano M., Munari A. (2007). Aliphatic poly(propylene dicarboxylate)s: effect of chain length on thermal
properties and crystallization kinetics. Polymer
48, 3125-3136.
Soccio M., Nogales A., Lotti N., Munari A.,
Ezquerra T.A. (2007). Evidence of early stage
precursors of polymer crystals by dielectric
spectroscopy. Physical Review Letters 98(3),
037801/1-037801/4
Berti C., Celli A., Marchese P., Marianucci E.,
Barbiroli G., Di Credico F. (2007) The effect
of aliphatic chain length on thermal properties
of poly(alkylene dicarboxylate)s. e-Polymers no.
057.
Berti C., Celli A., Marchese P., Marianucci E.,
Marega C., Causin V., Marigo A. (2007). Aliphatic poly(alkylene dithiocarbonate)s: thermal properties and structural characteristics of
poly(hexamethylene dithiocarbonate). Polymer
48, 174-182.
Celli A., Barbiroli G., Berti C., Di Credico
F., Lorenzetti C., Marchese P., Marianucci E.,
(2007) Thermal properties of poly(alkylene dicarboxylate)s derived from 1,12-dodecanedioic
acid and even aliphatic diols, Journal of Polymer
Science, Part B: Polymer Physics 45, 1053-1067.
Marchese P., Celli A., Fiorini M., (2006) Influence of the molecular architecture on the crystallizability and phase behavior of Poly(ethylene terephthalate)/bisphenol A Polycarbonate
block copolymers, In “Leading Edge Polymer
Research”, R.K. Editor, Nova Science Publishers, Inc., NY.
CONTACTS
[email protected]
[email protected]
[email protected]
[email protected]
[email protected]
[email protected]
[email protected]
[email protected]
138
Materials Science and Technology
Materials Science and Technology – Materials for Civil Engineering and Architecture Restoration
SUSTAINABLE CONCRETE, RECYCLING AND ENVIRONMENT
RESEARCH GROUP: Maria Chiara Bignozzi, Elisa Franzoni, Stefania Manzi, Andrea Saccani
KEYWORDS: industrial waste, waste, eco-cements, durability
With the aim to obtain materials with high dura-bility and good performances for civil engineer-ing, the research is focused on the mix-design
and characterization of sustainable concrete (i.e.
concrete with eco-cements, sulphur concrete,
concrete where natural aggregates are replaced
with construction and demolition waste and/or
end-use tyre rubber, etc.). Innovative and sus-tainable conglomerates are designed combining high
durability features with the introduction of waste
materials in the mix design. Mix-design, physical
and mechanical properties, microstruc-ture, alkali-silica reaction (ASR), durability in aggressive
environment, and protection against corrosion
are studied to design conglomerates with tailored
properties. Porosity and its distri-bution are deeply
investigated by means of mer-cury intrusion porosimetry and microscopy techniques. Tailoring the
porosity through the optimization of conglomerate mix-design, al-lows tuning the mechanical
properties and the density of the final product.
The research on recycling of waste and by-products
for the development of new building materials is
often supported by different indus-trial partners.
Recycling contributes to the valor-isation of waste
and reduction of environmental impact, thus
avoiding waste landfill disposal and use of non-renewable resources. The treatment and use of waste
from construction and demoli-tion, the recycling
of waste wash water coming from ready-mix concrete plants, of ceramic in-dustry by-products, of
end-used tyre, of glass waste from separate collection, of ashes from incineration of municipal solid
waste, of poly-meric and agricultural waste, etc. are
studied. These by-products are successfully used
as new constituents for ecocements, fiber reinforce-ment, aggregates and filler for ordinary and
self-compacting concrete. In the field of materials
for architecture, new methodologies have been set
up. They concern the evaluation of construc-tion
materials sustainability and new systems of integrated design for the reduction of environ-mental
impact related to the construction and building
service life (energy saving, renewable energy sources available on-site, etc.).
Fig. 1. Construction and demolition waste and
agricultural waste.
Fig. 2. Test on self-compacting concrete.
Fig. 3. Concrete samples with innovative
mix-design.
141
Research Projects and Activities 2015
MAIN PUBLICATIONS
Manzi S., Mazzotti C. and Bignozzi M.C.
(2013). Short and long-term behavior of structural concrete with recycled concrete aggregate.
Cement and Concrete Composites 37, 312-318.
Bignozzi M.C. and Saccani A. (2012). Ceramic
waste as aggregate and supplementary cementing material: A combined action to contrast alkali silica reaction (ASR). Cement and Concrete
Composites 34, No.10, 1141-1148.
Ferretti E. and Bignozzi M.C. (2012). Stress and
Strain Profiles along the Cross-Section of Waste
Tire Rubberized Concrete Plates for Airport
Pavements. Computers, Materials & Continua
27, 231-274.
Manzi S. (2011). An investigation on sulfur
based composite materials containing C&D
waste. Proceedings of XIII International Congress
on Chemistry of Cement, XIII ICCC, Cementing
a sustainable future, Madrid, 3-8 July 2011. Editors: Á. Palomo, A. Zaragoza, J. C. López Agüí,
Editado por el Instituto de Ciencias de la Construcción “Eduardo Torroja”. CSIC, Madrid,
Diseño gáfico de portada: Advertising Label 3
(Acubo). Maquetación: SIASA CONGRESOS
S.A., 1-7.
Manzi S., C. Mazzotti C. and Bignozzi M.C.
(2011). Concrete demolition waste: sustainable
source for structural concrete. 2nd Workshop
on The new boundaries of structural concrete,
Università Politecnica delle Marche – ACI Italy
Chapter, Ancona, Italy, September 15-16, 2011.
Editors: L. Dezi, G. Moriconi, R. Realfonso,
Published by Imready, Galazzano, Printed by
Imready srl, 39-46.
Bignozzi M.C. (2011). Sustainable cements for
green buildings construction. Procedia Engineering 21, 915-921.
Saccani A. and Bignozzi M.C. (2010). ASR
expansion behavior of recycled glass fine aggregates in concrete. Cement and Concrete Research
40, 531-536.
Bignozzi M.C., Saccani A. and Sandrolini F.
(2010). Chemical-Physical behavoiur of matt
waste in cement mixture. Construction and
Building Materials 24, 2194-2199.
Andreola F., Barbieri L., Bignozzi M.C., Lancellotti I. and Sandrolini F. (2010). New Blended
Cement from Polishing and Glazing Ceramic
Sludge. International Journal of Applied Ceramic
Technology 7, No. 4, 546-555.
Bignozzi M.C., Saccani A. and Sandrolini F.
(2009). Matt waste from glass separated collection: an ecosustainable addition for new building materials. Waste Management 29, 329-334.
Franzoni E. (2011). Materials selection for
green buildings: which tools for engineers and
architects? Procedia Engineering 21, 883-890.
Sandrolini F. and Franzoni E. (2009). Embodied energy of building materials: a new parameter for sustainable architectural design. Heat &
Technology 27, No. 1, 163-167.
Bignozzi M.C. and Sandrolini F. (2008). Effects
of different glasses composition on ecosustainable blended cements. Proceeding of the Conference on Concrete Construction “Excellence
in Concrete Construction – Through Innovation” Kingston University, London, UK. 9-10
September, 2008, CRC press, Taylor & Francis
Group, 511-515.
Sandrolini F., Manzi S. and Andrucci A. (2006).
Sulfur-polymer matrix composites from particulate wastes: a sustainable route to advanced
materials. Composites, Part A: Applied Science
and Manufacturing 37, 695-702.
Bignozzi M.C. and Sandrolini F. (2006). Tyre
rubber waste recycling in self compacting concrete. Cement and Concrete Research 36, No. 4,
735-739.
Sandrolini F. and Franzoni E. (2001). Waste
wash water recycling in ready-mixed concrete
plants. Cement and Concrete Research 31, 485489.
CONTACTS
[email protected]
[email protected]
[email protected]
142
Materials Science and Technology – Materials for Civil Engineering and Architecture Restoration
ALKALI ACTIVATED MATERIALS (GEOPOLYMERS) FOR CONSTRUCTIONS
RESEARCH GROUP: Maria Chiara Bignozzi, Stefania Manzi
KEYWORDS: inorganic polymers, physical-mechanical properties, microstructure, durability
Alkali activated materials (AAM) are a new class
of inorganic materials obtained by calcium-alumino-silicates precursors. Such precursors are
able to consolidate when treated with strong alkaline solutions at temperatures between 20°C
and 100°C. If the nature of the starting materials
is mainly alumino-silicate (i.e. metakaolin coming from calcined caolin), then the relevant activated materials are known as ‘geopolymers’. The
interest for this new class of materials is based on
several factors: (i) industrial waste can be used
as precursors thus saving natural raw materials;
(ii) alkali activation is a productive process with
a low environmental impact if compared with
the industrial processes of traditional building
materials; (iii) alkali activated materials can be
used as binders (similarly to cement) to produce
composites and conglomerates or as one-phase
materials to obtain blocks and tiles also suitable
for high temperature applications.
The research activity is mainly focused on innovative precursors in order to: (i) set up their
mix design and process parameters (time, temperature, types and concentration of alkaline
solutions, molar ratios, etc.); (ii) provide fresh
state characterizations and optimize moulding
technology; (iii) provide physical-mechanical
characterization of the final products at the
hardened state (with special focus on porosity
and its control); (iv) study their physical and
mechanical behaviour after high temperature
treatments; (v) investigate final products durability by means of climate chambers with temperature, humidity and ultraviolet controls.
The research activity is carried out in collaboration with the Department of Engineering
“Enzo Ferrari”, University of Modena (Prof.
Cristina Leonelli) and the Centre for Materials
Research, Curtin University, Perth, Australia
(Prof. A. van Riessen).
Fig. 1. Fiber reinforced composites and onephase samples obtained by alkali activation process of different industrial waste.
Fig. 2. Geopolymer mortar and concrete samples.
Fig. 3. Fiber reinforced composite with alkali-activated matrix.
143
Research Projects and Activities 2015
MAIN PUBLICATIONS
Analysis and Calorimetry 108, No. 3, 1189-1199.
Bignozzi M.C., Manzi S., Natali M.E., van Riessen A. and Rickard W.D.A. (2013). Thermal
stability and microstructural analysis of inorganic polymer binders based on Italian and Australian fly ash. SCMT3 – 3rd International Conference on Sustainable Construction Materials &
Technologies, August 18-21, 2013. Kyoto, 1-9.
Kamseu E., Nait-Ali B., Bignozzi M.C., Leonelli C., Rossignol S. and Smith D.S. (2012). Bulk
composition and microstructure dependence of
effective thermal conductivity of porous inorganic polymer cements. Journal of the European
Ceramic Society 32, No. 8, 1593-1603.
Bignozzi M.C., Manzi S., Lancellotti I., Kamseu
E., Barbieri L. and Leonelli C. (2013) Mix-design and characterization of alkali activated
materials based on metakaolin and ladle slag.
Applied Clay Science 73, 78-85.
Natali Murri A., Rickard W.D.A, Bignozzi
M.C. and van Riessen A. (2013). High temperature behaviour of ambient cured alkali-activated
materials based on ladle slag. Cement and Concrete Research 43, 51-61.
Kamseu E., Bignozzi M.C., Melo U.C., Leonelli
C. and Sglavo V.M. (2013). Design of inorganic
polymer cements: Effects of matrix strengthening on mi-crostructure. Construction and Building Materials 38, 1135-1145.
Kamseu E., Ceron B., Tobias H., Leonelli C.,
Bignozzi M.C., Muscio A. and Libbra A. (2012).
Insulating behaviour of Metakaolin-based Geopolymer Materials assess with Heat Flux Meter
and Laser Flash Techniques. Journal of Thermal
Bignozzi M.C. (2011). Geopolimeri e cementi:
due leganti a confronto. Geopolimeri: polimeri
inorganici chimicamente attivati, a cura di Marcello Romagnoli e Cristina Leonelli. Editore
I.Cer.S, Casa Editrice Lulu, 83-101.
Natali A., Manzi S. and Bignozzi M.C. (2011).
Novel fiber-reinforced composite materials
based on sustainable geopolymer matrix. Procedia Engineering 21, 1124-1131.
Bignozzi M.C., Sandrolini F., Barbieri L. and
Lancellotti I. (2010). New Geopolymers Based
on Electric Arc Furnace Slag. 12th International
Ceramics Congress, CIMTEC 2010, June 6-11,
2010, Montecatini Terme, Tuscany, Italy, Trans
Tech Publications Ltd, Laubisrutistr. 24, CH8712 Stafa-Zurich, Switzerland. Advances in
Science and Technology 69, 117-122.
CONTACTS
[email protected]
[email protected]
144
Materials Science and Technology – Materials for Civil Engineering and Architecture Restoration
MATERIALS AND TECHNOLOGIES FOR ARCHITECTURE RESTORATION AND
BUILDING REHABILITATION
RESEARCH GROUP: Elisa Franzoni, Alberto Fregni, Stefania Manzi
KEYWORDS: Ancient building materials, decay, diagnostics, restoration, rising damp, consolidating materials
The research activities in this field range from diagnostic investigations on ancient buildings, to the evaluation of compatibility and durability of conservation materials, to the design and set-up of new restoration materials (with their application techniques).
New diagnostic techniques and protocols based on
a holistic approach have been developed, as a tool
for the restoration of ancient building materials.
The Research Unit has been involved in the diagnostic investigations on several Italian and European
historic buildings, e.g. Tiberius bridge in Rimini (I
cent.), St. Mark basilica in Venice (XI cent.), Montetiffi abbey, RN (XI cent.), Pio Palace at Carpi (XV
cent.), St. Francis church at Correggio (XV cent.),
Ducal Palace in Mantua (XVI cent.), S. Caterina
degli Italiani and Sarria churches in Malta (XVII
cent.), Vizzani Palace in Bologna (XVI cent.), St.
Luca porticoes in Bologna (XVII cent.), Isolani Palace in Bologna (XV-VII cent.), Casa Major Pessoa in
Aveiro, Portugal (XX cent.) and other Art Nouveau
buildings in Italy.
An important research line concerns the problem of
measurement and reclaim of rising damp in ancient
brick and stone masonries (by means of on-site and
laboratory experimental campaigns), as well as the
relevant electrokinetic effects and the decay effects.
Research on materials involves several key aspects
for the architectural restoration design, also in collaboration with foreign colleagues (e.g. EMPA,
Princeton University, Universidade de Aveiro) and
industrial partners: materials durability in aggressive
environments, historic building materials, set-up of
innovative and compatible conservation materials.
The development of innovative materials includes:
new consolidants based on hydroxyapatite, silicate
consolidants, nanoconsolidants, self-cleaning photocatalytic finishing for façades.
The Unit is member of the “Integrated Research
Team - Alma HeritageScience ” (University of Bologna) in the field of heritage conservation.
Collaborations are currently running with several
Italian Superintendences, Municipalities and local
Administrations.
145
Fig. 1. Lab fixture for investigating rising damp.
Fig. 2. Ancient materials and atmospheric decay.
Fig. 3. Lab tests on new consolidating materials.
Research Projects and Activities 2015
MAIN PUBLICATIONS
Sassoni E., Franzoni E., Pigino B., Scherer G.W.
and Naidu S. (2013). Consolidation of calcareous and siliceous sandstones by hydroxyapatite:
Comparison with a TEOS-based consolidant.
Journal of Cultural Heritage 14 (3 SUPPL),
e103-e108.
Franzoni E., Sassoni E., Scherer G.W. and Naidu
S. (2013). Artificial weathering of stone by heating. Journal of Cultural Heritage 14 (3 SUPPL),
e85-e93.
Franzoni E., Pigino B. and Pistolesi C. (2013).
Ethyl silicate for surface protection of concrete:
performance in comparison with other inorganic surface treatments. Cement and Concrete
Composites, in press (doi: 10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2013. 05.008).
Franzoni E., Bandini S. and Graziani G. (2013).
Rising moisture, salts and electrokinetic effects
in ancient masonries: From laboratory testing to
on-site monitoring. Journal of Cultural Heritage,
in press (doi: 10.1016/j.culher.2013.03.003).
Franzoni E. and Bandini S. (2012). Spontaneous electrical effects in masonry affected by capillary water rise: The role of salts. Construction
and Building Materials 35, 642-646.
Sandrolini F. and Franzoni E. (2010). Characterization procedure for ancient mortars’ restoration: the plasters of the Cavallerizza courtyard
in the Ducal Palace in Mantua (Italy). Materials
Characterization 61, 97-104.
Pigino B., Leemann A., Franzoni E. and Lura P.
(2012). Ethyl silicate for surface treatment of concrete - Part II: Characteristics and performance.
Cement and Concrete Composites 34 (3), 313-321.
Sandrolini F., Franzoni E. and Pigino B. (2012).
Ethyl silicate for surface treatment of concrete Part I: Pozzolanic effect of ethyl silicate. Cement
and Concrete Composites 34 (3), 306-312.
Franzoni E. and Sassoni E. (2011). Correlation
between microstructural characteristics and
weight loss of natural stones exposed to simulated acid rain. Science of the Total Environment
412-413, 278-285.
Sandrolini F., Franzoni E., Varum H. and Nakonieczny R. (2011). Materials and technologies in Art Nouveau architecture: Façade decoration cases in Italy, Portugal and Poland for a
consistent restoration. Informes de la Construccion 63 (524), 5-11.
Sandrolini F., Franzoni E., Sassoni E. and Diotallevi P.P. (2011). The contribution of urban-scale environmental monitoring to materials diagnostics: A study on the Cathedral of
Modena (Italy). Journal of Cultural Heritage 12
(4), 441-450.
Franzoni E., Sandrolini F. and Bandini S.
(2011). An experimental fixture for continuous
monitoring of electrical effects in moist masonry walls. Construction and Building Materials 25
(4), 2023-2029.
Sandrolini F., Franzoni E., Cuppini G. and Caggiati L. (2007). Materials decay and environmental attack in the Pio Palace at Carpi: a holistic approach for historical architectural surfaces
conservation. Building and Environment 42,
1966-1974.
Sandrolini F. and Franzoni E. (2007). Repair
Systems for the restoration of ancient buildings
– Dampness Rise Problem. Restoration of Buildings and Monuments 13, No. 3, 161-171.
Sandrolini F. and Franzoni E. (2006). An operative protocol for reliable measurements of moisture in porous materials of ancient buildings.
Building and Environment 41, 1372-1380.
Sandrolini F., Franzoni E., Vio E. and Lonardoni S. (2005). Challenging transient flooding effects on dampness in brick masonry in Venice by
a new technique: the narthex in St. Marco Basilica. Flooding and Environmental Challenges for
Venice and its Lagoon: State of Knowledge. C.
A. Fletcher, T. Spencer eds., Cambridge University Press, 181 - 188.
CONTACTS
[email protected]
[email protected]
[email protected]
146
Materials Science and Technology – Materials for Industrial Engineering
INDUSTRIAL AND ADVANCED CERAMIC MATERIALS
RESEARCH GROUP: Alberto Fregni, Giorgio Timellini
KEYWORDS: innovative ceramic materials, functionalized ceramic surfaces, environment, ceramic industry
The aim of the research activities is design and
development of innovative ceramic materials,
characterization and verification of performance characteristics, optimization of production processes, solving of environmental and
process problems in the ceramic industry.
In the field of traditional and advanced ceramic
materials, research activity concerns mainly:
• qualification and testing of the performance
characteristics of traditional ceramic materials,
according to operating conditions and target
environment and application techniques;
• optimization of production processes of traditional ceramic materials, experimenting with
innovative technologies that improve the quality of the product;
• environmental problems in the ceramics industry (pollution, energy consumption, waste
disposal/recycling of products, etc.);
• design of innovative construction materials
with high thermal and acoustic performances;
• functionalization of ceramic materials: high
solar reflectance, photovoltaic, photocatalytic,
antibacterial, antiwear surfaces;
• study of shaping techniques to obtain innovative ceramics (bioceramics and piezoelectrics).
Fig. 1. EM-EDS mapping of titania particles on ceramic substrate: dip coated sample
(20x60mm) after firing.
Fig. 2. 3D image of a screen printed Ag layer.
147
Research Projects and Activities 2015
MAIN PUBLICATIONS
Bordignon F., Kaminski P.C. and Timellini G.
(2012) Guidelines for the brazilian ceramic
sector strategic development, based on a comparison with the Italian market. Cfi/Ber. DKG
89, 8-9.
Timellini G., Nassetti G. and Fazio S. (2011)
Energy saving and use of renewable energies in
the building ceramic sector. XII International
Conference & Exhibition of the European Ceramic Society, Stockholm (S), 19-23 June.
Rambaldi E., Salomoni A., Timellini G. and
Lindeman A. (2011) Thermal and mechanical
performances of porous porcelain stoneware
tiles. XII International Conference & Exhibition
of the European Ceramic Society, Stockholm (S),
19-23 June.
Timellini G. (2011) International standards
on ceramic tiles, toward quality, sustainability, competitiveness. Invited Lecture at SERES
’11 – II International Ceramic, Glass, Porcelain
Enamel, Glaze and Pigment Congress, Eskisehir
(TR), 10-12 October.
Timellini G. (2011) Process and product innovation for ceramics. Centro Ceramico and
DICAM – University of Bologna The First China and Italy Bilateral Forum on Materials Science, Shanghai (CN) 21-23 November.
Rambaldi E., Tucci A., Esposito L., Naldi D.
and Timellini G. (2010). Nano-oxides to improve the surface properties of ceramic tiles.
Boletin de la Sociedad Española de Cerámica y
Vidrio, 49, 4, 253-258.
Rastelli E., Jazayeri S.H., Salem A. and Timellini G. (2009). Dilatometric study of shrinkage
during sintering process for porcelain stoneware
body in presence of nepheline syenite. Journal of
materials processing technology. 209, 1240-1246.
Rastelli E., Salomoni A., Fregni A. and Stamenkovic I. (2008). Influence of calcium phosphate
on rheological properties of the sanytaryware
slip – Part 1. Advances in Applied Ceramics, 107,
2, 76-82.
Esposito L., Rambaldi E., Tucci A., Bonvicini G., Albertazzi A. and Timellini G.. (2008).
Chemical aging and microstructural changes of
glazed ceramic tile surfaces. Cfi-Ber. DKG 85
(6), 64-67.
Gombia M., Fantazzini P., Rambaldi E., Tucci
A., Esposito L. and Timellini G. (2008). Water 1H NMR technique to analyze the porous
structure of ceramics. Advanced Engineering
Materials, 10 (3), 235-240.
Breedveld L., Timellini G., Casoni G., Fregni A.
and Busani G. (2007). Eco-efficiency of fabric
filters in the Italian ceramic tile industry. Journal of Cleaner Production, 15, 86-93.
Rambaldi E., Esposito L., Tucci A. and Timellini G. (2007). Recycling of polishing porcelain
stoneware residues in ceramic tiles. Journal of
the European Ceramic Society. 27, 3509-3515.
Tucci A., Nanetti A., Malmusi L. and Timellini
G. (2007) Ceramic surfaces with microbiological action for healthcare buildings. Cfi/Ber.
DKG 84 (3), E47-E50.
Rastelli E., Jazayeri S.H., Salem A. and Timellini
G.. (2007). A kinetic study on the development
of porosity in porcelain stoneware tile sintering.
Boletin de la Sociedad Española de Cerámica y
Vidrio. 46, 1, 1-6.
RESEARCH PROJECTS
Progetto RFO (EX 60%) E.F. 2009 – Comitato
09 – Ingegneria Industriale e dell’Informazione;
Coordinatore del gruppo di ricerca Prof. Ing.
Giorgio Timellini.
CONTACTS
[email protected]
[email protected]
148
Materials Science and Technology – Materials for Industrial Engineering
POLYMERS AND ADVANCED COMPOSITE MATERIALS
RESEARCH GROUP: Maria Chiara Bignozzi, Stefania Manzi, Antonio Motori, Andrea Saccani
KEYWORDS: particle and fibre reinforced composites, polymer and ceramic matrices
Research activity is mainly focused on poly-meric materials, micro or nano-sized composite materials, fiber reinforced composites with ceramic
or polymeric matrix, toughened materials.
As reinforcement natural fibers as straw and
hemp are also investigated.
Mechanical, microstructural and thermal charac-terization of traditional and innovative
polymer-ic materials is performed. Special focus is addressed to investigate the relationship
occurring between microstructure and macroscopical properties of the polymer. Laboratory
techniques allow to investigate the cristallinity,
the orientation and distribution as well as the
relative amount of the different phases. An important aspect is related to the study of polymer
degradation in specific and tailored environmental conditions (oxygen, temperature, UV
radiation, relative humidity, body fluids). The
life-time of the polymer is evaluated through
the choice of suitable diagnostic properties. The
effect of organic-inorganic coatings on the durability of substrates is also studied.
Particular interest is addressed to polymers used
as high voltage electrical insulating materials,
for automotive, biomedical and civil engineering applications.
As to what concerns composite materials, we investigate: the toughening of ceramic or polymer
matrix respectively by fibers and by a second
elastomeric phase or graphene platelets, the use
of natural fibers (hemp or straw) in hybrid organic-inorganic matrixes.
Fig. 1. Fibre reinforced composite material.
Fig. 2. Toughened ceramic material.
149
Research Projects and Activities 2015
MAIN PUBLICATIONS
Motori A., Manzi S., Montecchi M. and Canti
M. (2012). A preliminary study of physical and
mechanical properties of sustainable hemp fibers
based composite materials for building insulated
walls. ECCM15 - 15th European Conference On
Composite Materials. Venice - Italy. June 24-28,
2012, 1-7.
Manzi S., Canti M., Montecchi M. and Motori A.
(2012). Caratterizzazione preliminare di pannelli
contenenti fibre naturali per l’edilizia ecosostenibile. Atti XI Convegno Nazionale AIMAT. XI
Convegno Nazionale AIMAT. Gaeta (LT). 16-19
settembre 2012, 331-334.
Saccani A., Toselli M. and Pilati F. (2011). Improvement of the thermo-oxidative stability of
LDPE films by organic-inorganic hybrid coatings
Poly-mer Degradation and Stability 96, 212-219.
Fabiani D., Montanari G.C., Cavallini A., Sac-cani
A. and Toselli M. (2011). Nanostructured-coated
XLPE showing improved electrical properties:
partial discharge resistance and space charge ac-cumulation Proceedings of ISEIM, September 2011,
Kyoto, Japan, paper A5, 14-18.
Sandrolini F., Manzi S. and Natali A. (2010). Cement-polymer prepreg carbon fabrics in concrete
strengthening. Restoration of Buildings and Monuments 16, No. 4/5, 377-386.
Sandrolini F. and Manzi S. (2010). Self-compacting high performance cement/polymer composite
materials. Restoration of Buildings and Monuments
16, No. 4/5, 283-290.
Sandrolini F. and Manzi S. (2009). High performance self-compacting mortar with multifunctional filler. Special Topics on Materials Science and
Technology – The Italian Panorama. Brill, Leiden,
Boston, 345-350.
Prete F., Esposito L., Tucci A. and Motori A.
(2008). Materiali ceramici nanostrutturati: stato
dell’arte. C+CA (Ceramurgia+Ceramica Acta),
XXXVIII, 1, 33-42.
Montanari G.C., Fabiani D., Ciani F., Motori A.,
Paajanen M., Gerhard-Mulhaupt R. and Wagener
W. (2007). Charging Properties and time-temperature stability of innovative polymeric cellular
ferroelectrets. IEEE Trans. on Dielectr. and Electr.
Insul. 14, No. 1, 238-248.
Motori A., Patuelli F., Saccani A., Cannillo V.,
Manfredini T. and Sola A. (2007). Technological
properties of celsian-reinforced glass matrix composites. Ceramics International. 33, No. 8, 15971601.
Erani P., Cristofolini L., Baleani M., Bignozzi
M.C., Cotifava M., Ihaddedene N., Tomei F. and
Viceconti M. (2007). Quantitative crack surface
morphology of bone cements in relation to propagation rate. Fatigue and fracture of engineering materials and structures 30, 783-795.
Motori A., Montanari G.C., Saccani A. and Patuelli F. (2007). Electrical conductivity and polarization processes in nanocomposites based on isotactic polypropylene and modified synthetic clay. J.
Polym. Sci. Part B: Polym. Phys. 45, 705-713.
Motori A., Patuelli F., Saccani A., Andreola F.,
Bondioli F., Siligardi C. and Ferrari A.M. (2006).
Electrical behaviour of monoclinic celsian derived
from cation-exchanged commercial zeolites. J.
Mater. Sci. 41, 4327-4333.
Sandrolini F. and Manzi S. (2006). Particulate
composite materials with modulated mechanical
properties. Proceedings of International Symposium
Polimers in Concrete – ISPIC 2006, 2-4 Aprile
2006, Guimaraes, Portugal, J. Barroso de Aguiar,
S. Jalali, A. Camoes, R. Miguel Ferreira Eds., Oficinas Gràficas de Barbosa &Xavier, Lda, Braga,
Portugal. 61-68.
Saccani A., Sandrolini F., Andreola F., Lancellotti
I., Barbieri L. and Corradi A. (2005). Influence
of the pozzolanic fraction obtained from vitrified
bottom ashes from MSWI on the properties of
cementitiuos composite. Materials and Structures
38, No. 277, 367-371.
Montanari G.C., Motori A., Saccani A., Di Lorenzo del Casale M., Schifani R., Testa L., Guastavino
F. and Camino G. (2005). Dielectric spectroscopy
analysis of EVA-silicate nanocomposite insulating
materials. Int. IEEE-ISEIM Conf., Kitakyushu, Japan, 2005. Conf. Proc., 247-250.
CONTACTS
[email protected]
[email protected]
[email protected]
[email protected]
150
Materials Science and Technology – Materials for Industrial Engineering
CORROSION AND PROTECTION OF METALS
RESEARCH GROUP: Maria Chiara Bignozzi, Stefania Manzi, Antonio Motori
KEYWORDS: corrosion, accelerating ageing, electrochemical measurements, surface characterization
The aim of the research is the development of
guidelines for the prevention and protection
from corrosion of ferrous and not-ferrous alloys
exposed to different environments. Research
projects concern the study of corrosion mecha-nisms and protection of metal alloys used
in the industrial sector (i.e. “Corrosion of 316L
in Ul-trahigh-Purity Water for Pharmaceutical
Indus-tries” and “Corrosion of different steels
in Chemical Plants”), in Cultural Heritage (i.e.
“Corrosion behaviour and protection of outdoor bronzes”) and in architecture/building
construc-tion (i.e. “Atmospheric corrosion of
COR-TEN steel with different surface finish”
and “Corrosion of steel bar reinforcement in
geopolymer or ce-ment matrix”). In particular,
the evaluation of the corrosion behaviour and
the protective effi-ciency of coatings is performed through acceler-ated ageing, surface
analyses, thermal analyses, electrochemical measurements. Research activi-ties are carried out in
collaboration with re-search groups of the Interdepartmental Center for Industrial Research
of the University of Bo-logna for Advanced
Applications in Mechanical Engineering and
Materials Technology CIRI-MAM (Corrosion
Unit: Dr. Cristina Chiavari), of the Industrial
Engineering (Dr. Carla Martini) and Industrial
Chemistry «Toso Montanari» (Dr. Elena Bernardi) Departments of the University of Bologna, of the Corrosion Center “Daccò”, University of Ferrara (Prof. Cecilia Monticelli). Moreover, research projects supported by na-tional
and international companies are devel-oped in
order to solve technological problems due to
unexpected corrosion phenomena.
Fig. 1. Electrochemical cell with thermostat.
Fig. 2 Polarisation curves.
Fig. 3 Corten structure in Cemetery of Certosa
(Bologna, Italy).
151
Research Projects and Activities 2015
MAIN PUBLICATIONS
Chiavari C., Bernardi E., Cauzzi D., Volta
S., Bignozzi M.C., Lenza B., Montalbani S.,
Rob-biola L. and Martini C. (2013). Influence
of natural patinas of outdoor quaternary bronzes on conservation treatment. METAL 2013:
Proceedings of the Interim Meeting of the ICOMCC Metal Working Group. Edimburgh, United
Kingdom, 16-20/9/2013.
Chiavari C., Bernardi E., Lenza B., Martini C.,
Vassura I., Motori A., Balbo A. and Monticelli
C. (2013). Organosilane coatings applied on
bronze: natural exposure and exposure to temperature/UV cy-cles. Proceedings of Eurocorr
2013 (EFC Event n.343), 01-5/09/2013, Estoril, Portugal (EFC, London, UK, CD-ROM).
Mattei A., Chiavari C., Bernardi E., Martini C.,
Gandolfi N., Sessa S. and Bignozzi M.C. (2013).
Stainless steel corrosion in Ultrahigh-Purity
Water: Surface analyses and metal release. Proceedings of Eurocorr 2013 (EFC Event n.343),
01-5/09/2013, Estoril, Portugal (EFC, London, UK, CD-ROM).
Chiavari C., Balbo A., Bernardi E., Martini C.,
Bignozzi M.C., Abbottoni M. and Monticelli
C. (2013). Protective silane treatment for patinated bronze exposed to simulated natural environments. Materials Chemistry and Physics 141,
No. 1, 502-511.
Chiavari C., Bernardi E., Martini C., Vassura I.,
Motori A. and Bignozzi M.C. (2012). CORTEN steel: atmospheric corrosion behavior by
accelerated ageing”, Proceedings of Eurocorr 2012
(EFC Event n.330), 09-13/09/2012, Istanbul,
Turkey (EFC, London, UK, CD-ROM), 1-14.
Chiavari C., Bernardi E., Balbo A., Monticelli C., Passarini F., Bignozzi M.C. and Martini
C. (2012). Influence of nanoparticles on the
inhibiting efficiency of organosilane coatings
on bronze. Part 2: metal release in accelerated
ageing tests. Proceedings of Eurocorr 2012 (EFC
Event n.330), 09-13/09/2012, Istanbul, Turkey
(EFC, London, UK, CD-ROM), 1-11.
Chiavari C., Bernardi E., Martini C., Passarini
F., Motori A. and Bignozzi M.C (2012). Atmospheric corrosion of Cor-Ten steel with different
surface finish: Accelerated ageing and metal
release. Materials Chemistry and Physics 136,
477-486.
Bignozzi M.C., Manzi S. and Tattini E. (2012).
Corrosion behaviour of steel reinforced mortars based on alkali activated materials. Proceedings of Eurocorr 2012 (EFC Event n.330),
CD-ROM. Istanbul, Turkey, 09-13/09/2012,
LONDON: European Federation of Corrosion
(EFC), 1-9.
Bignozzi M.C., Manzi S., Natali A., Tattini E.
and Van Riessen A. (2012). Comportamento
a corrosione di barre d’armatura in materiali a
base di scarti industriali chimicamente attivati.
Atti XI Convegno Nazionale AIMAT. Gaeta
(LT). 16-19 settembre 2012, 45-48.
Bignozzi M.C. and Bonduà S. (2011). Alternative blended cement with ceramic residues:
Corrosion resi-stance. Cement and Concrete Research 41, 947-954.
Bignozzi M.C. (2011). Sustainable inorganic
binders with corrosion resistance properties. Proceedings of European Coatings Conference “Construction Chemicals” – Berlin 13-14th December
2011, Edited by Vincentz Network, 65-75.
CONTACTS
[email protected]
152
Materials Science and Technology – Durability and Protection of Materials
ELECTRICAL BEHAVIOUR, AGING AND RELIABILITY OF POLYMER-BASED
INSULATING MATERIALS
RESEARCH GROUP: Antonio Motori, Andrea Saccani
KEYWORDS: polymeric insulating materials, nanocomposites, aging, dielectric losses
The investigation of the electrical properties
studies allow to make correlations with the
physical, mechanical, structural and microstructural characteristics of materials.
In the laboratory, the electrical bulk and surface
conductivity are investigated in the temperature
range from -80 to 250 °C, as well as the permittivity and the loss factor from10-2 to 106 Hz.
Main research topics are insulating materials
and polymeric systems, including nanacomposites.
The more relevant aims are:
1. the investigation of the aging mechanisms of
insulating materials and the evaluation of the
time behaviour and reliability through accelerated test methods that simulate the on-service
conditions;
2. the investigation of the conduction mechanisms and of the dielectric relaxation processes
in the bulk and at the interfaces.
3. the deposition of organic-inorganic coatings
with peculiar properties (antistatic, charge injection barrier).
Some of the indicated activities are carried out
in collaboration with research groups of the
University in particular with the Department of
Electrical Engineering “G. Marconi” of the University of Bologna.
Fig. 1. Laboratory of electrical measurements.
Fig. 2. Cell for accelerated aging.
153
Research Projects and Activities 2015
MAIN PUBLICATIONS
Mancinelli P., Fabiani D., Saccani A., Toselli M.,
Heid T. and Frechette M. (2013). Preparation
and dielectrical behaviour of epoxy resin containing graphene oxide. Proceedings of the IEEEICSD June 2013, Bologna, 30 June 2013.
Saccani A., Toselli M. and Pilati F. (2011). Improvement of the thermo-oxidative stability of
LDPE films by organic-inorganic hybrid coatings. Polymer Degradation and Stability. 96,
212-219.
Fabiani D., Montanari G.C., Cavallini A.,
Saccani A. and Toselli M. (2011). Nanostructured-coated XLPE showing improved electrical properties: partial discharge resistance
and space charge accumulation Proceedings of
ISEIM, September 2011, Kyoto, Japan, paper
A5, 14-18.
Marini M., Pilati F., Saccani A. and. Toselli M.
(2008). Thermo-oxidative stability of electrically insulating polymeric materials coated by
organic-inorganic hybrid nanocomposite. Polymer Degradation and Stability 93, 1170-1175.
Saccani A., Patuelli F., Motori A. and Montanari G.C. (2007). Electrical conductivity and
polarization processes in nanocomposites based
on isotactic poly(propylene) and modified synthetic clay. Journal of Polymer Science: part B
Polymer Physics 45, 705-713.
Montanari G.C., Fabiani D., Ciani F., Motori
A., Paajanen M., Gerhard-Mulhaupt R and
Wagener W. (2007). Charging Properties and
time-temperature stability of innovative polymeric cellular ferroelectrets. IEEE Trans. on Dielectr. and Electr. Insul. 14, No. 1, 238-248.
Motori A., Saccani A., Patuelli F. and Montanari
G.C. (2007). Thermal endurance evaluation of
isotactic poly(propylene) based nanocomposites by short-term analytical methods. IEEE:
Trans. Diel. Electr. Ins. 14, No. 3, 689-695.
Saccani A, Toselli M., Messori M., Fabbri P. and
Pilati F. (2006). Electrical behavior of PET films
coated with Nanostructured Organic-Inorganic
Hybrids. Journal of Applied Polymer Science 102,
No.5, 4870-4877.
Montanari G.C., Palmieri F., Testa L., Motori
A., Saccani A. and Patuelli F. (2006). Polarization processes of nanocomposite silicate-EVA
and PP materials. IEEE Trans FM 126, No. 11,
1-7.
Montanari G.C., Motori A., Saccani A., Lorenzo del Casale M., Schifani R., Testa L., Guastavino F. and Camino G. (2005). Dielectric spectroscopy analysis of EVA-silicate nanocomposite insulating materials. Proc.of the IEEE-IEEJ
ISEIM, Kytakyushu, Japan, June 5-9th 2005,
247-250
Saccani A., Motori A. and Montanari G.C.
(2005). Short-term thermal endurance evaluation of thermoplastic polyesters by isothermal
and non-isothermal thermogravimetric analysis. Journal of Applied Polymer Science 98, No. 3,
968-973.
Saccani A., Motori A., Patuelli F., Montanari
G.C. and Mulhaupt R. (2005). Improving thermal endurance properties of polypropylene by
nanostructuration. IEEE Int. Conference on
Conduction and Breakdown in Solid Dielectrics,
Nashville, October 16-19th 2005, Paper 2C-13,
195-198.
CONTACTS
[email protected]
[email protected]
154
Structures
Structures – Structural Reliability and Probabilistic Methods
DEFINITION OF INPUT GROUND-MOTIONS FOR NONLINEAR DYNAMIC
ANALYSIS
RESEARCH GROUP: Nicola Buratti, Giada Gasparini, Marco Savoia, Stefano Silvestri, Tomaso Trombetti
KEYWORDS: earthquake engineering, accelerograms, intensity measures, nonlinear dynamic analysis, seismic hazard
In the framework of performance based earthquake engineering, the assessment of the seismic
structural demands is extremely important. This
latter, is usually defined through a sequence of
nonlinear dynamic analyses that require to define
some sets of accelerograms as input. The choice
of the accelerograms is crucial for the correct prediction of the structural response. The research
carried out covered different aspects of this issue.
The research group developed a new probabilistic
seismic hazard analysis (PSHA) procedure that
leads to the definition of the probability function
(PDF and CDF) of the various intensities of the
ground-motion. Using this results the group developed a new vector ground-motion intensity
measure based on the combination of PGA and
PGV. Finally the research group studied the features (in terms of spectral acceleration) that a set
of accelerograms must present in order to be associated to a given probability of occurrence, and
hence proposed a new procedure for defining sets
of design ground motions.
The research group also developed a procedure
for simulating non-stationary stochastic accelerograms, using ground-motion prediction equations
to obtain realistic estimates of some important
ground motion intensity measures: duration, Arias
intensity, and frequency content. The so generated accelerograms were used as input for nonlinear
dynamic analyses of various RC structures and
gave results that compared very well with those
obtained from recorded accelerograms.
Finally, as a results of a collaboration with Imperial College, London, we developed a new criterion to select and scale recorded accelerograms
starting from the definition of a scenario in terms
of magnitude and source-to-site distance. The
procedure is based on the definition of a target
response spectra, using the data provided by spectral-acceleration attenuation relationships. This
method has given good results both in terms of
estimates of the mean structural response and in
terms of its distribution.
157
Fig. 1. CDF curve of the spectral acceleration
for Bologna.
Fig. 2. Selection of recorded accelerograms.
Fig. 3. Error given by different ground motion
selection procedures in terms of maximum drift.
Research Projects and Activities 2015
MAIN PUBLICATIONS
Buratti N. (2012) A comparison of the performances of various ground–motion intensity
measures. 15th World Conference on Earthquake
Engineering. Lisbon, 24-28 September.
Ligabue V., Buratti N. (2012) Analysis of codebased ground-motion selection procedures in
terms of inelastic interstorey drift demands.
15th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering. Lisbon, 24-28 September.
Buratti N., Stafford P.J., Bommer J.J. (2011)
Earthquake accelerogram selection and scaling
procedures for estimating the distribution of
structural response. Journal of Structural engineering 137, 345-157.
Buratti N., Savoia M. (2010). Artificial Nonstationary Accelerograms with Natural Variability.
Proceedings of the Fourteenth European Conference on Earthquake Engineering. Ohrid, Republic of Macedonia. 30 Agosto - 3 September.
Buratti N., Savoia M. (2010). Non-stationary
Artificial Accelerograms for Nonlinear Analysis of R.C. Frame Structures. Proceedings of the
Fourteenth European Conference on Earthquake
Engineering. Ohrid, Republic of Macedonia. 30
Agosto - 3 September.
Buratti N. (2009). Generation of artificial nonstationary accelerograms with natural variability. XIII Convegno ANIDIS 2009- L’Ingegneria
Sismica in Italia. Bologna. 28 June-2 July.
Buratti N.,Savoia M. (2009). Using non-stationary artificial accelerograms for estimating
maximum drift demands on R.C. frame structures. XIII Convegno ANIDIS 2009 - L’Ingegneria Sismica in Italia. Bologna. 28 June-2 July.
Trombetti T., Ceccoli C., Silvestri S., Gasparini
G. (2003). Probability Density Function of the
Peak Ground Acceleration due to the Seismic
Action. Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Applications of Statistics and Probability in Civil Engineering - ICASP 9. San Francisco. California, 6-9 July.
Trombetti T., Gasparini G., Silvestri S. (2004)
Statistical characterisation of the seismic action
(PGA and PGV) for Performance Based Seismic Design, Proceedings of the 13th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering. Vancouver,
B.C., Canada, 1-6 August.
Trombetti T., Silvestri S., Gasparini G., Malavolta D. (2006), “Identification of efficient
groups of design earthquake inputs”, Proceedings
of the First European Conference on Earthquake
Engineering and Seismology. Geneva, Switzerland, 3-8 September.
Trombetti T., Silvestri S., Malavolta D., Gasparini G. (2007). A methodology for determination of efficient earthquake bins for Performance Based Seismic Design. Proceedings of the
“Tenth International Conference on Applications
of Statistics and Probability in Civil Engineering
- ICASP10. Tokyo, Japan, 31 July – 3 August.
Trombetti T., Silvestri S., Gasparini G., Righi
M., Ceccoli C. (2008). Correlations between
the displacement response spectra and the parameters characterising the magnitude of the
ground motion. Proceedings of the 14th World
Conference on Earthquake Engineering. Beijing,
China, 12-17 October.
Silvestri S., Trombetti T., Gasparini G. (2009)
A Procedure For Probabilistic Seismic Hazard
Analysis Which Allows To Account For Poisson Or Non-Poissonian Models. Proceedings
of 10th International Conference on Structural Safety and Reliability. Osaka, Japan, 13-17
September.
Trombetti T., Silvestri S., Gasparini G. (2009).
The Role Of Epsilon For The Identification Of
Groups Of Earthquake Inputs Of Given Hazard. Proceedings of 10th International Conference
on Structural Safety and Reliability. Osaka, Japan, 13-17 September.
CONTACTS
[email protected]
[email protected]
158
Structures – Structural Reliability and Probabilistic Methods
ADVANCED PROCEDURES FOR THE ASSESSMENT OF SEISMIC RELIABILITY
RESEARCH GROUP: Nicola Buratti, Pier Paolo Diotallevi, Barbara Ferracuti, Luca Landi, Marco Savoia
KEYWORDS: seismic risk, seismic fragility, reliability, probabilistic methods, earthquake engineering, SAC/
FEMA
In the framework of Performance-Based Earthquake Engineering the actual research trend is to
develop rigorous probabilistic approaches. These
latter involve complex nonlinear problems with
many random and non-random variables. For
this reason many practical reliability methods
have been recently developed for assessing seismic
safety. The main purpose of this research concerns
two of these approaches: the “2000 SAC/FEMA
Method” and response-surface based methods.
As for the 2000 SAC/FEMA Methods, used for
the reliability analysis of different R.C. frames,
also equipped with dampers, on a first stage,
probabilistic hazard analyses were performed for
several sites in Italy, and then the Probabilistic
Seismic Demand was defined through Incremental Dynamic Analyses (IDA), considering both
flexure and shear failure modes. Particular care
was put into the study of the sensitivity of the
results to the ground-motion intensity measure
used. This issue was further investigated during a
collaboration with the “Blume Earthquake Engineering Center” at Stanford University, that lead
to the proposal to a new intensity measure.
The second procedure investigated is based on
the response-surfaces with random factors. These
statistical models are used for approximating the
structural capacity, in terms of spectral acceleration, through a polynomial function of the
variables considered. The coefficients of the polynomial are fitted using data gathered from a set
of non-linear incremental dynamic analysis. The
number of simulations required increases as the
number of variables increases, therefore in order
to keep the model computationally efficient the
aleatory variables involved can be split in two
groups: one in taken into account explicitly in the
polynomial while the second is considered only
implicitly, by dividing the numerical simulations
in blocks and introducing random factors in the
polynomial model. Recently the research group
has also started to investigate the seismic vulnerability of cylindrical tanks containing liquids.
Fig. 1. IDA curves calibrated for a given seismic
intensity measure.
Fig. 2. Fragility curves obtained from response
surface models.
159
Fig. 3. Fragility curves for cylindrical tanks.
Research Projects and Activities 2015
MAIN PUBLICATIONS
Buratti N., Tavano M. (2013). Dynamic buckling and seismic fragility of anchored steel
tanks by the added mass method. Earthquake
Engineering and Structural Dynamics. DOI:
10.1002/eqe.2326.
Bianchini M., Diotallevi P.P., Landi L. (2007).
Full probabilistic approach for seismic reliability assessment of RC frames structures. X International Conference on Applications of Statistics
and Probability in Civil Engineering (ICASP).
Tokyo, Japan, July 31-August 3.
Landi L., Fabbri O. and Diotallevi PP (2013).
Simplified method for the assessment of the nonlinear seismic response of structures equipped
with viscous dampers. Proceedings of the 11th
International Conference on Structural Safety &
Reliability, Columbia University, NY, USA.
Buratti N., Ferracuti B., Savoia M.. (2007). Response surface with random factors for seismic
fragility of RC frames. Proceedings of ICASP 10.
10th International conference on applications of
statistics and probability in civil engineering. Tokyo, JP. July 31- August 3.
Buratti N., Ferracuti B., Savoia M., Antonioni
G., Cozzani V. (2012). A Fuzzy-Sets Based Approach for Modelling Uncertainties in Quantitative Risk Assessment of Industrial Plants
Under Seismic Actions. Chemical Engineering
Transactions. Vol. 26, Part 1, 105-110.
Buratti N., Ferracuti B., Savoia M.. (2007).
Seismic fragility of RC frame structures using
response surfaces with random block effects.
Proceedings of the XVIII Convegno Associazione Italiana di Meccanica Teorica ed Applicata (
AIMETA). Brescia. 11-14 September.
Bianchini M., Diotallevi P.P., Landi L (2010).
Seismic reliability assessment of RC structures
based on different ground motion prediction
models. XIV European Conference on Earthquake Engineering (ECEE). Ohrid, Republic of
Macedonia, August 30-September 3.
Buratti N., Ferracuti B., Savoia M. (2006).
Seismic fragility of existing RC structures by
Response Surface Method. First European
Conference on Earthquake Engineering and
Seismology (ECEES). Geneva, Switzerland,
3-8 September.
Buratti N., Ferracuti B., Savoia M. (2010). Response Surface with random factors for seismic
fragility of reinforced concrete frames. Structural Safety. vol. 32, pp. 42 - 51 ISSN: 0167-4730.
Buratti N., Ferracuti B., Savoia M. (2006).
Seismic Risk Assessment of R/C Structures
Through Response Surface Method. Proceedings
of III European Conference on Computational
Mechanics. Lisbon, Portugal. 5-9 June.
Bianchini M., Diotallevi P.P., Landi L. (2009).
Influenza della legge di attenuazione sull’analisi
probabilistica della risposta sismica di strutture
in c.a. XVIII Convegno dell’Associazione Nazionale Italiana di Ingegneria Sismica (ANIDIS).
Bologna, Italy, June 28-July 2.
Bianchini M., Diotallevi P.P., Baker J.W. (2009).
Prediction of inelastic structural response using
an average of spectral accelerations. X International Conference on Structural Safety and Reliability
(ICOSSAR). Osaka, Japan, September 13-17.
Bianchini M., Diotallevi P.P., Landi L.. (2008).
Influence of earthquake intensity measure on
the probabilistic evaluation of RC buildings.
XVI World Conference on Earthquake Engineering (WCEE). Beijing, China, October 12-17.
Buratti N., Ferracuti B., Savoia M. (2006). Reliability of r.c. structures against seismic action:
response surface approach. GIMC 2006: XVI
Convegno italiano di meccanica computazionale.
Bologna, Italy. 26-28 June.
Diotallevi P.P., Landi L., Bianchini M. (2006).
Analisi di affidabilità per la valutazione probabilistica di strutture in c.a. in zona sismica. Mensile di Tecnica e Informazione dell’Associazione
Ingegneri, Architetti e Costruttori della Provincia
di Bologna (INARCOS), Vol. 672, pp.535-542.
CONTACTS
[email protected]
[email protected]
160
Structures – Structural Reliability and Probabilistic Methods
PROBABILISTIC APPROACHES IN STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING
RESEARCH GROUP: Stefano de Miranda, Cristina Gentilini, Lucio Nobile, Francesco Ubertini, Erasmo Viola
KEYWORDS: probabilistic analysis, identification techniques, Bayesian approach, uncertainty, random fields
This research topic encompasses the development of numerical simulations for the probabilistic analysis of structures and components.
In particular, the research focuses on:
(1) probabilistic analysis of structures with uncertain damage. Crack depth and location are
modeled as random variables in order to take
into account the unavoidable uncertainty that
always affects damaged structures. A simple and
accurate method for the probabilistic characterization of the linear elastic response of cracked
structures with uncertain damage is employed.
According to this method, the uncertainties are
transformed into superimposed deformations
depending on the distribution of internal forces
and an iterative procedure is established to solve
the resultant equations;
(2) dynamic identification of elastic constants
of thick laminated composite plates. The plate
response is modeled by finite elements based
on Reddy’s third-order theory. The elastic constants are estimated within a Bayesian framework, using two estimators available in the literature. The estimators differ in the way they
account for a priori information on the elastic
constants to be identified. A modified strategy is
proposed that overcomes the drawbacks of the
literature estimators;
(3) identification of damaged elements by means
of Genetic Algorithms. The objective is to evaluate the mechanical characteristics of constituent
bars in existing truss structures. In particular, the
proposed procedure locates bars with reduced
mechanical properties and quantifies the loss of
stiffness. The procedure is based on genetic algorithms to overcome lack of information;
Fig. 1. Cracked element – displacement distribution.
Fig. 2. Cracked frame structure with uncertain
damage.
Fig. 3. Thick composite laminated plate.
(4) numerical procedures for random field simulation in mechanics.
161
Research Projects and Activities 2015
MAIN PUBLICATIONS
L. Nobile, C. Gentilini. (2009). Probabilistic
analysis of cracked frame structures taking into
account the crack trajectory. Procedia Engineering. Vol. 1, pp. 83-86.
L. Nobile, C. Gentilini. (2008). Three dimensional frame structures with edge-cracks of uncertain depth and location. Recent Patents on
Mechanical Engineering. Vol. 1, pp. 12-21.
C. Gentilini, L. Nobile. (2007). Probabilistic
analysis of three-dimensional beams with uncertain damage. Key Engineering Materials. Vols.
348-349, pp. 97-100.
P. Bocchini, G. Deodatis, E. Viola. (2008).
Simulation of multi-dimensional, strongly
non-Gaussian random fields in mechanics. Proceedings Meccanica Stocastica. Cefalù, Italy. June
11-12, 2008.
structures. Structural Durability and Health
Monitoring. Vol. 2, No. 2, pp. 109–122.
C. Gentilini, F. Ubertini, E. Viola. (2005). Uncertain edge-cracked frame structures. Proceedings IV International Conference on Fracture and
Damage Mechanics - FDM (eds. M.H. Aliabadi,
F.-G. Buchholz, J. Alfaiate, J. Planas, B. Abersek,
S.-i. Nishida), pp. 371-376. Mallorca (Spain).
July 12-14, 2005.
P. Bocchini, F. Ubertini, E. Viola. (2005). An
iterative fitting method based on a three-parameter distribution. Proceedings IX International
Conference on Structural Safety and Reliability –
ICOSSAR. Rome, Italy. June 19-22, 2005.
C. Gentilini, F. Ubertini, E. Viola. (2005).
Probabilistic analysis of linear elastic cracked
structures with uncertain damage. Probabilistic
Engineering Mechanics. Vol. 20, pp. 307-323.
F. Daghia, S. de Miranda, F. Ubertini, E. Viola.
(2007). Estimation of elastic constants of thick
laminated plates within a Bayesian framework.
Composite Structures. Vol. 80, pp. 461-473.
C. Gentilini, E. Viola, F. Ubertini. (2003).
Probabilistic characterization of linear truss
structures with cracked members. Key Engineering Materials. Vols. 251-252, pp. 141-146.
F. Daghia, S. de Miranda, F. Ubertini, E. Viola. (2007). On the Bayesian identification of
the elastic parameters of laminated structures.
Proceedings International Symposium on Recent
Advances in Mechanics, Dynamical Systems and
Probability Theory – MDP. Palermo, Italy. June
3–6, 2007.
RESEARCH PROJECTS
E. Viola, P. Bocchini. (2007). Identification of
damaged bars in three-dimensional redundant
truss structures by means of genetic algorithms.
Key Engineering Materials. Vols. 348-349, pp.
229-232.
P. Bocchini, C. Gentilini, F. Ubertini, E. Viola.
(2006). Advanced analysis of uncertain cracked
Dynamic identification of elastic constants
in fiber-reinforced plates by means of Bayesian methods and optimization techniques,
PRIN2003 – Bologna Research Unit. Coordinator: Prof. E. Viola.
Dynamic identification of elastic constants in
plates of orthotropic material, PRIN2000 –
Bologna Research Unit. Coordinator: Prof. E.
Viola.
CONTACTS
[email protected]
[email protected]
162
Structures – Computational Structural Mechanics
MULTIPHYSICS AND COUPLED PROBLEMS
RESEARCH GROUP: Giovanni Castellazzi, Stefano de Miranda, Luisa Molari, Francesco Ubertini, Erasmo Viola
KEYWORDS: fluid-structure interaction, coupled deformation-diffusion, phase transitions, salt attack,
piezoelectricity
This research line encompasses the development
of ad-hoc numerical formulations for the analysis of several coupled problems.
In particular, tools are developed for:
- CFD simulation of high Reynolds number
flows around stationary and moving bluff bodies aimed at predicting aerodynamic and aeroelastic forces. The flutter critical speed is evaluated before wind tunnel tests allowing optimal
deck design;
Fig. 1. Unsteady RANS simulation around Gibraltar bridge deck section: vorticity contours.
- simulation of phase transition in metals provoked by heat treatments, largely employed in
the industrial applications, which involves a microstructural transformation;
- simulation of fluid-structure interaction problems by coupling the lattice Boltzmann fluid
solver and the finite element solid solver. A
proper coupling strategy has been developed.
A wide range of applications has been investigated, spanning mechanics, industry/defence,
biology and biomimetics;
Fig. 2. Simulation of diffusive and displacive
phase transitions.
- simulation of the mechanically driven mass
diffusion in deformable solids, aimed at predicting the so-called hydrogen embrittlement,
which may occur in metals containing an initially uniform dilute concentration of hydrogen;
- simulation of the masonry degradation due to
the salt attack.
- modelling of crack growth in piezoelectric materials.
163
Fig. 3. Simulation of the take-off of two butterflies: velocity field.
Research Projects and Activities 2015
MAIN PUBLICATIONS
Brusiani F., de Miranda S., Patruno L., Ubertini
F., Vaona, P. (2013). On the evaluation of bridge
deck flutter derivatives using RANS turbulence
models. Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics 119, 39-47.
Brusiani F., Cazzoli G., de Miranda S., Ubertini
F., Vaona P. (2011). Application of the k-ω turbulence model to assess the flutter derivatives of
a long span bridge. WIT Transactions on the Built
Environment 115, 231-242.
roscale phase-field model for shape memory alloys
with non-isothermal effects: Influence of strain
rate and environmental conditions on the mechanical response. Acta Materialia 60, 179-191.
Maraldi M., Molari L., Grandi D. (2012) A unified thermodynamic framework for the modelling
of diffusive and displacive phase transitions. International Journal of Engineering Science 50, 31-45.
Maraldi M., Molari L., Molari P.G. (2012). Towards modelling diffusive and displacive phase
transitions. Metallurgia Italiana 104, 29-33.
De Rosis A., Falcucci G., Ubertini S., Ubertini
F., Succi, S. (2013). Lattice Boltzmann analysis of
fluid-structure interaction with moving boundaries. Communications in Computational Physics
13, 823-834.
Maraldi M., Wells G.N., Molari L. (2011) Phase
field model for coupled displacive and diffusive
microstructural processes under thermal loading.
Journal of the Mechanics and Physics of Solids 59,
1596-1612.
Castellazzi G., Colla C., de Miranda S., Formica
G., Gabrielli E., Molari L., Ubertini, F. (2013).
A coupled multiphase model for hygrothermal
analysis of masonry structures and prediction of
stress induced by salt crystallization. Construction
and Building Materials 41, 717-731.
Auricchio F., Bonetti E., Scalet G., Ubertini F.
(2012). Refined shape memory alloys model
taking into account martensite reorientation.
ECCOMAS 2012 - European Congress on Computational Methods in Applied Sciences and Engineering, e-Book Full Papers, 3349-3362.
Colla C., Baldracchi P., Troi A., Ubertini F., Carli R. (2012). Simulation and test procedures to
correlate structural damage with moisture and
salts migration in masonry. RILEM Bookseries 6,
1157-1163.
Daghia F., Inman D.J., Ubertini F., Viola E.
(2010). Active shape change of an SMA hybrid
composite plate. Smart Structures and Systems 6,
91-100.
de Miranda S., Garikipati K., Molari L., Ubertini
F. (2009). A simple solution strategy for coupled
piezo-diffusion in elastic solids. Computational
Mechanics 44, 191-203.
de Miranda S., Molari L., Ubertini F. (2009). On
analytical and numerical modeling of mechanically driven mass diffusion in elastic solids. Part B
–International Journal of Advances in Mechanics
and Applications of Industrial Materials 1, 51–63.
Maraldi M., Molari L., Grandi D.(2012). A
non-isothermal phase-field model for shape
memory alloys: Numerical simulations of superelasticity and shape memory effect under
stress-controlled conditions. Journal of Intelligent
Material Systems and Structures 23, 1083-1092.
Grandi D., Maraldi M., Molari L. (2012). A mac-
Viola E., Belmonte C., Viola G. (2009). A
non-conventional approach for crack problems
in piezoelectric media under electromechanical
loading. International Journal of Fracture 157,
175-192.
Viola E., Boldrini C., Tornabene F. (2008).
Non-singular term effect on the Fracture Quantities of a Crack in a Piezoelectric Medium. Engineering Fracture Mechanics 75, 4542-4567.
RESEARCH PROJECTS
Mathematical models for phase transitions of
complex systems. Progetto Strategico d’Ateneo.
Coordinator: Prof. M. Fabrizio.
CONTACTS
[email protected]
[email protected]
164
Structures – Computational Structural Mechanics
NUMERICAL METHODS FOR STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS
RESEARCH GROUP: Giovanni Castellazzi, Stefano de Miranda, Elena Ferretti, Cristina Gentilini, Alessandro Marzani, Luisa Molari, Lucio Nobile, Francesco Tornabene, Francesco Ubertini, Erasmo Viola
KEYWORDS: finite element method, time integration methods, structural dynamics, meshless method, error
estimation
This research line encompasses the development
and application of new and effective numerical
methods and computational techniques for the
solution of structural engineering problems.
The current research activities address a wide
range of structural issues, including:
• finite element formulations for arches, plates
and shells,
• stress recovery techniques in finite element
analysis,
• a posteriori error estimation in finite element
analysis,
• time integration methods for transient analyses,
• finite element approaches for structural dynamics,
• discontinuous Galerkin methods,
• flexible multi-body systems,
• finite element formulations for the dynamic
analysis of damaged structures,
• meshless methods for the analysis of vibrations
of spherical and parabolic shells,
• nonconservative stability problems,
• finite element and boundary element formulations for modeling bulk, guided and leaky guided waves in solids,
• cell method formulations for crack paths analysis in brittle materials,
• special finite elements for stress concentration
problems,
• image-based finite element modelling.
Fig. 1. RCP stress recovery and adaptive mesh
refinement.
Fig. 2. From magnetic resonance to finite element modelling.
Fig. 3. Mode shapes of different shell structures.
165
Research Projects and Activities 2015
MAIN PUBLICATIONS
Daghia F., de Miranda S., Ubertini F. (2013).
Patch based recovery in finite element elastoplastic analysis. Computational Mechanics (in press).
Castellazzi G., de Miranda S., Ubertini F. (2011).
Patch based stress recovery for plate structures.
Computational Mechanics 47, 379-394.
Castellazzi G., de Miranda S., Ubertini F.
(2010). Adaptivity based on the recovery by
compatibility in patches. Finite Elements in
Analysis and Design 46, 379-390.
Castellazzi G., Gentilini C., Krysl P., Elishakoff
I. (2013). Static analysis of functionally graded
plates using a nodal integrated finite element approach. Composite Structures 103, 197-200.
Castellazzi G., Krysl P., Bartoli I. (2013). A
displacement-based finite element formulation
for the analysis of laminated composite plates.
Composite Structures 95, 518-527.
Castellazzi G., Krysl P. (2012). A nine-node
displacement-based finite element for Reissner-Mindlin plates based on an improved formulation of the NIPE approach. Finite Elements in Analysis and Design 58, 31-43.
Tornabene F. (2009). Free Vibration Analysis of
Functionally Graded Conical, Cylindrical and
Annular Shell Structures with a Four-parameter
Power-law Distribution. Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics and Engineering 198, 2911-2935.
Viola E., Tornabene F., Fantuzzi N. (2013).
General Higher-Order Shear Deformation
Theories for the Free Vibration Analysis of
Completely Doubly-Curved Laminated Shells
and Panels. Composite Structures 95, 639-666.
Viola E., Tornabene F., Fantuzzi N. (2013).
Static Analysis of Completely Doubly-Curved
Laminated Shells and Panels Using General
Higher-Order Shear Deformation Theories.
Composite Structures 101, 59-93.
Cannarozzi M., Molari L. (2013). Stress-based
formulation for non-linear analysis of planar
elastic curved beams. International Journal of
Non-Linear Mechanics 55, 35-47.
Mazzotti M, Bartoli I., Marzani A. and Viola
E. (2013). A 2.5D Boundary Element formulation for modelling damped wave in arbitrary
cross-section waveguides and cavities, Journal of
Computational Physics, 248, 363-382.
Mazzotti M., Bartoli I., Marzani A and Viola E.
(2013). A coupled SAFE-2.5D BEM approach
for the dispersion analysis of damped leaky
guided waves in embedded waveguides of arbitrary cross-section, Ultrasonics, 53, 1227-1241.
Castellazzi G., De Marchi L., Krysl P. and Marzani A. (2013). Quantitative simulation of wave
propagation in human bones to support the ultrasonic non-invasive assessment of human bones,
Proc. of SPIE, Vol. 8695, 86952G-1 86952G-10.
Mazzotti M., Marzani A., Bartoli I., Viola E.
(2012). Guided Waves dispersion analysis for
prestressed viscoelastic waveguides by means of
the SAFE method, International Journal of Solids and Structures 49, 2359-2372.
de Miranda S., Mancuso M., Ubertini F. (2010).
Time discontinuous galerkin methods with energy decaying correction for non-linear elastodynamics. International Journal for Numerical
Methods in Engineering 83, 323-346.
Ferretti E. (2009). Cell method analysis of crack
propagation in tensioned concrete plates. Computer
Modeling in Engineering and Sciences 54, 253-281.
Ferretti E., Casadio E., Di Leo A. (2008). Masonry
walls under shear test: A CM modeling. Computer
Modeling in Engineering and Sciences 30, 163-189.
C. Gentilini, L. Nobile, K.A. Seffen. (2009).
Numerical analysis of morphing corrugated
plates. Procedia Engineering 1, 79–82.
RESEARCH PROJECTS
EU FP7-AAT-2011-RTD-1 ID. 284562 Project: SARISTU. Smart Intelligent Aircraft
Structures.
Verification in computational structural mechanics, PRIN2007 – Research Unit of Bologna, coordinator: Prof. F. Ubertini.
CONTACTS
[email protected]
[email protected]
166
Structures – Computational Structural Mechanics
ADVANCED COMPUTATIONAL TOOLS FOR ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF REAL
STRUCTURES
RESEARCH GROUP: Giovanni Castellazzi, Stefano de Miranda, Cristina Gentilini, Alessandro Marzani,
Luisa Molari, Francesco Ubertini
KEYWORDS: steel structures, falling rock protection barriers, leakage in cracked pipes, ceramic sanitary
ware, guided waves
This research line encompasses the application of
advanced computational tools for the analysis and
design of real structures. The current research activities address a wide range of issues, including:
- linear and nonlinear structural analysis of thin
walled beams, with emphasis for cold-formed
steel members, in which local phenomena such as
section distortion require the use of beam models
with enriched kinematics or three-dimensional
shell models,
- numerical strategies for the design and verification of flexible falling rock barriers: passive protection measures for risk mitigation of potentially unstable rock slopes. The key point of the proposed
approaches is that notwithstanding the complexity of the simulated phenomenon, the resulting
highly non-linear, dynamic models are simple and
produce an accurate prediction of all the relevant
parameters for barrier design, such as anchorage
forces, net panel elongations and residual heights,
- modelling of ceramic sanitary ware deformations
during the production process,
- analysis of the effects of permanent ground deformation on undergound and above ground pipe
networks,
- analysis of waveguides dispersive properties,
- models to evaluate the influence of the deformability of a cracked pressurized pipe on leakage, with
a focus on losses because of longitudinal splits. The
purpose is to evaluate the opening area (leak area),
while keeping the model as simple as possible,
- nonlinear analysis of masonry structures,
- modelling of tiles debonding due to shrinkage:
substrate shrinkage or temperature variations can
produce differential elongation/shortening between tiles and substrate. Consequently the tiling
failure like mode I mechanism can occur.
These issues have advanced broad applications
in the engineering practice of modern structural
analysis, design and construction of buildings and
other structures.
Fig. 1. Global, distortional and local buckling of
a thin-walled beam.
Fig. 2. Numerical simulation of the concrete
block impact on a rockfall barrier.
Fig. 3. Modelling of ceramic sanitary wares.
167
Research Projects and Activities 2015
MAIN PUBLICATIONS
de Miranda S., Gutiérrez A., Miletta R., Ubertini F. (2013). A generalized beam theory with
shear deformation. Thin-Walled Structures 67,
88-100.
Zagari G., Madeo A., Casciaro R., de Miranda S.,
Ubertini F. (2013). Koiter analysis of folded structures using a corotational approach. International
Journal of Solids and Structures 50, 755-765.
Braham M., Ruggerini A., Ubertini F. (2008). A
numerical model for roof detailing of cold-formed
purlin-sheeting systems. Stahlbau 77, 238-246.
de Miranda S., Miletta R., Ruggerini A., Ubertini F. (2011). Progettazione e calcolo di sistemi
di copertura formati a freddo. Costruzioni Metalliche 3, 43-53.
Castellazzi G. (2012). Analysis of second-order shear-deformable beams with semi-rigid
connections. Journal of Constructional Steel Research 79, 183-194.
Castellazzi G., de Miranda S., Mazzotti C.
(2012). Finite element modelling tuned on
experimental testing for the structural health
assessment of an ancient masonry arch bridge.
Mathematical Problems in Engineering, art. no.
495019.
Mazzotti C., de Miranda, S., Castellazzi G.,
Carrea F. (2012). Structural assessment of the
railway masonry arch bridge crossing the reno
river in Bologna. 6th International Conference
on Bridge Maintenance, Safety and Management, 1078-1085.
Gentilini C., Govoni L., de Miranda S., Gottardi G., Ubertini F. (2012). Three-dimensional
numerical modelling of falling rock protection
barriers. Computers and Geotechnics 44, 58-72.
Govoni L., de Miranda S., Gentilini C., Gottardi G., Ubertini F. (2011). Modelling of
falling rock protection barriers. International
Journal of Physical Modelling in Geotechnics 11,
126-137.
de Miranda S., Gentilini C., Gottardi G., Govoni L., Ubertini F. (2010). A simple model to
simulate the full-scale behaviour of falling rock
protection barriers. Physical Modelling in Geotechnics - Proceedings of the 7th International
Conference on Physical Modelling in Geotechnics
2010, ICPMG 2010, pp. 1247-1252.
Gentilini C., Gottardi G., Govoni L., Mentani
A., Ubertini F. (2013). Design of falling rock
protection barriers using numerical models. Engineering Structures 50, 96-106.
Bocchini P., Marzani A. and Viola E. (2010),
A Graphical User Interface for guided acoustic
waves, Journal of Computing in Civil Engineering 25, 202-210.
Pavlovic A., Fragassa C., de Miranda S. (2012).
Mini city cars need a crash test. International
CAE Conference, October 22-23, Pacengo-Lazise.
de Miranda S., Molari L., Scalet G., Ubertini F.
(2012). Simple beam model to estimate leakage in longitudinally cracked pressurized pipes.
ASCE Journal of Structural Engineering 138,
1065-1074.
de Miranda S., Molari L., Scalet G., Ubertini
F. (2010). Leakage evaluation in longitudinally cracked pressurized pipes. 4th International
Conference on Structural Engineering, Mechanics and Computation - SEMC, September 6-8,
Cape Town.
de Miranda S., De Rosis A., Fantuzzi N., Patruno L., Ubertini F. (2011). Progettazione integrata di stampi per sanitari ceramici. XX Congresso dell’Associazione Italiana di Meccanica
Teorica e Applicata - AIMETA2011, September
12-15, Bologna.
RESEARCH PROJECTS
Models and algorithms for the nonlinear analysis of structures and performance-based design,
PRIN2010 – Research Unit of Bologna, coordinator: Prof. F. Ubertini.
CONTACTS
[email protected]
[email protected]
168
Structures – Experimental Testing, Diagnosis and Monitoring of Structures
MATERIALS CHARACTERIZATION
RESEARCH GROUP: Camilla Colla, Elena Ferretti, Alessandro Marzani, Giovanni Pascale, Francesco Ubertini,
Erasmo Viola
KEYWORDS: NDT, monitoring, effective stress, effective strain, Poisson ratio
The research topics concern the development of
innovative and unconventional procedures and
testing techniques to be performed in the laboratory and on site for studying building materials, e.g.
mortars, bricks, wood, … with the aim of determining their mechanical and physical properties, such
as compression, shear or tensile strength, the elastic
modulus, the capillary rise velocity, etc. Moreover,
special procedures for testing single materials samples which may have irregular shapes or portions of
structural elements taken on-site, also on historic
and/or earthquakes damaged structures. A further
innovative development in the procedures for the
mechanical characterization of materials and assessment of the structure - environment interaction, is
represented by the coupling of mechanical tests
with non-destructive diagnostic techniques (sonic
tests, IR thermography, digital correlation of images, acoustic emission…) or monitoring systems, also
wireless (e.g. potential embedded sensors for salt
content monitoring in masonry materials).
Among the laboratory procedures, to identify the
constitutive law in uniaxial compression, it has
been proposed the procedure of the effective law
for brittle heterogeneous materials, which produces evidence against the existence of strain-softening and identifies a monotone strictly non
decreasing material law for concrete specimens in
uniaxial compression, whose average stress versus
average strain diagrams, σ-ε, are softening. The
basic idea is that the actual failure mechanism develops internally, with macro-cracks propagating
through the specimens from the very beginning
of the compression test. In cylindrical specimens,
these cracks isolate a resistant inner core of bi-conic shape, which remains intact, while the outer part
is expelled along the radial direction and splits into
several portions. The actual failure mechanism
gradually modifies the resistant structure and, consequently, the resistant area of the specimen.
On-site, minimally invasive testing equipment
(e.g. penetrometers for mortars and wood, hammers…) and combined procedures are used to
characterize the materials and assess the healthstate of the structures.
Fig. 1. View of the LISG laboratory.
Fig. 2. Monitoring of physical-mechanical tests
using acoustic emission sensors or DIC.
Fig. 3. Monotonically increasing constitutive law
for concrete specimens in uniaxial compression.
Fig. 4. On-site mechanical characterization of
historic mortars by micro-destructive testing.
169
Research Projects and Activities 2015
MAIN PUBLICATIONS
Ferretti E. and Bignozzi M.C. (2012). Stress and
Strain Profiles along the Cross-Section of Waste
Tire Rubberized Concrete Plates for Airport
Pavements, Computers, Materials, & Continua
(CMC) 27(3), 231-274.
Ferretti E. (2012). Shape-effect in the effective
laws of Plain and Rubberized Concrete. Computers, Materials, & Continua (CMC), 30(3),
237-284.
Ferretti E. (2012). Waste Tire Rubberized Concrete Plates for Airport Pavements: Stress and
Strain Profiles in Time and Space Domains.
Computers, Materials, & Continua (CMC)
31(2), 87-112.
Colla C., Gabrielli E., Krueger M. and Lehmann, F., (2012). Experience of acoustic emissions of masonry. Proc. of EWCHP 2012, Cultural Heritage Preservation, Kjeller, Norway,
September 24th -26th, ed. E. Dahlin, NILU
–Norwegian Institute for Air Research, ISBN
978-82-425-2525-3, 207-215.
Gabrielli E., Marani F. and Colla C. (2012). Ir
thermography to compare the evaporation fluxes in brick masonry. Proc. of EWCHP 2012,
Cultural Heritage Preservation, Kjeller, Norway,
September 24th -26th, ed. E. Dahlin, NILU –
Norwegian Institute for Air Research, ISBN
978-82-425-2525-3, 216-223.
Rajcic V. and Colla C. (2011). Correlations
between destructive and four NDT techniques
tests on historic timber elements. Proc. of EWCHP 2011, Cultural Heritage Preservation, Berlin, Germany, September 26-28, ed. M. Krüger,
Fraunhofer IRB Verlag, ISBN 978-3-81678560, 148-155.
Colla C. and Pascale G. (2010). Prove non distruttive e semidistruttive per la caratterizzazione
delle murature della torre Ghirlandina di Modena. In La torre Ghirlandina – storia e restauro,
R. Cadignani (a cura di), Roma, 218-227.
Ferretti E. and Di Leo A. (2008). Cracking and
Creep Role in Displacements at Constant Load:
Concrete Solids in Compression. Computers,
Materials & Continua. vol. 7, pp. 59 - 80 ISSN:
1546-2218.
E. Ferretti (2004). On Strain-Softening in Dynamics. International Journal of Fracture. vol.
126, pp. L75 - L82 ISSN: 0376-9429.
Ferretti E. (2004). On Poisson’s Ratio and Volumetric Strain in Concrete. International Journal
of Fracture. vol. 126, pp. L49 - L55 ISSN: 03769429.
Ferretti E. (2004). Experimental Procedure for
Verifying Strain-Softening in Concrete. International Journal of Fracture. vol. 126, pp. L27
- L34 ISSN: 0376-9429.
Ferretti E. (2004). A Discussion of Strain-Softening in Concrete. International Journal of
Fracture. vol. 126, pp. L3 - L10 ISSN: 03769429.
Ferretti E., Di Leo A. and Viola E. (2003). A
Novel Approach for the Identification of Material Elastic Constants. CISM Courses and
Lectures N. 471: Problems in Structural Identification and Diagnostic: General Aspects and
Applications, Springer, Wien-New York, pp.
117-131.
RESEARCH PROJECTS
SMooHS – Smart Monitoring of Historical
Structures, Unità di Bologna, European Research project ENV.2007.3.2.1.1.
CONTACTS
[email protected]
[email protected]
170
Structures – Experimental Testing, Diagnosis and Monitoring of Structures
MODELING AND DESIGN OF SHAKING TABLE TEST FACILITIES
RESEARCH GROUP: Giada Gasparini, Stefano Silvestri, Tomaso Trombetti
KEYWORDS: shaking table, dynamic tests, modelling, design
Shaking tables represent the main test tool for
the evaluation of the dynamic and seismic behaviour of structures. The first tables were realised at the end of the 60’s and at the beginning
of the 70’s and were often used for tests of scale
models with linear elastic behaviour. Since the
first 90’s, they became the object of an extensive
research activity for the development of a next
generation of such tools capable of offering new
and better possibilities. This next generation
of shaking tables (Rice University at Houston,
University of Firenze, LHPOST shaking table
at San Diego, Eucentre in Pavia, …) is characterised by:
(a) high accuracy in the displacements reproduction,
(b) large dimensions (in order to allow dynamic
tests upon small-scale structures, to better capture the post-yielding behaviour),
(c) capability of well reproducing near-fault
seismic input (characterised by very large values
of peak ground velocity and displacements).
The scientific activity mainly lies in the development of an analytical/numerical model of the
dynamic functioning of the shaking table capable of effectively capturing its actual behaviour
(creation of a virtual model of the table). This
model has revealed to be very useful for: (a) the
design project of new shaking tables, (b) for
their adjustments, and (c) for the study devoted
to the minimisation of the interactions between
the table itself and the testes structures.
Recently (2010-2013), the research group
planned, designed and directed two experimental shaking-table test campaigns:
1. Tests on a full-scale 3-storey building structure realized with sandwich r.c. panels, at the
EUCENTRE Lab in Pavia.
2. Tests on scaled models of flat-bottom silos containing grain –like materials, at the
EQUALS Lab in Bristol (UK).
Fig. 1. Tests on a full-scale 3-storey building
structure realized with sandwich r.c. panels, at
the EUCENTRE Lab in Pavia.
Total publications: 20.
171
Fig. 2. Tests on scaled models of flat-bottom
silos containing grain –like materials, at the
EQUALS Lab in Bristol (UK).
Research Projects and Activities 2015
MAIN PUBLICATIONS
T. Trombetti, S. Silvestri, G. Gasparini, I. Ricci,
S. Ivorra, D. Foti (2013). Preliminary results of a
shaking table tests on a 3-story building realized
with cast in place sandwich squat concrete walls,
ISEC-7, Honolulu, June 18 –23, 2013.
D. Foti, S. Ivorra, T. Trombetti, S. Silvestri, G.
Gasparini, L. Di Chiacchio, Final Report – ASESEGRAM project, “Assessment of the SEismic behaviour of flat-bottom Silos containing
GRAin-like Materials”, February 2013.
T. Trombetti, S. Silvestri, G. Gasparini, I. Ricci,
S. Ivorra, D. Foti (2011). Progettazione di una
prova su tavola vibrante di un edificio a tre piani in scala reale costituito da pareti sandwich in
c.a. gettato in opera, XIV Convegno Nazionale
“L’Ingegneria Sismica in Italia” ANIDIS 2011,
Bari, 19 - 22 Settembre 2011.
Ozcelik O., Luco E., Conte J.P., Trombetti T. and
Restrepo J. (2008). Experimental characterization, modeling and identification of the NEESUCSD shake table mechanical system. EARTH.
ENG. & STR. DYN. vol. 37-2, 243-264.
Conte J.P. and Trombetti T. (2000). Dynamic modeling of a uni-axial shaking table system.
Earthquake Engineering & Structural Dynamics
29, 1375-1404.
Trombetti T. and Conte J.P. (2002). Shaking Table Dynamics: results form a test-analysis comparison study. Journal of Earthquake Engineering
6(4), 513–551.
Trombetti T., Conte J.P. and Durrani A.J. (1998).
Actuator-foundation-specimen interaction in a
small shaking table. Proceedings of the 12th ASCE
Engineering Mechanics Specialty Conference, San
Diego, California, 770-773.
Trombetti T., Barrasso P., Crewe A., De Stefano
M., Gasparini G., Nudo R., Rutenberg A., Silvestri S. and Taylor C. (2004). Shaking table testing
of symmetric and asymmetric three-storey steel
frame structures. Atti del 13th World Conference
on Earthquake Engineering - 13WCEE, Vancouver, B.C., Canada, August 1-6, Paper No. 1248.
Trombetti T., Conte J.P. and Durrani A.J. (1999).
Correlation Studies between Analytical and Experimental Dynamic Behavior of the Rice University Shaking Table. Structural Research at Rice
Report N°. 49. Rice University, Houston, Texas.
Trombetti T., Conte J.P. and Durrani A.J. (1999).
Analytical Modeling of a Shaking Table System.
Structural Research at Rice Report N°. 48. Rice
University, Houston, Texas.
Aprile A., Benedetti A. and Trombetti T. (1994).
On Non Linear Dynamic Analysis in the Frequency Domain. Earthquake Engineering &
Structural Dynamics 23, 363–388.
RESEARCH PROJECTS
Progettazione e realizzazione di una tavola vibrante (2000-2001): Università di California a
Los Angeles.
Sperimentazione dinamica su tavola vibrante
(2000-2001): Bristol (UK).
Shake down test for a large shaking table facility
(responsabile delle prove di caratterizzazione e
messa a punto per una tavola vibrante di ampie
dimensioni) 2004: Università di California San
Diego (finanz. NISEE – prog. Marco Polo).
Progetto Giovani Ricercatori: Analisi e controllo
del funzionamento dinamico delle tavole vibranti”, Univ. di Bologna 2000/2001, T. Trombetti.
Prove di messa a punto ed accettazione di tavola vibrante monoassiale a movimento idraulico
(2005): Eucentre – Pavia.
Progetto di ricerca SERIES (2010-2011): “Seismic behavior of structural systems composed of
cast in situ concrete walls”, EUCENTRE TREES
Lab facility (Pavia, Italy), Lead User: Prof. Salvador Ivorra Chorro, University of Alicante, Resp.
Unità di Bologna: Prof. Tomaso Trombetti.
Progetto di ricerca SERIES (2010-2011): “Assessment of the seismic behaviour of flat-bottom
silos containing grain-like materials”, EQUALS
Laboratories (Bristol, UK), Lead User: Prof.
Dora Foti, Politecnico di Bari, Resp. Unità di Bologna: Prof. Tomaso Trombetti.
CONTACTS
[email protected]
172
Structures – Experimental Testing, Diagnosis and Monitoring of Structures
DYNAMIC IDENTIFICATION AND TESTING
RESEARCH GROUP: Pier Paolo Diotallevi, Claudio Mazzotti, Marco Savoia
KEYWORDS: identification, optimization, dynamics test, Wavelet wave, bridge
The research group is involved in the experimental study of the dynamic behavior of civil
structures. The problem is particularly relevant
because from the dynamic characterization of
the system (modes, natural frequencies, damping), the most plausible values of the main parameters governing the numerical models able
to simulate the behavior of the structure can be
defined by identification techniques.
The study can be split in three main topics: setup of experimental tests, determination of the
dynamic characteristics of the structure and processing of data to estimate unknown parameters
of models such as stiffness and mass of the system
(model updating). Within the first topic, different types of structures such as hospitals, schools,
bridges, railway bridges and pedestrian bridges
were considered. The tests were carried out either
using a forced excitation or environmental excitation (wind, traffic). Both conventional instrumentation and low-cost accelerometers (MEMS)
were used. Frequencies, modal deformation and
damping were then identified by using methods
defined in the frequency domain and in the time
domain, such as circle fit, ARMA, ARMAV,
Lissajous diagrams and coupled time-frequency
methods such as wavelet transforms.
The estimate of the actual values of the parameters of the mechanical properties (material
assumptions, constraints, and structural and
nonstructural masses), finally, was obtained by
solving an optimization process. The research
focuses on the study and application of genetic
and evolutionary algorithms and their variants,
whereas frequencies and mode shapes were
assigned. The shape of the error function for
different choices of the number of natural frequencies and mode shapes were investigated. In
addition, pseudo-experimental or experimental
input data were considered. Finally, it was implemented a modified version of an evolutionary algorithm to improve accuracy and speed of
convergence.
Fig. 1. Identification of natural frequencies for a
building.
Fig. 2. Test of environmental vibration for a flyover.
Fig. 3. Forced vibration test on a pedestrian
bridge.
173
Research Projects and Activities 2015
MAIN PUBLICATIONS
Vincenzi L., De Roeck G., Savoia M. (2013- in
press) Comparison between Differential Evolution Algorithm and Coupled local Minimizer
Method. Advances in Engineering Software.
Guidorzi R., Diversi R., Vincenzi L., Mazzotti
C., Simioli V. (2013 – in press) Structural monitoring of a tower by means of MEMS–based
sensing and enhanced autoregressive models. European Journal of Control.
Vincenzi L., Savoia M., Salvatore W. (2012) Experimental modal analysis and fatigue assessment
on the Lagoscuro viaduct. 6th International Conference on Bridge Maintenance, Safety and Management, 8-12/07/2012, Stresa, Lago Maggiore.
Pantoli E., Vincenzi L., Savoia M., Testa R. (2011)
The effect of local vibrations on fatigue in old steel
riveted bridges. A case study: the Manhattan Bridge.
8th International Conference on Structural Dynamics, EURODYN 2011, 4-6/7/2011, Leuven, Belgio
Vincenzi L., Mazzotti C., Guidorzi R. (2011)
Monitoraggio strutturale della torre della facoltà
di Ingegneria di Bologna. XIV convegno ANIDIS, 18-22/09/2011, Bari.
Vincenzi L., Savoia M. (2010) Improving the
speed performance of an Evolutionary Algorithm
by a second-order cost function approximation.
2nd International Conference on Engineering Optimization, 6-9/09/2010, Lisbona, Portogallo
Vincenzi L., Mazzotti C., Guidorzi R. (2010).
Utilizzo di MEMS per il monitoraggio strutturale.
XVIII Convegno CTE, Brescia.
C. Belmonte, P.P. Diotallevi, O. Manfroni. (2010).
“Comparison Between Two Methods In Frequency Domain for Dynamic Identification”. Proceedings of the 14th European Conference on Earthquake Engineering, 30/08-3/09/2010, Ohrid,
Republic of Macedonia
C. Belmonte, P. P. Diotallevi, O. Manfroni. (2009).
“Metodi nel dominio delle frequenze per l’identificazione dinamica di una passerella pedonale”. XIII
Convegno Nazionale L’Ingegneria Sismica in Italia, ANIDIS. 28/06-2/07, Bologna.
C. Belmonte, E. Caetano, A. Cunha, P.P. Diotallevi. (2009). “Extraction of modal parame-
ters through Wavelet Transform”. Proceedings
of the “IV ECCOMAS Thematic Conference
SMART’09”. 13-15 July 2009, Porto, Portugal.
Vincenzi L., Mazzotti C. (2009). Identificazione
dinamica di una passerella pedonale strallata mediante algoritmi nel dominio delle frequenze, XIII
Convegno Nazionale di Ingegneria Sismica ANIDIS, 28 giugno-2 luglio, Bologna.
Vincenzi L. Savoia M., (2009). Coupling of differential evolution algorithm and quadratic approximation for dynamic identification, ICOSSAR
- International conference of structural safety and
reliability 2009, Osaka, Japan.
P.P. Diotallevi, O. Manfroni, C. Belmonte. (2008).
“Dynamic identification of a timber footbridge
subject to vibration tests”. Proceedings of the 14th
World Conference on Earthquake Engineering,
Beijing, China, October 12-17, 2008.
Savoia M., Vincenzi L. (2008). Differential Evolution Algorithm for Dynamic Structural Identification. Journal of Earthquake Engineering.
Vol. 12, pp. 800-821.
Vincenzi L., Mazzotti C., Savoia M. (2006). Modal identification of a TAV viaduct using subspace
models. 2nd International FIB Congress. 5-8 giugno, Napoli.
Vincenzi L., Savoia M. (2005), Identificazione
dei parametri modali autoregressivi di un modello
ARMA Vettoriale attraverso algoritmi evolutivi, AIMeTA di Meccanica Teorica e Applicata, 11-15
settembre, Firenze.
RESEARCH PROJECTS
2009-2012: Research Project FADLESS (Fatigue damage control and assessment for railway
bridges), sponsored by European Commission
within program RFCS (Research Fund for Coal
and Steel-FP7); partners of the projects are: PISA
ricerche, Riva Acciaio, VCE Holding, K. U. Leuven, LMS International NV, Bauhaus Universitat
Weimar, Facultade De Engenharia Da Universitade Do Porto, University of Bologna.
CONTACTS
[email protected]
[email protected]
[email protected]
174
Structures – Historical/Monumental Cultural Heritage
EXPERIMENTAL TECHNIQUES FOR THE STUDY OF HISTORICAL MASONRY
STRUCTURES
RESEARCH GROUP: Andrea Benedetti, Nicola Buratti, Pier Paolo Diotallevi, Giada Gasparini, Cristina
Gentilini, Luca Landi, Claudio Mazzotti, Marco Savoia, Stefano Silvestri, Tomaso Trombetti, Francesco Ubertini
KEYWORDS: masonry, consolidation, monuments, seismic vulnerability
The research focus on the development of consolidation techniques that combine the conservation
of monuments with the seismic protection of users.
The activity includes:
(1) The development of experimental techniques
for non-destructive characterization of the masonry walls. In particular, advanced diagnostic
and monitoring techniques are implemented
and used in laboratory and on-site, to allow the
non-destructive evaluation of the quality, the
‘homogeneity, the degradation and the state of
health of structural elements in masonry, wood
and concrete buildings. The development of new
procedures for data acquisition, post-processing
of the data and data fusion is pursued in order
to maximize the potential of these techniques.
(2) The analysis of seismic vulnerability of
buildings and masonry bridges. In this context,
a simplified methodology for the assessment
of the vulnerability of existing RC structures
and masonry has been developed (RESISTO).
Fig. 1. Diagnosis on Ghirlandina tower, Modena: sonic results and velocity classes.
Fig. 2. Evaluation of homogeneity of mansonry
by thermography and wireless monitoring.
(3) The definition of consolidation techniques.
Various solutions to repair structures have been
studied. In particular composite materials with
metal or carbon fibers, in a matrix of epoxy or
cement-based have been studied. Numerous
applications to real cases have been carried out.
The results of the analysis were included in the
guidelines document developed by CNR for the
repair of composite materials CD 200/2004.
(4) assessment of the structural damage induced
by salts on masonry. The shear behaviour of artificially damaged masonry specimens is investigated by means of an ad hoc experimental test.
As well known, the shear behaviour of masonry
buildings plays a crucial role for structures located in areas prone to seismic hazard.
Fig. 3. Shear test on masonry triplet. Precompression apparatus.
175
Research Projects and Activities 2015
MAIN PUBLICATIONS
Sassoni E., Mazzotti C. (2013) The use of small diameter cores for assessing the compressive strength
of clay brick masonries. Journal of Cultural Heritage 14S, 95-101.
Bitelli G., Colla C., Gabrielli E., Girardi F., Ubertini F. Quantitative monitoring of superficial decay
evolution in plastered and unplastered outdoors
masonry, Journal of Architectural Heritage (in
print).
Gentilini C., Franzoni E., Bandini S., Nobile L.
(2012) Effect of salt crystallisation on the shear behaviour of masonry walls: An experimental study.
Construction and Building Materials, 37, 181-189.
Gasparini G., Silvestri S., Palermo M., Trombetti
T., Dallavalle G. (2012) The monitoring system of
the “Due Torri” in Bologna, Italy: preliminary results, Proceedings of MEMSCON Workshop 2012
(7th European Framework Programme): Towards
Intelligent Civil Infrastructure, Athens, Greece.
Frick, J., Colla, C., Gabrielli, E., Gruener, F.,
(2012), “Seasonal Monitoring of Salt Movement
in Masonry Materials”, In Cultural Heritage Preservation, Proc. of EWCHP 2012, Kjeller, Norway,
September 24th -26th, ed. E. Dahlin, NILU –
Norwegian Institute for Air Research, ISBN 97882-425-2525-3, pp. 27-34.
Strojecki, M., Łukomski, M., Colla, C., Gabrielli,
E., (2012), “Acoustic emission as a non-destructive method for tracing damage: from laboratory
testing to monitoring historic structures”, RILEM
Bookseries, vol. 6, Proc. of NDTMS-2011 Int.
Symp. on Nondestructive Testing of Materials and
Structures, Istanbul Technical University, Turkey,
May 15-18, Springer, ISBN: 978-94-007-0722-1,
pp. 1131-1136.
F. Sandrolini, E. Franzoni, E. Sassoni, P.P. Diotallevi. (2011). The contribution of urban-scale environmental monitoring to materials diagnostics: a
study on the Cathedral of Modena (Italy). Journal
of Cultural Heritage, 12, 441-450.
Colla C., Pascale G. (2010) Prove non distruttive
e semidistruttive per la caratterizzazione delle murature della torre Ghirlandina di Modena, in La
torre Ghirlandina – storia e restauro, R. Cadignani
(a cura di), Luca Sossella editore s.r.l., Roma, pp.
218-227.
L. Landi, P.P. Diotallevi, R. Gabellieri (2010). Outof-plane dynamic behaviour of unreinforced masonry walls in buildings with flexible diaphragms.
14th European Conference on Earthquake Engineering. Ohrid, Republic of Macedonia.
Colla, C., Benedetti, A., (2009), “Applicazioni di
tomografia acustica e prove di resistenza alla penetrazione per la valutazione del degrado di elementi
strutturali lignei antichi”, in Consolidamento delle
strutture di legno, M. Piazza (Ed.), Benevento,
Hevelius Edizioni, Ottobre, pp. 79-98.
L. Pelà, A. Aprile, A. Benedetti, (2009), “Seismic
assessment of masonry arch bridges”, Engineering
Structures, 31(8), August 2009, p. 1777-1788.
A. Benedetti and E. Mangoni (2008), NDT evaluation of ancient masonry properties by means of
splitting tests on cores with diametric mortar layer,
First International RILEM Symposium SACoMaTiS 2008, 1-2 September 2008, Varenna, Italy, p.
431-441.
RESEARCH PROJECTS
ReLUIS 2005–2008: N. 8 Task 7: Criteri di
progetto per l’adeguamento sismico di strutture
in muratura.
ReLUIS 2009-2012: Area Tematica 2, Linea di
Ricerca 3, Task 1: Sviluppo ed analisi di nuovi
materiali per l’adeguamento sismico di volte e
cupole in muratura.
SMooHS – Smart Monitoring of Historical
Structures, FP7-2008, Collaborative EU project. Project Ref.: 212939.
3ENCULT – Efficient Energy for EU Cultural Heritage, FP7-2010, Collaborative EU project. Project Ref.: 260162.
CONTACTS
[email protected]
[email protected]
176
Structures – Historical/Monumental Cultural Heritage
NUMERICAL TECHNIQUES FOR THE STUDY OF HISTORICAL MASONRY
STRUCTURES
RESEARCH GROUP: Andrea Benedetti, Giovanni Castellazzi, Camilla Colla, Alberto Custodi, Stefano
de Miranda, Pier Paolo Diotallevi, Elena Ferretti, Cristina Gentilini, Luca Landi, Luisa Molari, Lucio Nobile,
Giovanni Pascale, Lino Sciortino, Francesco Ubertini
KEYWORDS: FEM simulations, masonry structures, coupled models, seismic vulnerability, salt attack
The focus of the research is the development
and application of theoretical models and numerical methods for the structural analysis of
historic structures.
The actual research activity encompasses a large
number of structural issues involving historical
buildings, in particular:
- development of coupled multiphase models
for the hygrothermal analysis of masonry structures aimed at the evaluation of the stress induced by crystallization of salts;
- development of advanced constitutive models
of the mechanical behavior of masonry;
- analysis of the seismic vulnerability of masonry
structures, considering both in-plane and outof-plane mechanisms;
- assessment of the carrying capacity of masonry structures and reserves of security against
the stresses might be required as a result of the
execution of works of consolidation and restoration;
- development, investigation and evaluation of
new methodologies for the integrated, multyphisics modelling of built cultural heritage with
the target to support the development of energy
efficiency interventions which minimize the primary energy consumption in historic buildings,
taking into full account the preservation tasks.
Further research topic concerns the development of multiscale approaches for the structural
analysis of masonry buildings in the presence of
degradation due to environmental actions, such
as capillary suction and crystallization of salts.
The multiscale approach allows to accurately
capture most of the degradation process – often accompanied by localization of damage in
narrow zones, which ultimately leads to failure
– still remaining computationally efficient for
large-scale structural computations.
Fig. 1. Rising moisture: numerical model and
experimental evidence.
Fig. 2. Linear dynamic analysis: modal identification of an historical bridge.
Fig. 3. Linear dynamic analysis of an historical
church. Longitudinal section of a main eigenmode.
177
Research Projects and Activities 2015
MAIN PUBLICATIONS
Bovo M., Mazzotti C., Savoia M. (2013). Structural behaviour of historical stone arches and
vaults: experimental tests and numerical interpretation. Studi e Ricerche 32.
Castellazzi G., Gentilini C., Nobile L. (2013).
Seismic vulnerability assessment of an historical church: limit analysis and non-linear Finite
Element analysis. Advances in Civil Engineering
(in press).
Gabellieri R., Landi L., Diotallevi P.P. (2013) A
2-dof model for the dynamic analysis of unreinforced masonry walls in out-of-plane bending.
4th ECCOMAS Thematic Conference on Computational Methods in Structural Dynamics and
Earthquake Engineering, Kos Island, Greece.
Colla C., Molari L., Gabrielli E., de Miranda
S. (2012). Damp and salt rising in damaged
masonry structures: numerical modelling and
NDT monitoring. RILEM Bookseries 6, 11511156.
Colla C., de Miranda S., Ubertini F. (2011).
Indagini in sito per la diagnostica strutturale
dell’elevato: la Casa del Tramezzo di Legno ad
Ercolano. In: DHER, Domus Herculanensis
Rationes, Sito Archivio Museo – A. Coralini (a
cura di), Vesuviana, AnteQuem- Studi e Scavi
30, Bologna, 145-161.
Ferretti E., Casadio E., Di Leo A. (2008). Masonry Walls under Shear Test: a CM Modeling,
Computer Modeling in Engineering & Science
30, 163-190.
Castellazzi G., de Miranda S., Mazzotti C.
(2012). Finite Element Modelling Tuned on
Experimental Testing for the Structural Health
Assessment of an Ancient Masonry Arch
Bridge. Mathematical Problems in Engineering
art. no. 495019.
Castellazzi G., Custodi A., Sciortino L., Vagnetti A., Colla C., de Miranda S., Ubertini F.
(2008). Modellazione e simulazione di strutture archeologiche in area vesuviana, Convegno
Internazionale VESUVIANA, Bologna, January
14-16.
Mazzotti C., de Miranda S., Castellazzi G.,
Carrea F. (2012). Structural assessment of the
railway masonry arch bridge crossing the Reno
river in Bologna. 6th International Conference on
Bridge Maintenance, Safety, Management, Resilience and Sustainability, Stresa, 1078-1085.
RESEARCH PROJECTS
Castellazzi G., Colla C., de Miranda S., Formica
G., Gabrielli E., Molari L., Ubertini F. (2013).
A coupled multiphase model for hygrothermal
analysis of masonry structures and prediction of
stress induced by salt crystallization. Construction and Building Materials 41, 717-731.
Castellazzi G., de Miranda S., Formica G., Ubertini F. (2010). Fully coupled diffusion-damage
analysis in historical masonry walls. XVIII Convegno Italiano di Meccanica Computazionale GIMC 2010, Siracusa, Italy.
Savoia M., Carli R., D’Amato L. (2010) L’utilizzo di tecniche di indagine soniche per la valutazione dell’efficacia dei consolidamenti nelle
murature storiche. XVIII Congresso C.T.E. Atti. s.n, pp. 1163-1172. 2, Brescia.
3ENCULT – Efficient Energy for EU Cultural
Heritage, FP7-2010, Collaborative EU project.
Project Ref.: 260162.
SMooHS – Smart Monitoring of Historical
Structures, FP7-2008, Collaborative EU project. Project Ref.: 212939.
Homogenization of elementary cells of masonry
by means of the Cell Method, PRIN2006 - Research Unit of Bologna, coordinator: Prof. A.
Di Leo.
From survey to structural analysis of Roman
constructions in the Vesuvio area, PRIN2005
Unit of Bologna, coordinator: Prof. F. Ubertini.
Pompei, Insula IX 8: experimentation and modeling of materials and structures, PRIN2003,
Unit of Bologna, coordinator: Ing. Custodi.
CONTACTS
[email protected]
178
Structures – Historical/Monumental Cultural Heritage
STRUCTURAL DIAGNOSTICS AND MONITORING OF CULTURAL HERITAGE
RESEARCH GROUP: Roberto Carli, Camilla Colla, Alessandro Marzani, Giovanni Pascale, Francesco Ubertini
KEYWORDS: historic structures, marble statues, NDT, cracks, sensors, monitoring
The Cultural Heritage evaluation requires a multiphase and integrated diagnostic approach with
extended and deepened experimental campaigns,
not harmful to the good. The research group
works on the advanced development and use of
non-destructive and minimally invasive survey
techniques and test procedures aimed at determining the health-state of historic structures and
their materials (brick and stone masonry, timber).
Among these, sonic tests, radar, IR thermography,
tomography, penetrometric tests on mortar and
timber, micro-coring, lab determinations on historic samples. In addition, structural monitoring,
both traditional and wireless, has been carried out.
The experience gained has resulted in prestigious
projects in the field of Cultural Heritage, such as
the 7FP EU Project SMooHS, the agreements
with regional architectonic and archaeological Superintendents and with the Galleria dell’Accademia in Florence, for monitoring large marble statues
including two Michelangelo Buonarroti works:
the famous David and the “Prigione Barbuto”. In
big marble statues, the large masses and shapes
often cause high stresses in the material, especially in case of earthquakes or other vibrations. This
can result in dangerous situations. Thus, non-destructive diagnostic investigations and continuous monitoring by means of minimally invasive,
high sensitive and stable systems, able to give early
warnings, become necessary. The David presents a
severe crack pattern in the lower part of the legs.
The cracks’ depths estimation, important for the
structural analyses, has been carried out by means
of ultrasonic tests, using properly developed and
optimized procedures. A wide crack in the “Prigione Barbuto” has been monitored over two years
with laser triangulation sensors. The crack pattern
of the David is monitored by a fiber optic sensors
FBG network, providing remotely recorded and
processed information. The system is controlled by
a “Smartbrick ®” device, which also measure vibration, inclination and changes in the environmental
parameters.
Fig. 1. Some structures recently surveyed: Ghirlandina tower and Modena Cathedral (UNESCO sites), Palazzina della Viola, Palazzo D’Accursio, San Barbaziano church (top); Palazzo
Malvezzi, load tests on a ceiling, with details
of traditional and wireless monitoring systems,
and on a timber beam (bottom).
Fig. 2. David and Prigione Barbuto at the Galleria dell’Accademia in Florence.
Fig. 3. Ultrasound tests at the David and wireless monitoring of salt content in masonry.
179
Research Projects and Activities 2015
MAIN PUBLICATIONS
Grosse C.U., Pascale G., Simon S., Krüger M.,
Troi A., Colla C., Rajčić V., Lukomski M., “Smart
monitoring of historic structures - overview about
a medium-scale research project in the EU 7th
research Framework Programme”, International
Workshop - SMW08, In Situ Monitoring of Monumental Surfaces, Florence, 27-29 October 2008,
ISBN 978-88-7970-390-1.
Ubertini F., Pascale G., de Miranda S., Colla C.
“Monitoraggio intelligente di strutture storiche”.
Atti del XIII Congresso dell’Associazione Italiana
Prove non Distruttive Monitoraggio Diagnostica
– AIPnD. Roma. 15-17 ott. 2009, IDN 83.
Colla, C., Pascale, G., (2010), “Prove non distruttive e semidistruttive per la caratterizzazione delle
murature della torre Ghirlandina di Modena”, in
La torre Ghirlandina – storia e restauro, R. Cadignani (a cura di), Roma, pp. 218-227.
Pascale G., Bastianini F., Carli R., “Monitoring
marble cracking in the David by Michelangelo”,
Proc. Art’11, 10th Int. Conf. on Non-Destructive
Investigations and microanalysis for the diagnostics
and conservation of cultural and environmental
heritage, Florence, April 13th-15th, 2011, NDT44.
Pascale G., Bastianini F., Colla C., Gabrielli E. “Diagnostica e monitoraggio dei beni culturali”, relazione su invito, XCVII Cong. Naz. SIF, Società Italiana di Fisica, L’Aquila, 26-30 sett.2011.
Bastianini F., Sedigh S., Pascale G., Perri G.,
“Cost-Effective Dynamic Structural Health Monitoring with a Compact and Autonomous Wireless Sensor System”, Proc. of NDTMS-2011 Int.
Symp. Nondestructive Testing of Mat. and Struct.,
Istanbul Tech. Univ., Turkey, May 15-18, RILEM
Bookseries, 6, Springer 2012, ISBN: 978-94-0070722-1, pp. 1065-1070.
Pascale G., Bastianini F., Lolli A., Carli R., Peddis
F., Grossi S.. “Monitoraggio di stati fessurativi nelle grandi statue marmoree”, Conf. Naz. prove non
distruttive monitoraggio diagnostica, 14° Congresso AIPnD, Firenze, 26-28 ottobre 2011.
Colla C., Gabrielli E., Pascale G., Di Tommaso A.,
Ubertini F., “Masonry assessment for the seismic
risk evaluation of historic structures”, 15th IB-
2MaC, 15th Int. Brick and Block Masonry Conf.,
Florianópolis, Brazil, June 3th-6th, 2012.
Strojecki, M., Łukomski, M., Colla, C., Gabrielli, E., “Acoustic emission as a non-destructive
method for tracing damage: from laboratory
testing to monitoring historic structures”, Proc. of
NDTMS-2011 Int. Symp. Nondestructive Testing
of Mat. and Struct., Istanbul Tech. Univ., Turkey,
May 15-18, RILEM Bookseries, 6, Springer, 2012,
ISBN: 978-94-007-0722-1, pp. 1131-1136.
Colla, C., et al., “Integrated approach for on-site
assessment of conservation state of a historical
masonry building: Malvezzi Palace, Italy”, Proc.
of SAHC 2012, Structural analysis of historical
constructions, Wroclaw, Poland, Oct. 15th -17th,
2012, ISBN 978-83-7125-216-7, pp. 2367-2375.
Colla, C., Gabrielli, E., Krueger, M., Lehmann, F.,
Bastianini, F., “On-site loading test in the historic
building of Malvezzi Palace, Bologna, Italy: experience integrating traditional measurements tools
with wireless sensor systems”, Proc. of EWCHP
2012, Kjeller, Sept.24th-26th, 2012, ISBN 97882-425-2525-3, pp. 198-206.
Pascale G., Lolli A., “Cracking assessment in the
David by Michelangelo”, 5th Int. Conf. on NDT
of HSNT - IC MINDT 2013, Athens, Greece,
May 20-22, 2013.
RESEARCH PROJECTS
SMooHS – Smart Monitoring of Historical
Structures, FP7-2008, Collaborative EU project.
Project Ref.: 212939.
Convenzione con la Fondazione “Friends of Florence” per il monitoraggio dello stato fessurativo presente nel Prigione Barbuto di Michelangelo presso
la Galleria dell’Accademia di Firenze, 2007-2009.
Convenzione con la Fondazione “Friends of Florence” per il monitoraggio dello stato fessurativo
presente nel David di Michelangelo presso la Galleria dell’Accademia di Firenze, delle vibrazioni
alla base e di altri parametri correlabili alla situazione statica dell’opera d’arte, 2009-2011.
CONTACTS
[email protected]
[email protected]
180
Structures – New Materials and Special Structures
EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION AND MODELING OF PRECAST SYSTEMS
RESEARCH GROUP: Andrea Benedetti, Claudio Mazzotti, Marco Savoia
KEYWORDS: precast structure, experimental study, node panel, creep, bar anchorage
In the last few years, precast construction systems
for multi-storey buildings which include in-situ
completion are becoming more and more common. They provide a certain degree of hyperstaticity and an adequate resistance to seismic actions
to the structure. The research group is interested
in the characterization of precast reinforced concrete structural elements such as beams, single- or
multi-storey columns, columns anchored to the
foundation, beam-column joints and sandwich
panels, with regard to the serviceability and ultimate limit states.
The research was carried out conducting lab tests
on full-scale specimens and numerical models for
the interpretation of the experimental results. The
long-term behaviour and the evolution of the strain
distribution in the various construction stages of
precast reinforced concrete beams constructed by
stages have been observed and a fibre model have
been proposed to describe the long-term redistribution of stresses in the section. Tests on multi-storey
precast columns with only longitudinal reinforcement in the node panel were conducted and a numerical model to predict the critical load was validated. Tests on the behavior of bars anchored in the
foundation inside metal box, filled with high-performance mortar have been carried out considering
monotonic and cyclic loads (pull-out tests on individual bars with different anchorage lengths and
tests on RC columns, anchored in foundation, under cyclic bending and axial force) as well as tests for
the evaluation of the cyclic behaviour of full-scale
three and four way beam-column nodes.
Currently the research group is also working on
innovative wall systems made of concrete and
weak reinforcement and on walls made of wooden blocks. Monotonic and cyclic tests have been
conducted on full scale specimens in order to characterize the seismic behaviour also, as well as tests
for the evaluation of the performance of thermal
and acoustic insulation. The group is also working
in collaboration with companies for the development of a dissipative beam-column connection for
precast reinforced concrete structures designed
without seismic criteria.
181
Fig. 1. Experimental set-up for creep test on precast beams.
Fig. 2. Cyclic loading test on beam-column node
in full-scale.
Fig. 3. Dissipative beam-column connection for
precast structures.
Research Projects and Activities 2015
MAIN PUBLICATIONS
Pollini A. V., Mazzotti C., Savoia M. (2013) Comportamento sperimentale e numerico di un sistema
dissipativo per le connessioni di strutture prefabbricate. 15° Convegno ANIDIS,30/06-04/07/2013,
Padova.
Savoia M., Mazzotti C., Buratti N., Ferracuti B., Bovo
M., Ligabue V., Vincenzi L. (2012) Damages and collapses in industrial precast buildings after the Emilia
earthquake. Ingegneria Sismica 3-3, 120-131.
Mazzotti C., Bacci L. (2012) Prove di pull-out su un
sistema di ancoraggio per strutture prefabbricate. 19°
Congresso C.T.E. 8-10/11/2012, Bologna.
Bovo M., Mazzotti C. (2012) Indagini numeriche
su nodi trave-colonna a tre vie per sistemi prefabbricati completati in opera. 19° Congresso C.T.E.
8-10/11/2012, Bologna.
Bottoni M., Mazzotti C., Savoia M. (2008). Prove
sperimentali a lungo termine su una trave prefabbricata realizzata in due fasi. 17° Congresso C.T.E.
Roma. 5-8/11/2008 pp. 223-232.
Benedetti A., Finotto E., Montesi M. (2007). Modellazione ad Elementi Finiti di Edifici a Struttura
Prefabbricata in Zona Sismica, Atti del XII Convegno Nazionale L’Ingegneria Sismica in Italia, 1014/06/2007. Pisa, Italy.
Vincenzi L., Mazzotti C., Savoia M., Ceccoli C.,
Ferrari M. (2007). Investigation of ultimate capacity of beam-column joints of precast system. Studies
and Researches Vol. 27, pp. 93-116.
Ceccoli C., Mazzotti C., Savoia M., Vincenzi L. e
Ferrari M. (2007). Comportamento dei nodi del
sistema di prefabbricazione APE, Industria della
prefabbricazione, Vol. 13/2007, pp. 14-26.
Vincenzi L., Mazzotti C., Ferrari M. (2011) Studio
sperimentale-numerico di nodi trave-pilastro di sistemi a telaio prefabbricati. 24° Convegno ANIDIS,
18-22/09/2011, Bari.
Ceccoli C., Mazzotti C., Savoia M., Vincenzi L.,
Ferrari M. (2006). Comportamento dei nodi del
sistema di prefabbricazione Ape, 16° Congresso
C.T.E., 9-11/11/2006, Parma.
Mazzotti C., Vincenzi L. (2010) Experimental
Investigation on a Beam-Column Node of a Multi-Story Precast RC System. 14th European Conference on Earthquake Engineering, 30/08/2010
- 3/09/2010, Ohrid, Republic of Macedonia.
RESEARCH PROJECTS
Mazzotti C., Savoia M., Ferrari M. (2010), Comportamento ciclico degli ancoraggi in fondazione di
pilastri prefabbricati. 18° Congresso C.T.E. Brescia.
11-13/11/2010 pp. 1-10.
Research Project with REGLASS (Minerbio - Bo)
for the development of dissipative beam-column connections in precast reinforced concrete structures.
Mazzotti C., Vincenzi L., Savoia M., Ferrari M.
(2010), Comportamento di nodi trave-colonna di
strutture parzialmente prefabbricate. 18° Congresso
C.T.E. Brescia. 11-13/11/2010 pp. 1-10.
Bottoni M., Mazzotti C. e Savoia M. (2009), Longterm experimental tests on precast beams completed
with cast in situ concrete, European Journal of Environmental and Civil Engineering, 13(6), pp. 727744.
Mazzotti C., Savoia M. (2008). A fiber model for
the long-term behavior of reinforced concrete sections. Proceedings of the 8th international conference on Creep, Shrinkage and Durability Mechanics of Concrete and Concrete Structures. Ise-Shima,
Japan. 30 September - 2 October, pp. 615-621.
Research Project with APE (Montecchio Emilia RE) for the study of the mechanical behaviour of
precast elements completed on site. Coordinator:
Prof. Marco Savoia.
Research Project with TERZER (Besenello - TN)
for the characterization of the mechanical behavior
and thermo-acoustic properties of walls made of
wooden blocks.
Research Project with ISOBLOC (Soragna - Pr) for
the study of innovative block-formwork systems.
2010-2013: Research project funded by the Department of Civil Protection – Reluis, Task 2.1.1:
Aspects on the seismic design of new buildings “Reinforced Concrete Structures” Coordinator:
Prof. Spacone
CONTACTS
[email protected]
[email protected]
[email protected]
182
Structures – New Materials and Special Structures
NUMERICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL CHARACTERIZATION OF THE INSTANTANEOUS AND LONG-TERM BEHAVIOR OF INNOVATIVE AND SUSTAINABLE
CONCRETES
RESEARCH GROUP: Nicola Buratti, Barbara Ferracuti, Claudio Mazzotti, Marco Savoia
KEYWORDS: Fibres, FRC, SCC, cracking, long-term behaviour
Fibre reinforced concretes are standard or high
strength concretes to which steel, synthetic or natural fibres are added. The properties of this composite materials depend on the characteristics of
the different components and on their dosages; in
particular for a given percentage volume of fibres
the most important parameters are the mechanical
and geometrical properties of the fibres, and the fibre-concrete bond. As part of this research, experimental tests have been carried out in order to evaluate the flexural tensile strength of FRC prisms, the
long-term behaviour of plain and self-compacting
concrete reinforced with either steel or synthetic
fibres, the effects of temperature and the durability in aggressive environments of FRC beams. The
results of the experimental tests allowed to compare the behaviour, for ultimate and serviceability
loads, of elements reinforced with different types
of fibres. Using the experimental data gathered,
different hinge-based and sectional models were
developed to describe the short-term mechanical
behaviour of the FRCs as well as constitutive inverse analysis procedures to define the constitutive
relationships for the FRCs.The issue of evaluating
the long-term behaviour of self-compacting concrete was also addressed as the higher amount of
fines suggests the possibility of developing a greater deformation. Several experimental campaigns
aiming at the study of both viscosity and shrinkage
of SCC have been conducted. The development
over time of both longitudinal and transverse
deformation as well as other mechanical properties
were measured and different stress levels were also
considered. Based on the results obtained, a prediction model based on the Model Code 1990 was
developed, modified by including the dependence
on certain mix parameters and the development of
resistance over time. SCC mixes were also used to
cast beams in order to observe the development of
deflection, the cracking behaviour with time and
the residual strength at the end of the long-term
loading. Current studies are mainly focused on the
mechanical behaviour of SCC made with various
types of fibres and recycling aggregates.
Fig. 1. Long-term tests on cracked FRC beams.
Fig. 2. Force-crack opening curves from threepoint bending tests.
183
Fig. 3. Development with time of viscosity for
different SCCs.
Research Projects and Activities 2015
MAIN PUBLICATIONS
Manzi S., Bignozzi M. C., Mazzotti C. (2013)
Short and long-term behavior of structural concrete with recycled concrete aggregate. Cement &
Concrete Composites 37, 312-318.
Buratti N., Ferracuti B., Savoia M. (2013) Concrete crack reduction in tunnel linings by steel fibre-reinforced concretes. Construction and Building Materials 44, 249-259.
Mazzotti C., Savoia M. (2012) An Experimental
Campaign on the Long-Term Properties of Self
Compacting Concrete. Advances in Structural
Engineering 15, No.7, 1155-1166.
Buratti N., Mazzotti C. (2012) Effects of different types and dosages of fibres on the long–term
be-haviour of fibre–reinforced self–compacting
con-crete. 8th RILEM International Symposium
of Fibre Reinforced Concrete, 19-21/09/2012,
Guimaraes, Portugal.
Buratti N., Mazzotti C. (2012) Temperature effect
on the long term behaviour of macro–synthetic–
and steel–fibre reinforced concrete. 8th RILEM
International Symposium of Fibre Reinforced
Concrete, 19-21/09/2012, Guimaraes, Portugal.
Mazzotti C. (2011) Long term behavior of
self-compacting concrete: comparison between
exper-imental results and predicting models. 2nd
Work-shop on The new boundaries of structural
con-crete. 15-16/09/2011, Ancona, Italy.
Buratti N., Mazzotti C., Savoia M. (2011).
Post-cracking behaviour of steel and macro-synthetic fibre-reinforced concretes. Construction
and Building Materials 25, 2713-2722.
Buratti N., Mazzotti C., Savoia M. (2011). Long–
term behavior of cracked SFRC elements exposed
to chloride solutions. Advances in FRC Durability
and Field Applications, 72-85.
Buratti N., Mazzotti C., Savoia M. (2010). Longterm behaviour of cracked SFRC beams exposed
to aggressive environment. 7th International
Con-ference on Fracture Mechanics of Concrete
and Concrete Structures (FRAMCOS), 23-28
May, Jeju, Corea del sud.
Bottoni M., Mazzotti C., Savoia M. (2009)
Long-term experimental tests on precast beams
com-pleted with cast in situ concrete. European
Journal of Environmental and Civil Engineering,
13(6), 727-744.
Mazzotti C., Savoia M. (2009) “Long-term
de-flection of reinforced Self Compacting Concrete beams”, ACI Structural J., 106(6), 772-781.
Buratti N., Ferracuti B., Savoia M. (2009). Steel
fibre reinforced concrete for crack control of tunnel linings. Advances in Reinforced Concrete and
Precast Constructions, 103 - 112.
Mazzotti C., Ceccoli C. (2008) Comparison between long term properties of self compacting concretes with different strength. SCC 2008, Oc-tober 2008, Chicago, USA.
Mazzotti C., Ceccoli C. (2008) “Creep and shrinkage of self compacting concrete: Experi-mental
behavior and numerical model. 8th Inter-national
Conference on Creep, Shrinkage and Du-rability
of Concrete and Concrete Structures, Sep-tember
2008, Ise-Shima, Japan.
Mazzotti C., Savoia M. (2003) Non linear creep
damage model for concrete under uniaxial compression, J. Eng. Mech. ASCE, 129(9), 1065-1075.
Mazzotti C., Savoia M. (2002) Non-linear creep,
Poisson’s ratio and creep-damage interaction of
concrete in compression, ACI Material Journal,
99(5), 450-457, 2002.
RESEARCH PROJECTS
Research agreement with Consorzio Tecnico
Produttori Fibre in Acciaio (Technical Consortium of Steel Fibre Producers) “Instantaneous and
long-term behaviour of cracked FRC specimens:
comparison between steel and macro-syntetic fibres”. Coordinator: Prof. Marco Savoia
2010-2013: Research project funded by the Department of Civil Protection - Reluis tasks 1 and
3: “Reinforced Concrete Structures”; “Development and analysis of new materials for seismic
retrofit (including new concretes)”. Coordinators: Proff. G. Manfredi, L. Ascione
CONTACTS
[email protected]
[email protected]
[email protected]
[email protected]
184
Structures – New Materials and Special Structures
NUMERICAL MODELING AND EXPERIMENTAL TESTS FOR THE CHARACTERIZATION OF COMPOSITE MATERIALS
RESEARCH GROUP: Andrea Benedetti, Barbara Ferracuti, Claudio Mazzotti, Marco Savoia
KEYWORDS: FRP, FRCM, bond slip, fire, pultruded materials
The research group conducts several experimental
tests concerning the FRP-concrete bond behaviour
and currently is also interested in the FRP-masonry
bond behaviour (carrying out tests on bricks and
walls). FRP plates and sheets, in various number
of layers, of several widths and lengths and with
different substrate surface preparation techniques
have been considered, together with different test
set-ups using traditional instrumentation as well
as innovative optical techniques (Digital Image
Correlation). The effects of aggressive agents and
long-term loads have been considered investigating
the FRP-concrete interface creep behaviour. The
problem of fire resistance of the strengthening intervention has also been addressed, by testing the
effectiveness of different methods of protection.
Within the ReLUIS research project, the effect
of cyclic loads was studied in order to verify the
effectiveness of the strengthening of RC elements
subjected to seismic loadings. As for the FRCMs,
the group works on the definition of test standards
and on the identification of failure mechanisms
(for various types of fibers and matrices). The research group was involved in two national and international Round Robin Tests on bond and Proff.
Savoia and Benedetti are part of the Committee
which drafted the Guidelines CNR DT200/2004
“Istruzioni per la Progettazione, l’Esecuzione ed il
Controllo di Interventi di Consolidamento Statico
mediante l’utilizzo di Compositi Fibrorinforzati”.
The group deals also with pultruded elements, addressing issues related to the development of computational models for the descriptions of the behavior of cellular and thin wall beam sections and has
been investigating both experimentally and numerically the long-term behavior of pultruded elements
under long-term loadings. Professor Savoia was part
of the Committee which drafted the DT205/2007
“Istruzioni per la Progettazione, l’Esecuzione ed il
Controllo di Strutture realizzate con Profili Pultrusi di Materiale Composito Fibrorinforzato (FRP)”,
of National Research Council (CNR).
Fig. 1. Experimental set-up for bond slip tests on
FRP-concrete systems.
Fig. 2. Numerical calibration of interface law
with experimental test.
Fig. 3. Experimental set-up for viscosity tests on
pultruded materials.
185
Research Projects and Activities 2015
MAIN PUBLICATIONS
Iovinella I., Prota A., Mazzotti C. (2013). Influence of surface roughness on the bond of FRP
laminates to concrete. Construction and Building
Materials 40, 533-542.
Carloni C., Subramaniam K. V., Savoia M., Mazzotti C. (2012). Experimental determination of FRP–
concrete cohesive interface properties under fatigue
loading. Composite Structures 94, 1288-1296.
M. Guadagnini, A. Serbescu, A. Palmieri, S. Matthys, A. Bilotta, E. Nigro, F. Ceroni, C. Czaderski,
S. Olia, Z. Szabo, G. Balazs, C. Mazzotti (2012)
Round Robin Test on the bond behaviour of externally bonded frp systems to concrete. Proceedings of CICE International Conference, 13-15
June 2012, Rome.
Mazzotti C. (2011). The effect of the number of
strengthening layers on the FRP-concrete bond
behavior. European Journal Of Environmental And
Civil Engineering 15, No. 9/2011, 1277-1296.
Palmieri, S. Matthys, A. Seberscu, M. Guadagnini,
J. Barros, I. Costa, A. Bilotta, F. Ceroni, E. Nigro,
C. Czaderski, S. Olia, Z. Szabo, G. Balazs, G. Sas,
B. Taljsten, C. Mazzotti, N. Taranu, V. Munteanu,
V. Tamuzs (2011) Round Robin Testing Initiative
for Fiber Reinforced Polymer (FRP) Reinforcement. FIB Symposium PRAGUE 2011, pages
1129-1132, 8-10 June, Prague
single-shear set-up for stable delamination tests on
FRP-concrete joints. Construction and Building Materials, Volume 23, Issue 4, April 2009: 1529-1537.
Mazzotti C., Savoia M., Ferracuti B. (2008) An
Experimental Study on Delamination of FRP
Plates Bonded to Concrete. Construction and
Building Materials, Volume 22, Issue 7, July 2008,
Pages 1409-1421.
Ferracuti B., Savoia M., Mazzotti C. (2007). Interface law for FRP-concrete delamination. Composite Structures, Volume 80, Issue 4: 523-531.
Ferracuti B., Savoia M., Mazzotti C. (2006) A numerical model for FRP–concrete delamination.
Composites Part B: Engineering, Vol. 37, Issues
4-5, June-July 2006: 356-364.
Savoia M., Ferracuti B., Mazzotti C. (2005)
Creep deformation of FRP- plated R/C tensile
members. Journal of Composites for Construction,
ASCE, Vol. 9, Issue 1: 63-72.
Aprile A., Benedetti A. (2004) Coupled flexural-shear design of R/C beams strengthened with
FRP. Composites Part B: Engineering, 35(1), 1-25.
RESEARCH PROJECTS
RILEM TC 234-DUC Committee “Design procedures for the use of composites in strengthening of reinforced concrete structures”: members
Proff. Savoia and Mazzotti.
Mazzotti C., Savoia M. 2009. FRP-concrete bond
behaviour under cyclic debonding force. Advances in Structural Engineering, 12(6), 771-780.
RILEM TC 223-MSC Committee “Masonry
Strengthening with Composite materials”: member Prof. Mazzotti
Mazzotti C., Savoia M. 2009, Stress redistribution along the interface between concrete and
FRP subject to long-term loading, Advances in
Structural Engineering, 12(5), 648-658.
Research project with ARDEA and BASF for
the study of crisis mechanisms of fiber-reinforced
systems.
Mazzotti C., Savoia M. 2009, Experimental
tests on intermediate crack debonding failure in
FRP-strengthened RC beams, Advances in Structural Engineering, 12(5), 625-637.
Bottoni M., Mazzotti C., Savoia M. (2008) A finite element model for linear viscoelastic behaviour of pultruded thin-walled beams under general loadings. International Journal of Solids and
Structures, 45(3-4), 770-793.
Mazzotti C., Savoia M., Ferracuti B. (2008) A new
186
2010-2013: Research project funded by the Department of Civil Protection - Reluis tasks 1 and
3: “Reinforced Concrete Structures”; “Development and analysis of new materials for seismic retrofit (including new concretes)”. Coordinators:
Proff. G. Manfredi, L. Ascione
CONTACTS
[email protected]
[email protected]
[email protected]
[email protected]
Structures – Damage and Fracture Mechanics
ADVANCES MATERIALS AND SMART STRUCTURES
RESEARCH GROUP: Giovanni Castellazzi, Stefano de Miranda, Elena Ferretti, Cristina Gentilini, Lucio
Nobile, Giovanni Pascale, Francesco Tornabene, Francesco Ubertini, Erasmo Viola
KEYWORDS: shape memory alloy, functionally graded material, FRP, multistable structure
The research focuses on advanced ad-hoc developed formulations and numerical analysis
for modeling the behavior of structural components constituted by innovative materials.
Recently, a research line on morphing/bistable
structures has been started in collaboration with
the Department of Engineering at the University of Cambridge.
Morphing structures can undergo large changes
of shape without plastic deformations giving the
potential for large improvement in cost, weight
and reliability.
Fig. 1. Piastra corrugata multistabile.
The research touches numerical simulations
for the analysis of shape and stiffness control of
slender structures using shape memory alloys
components.
The following topics are under study:
(1) functionally graded materials (FGM) plates;
(2) interface behaviour in FRP reinforced structures;
Fig. 2. Tronco-conical shell.
(3) enhanced strength in FRP wrapped concrete columns. The flexural behaviour of concrete beams cracked and strengthened with fiber
reinforced polymers has been studied based on
fracture mechanics concepts. The dynamic behaviour has been investigated too, for estimating
the variations due to cracking and subsequent
strengthening on vibration modes, frequencies
and damping;
(4) multistable structures (corrugated plates);
(5) finite element approaches for electroelasticity problems;
Fig. 3. Variation through the thickness of the
mechanical properties of a FGM plate.
(6) finite element approaches for laminated
composites.
187
Research Projects and Activities 2015
MAIN PUBLICATIONS
G. Castellazzi, C. Gentilini, P. Krysl, I. Elishakoff. (2013) Static analysis of functionally graded
plates using a nodal integrated finite element
approach. Composite Structures, Vol. 103, pp.
197-200.
F. Tornabene, E. Viola. (2013) Static Analysis
of Functionally Graded Doubly-Curved Shells
and Panels of Revolution. Meccanica, 48(4),
901-930.
de Miranda S., Patruno L., Ubertini F.
(2012). Transverse stress profiles reconstruction for finite element analysis of laminated
plates. Composite Structures 94, 2706-2715.
F. Tornabene, N. Fantuzzi, E. Viola, J.N. Reddy.
(2013) Winkler-Pasternak Foundation Effect
on the Static and Dynamic Analyses of Laminated Doubly-Curved and Degenerate Shells
and Panels. Composites: Part B Engineering,
doi:
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2013.06.020, In Press.
F. Tornabene, E. Viola, N. Fantuzzi. (2013)
General Higher-order Equivalent Single Layer
Theory for Free Vibrations of Doubly-Curved
Laminated Composite Shells and Panels. Composite Structures. Vol. 104(1), 94-117.
F. Daghia, D.J. Inman, F. Ubertini, E. Viola.
(2010) Active shape change of an SMA hybrid
composite plate. Smart Structures and Systems,
An International Journal. Vol. 6 (2), pp. 91-100.
C. Gentilini, L. Nobile, K.A. Seffen. (2009) Numerical analysis of morphing corrugated plates.
Procedia Engineering, Vol. 1 (1), pp. 79-82.
C. Gentilini, K.A. Seffen, S.D. Guest, L. Nobile.
(2008) On the effect of prestress on the bistable behaviour of tape-springs. Proceedings II
AES-ATEMA International Conference on Advances and Trends in Engineering Materials and
their Applications. Cesena, Italy, 1-5 September
2008.
C. Gentilini, K.A. Seffen, S.D. Guest, L. Nobile.
(2008) On the behaviour of corrugated plates
in bending. Proceedings II AES-ATEMA Inter-
national Conference on Advances and Trends in
Engineering Materials and their Applications.
Cesena, Italy, 1-5 September 2008.
F. Daghia, S. de Miranda, F. Ubertini, E. Viola.
(2008) A hybrid stress approach for laminated
composite plates within the First-order Shear
Deformation Theory. International Journal of
Solids and Structures. Vol. 45, pp. 1766-1787.
B. Bonfiglioli, A. Strauss, G. Pascale, K. Bergmeister. (2005) Basic study of monitoring on fibre reinforced polymers: theoretical and experimental study. Smart Materials and Structures.
Vol. 14, pp. S12-S23.
I. Elishakoff, C. Gentilini, E. Viola. (2005)
Forced vibrations of functionally graded plates
in three-dimensional setting. American Institute
of Aeronautics and Astronautics Journal. Vol. 43,
pp. 2000-2007.
I. Elishakoff, C. Gentilini. (2005) Three-dimensional flexure of rectangular plates made of
functionally graded. Journal of Applied Mechanics, Transactions ASME Vol. 72, pp. 788-791.
I. Elishakoff, C. Gentilini, E. Viola. (2005)
Three-dimensional analysis of an all-round
clamped plate made of functionally graded materials. Acta Mechanica. Vol. 180, pp. 21-36.
S. de Miranda, F. Ubertini. (2004) Consistency
and recovery in electroelasticity. Part II: Equilibrium and mixed finite elements. Computer
Methods in Applied Mechanics and Engineering.
Vol. 193, pp. 2155-2168.
RESEARCH PROJECTS
Active and passive reinforcements by means of
composites for the technologic innovation of
the civil structures., PRIN2002 – Bologna Research Unit. Coordinator: Prof. G. Pascale.
CONTACTS
[email protected]
[email protected]
188
Structures – Damage and Fracture Mechanics
FRACTURE MECHANICS
RESEARCH GROUP: Elena Ferretti, Cristina Gentilini, Lucio Nobile, Erasmo Viola
KEYWORDS: stress intensity factors, piezoelectric materials
This research line encompasses the development of numerical simulations for the analysis
of cracked structural components. In particular,
the research focuses on advanced ad-hoc developed formulations for modelling the behaviour
of:
• Cracked piezoelectric media.
• Stress intensity factors.
• Investigation on the behaviour of cracked
beams within the stability framework. In particular, beams with one or more non-interacting edge-cracks are considered. The cracks are
modelled as massless rotational springs. The
spring constant is determined on the basis of
the energy released due to the crack and by
means of Castigliano’s theorem. This method
has been employed to compute exact critical
loads for a single cracked column with various
end conditions and crack locations. Enforcing
displacements, slope, moment continuity and
additional conditions related to the presence of
the cracks, analytical expressions for the characteristic equations are derived for different crackto-beam depth ratios, geometry and location of
the cracks.
• A new fatigue sensor called smart stress-memory patch, which can estimate the cyclic number, the stress amplitude and the maximum
stress from the measurement of crack length
and acoustic emission (AE), is proposed to evaluate the fatigue damage of such infrastructure as
bridges and ships.
Fig. 1. Specimen dimensions and loading arrangement.
Fig. 2. Edge-cracked T beams.
189
Research Projects and Activities 2015
MAIN PUBLICATIONS
Nobile L., Gentilini, C. (2011). On the evaluation of the energy release rate in edge cracked
beams. Recent Patents on Mechanical Engineering 4, No. 3, 220-225.
Boldrini C., Viola E. (2008). Crack energy density of a piezoelectric material under general
electromechanical loading. Theoretical and Applied Fracture Mechanics 49, No. 3, 321-333.
Viola E., Boldrini C., Tornabene F. (2008).
Non-singular term effect on the fracture quantities of a crack in a piezoelectric medium. Engineering Fracture Mechanics 75, No. 15, 45424567.
Carloni C., Nobile L., Gentilini C. (2007). Stability of multi-cracked beams. AES Technical
Reviews, Part B: International Journal of Advances in Mechanics and Applications of Industrial Materials 1, 69-78.
Piva A., Tornabene F., Viola E. (2007). Subsonic
Griffith crack propagation in piezoelectric media. European Journal of Mechanics - A/Solids
26, No. 3, 440-457.
Subramaniam K.V., Carloni C., Nobile L.
(2007). Width effect in the interface fracture
during shear debonding of FRP sheets from
concrete. Engineering Fracture Mechanics 74,
No. 4, 578-594.
Viola, E. Belmonte C., Viola G. (2007). Lateral
stress effect on fracture quantities in a piezoelectric medium. Key Engineering Materials 348349, 957-960.
Carloni C., Gentilini C., Nobile L. (2006).
Buckling of thin-walled cracked columns. Key
Engineering Materials 324-325, 1127-1130.
Carloni C., Gentilini C., Nobile L. (2006).
Buckling of multicracked columns. Proc. XVI
European Conference of Fracture. Alexandropuolus (Greece). 3-7 July.
Piva A., Tornabene F., Viola E. (2006). Crack
propagation in a four-parameter piezoelectric
medium. European Journal of Mechanics - A/
Solids 25, No. 2, 230-249.
Ricci P., Viola E., Di Leo A., Ferretti, E. (2006).
Modelling and Analysis of Timoshenko Beams
Weakened by Multiple Transverse Open Cracks.
Proc. GIMC XVI, Bologna (Italy), 26-28 June.
Nobile L., Carloni C. (2005). Fracture analysis
for orthotropic cracked plates. Composite Structures 68, No. 3, 285-293.
Piva A., Carloni C., Viola E., Ferretti E. (2002).
Analysis of Mixed Mode Crack Initiation Angles for Orthotropic Material under Biaxial
Loading. Proc. WCCM V. Vienna (Austria),
7-12 July.
RESEARCH PROJECTS
SMooHS – Smart Monitoring of Historical
Structures, University of Bologna, European
Research project ENV.2007.3.2.1.1.
CONTACTS
www.dicam.unibo.it/Centro-laboratori/lamc
www.dicam.unibo.it/Ricerca/Centri/CIMEST
[email protected]
[email protected]
190
Structures – Damage and Fracture Mechanics
DAMAGE MECHANICS
RESEARCH GROUP: Elena Ferretti, Luisa Molari, Francesco Ubertini, Erasmo Viola
KEYWORDS: effective stress-strain, SHM, fatigue damage, Smart Stress-Memory Patch Sensor
The nucleation and growth of cracks can be described by continuum damage mechanics. An
internal variable is included in the constitutive
law to represent the evolution of microstructural
damage. Damage degradation can manifest itself
in progressive material softening, for which reason numerical results based upon classical continuum mechanics are characterised by a pathological mesh dependence: to avoid this regularised continuum models have been introduced.
Among these are the strain gradient models. We
address numerical issues associated with some
strain gradient models.
Numerical complication arises from the higher order character of the governing differential
equations. A discontinuous Galerkin method has
been developed. An alternative approach shows
that nonlocal constitutive laws between stresses
and strains are not strictly needed to construct a
material model. They are required only if we use
a differential formulation, in which the length
scale is absent since the metric notions have been
lost in performing the limit process.
Also the effective law, which is a local constitutive
law, is suitable for modelling nonlocal effects if
used with a formulation which is nonlocal in itself,
such as the Cell Method (CM) is. The research
group has focused his attention both on static and
dynamic analysis of damaged slender structures.
A new fatigue sensor called Smart Stress-Memory Patch, which can estimate the cyclic number,
the stress amplitude and the maximum stress
from the measurement of crack length and acoustic emission (AE), is proposed for Structural
Health Monitoring (SHM), to evaluate the fatigue damage of such infrastructure as bridges
and ships. The fatigue crack growth behaviour
of thin electrodeposited (ED) Cu specimen for
this sensor is investigated. The modified stress intensity factor is proposed to introduce the master
curve of fatigue crack growth, because the fatigue
growth behaviour of this patch is affected by the
maximum stress and the stress ratio.
Fig. 1. FEM analysis of damage in three-point
bending.
Fig. 2. The CM compared to the differential formulation.
191
Research Projects and Activities 2015
MAIN PUBLICATIONS
Ferretti E. (2013). A Cell Method Stress Analysis
in Thin Floor Tiles Subjected to Temperature Variation. Proc. ICCES’13, International Conference
on Computational & Experimental Engineering
and Sciences. Seattle, USA. 24-28 May.
Ferretti E. (2009). Ability of the Cell Method of modelling nonlocality. Invited lecture for
the “ICCES / S. Ramanujan Young Investigator Award: Computation”. ICCES’09. Phuket
(Thailand). 8-13 April. 30, 163-190.
Ferretti E. (2009). Cell Method Analysis of
Crack Propagation in Tensioned Concrete
Plates. Computer Modeling in Engineering &
Sciences 54, 253-282.
Viola E., Marzani A., Hasan W. (2008). Stability maps of a cracked Timoshenko beam resting
on elastic soils under sub-tangential forces. Key
Engineering Materials 385-387, 465-468.
Viola E., Ricci P., Aliabadi M.H. (2007). Free
vibration analysis of axially loaded cracked
Timoshenko beam structures using the dynamic stiffness method. Journal of Sound and Vibration 304, 124-153.
Molari L., Wells G. N., Garikipati K., Ubertini
F. (2006). A discontinuous Galerkin method
for strain gradient-dependent damage: Study
of interpolations and convergence. Computer
Methods in Applied Mechanics and Engineering
195, 1480-1498.
Ferretti E. (2005). A Local Strictly Nondecreasing Material Law for Modeling Softening and
Size-Effect: a Discrete Approach. Computer
Modeling in Engineering & Sciences 9, 19-48.
Ferretti E. (2005). On Nonlocality and Locality: Differential and Discrete Formulations. ICF
XI, 11th International Conference on Fracture.
Turin (Italy). 20-25 March.
Tornabene F., Viola E. (2005). The Effect of
Cracks on the Dynamic Response of Circular
Arches with Varying Cross-section by G.D.Q.E.
Technique. Advances in Fracture and Damage
Mechanics 4, 295-300.
Viola E., Tornabene F. (2005). Vibration Analysis of Damaged Circular Arches with Varying
Cross-section. Structural Integrity & Durability.
1, No. 2, 155-169.
Ferretti E. (2004). A Discrete Nonlocal Formulation Using Local Constitutive Laws. International Journal of Fracture 130, L175-L182.
Wells, G. N. Garikipati K., Molari L. (2004). A
discontinuous Galerkin formulation for a strain
gradient-dependent continuum model. Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics and Engineering 193, 3633-3645.
Wells G.N., Garikipati K., Molari L. (2004). A
continuous/discontinuous Galerkin formulation for strain gradient-dependent continuum
models. Proc. of Symposium on Instabilities across
the scales. Cairns, Queensland, Australia. 14-17
September.
Wells G. N., Garikipati K., Molari L. (2004).
A continuous/discontinuous Galerkin formulation for strain gradient-dependent damage
model. Proc. 4th European Congress on Computational Methods in Applied Sciences and Engineering - ECCOMAS. Jyvaskyla, Finland. 24-28
July.
RESEARCH PROJECTS
SMooHS – Smart Monitoring of Historical
Structures, Unità di Bologna, European Research project ENV.2007.3.2.1.1.
A. Di Leo. (2006). Homogenization of elementary cells of masonry by means of the Cell Method, PRIN.
Di Leo. (2004). Historical-monumental heritage: modelling and stochastic identification of
damage and risk, PRIN.
CONTACTS
[email protected]
[email protected]
192
Structures – Damage and Fracture Mechanics
MONITORING AND MODELLING OF PROPAGATION PATHS IN CRACKED BRITTLE SOLIDS
RESEARCH GROUP: Camilla Colla, Elena Ferretti, Giovanni Pascale, Erasmo Viola
KEYWORDS: diagnostics, fracture mechanics, fracture propagation, FRP
The monitoring of existing cracks can be performed by means of several non-destructive techniques. A part of the research activity has been
dedicated to new techniques for SHM (structural
health monitoring), with particular regard to the
assessment of externally bonded FRP (fiber reinforced polymer) strengthening systems. The use of
FOS (fiber optic sensors) has been taken into account, and some new applications have been developed. A ultrasonic technique has been proposed
for detecting defects at the concrete-FRP interface.
Defining the crack path numerically is not easy,
due to several unknowns: if the direction of crack
propagation can be computed by means of one of
the existing criteria, it is not known whether this
direction will remain constant during crack propagation. A crack initiation leads to an enhanced
stress field at crack tip, which propagates into the
solid during propagation, locally interacting with
the pre-existing stress field. This interaction can
lead to modifications of the propagation direction
or crack arrest. A numerical code for use with the
CM has been developed which returns accurate
crack paths for brittle and non-brittle cracks. The
CM code has been employed for modelling crack
propagation in concrete and masonry.
The main advantage of using the CM for numerical analyses of masonry is that mortar,
bricks and interfaces between mortar and bricks
can be modelled without any need to use homogenization techniques.
The capability of the CM to handle domains
with more than one material has been exploited
to capture how the propagation direction changes when the crack overcome the joints or passes
from the brick to the interface and to the mortar.
The CM code is able to self-compute the position
of crack initiation, manage several cracks propagating at the same time, take into account interactions
between propagating cracks, self-estimate whether
or not one or more cracks bifurcate and follow the
propagation of each branch of bifurcation.
Fig. 1. Tiles separation in radiant heat floors.
Fig. 2. Stress field for masonry wall in shear-test.
Fig. 3. Lok-Test on concrete.
193
Research Projects and Activities 2015
MAIN PUBLICATIONS
Ferretti E. (2013). A Cell Method Stress Analysis
in Thin Floor Tiles Subjected to Temperature Variation. Proc. ICCES’13, International Conference
on Computational & Experimental Engineering
and Sciences. Seattle, USA. 24-28 May.
Daghia F., Giammarruto A., Pascale G. (2009).
Monitoring with FBG to control cracking of
R.C. structures before retrofitting. In Furuta,
Frangopol & Shinozuka. Safety, Reliability and
Risk of Structures, Infrastructures and Engineering Systems. LONDON: Taylor & Francis
Group (UNITED KINGDOM). 10th International Conference on Structural Safety and
Reliability ICOSSAR2009. Osaka. 13-17 September, 1-10.
Ferretti E. (2009). Cell Method Analysis of
Crack Propagation in Tensioned Concrete
Plates. Computer Modeling in Engineering &
Sciences 54, 253-282.
Pascale G., Bastianini F. (2009). The role of
quality control and of long-term monitoring in
the structural applications of composite materials. In A. Di Tommaso. Meccanica delle strutture
in muratura rinforzate con compositi. Bologna:
Pitagora (Italy). Convegno Nazionale MURICO3 - Meccanica delle strutture in muratura
rinforzate con compositi. Venezia. 22-24 April.
399-406.
Ferretti E., Casadio E., Di Leo A. (2008). Masonry Walls under Shear Test: a CM Modeling.
Computer Modeling in Engineering & Sciences
30, 163-190.
Pascale G. (2008). Diagnostica ad ultrasuoni per
l’edilizia: strutture civili, beni culturali.
Pascale G. (2007). La valutazione del calcestruzzo nelle strutture esistenti. In Concreto 78,
64-73.
Pascale G., Bonfiglioli B. (2006). Dynamic assessment of reinforced concrete beams repaired
with externally bonded FRP sheets. Mechanics
of Composite Materials 42, 1-12.
Lanza di Scalea F., Rizzo P., Coccia S., Bartoli I., Fateh M., Viola E., Pascale G. (2005).
Non-contact ultrasonic inspection of rails and
signal processing for automatic defect detection and classification. Insight 47, No. 6, 346353.
Strauss A., Bergmeister K., Bonfiglioli B., Pascale
G. (2005). Basic Study of Monitoring with FRP.
Smart Materials and Structures 14, S12-S23.
Ferretti E. (2004). A Cell Method (CM) Code
for Modeling the Pullout Test Step-Wise. Computer Modeling in Engineering & Sciences 6,
453-476.
Ferretti E. (2004). Crack-Path Analysis for Brittle and Non-Brittle Cracks: a Cell Method Approach. Computer Modeling in Engineering &
Sciences 6, 227-244.
Stratford T., Pascale G., Manfroni O., Bonfiglioli B. (2004). Shear strengthening masonry
panels with sheets. Journal of Composites for
Construction 8, No. 5, 434-443.
RESEARCH PROJECTS
SMooHS – Smart Monitoring of Historical
Structures, Unità di Bologna, European Research project ENV.2007.3.2.1.1.
A. Di Leo. (2006). Homogenization of elementary cells of masonry by means of the Cell Method, PRIN.
Di Leo. (2004). Historical-monumental heritage: modelling and stochastic identification of
damage and risk, PRIN.
CONTACTS
[email protected]
[email protected]
www.dicam.unibo.it/DICAM/Risorse e strutture/Laboratori
194
Structures – Seismic Design Technologies
SEISMIC ISOLATION SYSTEMS
RESEARCH GROUP: Pier Paolo Diotallevi, Giada Gasparini, Luca Landi, Stefano Silvestri, Tomaso Trombetti
KEYWORDS: base seismic isolation, HDRB isolator, application to existing buildings
The use of innovative techniques as the insertion
of isolators at the base seems to be a promising
solution both for the control of seismic effects
in new buildings and for the retrofit of existing
buildings. For the latter case the objective of satisfying seismic requirements of new structures is
often significantly onerous and prohibitive. This
occurs especially in case of strategic buildings. The
introduction of isolators at the base, as it is known,
allows to reduce the accelerations in the structure
by an increase of the fundamental period of the
isolated structure and a concentration of seismic
demand at the level of the isolators. The research
works on seismic isolation have regarded in general the different typologies of isolation devices, the
modeling of the devices, the design criteria and the
applicative problems.
A group of studies have been aimed to evaluate
the effectiveness of seismic retrofit through insertion of high damping rubber bearings at the base.
Once the isolation system has been designed, the
response of the structure has been analyzed considering a 3D model characterized by variable parameters for the isolators and non-linear behaviour
for the superstructure. In particular the effects on
near-field earthquakes on the response of base-isolated buildings has been investigated and the possibility of using viscous dampers at the base to reduce these effects on isolators has been examined.
These studies have been repeated also with reference of new buildings.
The research group has also completed the study
of few first applications of PBSD approaches for
the seismic retrofits, using base isolators, of existing masonry structures, such as the ex-barracks
Zucchi in Reggio Emilia within the bounds of the
research project founded by the Italian Ministry
of Research titled “Seismic protection of new and
existing buildings” (1997), and the Teatro Galli in
Rimini within the bounds of the research project
founded by the Italian Ministry of Research titled
“Seismic retrofit of monumental buildings with
seismic isolation and innovative materials” (2000).
Total number of publications: 15.
Fig. 1. Rubber Bearing isolator.
195
Fig. 2. FEM model of the ex-barracks Zucchi in
Reggio Emilia.
Research Projects and Activities 2015
MAIN PUBLICATIONS
Trombetti T., Ceccoli C., Polazzi D., Gasparini
G., Silvestri S., “Sistemi di Isolamento Sismico
per Edifici in Muratura secondo il Performance
Based Design”, Memoria n. 390, Atti ANIDIS
2007, Pisa, 10-14 June 2007.
P.P. Diotallevi, L. Landi, S. Benni. (2006). “Effect of near-fault ground motions on the response of base-isolated structures”, Proceedings
of the 100th Anniversary Earthquake Conference
Commemorating the 1906 San Francisco Earthquake, San Francisco, California, April 2006.
P.P. Diotallevi, L. Landi, S. Benni. (2006). “Seismic isolation of RC structures subjected to nearfault ground motions”, Proceedings of the 1st European Conference on Earthquake Engineering
and Seismology, Ginevra, Settembre 2006.
Ceccoli C., Trombetti T., Polazzi D., Bergonzoni S., Silvestri S., Gasparini G., Monachesi
A., “L’Isolamento Sismico del Teatro Galli di
Rimini secondo la Metodologia del Performance Based Design. Parte I: Analisi del comportamento dinamico della struttura”, Convegno
Conclusivo del Programma di Ricerca di Interesse
Nazionale - COFIN 2000 dal titolo: “Adeguamento sismico di edifici monumentali tramite
isolamento sismico e materiali innovativi”, coordinatore nazionale: Prof. Antonello De Luca
(Università di Napoli Federico II), Napoli, 28
Febraury - 1 March 2003.
Ceccoli C., Trombetti T., Polazzi D., Bergonzoni S., Silvestri S., Gasparini G., Monachesi
A., “L’isolamento sismico del Teatro Galli di Rimini secondo la metodologia del Performance
Based Design. Parte II: Risultati significativi”,
Convegno Conclusivo del Programma di Ricerca
di Interesse Nazionale - COFIN 2000, Napoli,
28 February-1 March 2003.
P.P. Diotallevi, L. Landi, S. Benni. (2002).
“Adeguamento sismico di una struttura in c.a.
esistente mediante isolamento alla base: progettazione, modellazione ed analisi”, Atti del 14°
Convegno CTE, Mantova, 7-9 Novembre 2002.
Trombetti T., Ceccoli C., Silvestri S., “A Simplified
Approach to the Analysis of Torsional Problems in
Seismic Base Isolated Structures”, 1st Int.al Structural Engineering and Construction Conference
(ISEC-01), Honolulu, Hawaii, January 2001.
Ceccoli C., Diotallevi P. P., Trombetti T., Mazzotti C. Cosentino N., Savoia M., Tullini N. “Studio
dell’isolamento di un edificio monumentale italiano: la ex Caserma Zucchi a Reggio Emilia”. Atti
ANIDIS 1999, Torino, Italy, September 1999.
Trombetti T. Ceccoli C., Sandrolini, F. Bignozzi M.C., Bravi B. “Ottimizzazione dello
smorzamento nei sistemi di isolamento sismico
alla base”. Atti ANIDIS 1999, Torino, Italy, September 1999.
Ceccoli C., Cosentino N., Trombetti T. “L’isolamento degli edifici monumentali in presenza di
sismi epicentrali” Atti ANIDIS 1999, Torino,
Italy, September 1999.
Ceccoli C., Trombetti T., Cosentino N. “Efficienza degli isolatori sismici HRDB per strutture in c.a. in presenza di sismi epicentrali”. 441
– 452. Atti del 12 Congresso CTE, Padova Novembre 1998.
RESEARCH PROJECTS
2000-2002: Progetto di Ricerca di Interesse Nazionale 2000 (PRIN 2000, ex 40%): “Adeguamento sismico di edifici monumentali tramite
isolamento sismico e materiali innovativi”; Coordinatore Scientifico: Prof. A. De Luca, Università “Federico II” di Napoli; Responsabile
Scientifico Unità di Bologna: Prof. C. Ceccoli.
1997-1999: Progetto di Ricerca di Interesse
Nazionale 1997 (PRIN 1997, ex 40%): “Protezione Sismica dell’edilizia esistente e di nuova
edificazione”; Coordinatore Scientifico: Prof.
A. De Luca, Università “Federico II” di Napoli; Responsabile Scientifico Unità di Bologna:
Prof. C. Ceccoli; sottoprogetto: “Tecniche operative e metodi di analisi per l’isolamento sismico di edifici con l’impiego di HRDB”.
CONTACTS
[email protected]
[email protected]
196
Structures – Seismic Design Technologies
OPTIMAL INSERTION OF VISCOUS DAMPERS INTO STRUCTURES FOR THE
MITIGATION OF THE SEISMIC EFFECTS
RESEARCH GROUP: Pier Paolo Diotallevi, Giada Gasparini, Luca Landi, Stefano Silvestri, Tomaso Trombetti
KEYWORDS: viscous dampers, shear-type structure, optimal sizing, practical design procedure
Dissipative systems have widely proven to be able
to effectively mitigate seismic effects on buildings. However, still the issue is open of how to
insert viscous dampers into shear-type structure
in order to reach the best dissipative performances of the dynamic system (structure + dampers).
The researches carried out at the University of
Bologna in the last few years have focused upon
the search for the system of added viscous dampers capable of maximising its dissipative effectiveness taking into consideration at once all possible
dampers sizing and placement. These researches
were performed using both physically-based and
numerically-based approaches and have indicated
that the mass proportional damping (MPD) component of a Rayleigh damping systems (which
is actually physically implementable through a
damper arrangement that sees dampers (a) placed
so that they connect each storey to a fixed point
and (b) sized proportionally to each storey mass)
is capable of providing the best overall dissipative
properties. This suggests a new and efficient way
of inserting viscous dampers in structures to be
built in seismic areas, which is alternative to the
common (and less efficient) interstorey damper
placement. Also, a practical 5-step procedure has
been developed for the seismic design of building
structures equipped with viscous dampers, which
aims at providing practical tools for an easy identification of the mechanical characteristics of the
manufactured viscous dampers which allow to
achieve target levels of performances.
The group has also developed simplified formulas
(in terms of reduction factors for the earthquake
forces) for the seismic design of structures which
exploit the combined effects of viscous and
hysteretic dissipation, as provided by dampers
and by post-yielding behavior of the structural
members, respectively.
Some other studies regarded finally the use of
dampers in the seismic retrofit of existing RC
buildings and the proposal of simplified design
criteria for nonlinear fluid-viscous dampers.
Fig. 1. Viscous damper in diagonal bracing system.
197
Fig. 2. Effectiveness of damper systems in
shear-type structures.
Fig. 3. Ratio between force reductions factors
a30 = R30/R5 as a function of period and ductility demand.
Research Projects and Activities 2015
MAIN PUBLICATIONS
Palermo M., Silvestri S., Trombetti T., Landi
L. (2013) Force reduction factor for building
structures equipped with added viscous dampers, Bull Earthquake Eng 11, DOI 10.1007/
s10518-013-9458-z.
Palermo M., Muscio S., Silvestri S., Landi L.,
Trombetti T. (2013) On the dimensioning
of viscous dampers for the mitigation of the
earthquake-induced effects in moment-resisting
frame structures, Bull Earthquake Eng 11, DOI
10.1007/s10518-013-9474-z.
Diotallevi, P. P., Landi, L., Dellavalle, A. (2012).
“A methodology for the direct assessment of the
damping ratio of structures equipped with nonlinear viscous dampers”. Journal of Earthquake
Engineering, vol. 16(3), pp. 350-373, ISSN:
1363-2469.
Silvestri S., Gasparini G., Trombetti T., (2011).
Seismic design of a precast r.c. structure
equipped with viscous dampers. Earthquake
and Structures, Vol. 2 (3), pp. 297-321.
Trombetti T., Gasparini G., Silvestri S.,
“Two-storey pre-cast reinforced concrete structure equipped with viscous dampers: a case
study”, Proceedings of “The third International
Conference on Structural Engineering, Mechanics and Computation SEMC2007”, Cape Town,
South Africa, 10-12 September 2007.
Trombetti T., Silvestri S., “On the modal damping ratios of shear-type structures equipped with
Rayleigh damping systems”, Journal of Sound
and Vibration, Vol. 292(2) (2006), pp. 21-58.
Gasparini G., Silvestri S., Trombetti T., “Optimal insertion of viscous dampers into torsionally coupled structures”, Paper No. 949, Proceedings of the “First European Conference on Earthquake Engineering and Seismology”, Geneva,
Switzerland, 3-8 September 2006.
Trombetti T., Silvestri S., “Added viscous dampers in shear-type structures: the effectiveness of
mass proportional damping”, Journal of Earthquake Engineering, Vol. 8, No. 2 (2004), pp 275313.
Silvestri S., Gasparini G., Trombetti T., “A FiveStep Procedure for the Dimensioning of Viscous Dampers to Be Inserted in Building Structures”, Journal of Earthquake Engineering, Vol.
14(3) (2010), pp 417-447.
Silvestri S., Trombetti T., Ceccoli C. Inserting
the Mass Proportional Damping (MPD) system
in a concrete shear-type structure. Structural
Engineering and Mechanics, Vol. 16(2) (2003),
177-193.
P.P. Diotallevi, L. Landi, A.Busca. (2008).
“Seismic assessment of an existing RC hospital
building: study for the rehabilitation with supplemental fluid-viscous dampers”, Proceedings of
the 14th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering, Beijing, China, 12-17 October 2008.
RESEARCH PROJECTS
Trombetti T., Silvestri S., “Novel schemes for inserting seismic dampers in shear-type structures
based upon the mass proportional component
of the Rayleigh damping matrix”, Journal of
Sound and Vibration, Vol. 302, No. 3 (2007), pp
486-526.
Silvestri S., Trombetti T., “Physical and numerical approaches for the optimal insertion of seismic viscous dampers in shear-type structures”,
Journal of Earthquake Engineering, Vol. 11, No.
5 (2007), pp. 787-828.
Progetto RELUIS Linea 7: “Tecnologie per
l’isolamento ed il controllo di strutture ed infrastrutture” (Progetto Esecutivo 2005-2008);
Coordinatori: Prof. M. Dolce e Prof. G. Serino;
Responsabile della ricerca per l’Unità di Ricerca
di Bologna: Prof. M. Savoia.
Progetto RELUIS2, Area Tematica 2, Linea di
Ricerca 3, Task 2: “Sviluppo ed analisi di nuove
tecnologie per l’adeguamento sismico” (Progetto Esecutivo 2010-2013); Coordinatori: Prof.
L. Ascione e Prof. G. Serino; Responsabile della
ricerca per l’Unità di Ricerca di Bologna: Prof.
T. Trombetti.
CONTACTS
[email protected]
198
Structures – Seismic Design Technologies
EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH UPON LARGE LIGHTLY-REINFORCED CONCRETE
WALLS
RESEARCH GROUP: Giada Gasparini, Stefano Silvestri, Tomaso Trombetti
KEYWORDS: large lightly-reinforced concrete walls; wood-concrete caisson blocks; pseudo-static tests
Buildings made up of reinforced-concrete
walls represent a structural typology which has
been widely used in economic public housing.
Such building structures characterised by small
wall-thickness (15-25 cm) and by small percentage
values of steel reinforcement have shown excellent
strength resources even against strong earthquake
ground motions: the structural overstrength allows to reduce the ductility demand. However, still
few experimental and analytical studies have been
performed up to now with the aim of evaluating
the ultimate (near-collapse) seismic performances
of buildings realised using large lightly-reinforced
concrete walls.
The research group has recently organised, designed and interpreted (by means of appropriately-developed analytical models capable of
capturing the experimental behaviour) a series of
experimental tests with cyclic horizontal loading
and shaking table tests (conducted at the laboratory of the European Seismic Centre EUCENTRE
in Pavia) upon a peculiar typology (with non-returnable block-formwork) of lightly reinforced
concrete walls. Due to the peculiar conformation
of the block-formwork, the structural wall so-obtained is characterised by the presence of lightening alveolar zones. Inside the blocks, before casting
the concrete, appropriate horizontal and vertical
reinforcement steel bars are placed, so that the
structural walls is actually a reinforced-concrete
wall. To obtain an adequate characterisation of the
seismic behaviour (stiffness, strength, ductility) of
such walls, experimental pseudo-static tests with
constant vertical loading and increasing horizontal loading have been carried out both upon single walls and upon a H-shaped 2-storey structural
system. The results obtained show a good ductile
behaviour, yielding horizontal loads comparable
with applied vertical loads, and the maintenance
of strength to vertical loads after damaging.
Total number of publications: 20
Fig. 1. Examples of solutions for reinforced-concrete walls.
Fig. 2. Results of experimental tests with cyclic
horizontal loading.
Fig. 3. Shaking-table tests upon a full-scale
3-storey building.
199
Research Projects and Activities 2015
MAIN PUBLICATIONS
Ricci I., Palermo M., Gasparini G., Silvestri S.,
Trombetti T. (2013) “Results of pseudo-static
tests with cyclic horizontal load on cast in situ
sandwich squat concrete walls”, Engineering
Structures 54: 131-149, DOI 10.1016/j.engstruct.2013.03.046.
T. Trombetti, S. Silvestri, G. Gasparini, I. Ricci,
S. Ivorra, D. Foti (2013). Preliminary results of a
shaking table tests on a 3-story building realized
with cast in place sandwich squat concrete walls,
ISEC-7, Honolulu, June 18-23, 2013.
S. Ivorra, B. Ferrer, D. Foti, L. Stempniewski, T.
Trombetti, S. Silvestri, G. Gasparini, I. Ricci, A.
Catalini, C.M. Campian, D. Malavolta, Final Report - SE. SI. CO. WA. Project, December 2012.
T. Trombetti, S. Silvestri, G. Gasparini, I. Ricci,
S. Ivorra, D. Foti (2012). Shaking table tests on
a 3-storey building specimen composed of castin-situ concrete walls, 15th World Conference on
Earthquake Engineering, Lisbon, Portugal, 2428 September 2012.
T. Trombetti, S. Silvestri, G. Gasparini, I. Ricci,
S. Ivorra, D. Foti (2011). Progettazione di una
prova su tavola vibrante di un edificio a tre piani in scala reale costituito da pareti sandwich in
c.a. gettato in opera, XIV Convegno Nazionale
“L’Ingegneria Sismica in Italia” ANIDIS 2011,
Bari, 19-22 Settembre 2011.
Trombetti T., Silvestri S., Gasparini G., Ricci I.,
“Results of pseudo-static tests with cyclic horizontal load on concrete/polystyrene sandwich
bearing panels”, Atti del Convegno “Le Nuove
Frontiere del Calcestruzzo Strutturale”, Università degli Studi di Salerno – ACI Italy Chapter,
22-23 Aprile 2010.
Trombetti T., Silvestri S., Gasparini G., Ricci I.,
“Correlations between the experimental results
of pseudo-static tests with cyclic horizontal load
on concrete/polystyrene sandwich bearing panels and their analytical counterparts”, Atti “Le
Nuove Frontiere del Calcestruzzo Strutturale”,
Università di Salerno – ACI Italy Chapter, 2223 Aprile 2010.
Ricci I., Gasparini G., Silvestri S., Trombetti T.,
“Correlations between the experimental results
of pseudo-static tests with cyclic horizontal load
on concrete/polystyrene sandwich bearing panels and their analytical and numerical counterparts”, Proc. “Sustainable Development Strategies
for Constructions in Europe and China”, Roma,
Italy, April 19-20, 2010.
Ricci I., Malavolta D., Gasparini G., Silvestri S.,
Trombetti T., Ceccoli C., “Risultati di prove
sperimentali pseudo-statiche con carico orizzontale ciclico effettuate su pannelli “sandwich”
in conglomerato cementizio debolmente armato” articolo ID401 (S5.7) negli Atti ANIDIS
2009, Bologna, 28 Giugno-2 Luglio 2009.
Ricci I., Malavolta D., Gasparini G., Silvestri S.,
Trombetti T., Ceccoli C., “Interpretazione dei risultati di prove sperimentali pseudo-statiche con
carico orizzontale ciclico effettuate su pannelli
“sandwich” in conglomerato cementizio debolmente armato” articolo ID402 (S5.8) Atti ANIDIS 2009, Bologna, 28 Giugno-2 Luglio 2009.
Gasparini G., Trombetti T., Silvestri S., Ceccoli C., Malavolta D., “Results of “pseudo-static”
tests with cyclic horizontal load on r.c. panels
made with wood-concrete caisson blocks”, Paper
12-03-0054. Proceedings of the 14th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering (14WCEE),
Beijing, China, 12-17 October 2008.
RESEARCH PROJECTS
Convenzione C&P Costruzioni – DISTART.
Responsabile scientifico: Prof. Claudio Ceccoli.
Convenzione Nidyon Costruzioni – DISTART.
Responsabile scientifico: Prof. Claudio Ceccoli.
Progetto di ricerca SERIES (2010-2011): “Seismic behavior of structural systems composed
of cast in situ concrete walls”, EUCENTRE
TREES Lab facility (Pavia, Italy), Lead User:
Prof. Salvador Ivorra Chorro, University of Alicante, Responsabile Unità di Bologna: Prof.
Tomaso Trombetti.
CONTACTS
[email protected]
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Structures – Advanced Analysis Tools for Earthquake Engineering
DEVELOPMENT AND APPLICATIVE EXAMPLES OF PERFORMANCE BASED
SEISMIC DESIGN AND DISPLACEMENT BASED DESIGN APPROACHES
RESEARCH GROUP: Andrea Benedetti, Pier Paolo Diotallevi, Giada Gasparini, Luca Landi, Stefano Silvestri, Tomaso Trombetti
KEYWORDS: Performance Based Seismic Design (PBSD), Displacement Based Design (DBD), case-studies
In recent years innovative methodologies have
been proposed for the seismic design of building
structures, such as Performance Based Seismic Design (PBSD) and Displacement Based Seismic Design (DBD). The core idea of the PBSD (PEER,
Vision 2000, California) resides in the capacity
of defining and satisfying a number of given performance objectives (association of a structural
performance level to an earthquake design level).
The new concept introduced by the DBD (Priestley and Calvi) lies in the development of a design
method based upon the displacements (instead
upon the forces).
The research group has carried out a comprehensive and complete study of few first applications of
PBSD approaches for the seismic retrofits of existing masonry structures (the Palazzo della Civiltà
Italiana in Roma Eur).
Some of the studies performed by the group have
been aimed to the validation of the DBD methodology developed by Priestley and Calvi with reference to new and existing RC structures. Within
the related research projects a collaboration is activated for the preparation of a model code and
examples. Moreover extensions of the DBD procedure have been proposed for asymmetric structures and infilled RC frames.
The research group is currently developing an innovative approach for the optimal seismic design
of structures which encompasses recent scientific
contributions in the field. This approach (stiffness-strength-ductility design, SSDD) : (1) defines a set of desired performance objectives for
the structure; (2) obtains, assuming a splitting
between the lateral- and the vertical-resisting systems and imposing the performance objectives,
the characteristics (in terms of stiffness, strength
and ductility) of the lateral resisting-system (realised using special bracing elements called “crescent
shaped braces”); and (3) checks the satisfaction of
the performance objectives by means of non-linear
dynamic analyses.
Total number of publications: 42.
Fig. 1. Displacement spectrum.
Fig. 2. FEM model of the Galli Theatre.
Fig. 3. F-delta curve of the performance objectives in a SSDD approach.
201
Research Projects and Activities 2015
MAIN PUBLICATIONS
Benedetti A., Landi L., Merenda D.G. (2013) A
displacement-based method for the retrofit of
existing masonry Structures with ADAS dampers and external concrete walls, Fourteen International Conference on Advances and Trends in
Engineering Materials and their Applications.
Paparo A., Landi L., Diotallevi P.P. (2012). Extension of Direct Displacement-Based Design
to Plan-Asymmetric RC Frame Buildings. Journal of Civil Engineering and Architecture. vol. 6
(10), pp. 1280 - 1291 ISSN: 1934-7359.
Ricci I., Gagliardi S., Gasparini G., Silvestri S.,
Trombetti T., Palermo M. (2012). First-Storey
Isolation Concept for Multi-Performance Seismic Design of Steel Buildings. Proceedings of the
15th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering. Lisbon, Portugal, Paper n. 3028.
Landi L., Diotallevi P.P., Tardini A. (2012).
Equivalent Viscous Damping for the Displacement-Based Seismic Assessment of Infilled RC
Frames. Proc. of the 15th World Conference on
Earthquake Engineering. Lisbon, Portugal.
Ceccoli C., Trombetti T., Biondi. D. (2011).
Structural evaluation of the Palazzo della Civilta`
Italiana in Rome. Structure and Infrastructure Engineering. vol. 7, pp. 147-162 ISSN: 1573-2479
Trombetti T., Gasparini G., Silvestri S., Ricci I..
(2011). Use of Crescent Shaped Braces for Controlled Seismic Design of Ductile Structures.
Journal of Civil Engineering and Architecture.
vol. 5 (8), pp. 562-574 ISSN: 1934-7359.
Trombetti T., Ceccoli C., Gasparini G., Silvestri
S., “Seismic Analysis for the Structural Retrofit
of “Palazzo della Civiltà Italiana” in Rome EUR,
Italy” Advanced Materials Research, Vols. 133134 (2010) pp 753-758, (2010)
Silvestri S., Gasparini G., Ricci I., Trombetti T., “An Application of a Proposed Stiffness-Strength-Ductility Design Approach to
a Five-storey Steel Building Structure”, Paper
ID 626, Proceedings of the EARTH & SPACE
CONFERENCE 2010, Honolulu, Hawaii,
March 14-17, 2010.
Trombetti T., Silvestri S., Gasparini G., Ricci, I.,
“Stiffness-Strength-Ductility-Design Approaches for Crescent Shaped Braces”, The Open Construction and Building Technology Journal, Vol. 3
(2009), pp 127-140.
Gasparini G., Silvestri S., Trombetti T., Ceccoli C., “Reinforcement design of the “Filetto”
Bridge on the Santerno River near Bologna, Italy”, Proceedings of 5th New York City Bridge Conference, New York, USA, 17-18 August, 2009.
Trombetti T., Silvestri S., Gasparini G., “Stiffness-Strength-Ductility Design Approaches”,
Keynote lecture. Proceedings of AES - ATEMA’ 2008, 2nd International Conference on Advances and Trends in Engineering Materials and
their Applications, Cesena, Italy, 1-5 September
2008. Pages 121-125. ISBN 0-9780479.
Ceccoli C., Trombetti T., Polazzi D., Bergonzoni S., Silvestri S., Gasparini G., Monachesi A.,
“Un Esempio Completo di Applicazione della
Metodologia del Performance Based Design:
l’Isolamento Sismico del Teatro Galli di Rimini.
Parte I: Analisi del comportamento dinamico
della struttura”, Memoria n. 393, Atti ANIDIS
2007”, Pisa, 10-14 June 2007.
RESEARCH PROJECTS
Research Project RELUIS Line 4: “Development
of displacement based approaches for the design
and vulnerability evaluation” (Executive Project
2005-2008); National Coordinators: Prof. Calvi
e Prof. Priestley; Chief-responsible for the Bologna Research Unit (Unit n. 2): Prof. A. Benedetti; task: “Reinforced concrete frame structures”.
Progetto RELUIS2, Linea 2: “Development
of displacement based approaches for the vulnerability evaluation” (Executive Project 20102013); National Coordinators: Prof. G. M.
Calvi e Prof. T. J. Sullivan; Chief-responsible
for the Bologna Research Unit (Unit n. 2): Prof.
A. Benedetti; task: “Reinforced concrete structures with and without masonry infills”.
CONTACTS
[email protected]
[email protected]
202
Structures – Advanced Analysis Tools for Earthquake Engineering
MODELS AND PROCEDURES FOR THE NONLINEAR SEISMIC ANALYSIS OF RC
STRUCTURES
RESEARCH GROUP: Pier Paolo Diotallevi, Barbara Ferracuti, Luca Landi, Marco Savoia
KEYWORDS: global models, fibre models, nonlinear dynamic analysis, RC structures, nonlinear static analysis
The research group is involved in the development of new analytical models and in the implementation of original computer programs for the
nonlinear static and dynamic analysis of reinforced
concrete (RC) structures. The prediction and the
control of the inelastic response represent, indeed,
fundamental elements of the seismic design. The
research started with the realization of a new global
model based on the subdivision of the elements in
segments. A moment-curvature law for cyclic loading has been introduced for the control sections.
The model has been extended in order to include
the effects of changing axial forces on the moment-curvature relationship. Subsequently it has
been proposed a new fibre model based on the flexibility approach, able to account for the nonlinear
flexural-shear interaction of RC members. For the
concrete fibres a biaxial constitutive relationship
based on MCFT theory has been introduced. Both
models have been validated through comparisons
with available experimental results. The models
have been then applied for studying various aspects
of the nonlinear seismic response of RC structures.
The pushover analysis, that is a non-linear static
analysis performed by applying lateral forces gradually increasing up to collapse, may provide an alternative both to conventional linear methods and
to more complex methods based on non-linear
dynamic analyses. The pushover techniques require
particular attention with regard to some aspects, as
the evaluation of seismic demand and the definition of a proper distribution of lateral forces. In particular, several numerical investigations have been
performed in order to evaluate the effectiveness of
standard procedures, based on single invariant load
distributions, and advanced procedures. Among
these, the study have examined the multi-modal
procedure, aimed to include higher mode effects,
and the adaptive procedures, aimed to account for
the variation of lateral load vector in the inelastic
range. The effectiveness has been evaluated through
the comparison with non-linear dynamic analyses
with reference to regular and irregular structures in
elevation and in plan.
Total number of publications: 42
Fig. 1. Spread plasticity model with degradation.
Fig. 2. Fibre model.
Fig. 3. Adaptive pushover analysis.
203
Research Projects and Activities 2015
MAIN PUBLICATIONS
Landi, L., Tardini, A., Diotallevi, P.P. (2013).
Nonlinear seismic analysis of infilled RC frames
with an equivalent strut model. 4th ECCOMAS
Thematic Conference on Computational Methods in
Structural Dynamic and Earthquake Engineering
COMPDYN. Kos Island, Greece.
the 1908 Messina and Reggio Calabria Earthquake, 08-11 July 2008.
B. Ferracuti, M. Savoia, R. Pinho (2008). Force/
Torque Pushover Method For Plan Irregular
Structures. Nonlinear Static Methods for Design/
Assessment of 3D Structures. R. Bento & R. Pinho
(Eds.) 5-6 May 2008 Lisbon, Portugal.
B. Pollio, P. P. Diotallevi, L. Landi. (2011). A modal combination method for multi-modal pushover
analysis. Proceedings of the 2011 World Congress on
Advances in Structural Engineering and Mechanics. (ASEM). Seoul, Korea. 18-22 September, pp.
5752-5762.
R. Pinho, B. Ferracuti, M. Savoia, R. Francia
(2007). Validation of non-linear pushover analyses by Statistical Incremental Dynamic Analysis
(S-IDA). Computational Methods in Structural
Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering, COMPDYN, 13-16 June 2007.
P.P. Diotallevi, L. Landi, C. Gianni. (2010).
“Effectiveness of 3D multi-modal pushover for
plan-asymmetric RC frames”. Proceedings of the
14th European Conference on Earthquake Engineering, Ohrid, Republic of Macedonia, August
30-September 03, 2010.
P.P. Diotallevi, L. Landi. (2006). “Response of
RC structures subjected to horizontal and vertical
ground motions”, Proceedings of the 100th Anniversary Earthquake Conference Commemorating
the 1906 San Francisco Earthquake, San Francisco,
California, April 2006.
B. Ferracuti, R. Pinho, M. Savoia, R. Francia
(2009). Verification of Displacement-based Adaptive Pushover through multi-ground motion
incremental dynamic analyses. Engineering Structures, Volume 31, Issue 8 (2009), pp. 1789-1799.
P.P. Diotallevi, L. Landi. (2000). “Effect of the axial force and of the vertical ground motion component on the seismic response of RC frames”.
Proceedings of the 12th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering, Auckland, New Zealand, 30
January-4 February 2000.
F. Biserna, B. Ferracuti, M. Savoia, R. Pinho
(2009). Distributed and lumped-plasticity approaches for modeling RC frame structures under
seismic action. Atti del XIII Convegno Nazionale
L’Ingegneria Sismica in Italia, ANIDIS. Bologna.
28 Giugno-2 Luglio 2009.
P. P. Diotallevi, L. Landi, B. Pollio, (2008). “Evaluation of conventional and advanced pushover
procedures for regular and irregular RC frames”,
Proceedings of the 14th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering, Beijing, China, 12-17 October
12-17, 2008.
P.P. Diotallevi, L. Landi, F. Cardinetti. (2008). “A
fibre beam-column element for modelling the flexure-shear interaction in the non-linear analysis of
RC structures”. Proceedings of the 14th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering, Beijing, China,
12-17 October 2008.
P.P. Diotallevi, L. Landi, F. Cardinetti. (2008). “Influence of shear in the non-linear analysis of RC
members”. Proceedings of the 2008 Seismic Engineering International Conference commemorating
P.P. Diotallevi, L. Landi. (1998). “About influence
of axial force on the non linear seismic response
of R/C frame”. Proceedings of the 11th European
Conference on Earthquake Engineering, Paris, 6-11
September 1998.
RESEARCH PROJECTS
National Research Project PRIN ex 40%: “The
safety of reinforced concrete structures under
seismic actions with reference to design criteria
of resistance to collapse and damage limitation
of Eurocode 8” – Research Unit of Bologna:
“Study of the effect of axial loads on the seismic
behaviour of RC frames designed with Eurocode
8”, Chief-responsible for the Bologna Research
Unit: Prof. Pier Paolo Diotallevi; National Coordinator: Prof. A. Castellani, 1999-2001.
Eucentre Research Project “Seismic Risk”.
CONTACTS
[email protected]
[email protected]
204
Structures – Advanced Analysis Tools for Earthquake Engineering
ANALYSIS OF THE TORSIONAL EFFECTS INDUCED BY THE SEISMIC ACTION
IN PLAN ASYMMETRIC STRUCTURES
RESEARCH GROUP: Giada Gasparini, Stefano Silvestri, Tomaso Trombetti
KEYWORDS: plan asymmetric structures, maximum rotational response, seismic excitation
Structures characterized by not coincident
centre of mass and centre of stiffness (eccentric structures) when subjected to dynamic
excitation, develop a coupled lateral-torsional
response that may increase the local peak dynamic response. This behaviour has been investigated by many researchers since the late
1970s. Nevertheless a number of issues still
remain unresolved in the areas of inelastic
response and development of simplified, yet
physically-based design procedures. In particular, in order to effectively apply the Performance-Based Design approach to seismic design, there is a growing need for code oriented
methodologies aimed at predicting deformation parameter.
Starting from the governing equations of motion of linear elastic eccentric systems, a key
system parameter which controls the maximum rotational response of such systems under free and forced vibration, is identified. This
parameter, called ALPHA, is defined as the
mass radius of gyration of the structure multiplied by the ratio of the maximum rotational
to the maximum longitudinal displacement
response developed by a one-story eccentric
system in free vibration. A number of numerical, experimental (through shaking table tests
of linear elastic and inelastic systems) and
field data (from historically recorded structural responses) analyses have shown that the
parameter ALPHA is capable of providing a
tight upper bound for the maximum rotational response developed by the eccentric systems
starting from the knowledge of the maximum
longitudinal response of the “equivalent”
non-eccentric system.
Total number of publications: 30.
Fig. 1. Plan asymmetric structure.
205
Fig. 2. Predictive capabilities of the ALPHA
parameter.
Fig. 3. Maximum corner displacement magnification with respect to centre mass displacement
of the centre mass displacement of the equivalent not-eccentric system.
Research Projects and Activities 2015
MAIN PUBLICATIONS
Palermo M., Silvestri S., Gasparini G., Trombetti T. (2013) “Physically-based prediction of the
maximum corner displacement magnification of
one-storey eccentric systems”, Bull Earthquake Eng
11, DOI 10.1007/s10518-013-9445-4.
Trombetti T., Silvestri S., Gasparini G., Palermo
M. (2013), “Physically Based Prediction of the
Maximum Corner Displacement of One-Storey
Eccentric Systems”, Chapter 10, in O. Lavan, M.
De Stefano (Eds.), Seismic Behaviour and Design
of Irregular and Complex Civil Structures. Series:
Geotechnical, Geological and Earthquake Engineering, Vol. 24, 2013, XIV, 374 p. 206 illus., 91
illus. in color. ISBN: 978-94-007-5376-1 (print),
978-94-007-5377-8 (ebook).
Trombetti T., Palermo M., Silvestri S., Gasparini
G. (2012). Period Shifting Effect on the Corner Displacement Magnification of One-Storey
Asymmetric Systems. Proceedings of the 15th World
Conference on Earthquake Engineering.
Silvestri S., Gasparini G., Trombetti T., “Maximum seismic rotational response of multi-storey
structures”, Proc. SEMC 2010, Cape Town, South
Africa, September 6-8, 2010.
Gasparini G., Silvestri S., Orci C., Trombetti T., “A
synthetic formulation for evaluating the maximum
displacement of the corner points in eccentric
structures due to the seismic effects” Paper n. 212b,
Proceedings of 5th International Structural Engineering and Construction Conference – ISEC5 – Las
Vegas, Nevada, USA, September 21-27, 2009.
Gasparini G., Silvestri S., Trombetti T., “A simple
code-like formula for estimating the torsional
effects on structures subjected to earthquake
ground motion excitation”, Paper 05-01-0269.
Proceedings of the 14th World Conference on
Earthquake Engineering (14WCEE), Beijing,
China, 12-17 October 2008.
Silvestri S., Trombetti T., Gasparini G., “An upper bound and an estimation for the maximum
non-linear rotational response of one-storey asymmetric buildings”, Proc. of the 5EWICS, Catania,
Italy, 16-17 September 2008. Pg 51-62.
Silvestri S., Trombetti T., Gasparini G., “Closedform solutions for corrective eccentricity, sensi206
tivity to accidental eccentricity and increase in
peak local displacements”, Proc. of the 5EWICS,
Catania, Italy, 16-17 September 2008. Pg 63-77.
Trombetti T., Silvestri S., Gasparini G., Pintucchi
B., De Stefano M., “Numerical verification of the
effectiveness of the “ALPHA” method for the estimation of the maximum rotational response of
eccentric systems”, Journal of Earthquake Engineering, Vol. 12, No. 2 (2008), pp 249-280.
Gasparini G., Silvestri S., Trombetti T., “A synthetic parameter capable of capturing the torsional
behaviour of one-storey asymmetric structures”,
Paper n. 1282, Proceedings of the 100th Anniversary Earthquake Conference, EERI’s Eight U.S.
National Conference on Earthquake Engineering,
8NCEE, 18-22 April 2006.
Trombetti T.; Conte J.P. (2005). New Insight Into
and Simplified Approach to Analysis of Laterally-Torsionally Coupled One-Story Systems. Journal of Sound and Vibration.
Gasparini G., Silvestri S., Trombetti T., Pintucchi
B., De Stefano M., “A genetic approach for the optimal insertion of viscous dampers into torsionally
coupled structures”, Proceedings of the 4EWICS,
Thessaloniki (Greece), 26-27 August 2005.
Pintucchi B., De Stefano M., Gasparini G., Silvestri S., Trombetti T., “Numerical verification
of the effectiveness of the “alpha method” for the
estimation of the maximum rotational response
of eccentric systems”, Proceedings of the 4EWICS,
Thessaloniki (Greece), 26-27 August 2005.
Gasparini G., Trombetti T., Silvestri S., Ceccoli C.,
“Predictive capabilities of the alpha method: shaking table tests and field data verification”, Proceedings of the “13th World Conference on Earthquake
Engineering”, 13WCEE, Vancouver, B.C., Canada, 1-6 August 2004, Paper No. 472.
RESEARCH PROJECTS
Research project RELUIS Line 2: “Evaluation and
reduction of vulnerabilità of existing RC buildings.” (Executive Project 2005-2008); National
Coordinators: Prof. E. Cosenza and Prof. G. Monti; Chief-Responsible for the Bologna Research
Unit: Prof. A. Benedetti.
CONTACTS
[email protected]
Transportation Infrastructures and Transports
Transportation Infrastructures and Transports – Materials for Roads, Railways and Airports
INNOVATIVE MATERIALS FOR PAVEMENTS IN TRANSPORTATION INFRASTRUCTURES
RESEARCH GROUP: Giulio Dondi, Andrea Simone, Cesare Sangiorgi, Valeria Vignali, Matteo Pettinari,
Claudio Lantieri, Pierpaolo Viola, Francesco Mazzotta, Piergiorgio Tataranni, Luca Noferini
KEYWORDS: pavements, recycling, scrap tires (PFU), construction and demolition waste (C&D)
The growing global awareness on the reduction
of impacts on the environment is directing the
research towards the use of eco-friendly materials
also in the field of transportation infrastructures.
Sustainability applied in this field to the design
and production of construction materials, finds its
basis in the recycling of resources that, otherwise,
will be dumped.
Transportation infrastructures offer a number of
possibilities to the recycling processes, both for what
concerns the recycling of the pavement materials
themselves and for the use, in the structural layers,
of recycled material coming from other activities, in
particular the construction and demolition (C&D)
one and the reclamation of scrap tires (PFU) one.
Simultaneously, the environmental preservation
in the construction of pavements is carried out
also through the use of production and construction technologies with low energy consumptions or, in any case, with reduced environmental impact in its broad sense.
In this direction it is spreading the use of cold
mixed asphalt concretes (Cold mixes) and AC produced at intermediate temperatures (Warm mixes).
The DICAM Roads proposes researches addressed
to Management Authorities and Companies that
operates in the transportation infrastructures field,
providing solutions aimed to the production of
recycled and reduced consumption materials with
high mechanical performances and low environmental impact.
The study started some years ago and has lead to
the definition of admixtures to be successfully
adopted in the construction and maintenance of
transportation pavements. These innovative materials have equivalent or better performances when
compared to traditional materials.
In the adverse economic circumstance for Public
Authorities, the proposal of an alternative structural solution with low environmental impact and
good performances, to be adopted for new constructions and maintenance interventions, seems
to be definitely valid from the environmental and
technical point of view.
Fig. 1. Fatigue testing on recycled material.
Fig. 2. Comparing volumes of sand and substituting rubber in bituminous specimens.
209
Fig. 3. SEM Image of a bituminous cold mix
with crumb rubber particle.
Research Projects and Activities 2015
MAIN PUBLICATIONS
Pettinari M., Dondi G., Sangiorgi C., Petretto
F. (2013) The Use of Cryogenic Crumb Rubber
in the Cold Recycling Technique. Proceedings of
the 2013 Airfield and Highway Pavement Conference: Sustainable and Efficient Pavements.
T&DI and ASCE Conference. Pp. 1088-1099.
Los Angeles 9-12 June 2013. ISBN 978-07844-1300-5.
Dondi G., Pettinari M., Sangiorgi C., Wu R.
(2012). Designing long life pavements including eco-friendly ACs by means of the Mechanistic-Empirical approach. SIIV-5th International
Con-gress - Sustainability of Road Infrastructures.
Rome 29-21 October 2012. Procedia - Social
and Behavioral Sciences. Vol 53. Pp. 1162-1172.
ISSN 1877-0428.
Pettinari M., Sangiorgi C., Dondi G. (2012).
Fa-tigue resistance of Warm Mix Asphalt and
Rubber Asphalt Concrete with the Dissipated
Energy Approach, Proceedings 7th International
confer-ence on maintenance and rehabilitation of
pave-ments and technological control, MAIREPAV7, Auckland, New Zealand, 28-30 August
2012
Simone A., Lantieri C., Vignali V. (2012). A
new “Frugal” approach to road maintenance:
100% recycling of a deteriorated flexible pavement, Proceedings 7th International conference
on maintenance and rehabilitation of pavements
and technological control, MAIREPAV7, Auckland, New Zealand, 28-30 August 2012
Pettinari M., Wu R., Simone A. (2010). Perfor-mance evaluation of Eco-friendly asphalt
concrete using the Mechanistic Empirical method, Poster session at the Fourth European As-
phalt Technology Association EATA Conference,
15-16th June 2010 Parma, Italy.
Oliveira J.R.M., Sangiorgi C., Fattorini G.,
Zoorob S.E. (2009). Investigating the Fatigue
Performance of Grouted Macadams, ICE Transport, Vol.162, Issue TR2, pp. 1115-123, 2009.
ISSN 0965-092X.
A. Cocurullo, G.D. Airey, A.C. Collop, C.
San-giorgi. (2008). Indirect Tensile versus Two
Point Bending Fatigue Testing. ICE Transport,
Vol.161, Issue TR4, pp. 207-220, 2008. ISSN
0965-092X.
RESEARCH PROJECTS
Research Project Agreement between DICAM
and Frantoio Fondovalle srl. Cold Recycling of
C&D and rubber waste materials: development
of ad hoc solutions for the factory production.
Year 2013.
Research Project Agreement between DICAM
and Ecopneus scpa. Cold recycling of aggregates
with rubber from scrap tires. Year 2012.
Research Project Agreement between DICAM
and Consorzio cave Bologna Soc.Coop. Adding
value to waste materials in construction resources. Year 2012.
Joint Research Project DICAM, Valli Zabban
SpA, Elletipi srl and UC Berkeley. Using the energetic approach for the analysis of fatigue test results on modified warm mix asphalts. Year 2010.
CONTACTS
[email protected]
[email protected]
[email protected]
[email protected]
210
Transportation Infrastructures and Transports – Materials for Roads, Railways and Airports
FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT SIMULATION WITH DISTINCT PARTICLE ELEMENT
METHOD
RESEARCH GROUP: Giulio Dondi, Andrea Simone, Cesare Sangiorgi, Valeria Vignali, Matteo Pettinari,
Claudio Lantieri, Francesco Mazzotta
KEYWORDS: Asphalt pavement, Rheology, Asphalt Concrete, Asphalt mastic, DEM
Road pavement performances are still not fully understood because it has been necessary to
simplify its materials behavior, modeling them as
continuous. In reality, however, they exhibit discontinuous performances, which do not always fit
for the advanced continuum models.
Numerous research works, in fact, show that for
these types of mixtures it is very important to take
into consideration their micromechanical behavior,
at the scale of an aggregate particle, because this is
an essential factor in terms of overall system performance.
To overcome this limitation, the Distinct Particle
Elements Method (DEM), which schematizes a
granular material by means of particles that displace
independently from one another and interact only
at contact points, becomes a good answer. In this
way, in fact, is possible to analyze the discrete character of mixes through a microscopic approach.
The aim of the research is the microscale DEM analysis of the interaction between aggregates, bitumen
and filler and the evaluation of its influence on the
macroscale performances of the asphalt mixture.
The obtained results in previous research works
have permitted to evaluate that DEM approach,
allowing a very reliable description of real phenomena, represents a valid evolution of the traditional
methods in the simulation of the visco-elastic behavior of asphalt mixtures both for small samples
during laboratory tests, and for flexible pavements
and theirs fatigue performances.
Using the DEM method, moreover, a “virtual
laboratory” could be created to study the details
of asphalt mixtures that cannot be measured in
conventional laboratory tests. With the advancement in computer speed and storage capacity, this
approach could be an inexpensive tool to provide
a precise control of every variable being studied.
Once the model is calibrated, it could be used to
run as many simulations as required. In time, therefore, these models could provide a crucial missing
link for the development of true performance-related specifications for asphalt pavements.
Fig. 1. DEM approach for asphalt concrete simulation.
Fig. 2. 3D DEM simulation of a flexible pavement - contact forces inside the layers produced
by road traffic.
Fig. 3. 3D DEM simulation of a Dynamic shear
rheometer test on a bitumen sample.
211
Research Projects and Activities 2015
MAIN PUBLICATIONS
Dondi G., Simone A., Vignali V. and Manganelli G. (2012). Numerical and experimental study
of granular mixes for asphalts. Powder Technology 232, 31-40.
Dondi G., Simone A., Vignali V. and Manganelli G. (2012). Discrete element modelling of
influences of grain shape and angularity on performance of granular mixes for asphalts, Procedia - Social & Behavioral Sciences. 53, 399-409.
Dondi G., Simone A., Vignali V. and Manganelli G. (2012). Discrete particle element analysis of aggregate interaction in granular mixes
for asphalt: combined DEM and experimental
study, Proceedings of 7th RILEM International
Conference on Cracking in Pavements, Delft, The
Netherlands, ISBN 978-94-007-4565-0.
Dondi G., Simone A. and Vignali V. (2010).
Micromechanical modelling of aggregate–aggregate interactions with distinct particle element method for virtual laboratory simulation.
Proceedings of the 11th International Conference
on Asphalt Pavement. Nagoya.
Dondi G., Bragaglia M. and Vignali V. (2008).
Evoluzione dei criteri di calcolo delle pavimentazioni flessibili: i modelli particellari. Atti
del XVII Convegno Nazionale SIIV “Le reti di
trasporto urbano. Progettazione, costruzione, gestione”. Enna (CT). Edizioni Caracol (ITALY).
ISBN 978-88-89440-40-7.
Dondi G., Bragaglia M. and Vignali V. (2007).
Flexible pavement simulation with distinct particle element method. Proceedings of the 4th In-
ternational SIIV Congress “Advances in transport
infrastructures and stakeholders expectations”.
Palermo (ITALY). PALERMO Grafill (ITALY). ISBN: 139788882072605.
Dondi G. and Bragaglia M. (2006). Modellazione ad elementi distinti particellari della prova
ITSM. Atti del XVI Convegno Nazionale SIIV.
Arcavacata di Rende (CS). Centro Editoriale e
Librario (ITALY). ISBN: 88-7458-050-9.
Dondi G., Vignali V. and Bragaglia M. (2006).
Modellazione mediante elementi distinti particellari delle prove sui materiali granulari. Atti
del XVI Convegno Italiano Di Meccanica Computazionale. Bologna. ISBN 88-371-1621.
Dondi G., Bragaglia M. and Vignali V. (2005).
Bituminous Mixtures Simulation With Distinct Particle Elements Method. Proceedings of
the 3rd International SIIV Congress. Bari, Italy.
RESEARCH PROJECTS
PRIN 2007. Advanced Numerical Techniques
for Perpetual Pavement Modelling. Chief researcher: Prof. Ing. E. Santagata, Politecnico di
Torino. Operative Units: Università di Bologna
(Ref: Prof. Ing. A. Simone), Università Politecnica delle Marche, Università di Parma, Università di Pisa.
CONTACTS
[email protected]
[email protected]
[email protected]
[email protected]
212
Transportation Infrastructures and Transports – Safety and Management of Road Infrastructures
ANALYSIS OF SURFACE CHARACTERISTICS AND MAINTENANCE TECHNIQUES FOR ROAD AND AIRPORT INFRASTRUCTURES
RESEARCH GROUP: Giulio Dondi, Andrea Simone, Cesare Sangiorgi, Valeria Vignali, Claudio Lantieri, Matteo
Pettinari, Federico Irali, Riccardo Lamperti
KEYWORDS: Mobile Mapping System, Laser Scanner, Texture, Damage, Maintenance
Knowing the state of the pavement is required in
order to establish a maintenance strategy within
the Pavement Management System, which optimizes the available resources, ensuring the maintenance of given standards. In this context, the
activity of the research group covers two main
themes:
(1) the assessment of the pavement conditions:
the goal is to develop high performance methods
for the characterization of the road geometry and
for the evaluation of the state of damage. For this
purpose, some research projects are underway
both on roads and on runways by using the Mobile Mapping System (MMS) for the measurement of many geometric parameters such as profile, sections, the assessment of longitudinal and
cross slopes, the identification of deterioration
and for the calculation of status indicators such
as PSI and PCI or similar. Other ongoing studies
have been started to define new methods for the
detection of the skid resistance of surfaces. In particular, the objective is the use of a high precision
laser scanning system, a type with triangulation, to
analyze the texture of the road surface, obtaining
the morphology of the surface of areal basis in addition to the traditional profilometry.
(2) the maintenance of the infrastructure: the
purpose is the development of innovative maintenance allowing an easy reinstatement and a quick
opening to traffic. Specifically, the ongoing studies
focus on: (a) solutions for the functional recovery
of the skid resistance through cold laid microsurfacings containing rubber powder which also
have the purpose of reducing noise emissions; (b)
solutions for the maintenance works on urban underground networks, including both methods for
the prequalification of materials, and techniques
for laying and the control of trench reinstatement.
These activities are supported by agreements in
place at the DICAM and collaborations with the
Universities of Belfast, Nottingham and Delft.
Fig. 1. MMS application: laser scanning.
Fig. 2. Cold laid micro-surfacing.
Fig. 3. Laser scanning of pavement texture.
213
Research Projects and Activities 2015
MAIN PUBLICATIONS
Sangiorgi C., Bitelli G., Lantieri C., Girardi F.,
Irali F. (2012). A study on texture and acoustic properties of cold laid Microsurfacings, 5th
International Congress Sustainability of Road
Infrastructures, Rome, Italy 29-31 October
2012, Procedia Social and Behavioral Sciences
Volume 53, 3 October, Pages 223–234 - ISSN
1877-0428.
Simone A., Lantieri C., Vignali V., Bitelli G. ,
Girardi F. (2012). 3D Laser Scanner Technique
for in situ analysis of road pavement surface
texture, 7th International conference on maintenance and rehabilitation of pavements and
technological control, Auckland, New Zealand,
28-30 August 2012.
Bitelli G., Simone A., Girardi F., Lantieri C.
(2012). Laser scanner on road pavements: a new
approach for characterizing surface texture, Sensors, 12(7), 9110-9128;
mazione professione, Portonovo, Ancona, 22-24
Giugno 2011 - ISBN 978-88-905917-2-3.
Dondi G., M. Barbarella M., Sangiorgi C., Lantieri C., De Marco L. (2011). A semi-authomatic
methodology to identify defects on a road surface”, International Conference on Sustainable
Design and Construction, March 23–25, Hyatt
Regency Crown Center Hotel, Kansas City, Mo.
Dondi G., Simone A., Lantieri C., Vignali V.
(2010). Characterization of pavement surface
texture using 3D Laser scanner technique, Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on
Asphalt Pavement, august 1-6, Nagoya, Japan.
Simone A., Bitelli G., Girardi F., Lantieri C.
(2009). Caratterizzazione di superficie e tessitura del manto stradale mediante tecniche a
scansione laser. Bollettino della Società Italiana
di Fotogrammetria e Topografia, n°3.
RESEARCH PROJECTS
Sangiorgi C., Lantieri C., Volta E., Irali, F.,
Campesato M. (2012). Microtappeti a freddo
multifunzionali, La Rassegna del Bitume n°7012 anno 2012, pp. 27-35 ISSN 1723-2155.
Research Project Agreement between DICAM
and Società Strada dei Parchi S.p.A. Maintenance of the A25 motorway Torano-Avezzano.
Year 2013.
Sangiorgi C., Lantieri C., Volta E., Irali, F. (2012)
“Microtappeti multifunzionali contro il rumore
stradale”, (n. 1475) Le Strade n°3 anno CXIV,
Marzo 2012, pp. 90-96, ISSN 0373-2916;
Research Project agreement between DICAM
and SAVE S.p.A. Upgrading of the infrastructures
of the Venice Marco Polo Airport. Year 2013.
Dondi G., Burchi A. (2011). Il PMS sostenibile
per le pubbliche amministrazioni. Le Strade, n.
10, ISSN 0373-2916, pp. 100-104.
Barbarella M., Dondi G., Gandolfi S., Lantieri
C., CSangiorgi. (2011). Rilievo geometrico e
caratterizzazione degli ammaloramenti stradali
mediante uso di Mobile Mapping Systems, Proceedings Convegno nazionale SIFET Applicazioni interdisciplinari della geomatica: ricerca, for-
Research Project Agreement between DICAM
and SITECO Informatica s.r.l. Study of a decision support system for scheduled maintenance
of roads. Year 2010.
CONTACTS
[email protected]
[email protected]
[email protected]
[email protected]
214
Transportation Infrastructures and Transports – Safety and Management of Road Infrastructures
ROAD SAFETY DESIGN AND HUMAN FACTOR INTERACTION
RESEARCH GROUP: Giulio Dondi, Andrea Simone, Cesare Sangiorgi, Valeria Vignali, Claudio Lantieri,
Riccardo Lamperti
KEYWORDS: Road Safety, Human Factor, Driver psychology, Self-Explaining Roads, Workload management
Road safety depends on the integrated and complex relationship between various components:
the driver’s psychology, the traffic, the vehicle,
the environment and the road infrastructure. The
human element is certainly the most vulnerable,
but also the most flexible, in any decision-making process. Road users try to do their best but
the task is complex and the environment is not
designed to prevent errors occurring this research
starts from a different perspective. We believe
that in many cases the design of the environment
can be further adjusted to human capabilities.
The central theme of this study is to estimate
how design principles can reduce the probability of errors while driving. In order to study the
driver-road interaction we assess the looking behaviour using a mobile eye tracker.
Specifically, the ongoing studies focus on:
(a) the role of vertical traffic signs in influencing
driving and the study of new engineering solutions to make traffic signs more conspicuous;
(b) the transition zones between rural and urban
areas and the study of the most common safety
measures such as “town gate”, constituted by a
restriction of the carriageway with appropriate
vertical and horizontal signs;
(c) the understanding of the risks associated with
roadside advertising in its various guises so that
informed guidelines for the regulation of such
advertising can be formulated.
The actual road design standards focus mainly on
motorized traffic from a historical point of view,
some more “human behavior” and less car- oriented tools for infrastructure safety design are the
main aim of this research. Together with the car
drivers, the pedestrians, the bike riders, the Powered Two Wheelers users and all the unprotected
road users are carried into the focus of concern.
These activities are supported by agreements in
place at the DICAM and collaborations with
the Psychology Department of the University of
Bologna.
Fig. 1. Mobile Eye-XG glasses for examination
of human eye movement and pupil dynamicsinstallation.
Fig. 2. Mobile Eye-XG glasses for examination
of human eye movement and pupil dynamicsoutput.
Fig. 3. “Town gate” in the transition zone between rural and urban areas.
215
Research Projects and Activities 2015
MAIN PUBLICATIONS
Costa M., Simone A., Vignali V., Lantieri C.,
Bucchi A., Dondi G. (2013). Looking behaviour
for vertical road signs, manuscript under review
Accident Analysis & Prevention, Manuscript
Number: AAP-D-13-00501.
Dondi G., Lantieri C., Vignali V., Manganelli G.
(2012). Effects of Flickering Seizures on Road
Drivers and Passengers, 5th International Congress Sustainability of Road Infrastructures, Rome,
Italy 29-31 October 2012, Procedia Social and
Behavioral Sciences Volume 53, 3 October 2012,
Pages 712-721 - ISSN 1877-0428.
Bucchi A., Sangiorgi C., Vignali V. (2012). Traffic psychology and driver behaviour, 5th International Congress Sustainability of Road Infrastructures, Rome, Italy 29-31 October 2012, Procedia
Social and Behavioral Sciences Volume 53, 3 October 2012, Pages 973-980 - ISSN 1877-0428.
Dondi G., Simone A., Lantieri C., Vignali V.
(2011). Bike lane design: the Context Sensitive
Approach, Procedia Engineering , vol. 21, pp.
897-906, ISSN: 1877-7058.
Bonivento C., Dondi G., Paoli A., Sartini M.,
Simone A. (2011). Modular model building for
vehicular traffic systems with macroscopic dynamics, 18th IFAC World Congress, August 28
- September 2, 2011, Milano, Italy. IFAC Papers
OnLine, World Congress, Volume # 18 | Part# 1,
ISSN 1474-6670.
Bucchi A., Lantieri C. (2011). Introduzione alla psicologia del traffico, Strade e Autostrade, n°1-2011, n.
85 Anno XV, ISSN 1723-2155, pp. 150-156.
Dondi G., Simone A., Marinelli M. (2010).
Capitolo 5 – Compatibilità di motocicli e moderazione del traffico (traffic calming) in ambito
urbano– pp. 71-104 - Monografia “Tecniche di
moderazione del traffico: linee guida per l’applicazione in Italia” a cura di Giulio Maternini e Silvia
Foini– Volume XIV Collana “Tecniche per la sicurezza in ambito urbano” – direttore Prof. Roberto Busi – egaf edizioni – Forlì, Ottobre 2010
– ISBN 978-88-8482-364-9.
Dondi G., Vignali V. (2010). Capitolo 8 – Tecniche per la messa in sicurezza delle fermate del
TPL – pp. 131-154 - Monografia “Linee guida
per la realizzazione delle fermate del trasporto
pubblico locale” a cura di Giulio Maternini e Silvia
Foini – Volume XIII Collana “Tecniche per la sicurezza in ambito urbano” – direttore Prof. Roberto Busi – egaf edizioni – Forlì, Ottobre 2009
– ISBN 978-88-8482-301-4.
Dondi G., Vignali V., Simone A., Lantieri C.
(2008). Capitolo 10 – Assetto degli elementi
marginali, zone di sicurezza e letti di arresto – pp.
243-270 - Monografia “Progettazione e gestione
degli spazi esterni alla carreggiata” a cura di Giulio Maternini e Silvia Foini– Volume XII Collana
“Tecniche per la sicurezza in ambito urbano” – direttore Prof. Roberto Busi – egaf edizioni – Forlì,
Ottobre 2008 –ISBN 978-88-8482-272-7.
Simone A., Vignali V., Marinelli M. (2007). Intersection design and powered two wheelers interaction: experimental investigation of an accident
prediction model, Proceedings 4th International
SIIV Congress – Palermo (ITALY), 12-14 September 2007 – ISBN 13-978-88-8207-260-5.
Bucchi A., Biasuzzi K., Simone A. (2004). Evaluation of Design consistency: a new operating
speed model for rural roads with different grades,
(invited paper) Proceedings 2nd International
SIIV Congress – Firenze, 27-29 ottobre 2004 –
ISBN 888-4532-698.
Simone A. (2002). Road Design and Human Factor Interaction, Human Factors in Transportation,
Communication, Health and the Workplace, D. de
Waard, K.A. Brookhuis, C.M. Weikert, and A. Toffetti Editors, Maastricht, the Netherlands; Shaker
Publishing, pp. 205-208, ISBN 90-423-0206-2.
RESEARCH PROJECTS
Research Project Agreement between DICAM
and Provincia di Bologna Road Administration.
Road safety analysis of the Province Road N.610
“Selice Montanara”. Year 2013.
CONTACTS
[email protected]
[email protected]
[email protected]
[email protected]
216
Transportation Infrastructures and Transports – Materials for Roads, Railways and Airports
INNOVATIVE PAVEMENT DESIGN FOR URBAN HISTORICAL CENTER AND
AIRPORTS
RESEARCH GROUP: Giulio Dondi, Andrea Simone, Cesare Sangiorgi, Valeria Vignali, Claudio Lantieri,
Riccardo Lamperti, Francesco Mazzotta
KEYWORDS: pavements, design, airport, urban historical areas, traffic vibration, warm mix asphalt, cold
mixtures
Pavement performance requirements have been
progressively evolving, both in terms of quantity
and quality, because of changing users’ demands.
Particularly, other aspects have become important in the last decades: besides bearing capacity,
skid resistance and evenness, the acoustic and vibration pollution caused by road traffic was taken
in consideration.
Road infrastructure designers and constructors
should mainly be oriented to a search for adequate design criteria and constructive technologies aimed at guaranteeing a reduction in these
harmful undesired events.
Vibration phenomena produced by road traffic
are very interesting in terms of induced annoyance in the human body and in buildings, especially in urban historical areas. An accurate study
of vehicle-pavement-building interaction thus
becomes a primary requirement (Fig. 1).
By means of a finite differences technique, the
research group developed a numeric analysis in
order to evaluate the propagation and reduction
of traffic-induced vibration (Fig. 2).
The awareness of the Performance-related Specifications importance has nationally and internationally widespread in the last few years for airport
pavement design, but the actual employment of
these needs has not. Hence, most of the national
Specifications are still Requirement-related without
taking into account the pavement serviceability life.
This research proposes the use of new procedures
and techniques for the surfacings characterization
on the basis of the Performance-related procedures
already employed in the Italian Specifications. In
particular, Gyratory Compactor, ITSM, ITFT,
Shear Bond Test and Thermography techniques
are suggested for assessing respectively asphalt volumetric mix-design properties, asphalt fatigue fracture and dynamic properties, surfacings bonding
properties and binder thermal properties. The obtained results provided also valuable indications for
the development of new specifications and Performance-related Airport design procedures (Fig. 3).
Fig. 1. Innovative anti-vibration pavement in
the historical center of Demonte (CN).
Fig. 2. The FD building and damping mat pavement model.
Fig. 3. The rigid pavement of the Venice Airport.
217
Research Projects and Activities 2015
MAIN PUBLICATIONS
Simone A., Pettinari M., Sangiorgi C., Wu R.
(2012). Performance Evaluation Of Eco-Friendly Asphalt Concretes Using The Simple Shear
And 4p Bending Tests, 5th International Congress Sustainability of Road Infrastructures,
Rome, Italy 29-31 October 2012, Procedia Social and Behavioral Sciences - Volume 53, 3 October 2012, Pages 410-420 - ISSN 1877-0428.
Dondi G., Pettinari M., Sangiorgi C., Wu R.
(2012). Designing Long Life Pavements including eco-friendly ACs by means of the Mechanistic Empirical approach, 5th International
Congress Sustainability of Road Infrastructures,
Rome, Italy 29-31 October 2012, Procedia Social
and Behavioral Sciences Volume 53, 3 October
2012, Pages 1162-1172 - ISSN 1877-0428.
Simone A., Pettinari M., Petretto F., Madella A.
(2012). The influence of the binder viscosity on
the laboratory short term aging, 5th International SIIV Congress Sustainability of Road Infrastructures, Rome, Italy 29-31 October 2012,
Procedia Social and Behavioral Sciences - Volume 53, 3 October 2012, Pages 421-431 - ISSN
1877-0428.
Simone A., Pettinari M., Petretto F., Madella
A. (2011) A high workability bituminous mixture for the construction of an innovative high
performance pavement in an urban historical
center, Mezclas bituminosas de alta trabajabilidad para la realizacion di pavimentos de altas
prestaciones estructurales y ambientales en
ambito urbano, Conglomerats bitumeneux à
haute plasticité pour la réalisation de chaussées
à hautes performances structuralles et environnementales en milieu urban, Conglomerati bituminosi ad alta lavorabilità per la realizzazione
di pavimentazioni ad elevate prestazioni strutturali ed ambientali in ambito urbano (2011)
Le Strade, Special Issue, XXIV PIARC World
Road Congress – Mexico City 2011, ISSN
0373-2916. pp. 84-92.
Dondi G., Grandi F. & Vignali V. (2006). Traffic induced vibration theoretical-experimental
study of dumping pavements, 10th International Conference on Asphalt Pavement, august 1217, Quebec, Canada.
Dondi G., Simone A., Sangiorgi C. (2004).
From requirement-related to performance-related specifications, Proceedings 3rd Eurasphalt
& Eurobitume Congress, Vienna 12-14 May
2004, ISBN 90-802884-4-6.
Sangiorgi C., Collop A.C., Thom N.H. (2002)
Laboratory Assessment of Bond Condition
Using the Leutner Shear Test, 3rd International Conference Bituminous Mixtures and Pavement, Thessaloniki, GR, November 2002.
RESEARCH PROJECTS
Progetto in convenzione di Ricerca tra DICAM
e SAVE S.p.A. Lavori di riqualifica delle infrastrutture di volo dell’Aeroporto Marco Polo di
Venezia. Anno 2013.
Progetto in convenzione di Ricerca tra DICAM e api S.p.A. Studio finalizzato al controllo
della qualità dei bitumi ed alla caratterizzazione
prestazionale di conglomerati bituminosi. Anno
2009.
CONTACTS
[email protected]
[email protected]
[email protected]
[email protected]
218
Transportation Infrastructures and Transports – Transports
PERSONAL RAPID TRANSIT OPTIMIZATION AND SIMULATION
RESEARCH GROUP: Joerg Schweizer, Luca Mantecchini, Federico Rupi
KEYWORDS: Personal Rapid Transit, PRT, micro simulation, podcar, ATN, AGT
Car dependency of urban transport is the main
challenge for most cities: automobiles produce
greenhouse gases; cause a significant number of
deaths and injuries; limit accessibility to transport
and occupy a disproportioned share of urban space,
thus preventing the use of more sustainable modes.
Yet the car’s convenience remains unquestioned.
A promising emerging public transport technology, called Personal Rapid Transit (PRT), has the
potential to attract car drivers where conventional
mass transit fails: PRT is a fully automated guided
public transportation which became commercially
available only recently. With PRT up to 6 persons
or light freight travel in small, individually controlled and electrically driven vehicles on a network of light guideways. The narrow guideways is
grade-separated; guideways can either be elevated,
in underground shafts or on-ground if separated
by fences. Due to their small cross section (roughly
1m2) and tight minimum turning radius (ca. 5m),
guideways can be routed through streets and buildings at minimum visual impact. From the service
point of view, PRT has three distinctive features:
(1) passengers can travel from any station of the
network to any other station, without intermediate stops or transfers; (2) Passengers do not need
to share the vehicle with other passengers; (3) there
are no fixed time schedules, vehicles wait at stations
or do arrive on demand. This sustainable taxi-alike
service is thought to be attractive for many who
would currently hesitate to use public transport.
Research objectives are (1) the development of
software tools to design and simulate PRT networks; (2) optimal empty and occupied vehicle
assignment, (3) network topology optimization
(4) stations capacity models (5) development of
safe short headway PRT control systems. While
offering customized solutions for PRT planning
and simulations, we have been cooperating with
private consulting firms on the following PRT
projects: Masdar, Abu Dhabi, UEA; Heathrow,
London Airport; Rimini Congress hall, Italy; Vienna, Suedbahnhof, Austria; Izmit, Turkey.
219
Fig. 1. Snapshot of a network simulation. Shown
is an off-line station with waiting passengers.
Fig. 2. Optimum occupied vehicle flows (orange) and empty vehicle flows (green) at a
roundabout of a PRT network.
Fig. 3. Scale model of 2 PRT vehicles with short
headway control system.
Research Projects and Activities 2015
MAIN PUBLICATIONS
Danesi A., Rupi F., Traversi E., Schweizer J.
(2012). Comparison of static vehicle flow assignment methods and microsimulations for a
personal rapid transit network. Journal of Advanced Transport, vol. 46, p. 340-350, ISSN:
0197-6729, doi: 10.1002/atr.1196
Danesi A., Lepori C., Lupi M., Rupi F., Schweizer J. (2008). Sistemi innovativi per la mobilità
urbana: il Personal Automated Transport a
servizio misto. T&T Trasporti e Territorio, vol.
3-4, pp. 165-172, ISSN: 1723-7432
Schweizer J., Mantecchini L., Greenwood J.
(2011). Analytical capacity limits of Personal
Rapid Transit stations. In: Automated People
Movers and Transit Systems 2011”From People
Movers to Fully Automated Urban Mass Transit”.
pp. 326-338, RESTON (VIRGINIA): American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), ISBN:
9780784411933, doi: 10.1061/41193(424)30
Danesi A., Lupi M., Rupi F., Schweizer J.
(2011). Personal Rapid Transit : a self financing solution for tourist transport at the city of
Rimini. In: Transport management and land-use
effects in presence of unusual demand. pp. 63-79,
Milano:FrancoAngeli, ISBN: 9788856841749
Danesi A., Lepori C., Lupi M., Rupi F., Schweizer J. (2009). Strategie per l’aumento della capacità e della sostenibilità di una rete Personal
Automated Transport: il servizio misto individuale/collettivo e passeggeri/merci. In: inter-
venti e metodologie di progetto per una mobilità
sostenibile. pp. 235-249, Milano: Franco Angeli,
ISBN: 978-88-568-1230-5
Rupi F., Danesi A., Lupi M., Rudi A., Schweizer
(2009). Economical feasibility study of a personal automated transport for leisure holidays
and special events. In: Transport management
and land-use effects in presence of unusual demand. vol. 1, p. 47-52, Milano: Maggioli Editore, ISBN: 8856841746, Milano, 29-30 giugno 2009.
Caprara A., Traversi E., Schweizer J. (2008).
An Application of Network Design with Orientation Constraints. In: Proceedings of the 7th
Cologne-Twente Workshop on Graphs and Combinational Optimization. pp. 16-21, Gargnano,
Italy, 13-15 May 2008.
RESEARCH PROJECTS
PRT study at Rimini, supported by the province
of Rimini and Europa Inform.
PRT study at Masdar, Abu Dhabi, supported by
Systematica S.p.A and Mott McDonalds, UK.
PRT micro-simulator development supported
by Novitran, USA and Tabosan, Turkey.
CONTACTS
[email protected]
[email protected]
[email protected]
220
Transportation Infrastructures and Transports – Transports
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ANALYSES OF TRANSPORT SYSTEMS
RESEARCH GROUP: Federico Rupi, Joerg Schweizer
KEYWORDS: impact analyses, sustainable transport, emission models, demand models, traffic counts, micro-simulation
The quantification of environmental impacts and
energy consumption of present and future traffic
scenarios is becoming increasingly important as
guidance for decision makers and for the resource
efficient allocation of investments in transport
infrastructure and services. The full application
of “user pays” and “polluter pays” principle is a
goal set out in the European whitepaper 2011
“Roadmap to a Single European Transport Area”.
A large variety of data acquisition and processing
methods have been developed to estimate the
emission of CO2, pollutants, noise, and fuel consumption. Current mobility scenarios have been
analysed through traffic counts or surveys. Present
and future transport scenario are estimated based
on static- and micro-simulation models.
Particular attention is devoted to quantify the positive impacts of bicycle mobility and high quality
public transport such as Personal Rapid Transit
(PRT). Current research is focused on (1) calibrations of generalized cost function model for
bicycle ways using geometric information from
Openstreetmap and geo-referenced speed profiles from real bicycle trips; (2) calibration of path
choice models as support for bikeway planning;
(3) development of assessment software based on
multi-modal micro-simulation models and the estimation of a virtual population. Once completed
this software will allow to estimate the environmental impacts of present and hypothetical traffic
scenarios – for instance after the implementation
of bicycle ways or public transport services.
There have been activities in the following projects: (1) Annual bicycle flow measurements for
city of Bologna; radar and tube based 24h bicycle
counts and the estimation of increased bicycle
usage. (2) Central Europe project BICY: mobility survey, future demand estimation and impact
analyses for 13 European cities. (3) Participation
in the joint development of the SUMO micro
simulation tool, in cooperation with the main developer at the German Aerospace Center, Institute of Transportation Systems Berlin, Germany.
Fig. 1. Pressurized tube based 24h-bicycle
counting.
Fig. 2. Averaged bicycle flows for a one day period at a particular intersection of a bicycle way.
Fig. 3. CO2 reductions (averaged over 13 cities)
for different bicycle infrastructure scenarios,
corresponding to projected increases in bicycle
travel (substituting motorized traffic).
221
Research Projects and Activities 2015
MAIN PUBLICATIONS
RESEARCH PROJECTS
Meggs J.N., Rupi F., Schweizer J. (2013). Can
PRT overcome the conflicts between public
transport and cycling?. In: Living and walking
in cities. Cultures and techniques for accessibility.
p. 215-220, Forlì:EGAF Edizioni SRL, ISBN:
9788884825018, Brescia, 14-15 giugno 2012.
EU 2CE108P2 Project: BICY – Cities & Regions of Bicycles; a project of Central Europe
and co-financed by the European Regional Development Fund, ERDF, http://www.bicy.it
Schweizer J., Meggs J.N., Dehkordi N.R., Rupi
F., Pashkevich A. (2012). Unified, Low-Cost
Analysis Framework for the Cycling Situation
in Cities. In: International Journal of Civil and
Environmental Engineering. p. 356-363.
[email protected]
[email protected]
CONTACTS
Meggs J.N., Schweizer J. (2012). The future of
bicycling given a world in degrowth: perspectives and lessons based on the Central European
project, BICY. In: 3rd International Conference
on Degrowth, Ecological Sustainability and Social Equity . p. 1-22.
Dehkordi N.R., Meggs J.N., A. Pashkevich
A., Rupi F., Schweizer J. (2012). Automobile, public transport and bike usage in West
and Eastern Europe: a comparative survey. In:
15th International Conference on Transport science 2012, ICTS, Portoroz, Slovenia, ISBN:
9789616044943.
Rupi F., Bernardi S., Bertoni S. (2013). Analisi delle distribuzioni delle velocità sull piste
ciclabili e sulle carreggiate stradali adiacenti. In
Living and walking in cities. Safety and vulnerable road users. XX Conferenza Internazionale
Living and Walking in Cities, Brescia 13-14 Giugno 2013. In press.
222
Transportation Infrastructures and Transports – Transports
ENVIRONMENTAL, FINANCIAL AND OPERATIONAL PERFORMANCE OF
AIRPORTS
RESEARCH GROUP: Luca Mantecchini, Filippo Paganelli, Nicola Gualandi
KEYWORDS: air transportation, airports, level of service, environmental impact, performance evaluation
The air traffic growth and the development of regional airports represent one of the most important by-product of deregulation. The traffic analysis shows that low costs carriers have been largely
responsible for passenger growth at a number of
regional airports. This scenario has determined a
redistribution of air traffic in favor of underused
regional airports, characterized by high rates of
growth during the last years. Moreover it is widely
recognized the importance of regional airports for
local communities in terms of increase in air accessibility that determines profound repercussions in
the economic development and in the growth of
employment. However the prolonged low traffic
at regional airports and the insufficiency of land
use planning have determined, in many cases, that
the suburban sprawl expanded until the airport
boundaries. Traffic expansion due to the causes previously described had caused a situation difficult
to handle because of externalities generated by air
traffic and noise is the principal. The last twenty
years have witnessed a tremendous reduction of
airplane noise at source. Recent psychoacoustic
studies have shown that annoyance is strongly influenced not only by the maximum sound level but
also by the number of events. It has been proven
that a given level of annoyance can be generated
by a low number of noisy aircrafts or by a much
higher number of events characterized by a lower
level. The adoption of the Directives n. 49/2002/
CE and n. 30/2002/CE embodies the purpose
of the European Commission of reducing airport
noise within the EU. The introduction of airport
operating restrictions represents a serious threat for
airports expansion. Many international organizations recognize the importance of environmental
issues as a threat to the growth of aviation market in
Europe, unless airport environmental capacity is efficiently managed. Since noise represents the principal externality of aviation at local level, acoustical
capacity seems to be one among the first constraints
to airport growth. The need to investigate airport
environmental performances with special regard to
the parameters closely related with airport management is the focus of this research activity.
Fig. 1. Takeoff radar tracks – Bologna Airport.
Fig. 2. Example of noise contours.
223
Research Projects and Activities 2015
MAIN PUBLICATIONS
2010, 189-198.
Mantecchini L., Gualandi N., Paganelli F.
(2013). Integration and concentration of European air transport market. International Journal
for Traffic and Transport Engineering, No. 3(2),
204-219.
Gualandi N., Mantecchini L. (2008). Aircraft
noise pollution: a model of interaction between
airports and local communities. International
Journal of Mechanical Systems Science and Engineering, No. 2(2), 137-141.
Paganelli F., Tondelli S., Mantecchini L.,
Gualandi N. (2013). Network capability and air
transport cross-supply in the Adriatic sea basin.
Proc. ICTS 2013, 280-296.
Gualandi N., Mantecchini L. (2008). Aircraft
noise performance evaluation and management.
In: Methods and Models for Planning the Development of Regional Airport Systems, Franco Angeli ed., 98-109.
Gualandi N., Mantecchini L. (2009). A comparative analysis of aircraft noise performances.
Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences 4,
75-81.
Gualandi N., Mantecchini L. (2009). Managing
uncertainty in airport parking facility development. In: Transport Management and Land-Use
Effects in Presence of Unusual Demand, 279-284.
Mantecchini L., Gualandi N., Paganelli F.
(2010). Integration and concentration: the evolution of air transport in the EU. Proc. ICTS
RESEARCH PROJECTS
INTERREG IVC 1129R4 Project: ECOTALE. External Costs of Transport and Land
Equalization.
INTERREG IVC Project: D-AIR. Decarbonized Airport Region.
CONTACTS
[email protected]
224
Transportation Infrastructures and Transports – Transports
SAFETY AND REGULARITY OF LAND TRANSPORT
RESEARCH GROUP: Alfonso Micucci
KEYWORD: trasporti ferroviari, trasporti stradali, infortunistica, ricostruzione incidenti
The research conducted by the group is divided
into two distinct themes.
The first activity concerns the optimization of
decisions and acts to improve the transformation of today local railway services, trough Bologna area, in cadenced and regular Metropiltan
Railway Services of SFM project. Especially,
starting from an accurate analysis of non-aggregate data about actual railway services frequentation, acquired by Trenitalia and FER operators, we obtain aggregate values for the future
SFM passengers, using forecasting models original designed. Based on these results, combined
with service levels provided by SFM project, we
study the optimization of rolling stock, doing
an analysis of the trains currently produced but
also the prototypes currently under development, as well as the characteristics of the rolling
stock already available at operators. Finally, we
develop an original model implementation of
services, based on a limited type of rolling stock,
to achieve flexibility of use and economies in
handling and maintenance.
The second one concerns the study of the dynamic behavior of a vehicle on the road, the resistances to the motion and the car set-up with
the purpose to improve the tires exploitation.
The topic of the road accident study is analyzed:
throughout adequate test series, it is empirically determined the vehicle reaction in emergency conditions, in particular the technical time
needed for the braking system activation and
the maximum deceleration achieved.
For this purpose, representative vehicles belonging to the current available European car stock
where equipped with suitable instrumentation
and were subjected to stopping tests in emergency conditions, on different types of pavement (asphalt, grass, concrete, gravel and relative combinations) with various weather conditions ( winter with wet road surface, summer
end with dry road surface).
Fig. 1. Graphic timetable Porretta – Bologna –
Imola.
Fig. 2. Braking test.
Fig. 3. Braking diagram.
225
Research Projects and Activities 2015
MAIN PUBBLICATIONS
CONTACTS
Micucci A., Strangi M. (2012). Determinazione
sperimentale del tempo tecnico e della decelerazione in frenate d’emergenza – ASAIS Bologna
[email protected]
Micucci A., Simoncini S., Perrone R. (2011).
L’assorbimento di energia negli urti contro
manufatti – ASAIS Verona
Micucci A, Masselli P. (2007). Un Modello Di
Esercizio Per La Linea Ferroviaria Vignola –
Portomaggiore Sfm 2 di Bologna
Micucci A, Mantecchini L. (2006). Alcune considerazioni sulle resistenze al moto per carri ferroviari merci – Ingegneria Ferroviaria.
226
Water Engineering
Water Engineering – Coastal and Ocean Engineering
COASTAL HYDROMORPHODYNAMICS: MONITORING AND MODELLING
RESEARCH GROUP: Renata Archetti, Sara Mizar Formentin, Gabriella Gaeta, Alberto Lamberti, Andrea
Natalia Raosa, Achilleas Samaras, Barbara Zanuttigh
KEYWORDS: remote sensing, videomonitoring, hydrodynamic codes, sediment transport, coastal evolution
Near-shore zone morphodynamic evolution – in
terms of the bathymetric variability, surface waves,
and circulation patterns – is crucial for beach management and inland protection against flooding.
Assessment is performed using in-situ monitoring
and numerical modelling. Due to the characteristics of both the approaches an integrated use of
them is preferred.
DICAM has a consolidated experience in both
approaches: development of technologies (instrumentations, software etc.) for the hydrodynamics
and morphodynamics monitoring both in laboratory and in the field and development and use
of complex, integrated wave-current-sediment numerical models that simulate near-shore processes
and wave structures interaction.
Remote monitoring of coastal conditions is a fast
growing application of information technology.
Video camera systems provide a potentially rich
source of information on the state of the coastal
zone. DICAM since 2003 has installed several video stations in Italy with the aim to analyse the coastal morphodynamics. On-going studies regards:
• Shoreline detection, beach evolution (Fig. 1),
volume changes; bar location, morphology; Times
series, trends analyses; Near shore hydrodynamics.
Moreover DICAM owns several acoustic instruments used to measure velocity waves and water
level. Several surveys have been carried out in order
to measure: turbulence in the surf and in the swash
zone – velocity profiles and waves in presence of
coastal defence structures.
Coastal area hydro-morphodynamic models are
applied to describe wave and currents fields and to
predict the short, medium and long term of bathymetric changes and coastal evolution associated
with such coastal features as groynes, breakwaters
and entrance channels.
Research is based on the use of several codes: 2DH
MIKE21, Telemac Mascaret, both for wave, hydrodynamics (Fig. 2) and sediment transport simulation (Fig. 3). Coastal evolution model (Litpak)
and 2DV hydrodynamic (COBRAS).
Fig. 1. Shoreline evolution in Lido di Dante frequently monitored with videocameras.
Fig. 2. Velocity field induced by wave breaking.
Fig. 3. Simulation of bed level changes at the
Reno mouth during an intensive storm.
229
Research Projects and Activities 2015
MAIN PUBLICATIONS
Carniel S., Sclavo M., Archetti R. 2011. Towards
validating a last generation, integrated wave-current-sediment numerical model in coastal regions using video measurements. Oceanological
and hydrobiological studies. 40 (4), 11-20.
Kroon A., Aarninkhof S.G.J., Archetti R., Armaroli C., Gonzalez M., Medri S, Osorio A., Aagaard
T., Davidson M.A., Holman R.A., Spanhoff R.
2007. Application of remote sensing video systems for coastline management problems. Coast.
Eng. 54, (6-7), 493-505.
Archetti, R. and Romagnoli, C. 2011, Analysis of
the effects of different storm events on shoreline
dynamics of an artificially embayed beach. Earth
Surface Processes and Landforms. doi: 10.1002/
esp.2162.
Jimenez, A., A. Osorio, I. Marino-Tapia, M.
Davidson, R. Medina, A. Kroon, Archetti R., P.
Ciavola, S. Aarninkhof. (2007). Beach recreation
planning using video-derived coastal state indicators. Coast. Eng. 54, (6-7). pp. 504-522.
Parlagreco l., Archetti R. Simeoni U., Devoti S.
Valentini A., Silenzi S. 2011. Video-monitoring
of a barred nourished beach (Latium, Central Italy). J. of Coastal Research. SI 64. 110-114.
RESEARCH PROJECTS
Romagnoli C., R. Archetti. 2011. Post-nourishment shoreline evolution of a partially protected
beach. Geoacta. 10, 69-77.
EVK3 - CT-2001-0054 COASTVIEW: Developing coastal video monitoring systems in support of coastal management.
Martinelli, L. & B. Zanuttigh, N. De Nigris &
M. Preti, 2011. Geosynthetic barriers for coastal
pro-tection along the Emilia Romagna littoral,
Northern Adriatic Sea, Italy. Geotextiles and
Ge-omembranes, 29, 370-380.
Liang Q., Wang Y., Archetti R.. 2010. A Well-Balanced Shallow Flow Solver for Coastal Simulations. International journal of offshore and polar
engineering. 20 (1), 41-47.
Archetti R. Zanuttigh B. 2010. Integrated monitoring of the hydro-morphodynamics of a beach
protected by low crested detached breakwaters.
Coastal Engineering 57 (10), 879-891.
Archetti R. 2009. Study of the evolution of a
beach protected by low crested structures using
video monitoring. Journal of Coastal Research .
25(4). 884-899.
Zanuttigh, B., 2007. Numerical modeling of the
morphological response induced by low-crested
structures in Lido di Dante, Italy, Coastal Engineering, 54 (1), 31-47.
Davidson M., M. Van Koningsveld, A. de Kruif,
J. Rawson, R. Holman, A. Lamberti, R. Medina,
A. Kroon, S. Aarninkhof. (2007). The CoastView project: Developing video-derived Coastal
State Indicators in support of coastal zone management. Coast. Eng. vol. 54 (6-7), 463-475.
EU-FP7-ENV2009-1 ID 244104 Project: THESEUS. Innovative technologies for safer European
coasts in a changing climate. www.theseusproject.eu
EVK3 - CT-2000-0041: DELOS. Environmental Design of Low Crested Coastal Defence
Structures.
National project supported by the Italian Ministry of University and Research. Project: RITMARE. www.ritmare.it/en.
PON01 2823. Sviluppo di Tecnologie per la
Situational Sea Awareness. http://tessa.linksmt.
it/.
INTERREG IIIc Beachmed-e La gestione strategica della difesa dei litorali per uno sviluppo
sostenibile delle zone costiere del Mediterraneo.
2005-2008. www.beachmed.it.
Research contracts funded by ARPA Emilia Romagna on Coastal defence in Igea Marina, Foce
Reno, Cesenatico.
ASI Agenzia Spaziale Italiana. Progetto CoastSat. Coste: Monitoraggio e gestione del rischio.
British Council – CRUI, New numerical and experimental approach for the assessment of flooding risk of urban area in coastal zones.
CONTACTS
[email protected]
[email protected]
[email protected]
230
Water Engineering – Hydrology
COASTAL RISKS IN A CHANGING CLIMATE
RESEARCH GROUP: Renata Archetti, Stefano Bagli, Sara Mizar Formentin, Alberto Lamberti, Marinella
Masina, Andrea Natalia Raosa, Barbara Zanuttigh
KEYWORDS: Coastal flood, climate change, sustainable design, decision support system
Major threats for large stretches of European coasts
are erosion and flooding. Climate change may cause
very significant impacts on coastal zones, particularly because of the foreseen sea-level rise and increase
of frequency and intensity of extreme events (Fig. 1).
This research aims at risk assessment and mitigation in short, mid and long term scenarios.
Flooding probability and extension are assessed
through 1D and 2D numerical modelling. The
water level is estimated from tide and combination of set-up and run-up. The 1D investigation
is performed on typical beach profiles that are
statistically described Flooding probability and its
sensitivity to the most relevant geometric parameters and forcing conditions are examined with
the STRUREL code. The 2D map of flood depths
and velocities in case of combined storm and river
flood is obtained with a standard 2DH Flexible
Mesh model, provided that boundary conditions
are properly fixed. A 2D simplified model based
on the watershed segmentation algorithm has
been developed to run multiple flooding scenarios
with limited computational effort and sufficient
accuracy (Fig. 2).
Coastal defence strategies have to be planned with
the aim at sustainable and resilient coasts, considering ecological, social and economic impacts and
design optimisation.
Research performed within THESEUS Project has
developed a holistic, participatory and interdisciplinary approach to addressing coastal risk based on
the Source-Pathway-Receptor-Consequence model. One of the major outcome is the new Decision
Support System, a GIS based tool to help decision
makers in scoping optimal strategies to minimize
coastal risks. The tool allows the users to perform
an integrated coastal risk assessment, to analyse the
effects of combinations of engineering, social, economic and ecologically based mitigation options, to
explore short, medium and long term scenarios taking into account physical and non-physical drivers,
such as climate change, subsidence, population and
economic growth. The THESEUS DSS is intended
as a vehicle for communication, training, forecasting
and experimentation.
231
Fig. 1 High sea water level overflowing Cesenatico canal harbour.
Fig. 2. Map of flood depths in the area of
Garibaldi harbour – Reno mouth.
Research Projects and Activities 2015
MAIN PUBLICATIONS
Engineering, 57, No. 11-12, 1042-1058.
Masina M. and Lamberti A. (2013). A non-stationary analysis for the Northern Adriatic extreme sea levels. Journal of Geophysical Research
- Oceans. DOI: 10.1002/jgrc.20313.
Zanuttigh B., Losada I. J. and Thompson R. C.,
(2010). Ecologically based approach to coastal
defence design and planning, Proc. of the Int.
Conf. on Coastal Eng., No. 32(2010), Paper
#: management5.0. http://journals.tdl.org/
ICCE/.
Zanuttigh B. (2013). THESEUS framework for
coastal risk assessment and sustainable risk management decision-making. Proc. Of The Eleventh
International Workshop on Coastal Disaster Prevention, PARI, Tokyo, Invited talk.
Zanuttigh, B. (2011). Coastal flood protection:
what perspective in a changing climate? The
THESEUS approach, Environmental Science
and Policy, 14, 845-863.
Archetti R., Bolognesi, A. Casadio, A. and
Maglionico M.. (2011). Development of flood
probability charts for urban drainage network
in coastal areas through a simplified joint assessment approach. Hydrology and earth system
sciences, 15, 3115-3122.
De Vries W. S., Zanuttigh B., Steendam G. J.,
Kloosterboer H., Van der Nat A. and Graaf, H.
(2011). Integrating science and policy for creating tools for safer European coasts in a changing
climate, Irrig. and Drain. 60 (Suppl. 1): 77-83.
Zanuttigh B. (2011). Innovative technologies
for safer European coasts in a changing climate.
Proc. Coastal Structures 2011, Japan.
Martinelli L., Zanuttigh B. and Bagli S., (2011).
Modelling coastal risk along the Northern Adriatic Sea, Proc. Coastal Structures 2011, Japan.
Umgiesser G., Martinelli L., Zanuttigh B., Bellafiore, D. and Ferrarini L. (2011). Sea level rise
and coastal flood protection in Cesenatico, Italy. Proc. Acqua Alta, Hamburg.
Martinelli L., Zanuttigh B. and Corbau C.
(2010). Assessment of coastal flooding risk
along the Emilia Romagna littoral, Italy. Coastal
Corbau C., Simeoni U., Archetti R. Peretti A.
and Farina M. (2009). Winter Sandy Protections of the Northern Adriatic Coast against
flooding: Preliminary Results. J. of Coast. Res.
SI 56. 1194 – 1198.
Martinelli L., Zanuttigh B. and Lamberti A.,
(2009). Analysis of coastal flooding hazard in
low lying areas of the Northern Adriatic Sea,
Proc. Coastal Eng. 2008, 2, 1160-1172.
Zanuttigh, B., Martinelli, L., Lamberti, A., Moschella, P., Hawkins, S., Marzetti, S. and Ceccherelli V. U., (2005). Environmental design of
coastal defence in Lido di Dante, Italy, Coastal
Engineering, 52, No.10-11, 1089-1125, Elsevier.
Lamberti, A. and Zanuttigh B., (2005). An integrated approach to beach management in Lido
di Dante, Italy., Estuarine Coastal and Shelf Science, 62, No. 3, 441-451.
RESEARCH PROJECTS
EU-FP7-ENV2009-1 ID 244104 Project:
THESEUS. Innovative technologies for safer
European coasts in a changing climate. www.
theseusproject.eu
PRIN-2008. Project: 2008YNPNT9, Tools for
the assessment of coastal zone vulnerability related to the foreseen climate change
CONTACTS
[email protected]
[email protected]
[email protected]
232
Water Engineering – Coastal and Ocean Engineering
RENEWABLE ENERGY FROM THE SEA
RESEARCH GROUP: Elisa Angelelli, Alessandro Antonini, Renata Archetti, Alberto Lamberti, Adria
Moreno Miquel, Barbara Zanuttigh
KEYWORDS: Wave Energy Converters, Wave Farm, Mooring Systems, Off-shore Platforms, Coastal Protection
The huge potential of the European seas is still
far from being recognised and can significantly
contribute to the mitigation of climate change
effects thanks to the extraction of renewable energy from wind, waves and tides. However these
installations are still not competitive in terms
of costs, and require design optimization for
improving device survivability and conversion
efficiency also in milder climates. Due to the
massive development of marine infrastructures,
it is crucial to adopt a holistic approach towards
sustainable use of the marine space.
This research tackles the challenge to combine
the installations for renewable energy from the
sea, and specifically Wave Energy Converters
(WECs), with other off-shore installations for
aquaculture, transportation, etc. and with nearshore and on-shore installations for coastal and
harbour protection purposes.
The research on floating WECs focuses mainly
on the wave loads on the devices, on the design
of mooring systems (Fig. 1) and on the hydrodynamics around WEC farms. Experiments
have been carried on single and multiple WECs
with Power Take Off (PTO) system on board
in the wave basin at Aalborg University by
varying wave attacks, depth of installation and
mooring type (Fig. 2). Numerical modelling of
wave-WEC interaction and dynamic response
of moorings is performed under simplifying
assumptions with the 2DH Mike 21 BW code
(Fig. 3) and with the software ANSYS AQWA.
Research has been carried out on the development and optimisation of a WEC point absorber specifically designed for the Mediterranean
conditions.
The research on WECs integrated in harbour
structures has been carried out through laboratory experiments in wave flume on an overtopping devices at Aalborg University and is ongoing with numerical modelling of wave-structure
interaction by adopting a 2DV research code
based on the RANS-VOF technique.
Fig. 1 Wave flume experiments on the dynamics
of mooring systems.
Fig. 2. Experiments on a farm of WECS with a
spread mooring system and PTO on board.
Fig. 3. Numerical modelling of a farm of WECs
with MIKE21 BW.
233
Research Projects and Activities 2015
MAIN PUBLICATIONS
Zanuttigh, B., Angelelli, E. and Kofoed, J. P.,
(2013). Effects of mooring systems on the performance of a wave activated body energy converter,
Renewable Energy, 57 (9), 422-431.
Zanuttigh, B. and Angelelli, E. (2013). Experimental investigation of wave energy converters for
coastal protection purpose, Coastal Engineering,
80, 148-159.
Bozzi, S., Miquel, A.M., Antonini, A., Passoni, G.
and Archetti, R. (2013). Modelling of a point absorber for energy conversion in Italian Seas. Energies, 6, No 6, 3033-3051.
Angelelli, E. and Zanuttigh, B. (2012). A farm
of wave activated bodies for coastal protection
purposes, Proc. 33rd Int. Conf. on Coastal Eng.,
10.9753/icce.v33.structures.68, electronic format.
Angelelli, E. and Zanuttigh, B. (2012). Numerical
modelling of the hydrodynamics around the farm
of WAB, Proc. ICOE2012, electronic format.
Martinelli, L. , Zanuttigh, B. and Kofoed, J. P.
(2011). Method for selection of maximum PTO
design power based on statistical analysis of small
scale experiments on Wave Energy Converters. Renewable Energy, 36, No 11, 3124-3132.
Archetti, R.; Bozzi, S., Passoni, G. (2011). Feasibility Study of a Wave Energy Farm in the Western
Mediterranean Sea: Comparison among Different
Technologies. Proc. of the 30th Int. Conf. on Ocean,
Offshore and Arctic Eng., electronic format.
Angelelli, E., Zanuttigh B., Kofoed, J. P. and Glejbol, K. (2011). Experiments on the Wave Piston
wave energy converter. Proc. EWTEC 2011, electronic format.
Zanuttigh, B., Angelelli, E., Castagnetti, M., Kofoed, J. P. and Clausen, L. (2011). The wave field
around DEXA devices and implications for coastal
protection. Proc. EWTEC 2011, electronic format.
Zanuttigh, B., L. Martinelli, Castagnetti, M., P.
Ruol, J. P. Kofoed and Frigaard, P. (2010). Integration of wave energy converters into coastal protection schemes, Proc. ICOE2010, electronic format.
Martinelli, L., Zanuttigh, B. and Kofoed, J. P.
(2009). Statistical analysis of power production
from OWC type wave energy converters, Proc.
EWTEC 2009, electronic format.
Zanuttigh, B., Margheritini L., Gambles, L. and
Martinelli, L. (2009). Analysis of wave reflection
from wave energy converters installed as breakwaters in harbours, Proc. EWTEC 2009, electronic format.
Martinelli, L., Ruol, P. and Zanuttigh, B. (2008).
Forces on floating breakwaters and moorings: effects of layout and wave obliquity. Applied Ocean
Research, 30, No 3, 199-207.
RESEARCH PROJECTS
EU FP7-OCEAN-2011-1 ID 288710. Project:
MERMAID. Innovative Multi-purpose offshore
platforms: planning, design and operation. www.
mermaidproject.eu
EU-FP7-ENV2009-1 ID 244104 Project: THESEUS. Innovative technologies for safer European
coasts in a changing climate. www.theseusproject.eu
EU-FP7- ENERGY ID 213633. Project: CORES.
Components for Ocean Renewable Energy Systems. www.fp7-cores.eu/index.html.
International Research Alliance supported by the
Danish Council for Strategic Research. Project:
SDWED. Structural Design of Wave Energy Device. www.sdwed.civil.aau.dk.
EU-FP7-Capacities MARINET. Project: REDEM. Reliable design of mooring system of Wave
Energy Converters. www.fp7-marinet.eu/.
National project supported by the Italian Ministry
of University and Research. Project: RITMARE.
www.ritmare.it/en.
Research contract funded by ENEA: Analysis of
the existing technologies for the deployment of
marine renewable energy along the Italian seas
Research contract funded by INGV: Assessment
of the renewable energy potential from the sea offshore the Italian coasts.
CONTACTS
[email protected]
[email protected]
[email protected]
234
Water Engineering – Environmental Hydraulics
RIVER AND TORRENTS HYDROMORPHODYNAMICS
RESEARCH GROUP: Renata Archetti, Vittorio Di Federico, Gabriella Gaeta, Massimo Guerrero, Alberto
Lamberti, Michael Nones, Barbara Zanuttigh
KEYWORDS: debris flow, measuring technologies, river morphodynamics, roll waves
The study of fluids motion in river and torrents is
preliminary to the assessment of sediment fluxes
and to the final prediction of consequent morphology changes (i.e., the morphodynamics).
Engineer applications range from alps to alluvial
plains concerning many aspects of human settlement and civil infrastructures. As instance, in
mountain torrents, intense and localised storms
may cause flash floods with important sediment
transport. In steep torrents, the sediment discharge may increase so that the solid concentration often exceeds 40-50%: this is the case
of debris flows that transport downstream huge
volumes of sediments that are then deposited on
the alluvial fans. In addition, a steady discharge
in a constant slope channel will not always result
in a steady uniform flow. If the channel is sufficiently steep and long, a series of shallow water
waves may develop, propagating downstream,
eventually break and overtake one another (i.e.,
roll waves). More downstream river channels
tends to divagates in large flood plains changing
position of kilometres in decades. In others cases, river-bed degradation of meters was recorded
when the channel planimetric position was fixed
by flood embankments. All these processes taking place from upstream to downstream parts of
the watershed undermine civil structures such
as buildings, dams, viaducts, bridges, embankments, pump intakes and the navigation channel.
The aim of our research is to develop measurement, experimental and mathematical methods
for the optimized design of hydraulic structures
and the related assessment of risk inherent in
the climate-hydrology forcing term.
Field campaigns, laboratory tests were performed and numerical-analytical modelling
were implemented also taking advantages from
novel underwater-acoustic technologies (Doppler profiler and Multi-beam sonar) and the
advancement in computational fluid mechanics
(1, 2 and 3 dimensional models).
Fig. 1. Po river: bathymetry from Multibeam
survey and concentration from numerical modelling.
Fig. 2. Debris flow consequences in Letze torrent.
235
Research Projects and Activities 2015
MAIN PUBLICATIONS
Guerrero, M., Di Federico, V. & A. Lamberti,
2013. Calibration of a 2-D morphodynamic
model using water-sediment flux maps derived
from an ADCP recording. J. Hydroinformatics
15, No. 3, 813-828.
Guerrero, M. & A. Lamberti, 2013. Bed-roughness investigation for a 2-D model calibration:
the San Martìn case study at Lower Paranà. Int.
J. Sediment Res. 28, No. 4, in press.
Guerrero, M., Re, M., Kazimierski, L.D.,
Menéndez, A.N. & R. Ugarelli, 2013. Effect
of Climate Change on Navigation Channel
Dredging of the Parana River. Int. J. of River Basin Management Doi:10.1080/15715124.2013
.819005 (0.52;0)
Guerrero, M., Ruther, N. & R. Szupiany, 2012.
Laboratory validation of ADCP techniques for
suspended sediments investigation. Flow Meas.
Instr. 23, No. 1, 40-48.
Guerrero, M. & A. Lamberti, 2011. Flow Field
and Morphology Mapping Using ADCP and
Multibeam Techniques: Survey in the Po River.
ASCE, J. of Hydr. Eng. 137, No. 12, 1576-1587.
Guerrero, M., Szupiany, R & M. Amsler, 2011.
Comparison of acoustic backscattering techniques for suspended sediments investigation.
Flow Meas. Instr. 22, No. 5, 392-401.
Di Cristo, C., Iervolino, M., Vacca, A. & B. Zanuttigh, 2010. Influence of Relative Roughness
and Reynolds Number on the Roll-Waves Spatial Evolution. ASCE, J. of Hydr. Eng. 136, No.
1, 24-33.
Zanuttigh B. & P. Ghilardi, 2010. Segregation
process of water-granular mixtures released
down a steep chute. J. of Hydrology 391, No.
1-2, 175-187.
Zanuttigh B. & A. Lamberti, 2007. Instability
and surge development in debris flows. AGU,
Reviews of Geophysics 45, RG3006.
Zanuttigh B. & A. Lamberti, 2006. Experimental analysis of the impact of dry avalanches
on structures and implication for debris flows.
IAHR, J. Hydraul. Res. 44, No. 4, 522-534.
Zanuttigh B. & A. Di Paolo, 2006. Experimental analysis of the segregation of dry avalanches
and implication for debris flows. IAHR, J. Hydraul. Res. 44, No. 6, 796-806.
Zanuttigh B. & A. Lamberti, 2004. Analysis of
debris wave development with one-dimensional
shallow water equations. ASCE, J. of Hydr. Eng.
130, No. 4, 293-304.
Zanuttigh B. & A. Lamberti, 2004. Numerical
modelling of debris surges based on Shallow-Water and homogeneous material approximations.
IAHR, J. Hydraul. Res. 42, No. 4, 376-389.
Archetti R. & A. Lamberti, 2003. Assessment of
risk due to debris flow events. ASCE, Natural
Hazards Review, 4, No. 3, 115-125.
RESEARCH PROJECTS
CAID+11 UNL-Argentina, 2013-2015. El
transporte de sedimentos en ríos aluviales: desarrollo de métodos de medición basados en la
tecnología acústica Doppler.
Yggdrasil exchange program with NTNU-Norway, 2012. Dual-frequency ADCP measurement to quantify suspended sediment concentrations and to determine grain size distribution.
EU FP7, 2009-2012. CLARIS-LPB, A Europe-South America Network for Climate
Change Assessment and Impact Studies in La
Plata Basin.
PRIN, 2003. Analisi integrata di casi scelte di
colate detritiche nell’arco alpino.
CONTACTS
[email protected]
[email protected]
[email protected]
236
Water Engineering – Environmental Hydraulics
NON-NEWTONIAN FLUID MECHANICS
RESEARCH GROUP: Renata Archetti, Valentina Ciriello, Irene Daprà, Vittorio Di Federico, Giambattista Scarpi
KEYWORDS: rheology, analytical solutions, numerical modelling, laboratory experiments, gravity currents
Non-Newtonian fluids exhibit a complex rheology involving a non-linear relationship between
the shear rate and the applied shear stress. Different rheological models have been proposed in
literature to represent their behavior: power-law,
Prandtl-Eyring, Williamson, and Giesekus models are frequently used. The aim of the research is
to study the behavior of these fluids in industrial
and environmental applications. The main categories of problems investigated are: (1) Start-up
and pulsatile flows of Bingham fluids in different
geometries mimicking industrial and mining engineering settings (e.g. flow between two coaxial
cylinders). Here approximated analytical solutions
were derived with a regularisation of the Bingham
law and compared with numerical ones. (2) Flow
of thixotropic fluids, with a complex molecular
structure, whose rheological characteristics change
with time, owing to an applied external shear
stress. Typical application of thixotropic fluids are
electronic packaging, where epoxy and adhesives
are used for encapsulation and surface mounting,
and the drill industry, in which fluids are subject
to cyclic pressure and temperature loads when circulating in the bore. (3) Viscous gravity currents
of power-law fluids in plane and radial geometry,
representing the intrusion of a non-Newtonian
fluid into another driven by a density difference.
Closed form solutions describing the flow field
are derived and compared with results of extensive
laboratory investigations. (4) Hydraulic jump for
muds described by a Herschel-Bulkley constitutive
equation fluid in channels of given cross-section.
(5) Flow of power-law fluids in porous media in
confined and free-surface flow, representing environmental contaminants, remediation agents,
and fluids used to enhance oil recovery from underground reservoirs. Approximated closed-form
solutions are derived and compared with results of
laboratory investigations in reconstructed media.
Some of the indicated activities are carried out in
collaboration with research groups of the University of Parma (Department of Civil, Environmental, Territory Engineering and Architecture).
Fig. 1. Reconstructed porous media for non-Newtonian flow experiments.
Fig. 2. Spreading of a dilatant gravity current.
Power consumption for a Bingham fluid in the
gap between two coaxial pipes under the action
of a pulsating pressure gradient (p) and/or a periodic displacement (d) of the internal pipe.
237
Research Projects and Activities 2015
MAIN PUBLICATIONS
Ciriello V., Longo S., Di Federico V. (2013). On
shear thinning fluid flow induced by continuous
mass injection in porous media with variable conductivity. Mechanics Research Communications,
in press.
Ciriello V., Di Federico V. (2013). Analysis of a
benchmark solution for non-Newtonian radial
displacement in porous media. International Journal of Non-Linear Mechanics 52, 46-57.
Ciriello V., Di Federico V. (2013). Analytical modeling of spherical displacement for power-law fluids in porous media. Applied Mathematical Sciences 7(60), 2993-3005.
Ciriello V., Di Federico V. (2012). Similarity solutions for flow of non-Newtonian fluids in porous
media revisited under parameter uncertainty. Advances in Water Resources 43, 38-51.
Daprà I., Scarpi G. (2010). Numerical solution for
unsteady plane flow of dilatant fluids, 8th International Symposium Computational Civil Engineering, Iasi, 248-256.
Daprà I., Scarpi G. (2010). Unsteady simple shear
flow in a viscoplastic fluid: comparison between
analytical and numerical solutions. Rheologica Acta
49, 15-22.
Di Federico V., Pinelli M., Ugarelli R. (2010). Estimates of effective permeability for non-Newtonian fluid flow in randomly heterogeneous porous
media. Stochastic Environmental Research and Risk
Assessment 24, 1067-1076.
Daprà I., Scarpi G. (2009). Couette–Poiseuille flow of the Giesekus model between parallel
plates. Rheologica Acta 48, 117-120.
Daprà I., Scarpi G. (2012). Moto periodico di
un fluido di Ostwald-De Waele. Atti del XXXIII
Conv. di Idraulica e Costruz. idrauliche. pp. 10.
Ugarelli R., Bottarelli M., Di Federico V. (2008).
Displacement of non-Newtonian compressible
fluids in plane porous media flow, Advances in
Fluid Mechanics VII, 21 - 23 May 2008, The New
Forest, UK, 235-245.
Di Federico V., Ciriello V. (2012). Generalized
solution for 1-D non-Newtonian flow in a porous
domain due to an instantaneous mass injection.
Transport in Porous Media 93, 63-77.
Daprà I., Scarpi G. (2007). Perturbation solution
for pulsatile flow of a non-Newtonian Williamson
fluid in a rock fracture. International journal of rock
mechanics and mining sciences 44, 271-278.
Di Federico V., Archetti R., Longo S. (2012).
Spreading of axisymmetric non-Newtonian power-law gravity currents in porous media. Journal of
Non-Newtonian Fluid Mechanics 189-190, 31-39.
Ugarelli R., Di Federico V. (2007). Transition
from supercritical to subcritical regime in free surface flow of yield stress fluids. Geophysical Research
Letters 34, L21402.
Di Federico V., Archetti R., Longo S. (2012).
Similarity solutions for spreading of a two-dimensional non-Newtonian gravity current in a porous
layer. Journal of Non-Newtonian Fluid Mechanics
177-178, 46-53.
Ugarelli R., Di Federico V. (2007). Self-similar
solutions for unsteady-state flow of non-Newtonian fluids in porous media, Atti del XVIII
Congresso AIMETA, Brescia, 11-14 September
2007, pp. 6.
Daprà I, Scarpi G. (2011). Pulsatile Poiseuille flow
of a viscoplastic fluid in the gap between coaxial
cylinders, J. Fluids Eng. 133, 81203 1-7.
Daprà I., Scarpi G. (2006). Pulsatile pipe flow of
pseudoplastic fluids. Meccanica 41, 501-508.
Di Federico V., Archetti R. (2011). Self-similar
solutions for spreading of non-Newtonian gravity
currents in a porous layer, Atti del XX Congresso
AIMETA, Bologna, 12-15 settembre 2011, pp. 10.
CONTACTS
Di Federico V., Ciriello V. (2011). Non-Newtonian flow through porous media due to an instantaneous mass injection, Atti del XX Congresso
AIMETA, Bologna, 12-15 settembre 2011, pp. 10.
Daprà I., Scarpi G. (2005). Start-up of a Bingham
fluid in a pipe. Meccanica 40, 49-63.
[email protected]
[email protected]
[email protected]
[email protected]
[email protected]
238
Water Engineering – Fluid Mechanics
STOCHASTIC MODELING OF FLOW AND TRANSPORT PROCESSES IN POROUS MEDIA
RESEARCH GROUP: Valentina Ciriello, Vittorio Di Federico, Giada Felisa
KEYWORDS: porous media, heterogeneity, model reduction, inverse problems, risk analysis
The aim of the research consists in developing realistic models for the description of fluid flow, and
conservative or reactive solute transport in porous
media. The first research line deals with fractured
and heterogeneous media as geological heterogeneity strongly affects flow and transport processes.
At the same time, the impossibility of a detailed
medium characterization through field data, leads
necessarily to the adoption of probabilistic modeling incorporating multiscale representations of
media. In this framework, complex environmental
scenarios, such as groundwater overexploitation
and contamination and saltwater intrusion, are
investigated by resorting to accurate and efficient
computational strategies for the characterization
of the uncertainties, in order to make consistent
predictions and to provide proper indications for
resources management and mitigation actions.
The implementation of these strategies represents
an important transversal research activity. The
approach followed is based on model reduction
techniques allowing in a straightforward manner
to perform risk analysis, global sensitivity analysis
or to solve calibration and optimization problems.
To this aim, a numerical code based on the Polynomial Chaos Expansion theory has been developed. This approach is consequently adopted in
the other research lines. One of these concerns the
investigation of optimum design solutions for the
improvement of thermal efficiency of ground heat
exchangers. Other studies regard the analysis of
parameter uncertainty in non-Newtonian flow in
porous domains, seawater intrusion and the adoption of flow and transport formulations in the
context of biomedical applications. Some of the
indicated activities are carried out in collaboration
with research groups of the Politecnico in Milan
(Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering), the University of Ferrara (Department
of Architecture), the Technical University of Catalonia in Barcelona (Department of Geotechnical
Engineering and Geosciences), the Weizmann Institute of Science in Rehovot (Department of Environmental Sciences and Energy Research) and
the University of California in San Diego (Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering).
Fig. 1. Heterogeneous hydraulic conductivity
field.
Fig. 2. Numerical model of seawater intrusion.
Fig. 3. Modeling of ground heat exchangers.
239
Research Projects and Activities 2015
MAIN PUBLICATIONS
Ciriello V., Guadagnini A., Di Federico V., Edery Y., Berkowitz B. (2013). Comparative analysis of formulations for conservative transport in
porous media through sensitivity-based parameter calibration. Water Resources Research, doi:
10.1002/wrcr.20395.
Ciriello V., Di Federico V., Riva M., Cadini F.,
De Sanctis J., Zio E., Guadagnini A. (2013).
Polynomial chaos expansion for global sensitivity analysis applied to a model of radionuclide
migration in a randomly heterogeneous aquifer.
Stochastic Environmental Research and Risk Assessment 27, 945-954.
Ciriello V., Di Federico V. (2013). Analysis of
a benchmark solution for non-Newtonian radial displacement in porous media. International
Journal of Non-Linear Mechanics 52, 46-57.
Ciriello V., Di Federico V. (2012). Similarity
solutions for flow of non-Newtonian fluids in
porous media revisited under parameter uncertainty. Advances in Water Resources 43, 38-51.
Di Federico V., Ciriello V. (2012). Generalized
solution for 1-D non-Newtonian flow in a porous domain due to an instantaneous mass injection. Transport in Porous Media 93, 63-77.
Ciriello V., Di Federico V. (2012). Espansione
in caos polinomiale per l’analisi di sensitività
globale applicata al trasporto in acque sotterranee, L’Acqua, Suppl. n. 4, 129-136.
Bottarelli M., Di Federico V. (2012). Numerical
comparison between two advanced HGHEs.
International Journal of Low-Carbon Technologies 7(2), 75-81.
Bottarelli M., Di Federico V. (2012). Field monitoring of a HGHE Flat Panel, in Education,
Science, Innovations, Conference Proceedings
of the First International Conference, 9-10 June
2011, Sofia, Bulgaria, 429-436.
Bottarelli M., Di Federico V. (2011). Numerical
comparison between two advanced HGHEs,
10th International Conference on Sustainable
Energy Technologies, 4-7th September 2011, Istanbul, Türkiye, pp. 6.
Ciriello V., Di Federico V. (2011). Analisi di
sensitività globale ed espansione in caos polinomiale: un’applicazione al flusso in acque sotterranee, Atti del XX Congresso AIMETA, Bologna, 12-15 settembre 2011, pp. 10.
Bottarelli M., Di Federico V. (2010). Adoption
of flat panels in soil heat exchange, WREC 2010,
Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates, 25-30 September 2010, Future Technology Press, 330-335.
Di Federico V., Pinelli M., Ugarelli R. (2010).
Estimates of effective permeability for
non-Newtonian fluid flow in randomly heterogeneous porous media. Stochastic Environmental Research and Risk Assessment 24, 1067-1076.
Cintoli S., Neuman S. P., Di Federico V. (2005).
Generating and scaling fractional Brownian
motion on finite domains. Geophysical Research
Letters 32, L08404.
Cintoli S., Neuman S.P., Di Federico V. (2005).
Scaling Effects on Finite-Domain Fractional
Brownian Motion, Proceedings geoENV 2004,
Neuchatel (Switzerland), 13-15 October 2004,
75-86.
Di Federico V., Bizzarri G. (2004). Bingham fluid flow in spatially variable fractures, Advances
in Fluid Mechanics V, 169-177, WIT Press.
Neuman S. P., Di Federico V. (2003). Multifaceted nature of hydrogeologic scaling and its interpretation. Reviews of Geophysics 41(3), 1014.
Hyun Y., Neuman S.P., Vesselinov V.V., Illman
W.A., Tartakovsky D.M., Di Federico V. (2002).
Theoretical interpretation of a pronounced permeability scale effect in unsaturated fractured
tuff. Water Resources Research 38(6), 281-288.
RESEARCH PROJECTS
National Project funded by the Italian Ministry
of Research, Project: Subsurface fluxes in heterogeneous geologic media, 2000-2002.
CONTACTS
[email protected]
[email protected]
[email protected]
240
Water Engineering – Hydraulic Networks
SUSTAINABILITY OF URBAN WATER SYSTEMS
RESEARCH GROUP: Valentina Ciriello, Vittorio Di Federico, Tonino Liserra
KEYWORDS: urban water cycle services, sustainability, risk, long-term planning, reliability
Climate change, pollution of drinkable water
sources, progressive aging of existing infrastructures and limited financial resources render the
water cycle management in urban areas one the
major issues of the next generations. To effectively cope with the aforementioned problems a new
paradigm, aimed to sustainability of water usage,
needs to be adopted by decision and policy makers, planners and users. Methods, technologies,
field experiences and tools need to be provided
to stakeholders to support the planning of infrastructure and water usage adaptation to the anthropic pressures exacerbated by climate change
under limited financial resources. This approach
requires water companies and research institutions
to coproduce methods and tools, and the involvement of decision makers and stakeholders to select
objectives and interventions in the urban water
cycle aimed to an improved sustainability; the set
sustainability targets need to be reached in a strategic horizon of a few decades. The sustainability
concept is adapted to include: the assets and the
governance domains; the tools needed to test the
effects of planned actions on the sustainability
objectives and to select the best adaptation path
to reach sustainability. These tools include: (1) a
metabolism model of the entire water cycle, able
to compute mass, energy, pollutant and financial
fluxes; (2) a risk model, aimed at quantifying the
risk to fail sustainability targets; (3) a DSS to select
the sustainability paths. All these tools need to be
assisted by guidelines, procedures and inventories
of technologies suitably developed. This overall
approach at the strategic network level needs to be
coupled with: (1) methods for optimizing rehabilitation interventions of water mains via risk analysis (Life Assessment Model); (2) extension of the
above methodologies to the management of transport infrastructures and their interaction with the
water infrastructure; (3) open source framework
for Life Cycle Energy Analysis calculations; (4)
evaluation of hydraulic capacity of deteriorating
water networks; (5) reliability indicators describing hydraulic and water quality performance at
nodal and network level.
Fig. 1. An outline of risk methodology developed in TRUST project.
Fig. 2. The Financial Sustainability Rating Tool
(FSRT) developed in TRUST by UNIBO and
IWW.
241
Research Projects and Activities 2015
MAIN PUBLICATIONS
Conestabile della Staffa B., Ugarelli R., Di Federico V. (2013). La stima dei flussi energetici come
strumento di valutazione ambientale per le reti di
distribuzione idrica, L’Acqua 2/2013, 9-18.
Liserra T., Maglionico M., Ciriello V., Di Federico
V. (2013). Uncertainty in design and management
of sewer systems, Irrigation & Drainage Systems
Engineering, 2:1, 1000105, doi: 10.4172/21689768.1000105.
Conestabile Della Staffa B., Ugarelli R., Di Federico V. (2012). Applicazione di una metodologia
LCEA per la stima del carico energetico e ambientale relativo alle condotte idriche urbane, L’Acqua
suppl. 4/2012, 137-144.
Liserra T., Di Federico V. (2012). Sostenibilità
dei sistemi idrici urbani: L’approccio del progetto
TRUST, Atti del XXXIII Convegno di Idraulica e
Costruzioni Idrauliche, Brescia, 10-14 settembre
2012, pp. 1-10.
Liserra T., Di Federico V., Maglionico M. (2012).
Calcolo di indicatori di affidabilità delle reti idriche
mediante modelli di simulazione idraulica, Atti del
XXXIII Convegno di Idraulica e Costruzioni Idrauliche, Brescia, 10-14 settembre 2012, pp. 1-10.
Ugarelli R., Di Federico V (2012). Towards sustainability of urban water networks: addressing
management issues with innovative approaches, Irrigation & Drainage Systems Engineering,
1:e103, doi: 10.4172/2168-9768.1000e103.
Ugarelli R., Venkatesh G., Brattebø H., Di Federico V., Sægrov S. (2010). Historical analysis of
blockages in wastewater pipelines in Oslo and diagnosis of causative pipeline characteristics, Urban
Water Journal 7(6), 335–343.
Ugarelli R., Venkatesh G., Brattebø H., Di Federico V., Sægrov V. (2010). Asset management for
urban wastewater pipeline networks, ASCE Journal of Infrastructure Systems 16(2), 112-121.
Ugarelli R., Di Federico V. (2010). Optimal scheduling of replacement and rehabilitation in wastewater pipeline networks, ASCE Journal of Water
Resources Planning and Management 136(3).
Ghedin M., Ugarelli R., Liserra T., Di Federico
V., Maglionico M. (2010). Esternalità generate sul
traffico urbano dagli interventi di riabilitazione
nelle reti idriche, L’Acqua 2/2010, 25-34.
Di Federico V., Ugarelli R. (2010). La gestione
integrata delle reti idriche urbane, L’Acqua suppl.
2/2010, 5-10.
Ugarelli R., Kristensen S.M., Røstum J., Sægrov
S., Di Federico V. (2009). Statistical analysis and
definition of blockages-prediction formulae for
the wastewater network of Oslo by evolutionary
computing, Water Science and Technology 59(8),
1457-1470.
Ugarelli R., Venkatesh G., Brattebø H., Sægrov S.
(2008). Importance of investment decisions and
rehabilitation approaches in an ageing wastewater
pipeline network. A case study of Oslo (Norway),
Water Science And Technology 8(12), 2279-2293.
Liserra T., Ugarelli R., Di Federico V., Maglionico
M. (2008). A GIS based approach to assess the vulnerability of water distribution systems, Water Asset
Management International, 4.2 June 2008, 15-19.
Ugarelli R., Di Federico V., Sægrov S. (2007). Riskbased Asset Management for wastewater systems,
NOVATECH 2007, Lyon, France, June 2007, vol.
2, 917-924.
Pollert, J., Ugarelli R., Saegrov S., Schilling W., Di
Federico V. (2005). The hydraulic capacity of deteriorating sewer systems, Water Science and Technology 52(12), 207–214.
RESEARCH PROJECTS
EU FP7-ENV.2010.3.1.1-1 ID 265122 Project:
TRUST. Transitions to the urban water services of
tomorrow. http://www.trust-i.net/
EU FP 5 2002-2005 CARES: Computer Aided Rehabilitation of Sewer Networks, Po No
EVK1-CT-2002-00106.
http://www.sintef.
no/care-s
EU FP 5 2001-2004 CAREW: Computer Aided
Rehabilitation of Water Networks, Po No EVK1CT-2000-00053. http://www.sintef.no/care-w
CONTACTS
[email protected]
[email protected]
[email protected]
242
Water Engineering – Urban Drainage Systems
DESIGN AND MAINTENANCE OF URBAN DRAINAGE SYSTEM DEVICES
RESEARCH GROUP: Sandro Artina, Andrea Bolognesi, Sara Simona Cipolla, Marco Maglionico
KEYWORDS: gully pot, maintenance, management, rehabilitation, storage units
The continuous growth of urban areas and soil
sealing impact highlights several problems associated with stormwater disposal. Serious consequences may arise on both hydraulic and environmental sides. Urban catchments are characterised
by shorter concentration time than rural areas. As
a consequence CSOs activate and spill pollutants
into the receiving water bodies when they are still
in low flow condition, providing insufficient dilution. A number of studies within urban streams
have demonstrated that general stream health
declines as the area of impervious cover increases.
These effects can be controlled by inserting storage units within the network, whose function is
of temporarily accumulating a portion of the rain
event volume, and later sending it to the treatment
plant or to return it to receiving waters. Larger
volumes are required for the hydraulic protection (detention or retention tanks), while smaller
first flush tanks provide a mitigation effects on
pollutant spills. Ongoing investigations aim to
understand the real operation of the reservoirs
with respect to the simplified design criteria traditionally used in engineering practice. In addition
to tanks, our research is also interested in other
relevant components of urban drainage systems,
such as roadside gully pots. Their main function
is to retain part of the solid material washed off
paved surfaces in order to reduce problems associated with sediment transport and deposition in
drainage structures. However, these structures are
subject to clogging problems that can hardly affect
their conveying capacity, leading to street flooding
during rain events. Current research has aimed to
determine which variables affect the gully pots capability of retaining particulate matter by means
of pilot-scale laboratory tests and field monitoring activities. Infiltration and exfiltration in sewer
systems deserve further interest: the former may
cause groundwater pollution, the latter can generate hydraulic overloads and damage the operation
of wastewater treatment plants. Since stakeholders
are often not able to bear the costs of all required
interventions, it becomes essential to develop tools
capable of planning and setting intervention priorities. This research has seen real cases application
DSS, based on Bayesian algorithms.
Fig. 1. Gully pot field monitoring.
243
Fig. 2. Laboratory test facility for exfiltration
analysis.
Research Projects and Activities 2015
MAIN PUBLICATIONS
Ying, G., Sansalone, J., Pathapati, S., Garofalo, G., Maglionico, M., Bolognesi, A., Artina,
S. (2012) Stormwater treatment: Examples of
computational fluid dynamics modeling, Frontiers of Environmental Science and Engineering
in China 6 (5), pp. 638-648.
Bolognesi, A., Ciccarello, A., Maglionico, M.,
Kim, J.-Y., Artina, S., Sansalone, J. (2012) Can
surface overflow rate predict particulate matter load capture for common urban drainage
appurtenances? Journal of Environmental Engineering (United States) 138 (7), pp. 723-733.
Ciccarello, A., Bolognesi, A., Maglionico, M.,
Artina, S. (2012) The role of settling velocity
formulation in the determination of gully pot
trapping efficiency: Comparison between analytical and experimental data, Water Science
and Technology 65 (1), pp. 15-21.
Ciccarello A., G. Garofalo, J.J. Sansalone, A.
Bolognesi, M. Maglionico, S. Artina. Studio
mediante modello fisico di un “Hydrodinamic
Separator” in regime di portata non costante.
IDRA, Palermo, 2010.
Bolognesi A., M. Maglionico. Long term simulation analysis under two different rainfall regimes as an aid to gully pot management. 7th
Conference NOVATECH 2010, Lyon 28/0601/07/2010.
Giovanelli M., M. Maglionico; Identification of
the optimal level of service for sewer networks
by means of expert procedure; 11th ICUD, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK, 2008.
Bolognesi A., Casadio A., Ciccarello A., Maglionico M., Artina S., Experimental study of
roadside gully pots efficiency in trapping solids
washed off during rainfall events. 11th ICUD,
Edinburgh, Scotland, UK, 2008.
Gottardi G., M. Maglionico; Analisi del metodo
dell’invaso per il dimensionamento delle vasche
di laminazione a servizio delle reti di drenaggio
urbano. IDRA, Perugia, 9-12 settembre 2008.
Bolognesi A., M. Maglionico, S. Artina; Vali-
dation of tracer dilution methods for the quantification of exfiltration from sewer systems
through laboratory tests; 6th Conference NOVATECH 2007 Lyon France 25-28/06/2007.
Gottardi G., M. Maglionico; Analisi del metodo
cinematico per il dimensionamento degli invasi
di laminazione a servizio delle reti di drenaggio
urbano; I, 10-15 Settembre 2006, Roma.
Artina S., Becciu G., Maglionico M., Paoletti A.,
Sanfilippo U.; Performance indicators for the
efficiency analysis of urban drainage systems;
“Water Science and Technology”, Vol. 51 N. 2,
pp. 109-118 – Febbraio 2005.
RESEARCH PROJECTS
Research and Consulting Contract with Province of Rimini (2011), Scientific support for the
plan for the CSO management in the coastal
area of the province of Rimini. Scientific Coordinator: Marco Maglionico.
Convenzione tra la SIRCI SpA di Gubbio (PG)
ed il dipartimento DISTART: “Verifica in laboratorio su modello fisico la funzionalità idraulica
del prototipo di un nuovo tipo di pozzetto per la
raccolta delle acque pluviali dalle superfici stradali”; Responsabile: Marco Maglionico (2008).
Convenzione Caprari S.p.A. di Modena -Dipartimento DISTART: “Attività di consulenza
finalizzata a sviluppare procedure e sistemi applicativi per il funzionamento e la gestione delle
vasche di prima pioggia”; Responsabile: Marco
Maglionico (2007).
Convenzione HERA S.p.A. di Forlì - Dipartimento DISTART: “Definizione di criteri di
progettazione, realizzazione e gestione di vasche
di prima pioggia e di vasche di laminazione
nell’ambito dei sistemi fognari”; Responsabile:
Marco Maglionico (2007).
FP7-ENV-2010 TRUST - Transactions to the
Urban Water Services of Tomorrow.
CONTACTS
[email protected]
[email protected]
244
Water Engineering – Urban Drainage Systems
MONITORING AND MODELLING OF URBAN DRAINAGE NETWORKS
RESEARCH GROUP: Sandro Artina, Andrea Bolognesi, Sara Simona Cipolla, Marco Maglionico
KEYWORDS: numerical model, pollution, sewer networks
Numerical simulation models for urban drainage networks have become increasingly important for both hydraulic aspects (design or
verification of conduits and devices) and for
environmental issues, with particular reference
to the Combined Sewer Overflows impact on
receiving water bodies (“first flush” phenomenon).
The models reproduce quali-quantitative processes separating what happens in the drainage
network from what happens on the basin’s surface.
Quantitative (hydraulic) aspects, may be outlined as follows: net rainfall calculation, surface runoff and flow through the drainage system conduits. Water quality aspects include:
accumulation (build-up) of pollutants on the
basin’s surface during the dry weather period,
the mobilization and transport (wash-off ) of
pollutants due to rain, propagation into the
drainage system.
In order to estimate the parameters required
for a reliable numerical model, long and accurate monitoring campaign are recommended.
Actually, monitoring activities are a relevant
part in the analysis of quali-quantitative processes, as both qualitative and hydraulic data
are useful not just for calibrating the models,
but also to understand the studied phenomena.
Numerical simulations, either based on individual rainfall events (real or synthetic) or over
long time series allow to evaluate the behaviour of the network and compare the effects of
possible interventions in order to mitigate the
environmental impact.
245
Fig. 1. CSO impact for the Bologna sewer network.
Fig. 2. Example of water quality simulation.
Research Projects and Activities 2015
MAIN PUBLICATIONS
Archetti, R., Bolognesi, A., Casadio, A., Maglionico, M.,(2011) Development of flood probability charts for urban drainage network in
coastal areas through a simplified joint assessment approach, Hydrology and Earth System
Sciences 15 (10) , pp. 3115-3122.
Artina S., A. Bolognesi, T. Liserra, M. Maglionico, G. Salmoiraghi; Experimental analysis
of first foul flush in an industrial area; Transactions on Ecology and the Environment (ISSN
1743-3541), Wessex Institute of Technology
Press, 2006.
Artina S., A. Bolognesi, T. Liserra, M. Maglionico; Simulation of a storm sewer network
in industrial area: comparison between models
calibrated through experimental data; Environmental Modelling & Software, n. 22 (2007) pp.
1221-1228 – (2007).
Nazionale di Idraulica e Costruzioni Idrauliche,
Perugia, 9-12 settembre 2008.
Casadio, A., Maglionico, M., Bolognesi, A., Artina, S. (2010) Toxicity and pollutant impact
analysis in an urban river due to combined sewer overflows loads, Water Science and Technology 61 (1) , pp. 207-215.
Freni G., Maglionico M., Mannina G., Viviani
G.; Comparison between a detailed and a simplified integrated model for the assessment of
urban drainage environmental impact on an
ephemeral river; Urban Water Journal; Vol. 5,
No. 1, March 2008, pp. 21-31 - ISSN 17449006 (2008).
Maglionico M., Pollicino F.; Experimental analysis of the build-up of pollutants on an urban
road surface; pp. 745-752 - International Conference Novatech 2004, Lyon, France; 6-10 Giugno 2004.
Artina S., A. Bolognesi, T. Liserra, M. Maglionico; I modelli quali-quantitativi a supporto della
progettazione e gestione delle reti fognarie; Atti
della giornata di studio “La separazione delle acque nelle reti fognarie urbane” Roma 25 giugno
2003 – pp. 5-16 – ISBN 978-88-900282-6-7
(2007).
Simone A., Vignali C., Bragalli C., Maglionico M., Surface runoff: a rainfall simulator for
wash-off modelling and road safety auditing
under different rainfall intensities, SIIV2004 –
New technologies and modeling tools for road,
Firenze, 27-29 ottobre 2004.
Benedetti L., A. Casadio, M. Maglionico, P. A.
Vanrolleghem; Metodologia di realizzazione di
un connettore fra ASM2d e RWQM1 per un
modello di simulazione integrato: rete fognaria
- impianto di depurazione - corpo idrico ricettore; IA Ingegneria Ambientale; Vol. XXXVII
n. 1-2 – pp. 12-19 - gen-feb 2008.
“Attività di modellazione relativamente alla rete
fognaria di Rimini” (Numerical modelling of
Rimini sewer system). Research contract funded by HERA S.r.l. Rimini. Responsibile: Marco
Maglionico (2009).
Calabrò P. S., M. Maglionico; Comparison between detailed and conceptual models in water
quality simulation; 9th International Conference on Urban Drainage, 8-13 Settembre 2002,
Portland (USA).
Casadio A., M. Maglionico, A. Bolognesi, S.
Artina. Analisi dell’impatto degli scaricatori di
piena sui corpi idrici ricettori: il caso di studio
del Canale Navile a Bologna, XXXI Convegno
RESEARCH PROJECTS
FP7-ENV-2010 TRUST - Transactions to the
Urban Water Services of Tomorrow.
Research and Consulting Contract with HERA
S.r.l. Ravenna (2011), Scientific support for the
numerical modelling of the sewer network of
Ravenna. Scientific Coordinator: Marco Maglionico
CONTACTS
[email protected]
[email protected]
246
Water Engineering – Urban Drainage Systems
WATER AND ENERGY RECOVERY IN WATER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS
RESEARCH GROUP: Sandro Artina, Andrea Bolognesi, Cristiana Bragalli, Matteo Fortini
KEYWORDS: energy efficiency, design, optimization, water scarcity, water supply systems, miny-hydro
The contribution in the enhancement of leakage
control methods in water distribution systems is
closely related to the need for an integrated water
and energy resource management. Both consolidated and emerging technologies and management practices have been analysed in order to
improve efficiency in the use of water and energy
resources. In fact, leakage can modify the operational conditions of the network and of pumps,
causing relevant effects on energy efficiency. The
understanding of leakage-energy nexus shows
non-trivial relationships and the definition of
methodologies and indicator to evaluate the actual
level of water demand, leakage and energy consumed is a key issue either under a management
or an environmental perspective. Optimization
process has been used to determine the configurations representing the optimal scenarios in terms of
watergy efficiency, i.e.: the satisfaction of water demand with the lowest possible energy-demanding
networks and, among the low energy networks,
those showing the highest energy-efficiency. The
contribution on the enhancement of leakage control methods in water distribution systems derives
from a number of research projects carried out in
strictly collaboration with water utilities operating particularly in Emilia Romagna and Marche
regions. Recently some real applications of automatic meter readings (Forlì, HERA network;
Fano, ASET network; Reggio Emilia, ENIA network) have been considered. Remote monitoring
systems are able to read users’ water meters and it
is possible to use this feature for a dynamic water
balance, and also it is an excellent starting point for
a water losses dynamic control approach that links
the benefits of active leakage control and the ones
of passive leakage control. In conjunction with the
previous mentioned aspects, the research activity
is regarded the increasing of the energy self-sufficiency of water distribution systems by means the
installation of turbine/PAT, assuming that the
installations of Micro–Hydro and Mini–Hydro
could be seen as a point of convergence between
the pressure control (in order to reduce the losses
247
of water) and the exploitation of a renewable energy source.
Fig. 1. Energy self-sufficiency of water distribution systems by installation of turbine/PAT.
Fig. 2. Smart technologies for Automatic Meter
Reading.
Research Projects and Activities 2015
MAIN PUBLICATIONS
Artina S., Naldi G., Marchi A., Bragalli C., Lenzi C., Liserra T. (2008). Dal controllo della pressione al recupero energetico nei sistemi di distribuzione idrica. IDRA08. p. 1-8, PERUGIA:
Morlacchi Editore, ISBN: 978-88-6074-220-9.
Artina S., Bragalli C., Lenzi C., Liserra T.,
Marchi A., Benini A. (2010), Relazione sperimentale tra perdite ed energia in reti idriche alimentate da pompe a giri variabili, Supplemento
alla rivista bimestrale dell’Associazione Idrotecnica Italiana L’ACQUA 2/2010.
Artina, A. Bolognesi, C. Bragalli, D. Galeri,
M. Maglionico (2012). Implicazioni gestionali
dell’applicazione estesa della telelettura ai contatori. L’ACQUA, vol. 4, p. 85-94, ISSN: 11251255.
Bragalli C., Sacchi S., Burst frequency and leakage related to pressure control in water distribution network, Leakage Management – IWA
Conference, Cyprus 20-22 November 2002.
IWA Specialised Conference, Leakage Management, Cyprus, November 2002, Conference
Proceedings, ISBN 9963875904.
Bragalli C., Liserra T., Maglionico M., A procedure based on performance indicators in water distribution system for the identification of
scenarios in terms of water losses reduction and
structural improvement; International Water
Association Conference - Water Loss 2007 - Bucharest 23-26 September 2007, Romania, ISBN
9789737681249.
Lenzi C., Bragalli C., Bolognesi A., Artina S.
(in stampa). From energy balance to energy
efficiency indicators including water losses.
WATER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY:
WATER SUPPLY, vol. 13, p. 1-8, ISSN: 16069749, doi: 10.2166/ws.2013.103.
Liserra T., Artina S., C. Bragalli, C. Anzalone,
G. Leoni, D. Giunchi. (2006). Approccio
pre-attivo per il controllo delle perdite idriche
con monitoraggio in telelettura. XXX Convegno di Idraulica e Costruzioni Idrauliche. XXX
Convegno di Idraulica e Costruzioni Idrauliche. ROMA. 10-15 Settembre 2006. (vol. 1).
ISBN: 88-87242-81-X.
Liserra T., Artina S., Bragalli C., Lenzi C.
(2009). Water loss dynamic control by Automatic Meter Readings in water distribution
network. Integrating Water Systems, Proc. 10th
International Conference on Computing and
Control for the Water Industry (CCWI), Sheffield, ISBN 13-978-0-415-54851-9 Taylor &
Francis Group, London, UK.
Maglionico M., Liserra T., Bragalli C., (2009).
Performance indicators in water distribution
systems aggregated by means of bayesian networks, Performance Indicators for the Planning, Design and Management of water supply
systems, CSDU Milano, ISBN 978-88-9032230-3.
Naldi G., Artina S., Bragalli C., Liserra T.,
Marchi A. (2010). Experimental investigation
of characteristic curves of centrifugal pumps
working as turbines. In: Integrating Water Systems. p. 571-576, LONDON: CRC Press Taylor & Francis Group, ISBN: 9780415548519,
Sheffield (UK).
RESEARCH PROJECTS
LIFE08/INF/IT/000308 “WATACLIC WATER AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE.
Sustainable water management in urban areas”,
approvato dalla CE (2010 - 2012).
FP7-ENV-2010 TRUST - Transactions to the
Urban Water Services of Tomorrow.
INTERREG IV C “WATER CoRe WATER
SCARCITY AND DROUGHTS -COORDINATED ACTIVITIES IN EUROPEAN
REGIONS” Priority 2: Environment and Risk
Prevention, Sub-Theme: Water Management,
approvato dalla CE (2010-2013).
CONTACTS
[email protected]
[email protected]
248
Water Engineering – Water Supply Systems
APPLICATION OF OPTIMIZATION ALGORITHMS TO DESIGN AND OPERATION
OF WATER SUPPLY SYSTEMS
RESEARCH GROUP: Sandro Artina, Andrea Bolognesi, Cristiana Bragalli, Matteo Fortini
KEYWORDS: energy efficiency, design, optimization, water scarcity, water supply systems
Water distribution systems are complex and extensive systems, characterized by significant temporal variability of users’ demand and, in some
cases, even of supply sources. This means that interventions must be evaluated for different operational conditions. The search for optimal solutions
in economic terms, so to satisfy the functional
constraints and performance levels, has become
more important with the Law 36/94, which introduced the criteria of entrepreneurship, and also
the necessity to reduce the environmental impact
in terms of water and energy needs for drinking
water. Planning and management problems can
be translated into an optimization problem where
a set of solutions are found, from which the decision maker can find the final one. The optimization problem is of NP-hard type and is extremely
complex due to the nonlinearity of the equations
of motion and the presence of discrete variables.
To overcome these difficulties heuristic algorithms
able to explore the solution space in a stochastic
way are applied, leaving to the simulator just the
numerical solution of the hydraulic equations. Optimization algorithms considered in the research
are manyfold. Multi-objective genetic agorithm
(MOGA) NSGA-II based on analogy of evolution in nature has been used in collaboration with
University of Exeter (UK). Also, in collaboraztion
with CINECA Center, NSGA-II parallelization
has been developed. An evolutionary algorithm
named GHEST (Genetic Heritage Evolution by
Stocastic Transmission) of recent development
has been tested on several water distribution networks. Finally, an exact Mixed Integer Non Linear
Programming approach has been used in collaboration with the Department DEIS of University
of Bologna. The optimization techniques can be
applied in the search of appropriate strategies for
the mitigation of the effects of water scarcity. Water supply systems have now reached a high degree
of complexity. The research may help to improve,
through developments of modelling and analysis
tools, the assessment of impact on urban area of
possible prevention and mitigation actions actions.
Fig. 1. Framework of GHEST algorithm.
Fig. 2. Optimal design of water supply system
using GHEST.
249
Research Projects and Activities 2015
MAIN PUBLICATIONS
Artina S., Bolognesi A., Bragalli C., D’Ambrosio C., Marchi A. (2011). Comparison among
best solutions of the optimal design of water
distribution networks obtained with different
algorithms. In: CCWI 2011 Urban Water Management: challenges and opportunities.
Artina S., Bragalli C., Erbacci G., Marchi A.,
Rivi M. (2012). Contribution of parallel NSGA-II in optimal design of water distribution
networks. Journal of Hydroinformatics, vol.
Volume: 14 Issue: 2, p. 310-323, ISSN: 14647141.
Bolognesi A., Bragalli C., Marchi A., Artina S.,
Genetic Heritage Evolution by Stocastic Transmission in the optimal design of water distribution networks, Advances in Engineering Software – Elsevier 41 (2010) 792-801.
Bragalli C., D’Ambrosio C., Lee J., Lodi A.,
Toth P. (2006). An MINLP Solution Method for a Water Network Problem. LECTURE
NOTES IN COMPUTER SCIENCE. Algorithms – ESA 2006. Zurich, Switzerland. September 11-13, 2006. vol. 4168, pp. 696 - 707
ISSN: 0302-9743.
Bragalli C., D’Ambrosio C., Lee J., Lodi A., Toth
P. (2008). Water network design by MINLP. p.
1-18, NEW YORK: IBM Reserach.
Bragalli C., Marchi A., Bolognesi A., S. Artina
S., Todini E. (2010). Applicazione dell’algoritmo euristico ghest al progetto della rete idrica
di Balerma, XXXII Convegno Nazionale di
Idraulica e Costruzioni Idrauliche Palermo, 1417 settembre 2010.
Bragalli C, C. D’Ambrosio, J. Lee, A. Lodi, P.
Toth (2012). On the Optimal Design of Water Distribution Networks: a Practical MINLP
Approach. OPTIMIZATION AND ENGINEERING, vol. 13, p. 219-246, ISSN: 13894420.
Bolognesi A., Marchi, A., Bragalli, C., Artina, S. (2013) “Multi-objective design of water
distribution networks through the generation
of pseudo-fronts in the hydraulically feasibile
region.” Journal of Comp. in Civ. Eng. ASCE,
posted ahead of print.doi:10.1061/(ASCE)
CP.19435487.0000280.
Bolognesi A., Bragalli C., Artina S. (2012). Ottimizzazione di una rete di distribuzione idrica
nela rispetto integrale del livello di servizio. In:
XXXIII Convegno di Idraulica e Costruzioni
Idrauliche. p.1-14, Cosenza:Edibios, ISBN: 97888-97181-18-7, Brescia, 10-14 settembre 2012.
Bragalli C., Freni G., La Loggia G. (2007). Assessment of water shortage in urban areas. WATER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY LIBRARY, p. 375-398, DORDRECHT:Springer, ISBN: 9781402059230.
Conte G., Bolognesi A., Bragalli C., Branchini
S., Carli A.D., Lenzi C., Masi F., Massarutto A.,
Pollastri M., Principi I. (2012). Innovative Urban Water Management as a Climate Change
Adaptation Strategy: Results from the Implementation of the Project “Water Against Climate Change (WATACLIC)”. WATER, vol. 4,
p. 1025-1038, ISSN: 2073-4441, doi: 10.3390/
w4041025.
RESEARCH PROJECTS
LIFE08/INF/IT/000308 “WATACLIC WATER AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE.
Sustainable water management in urban areas”,
approvato dalla CE (2010 - 2012).
FP7-ENV-2010 TRUST - Transactions to the
Urban Water Services of Tomorrow.
INTERREG IV C “WATER CoRe WATER
SCARCITY AND DROUGHTS -COORDINATED ACTIVITIES IN EUROPEAN
REGIONS” Priority 2: Environment and Risk
Prevention, Sub-Theme: Water Management,
approvato dalla CE (2010 - 2013).
CONTACTS
[email protected]
[email protected]
250
Water Engineering – Water Supply Systems
NUMERICAL HYDRAULIC MODELLING AND FLOOD-RISK ASSESSMENT AND
MITIGATION
RESEARCH GROUP: Armando Brath, Emanuele Baratti, Attilio Castellarin, Serena Ceola, Alessio Domeneghetti, Alberto Montanari, Alessio Pugliese, Elena Toth
KEYWORDS: 1D and 2D numerical hydraulic models, flood-risk assessment, mitigation and mapping, residual risk
Modern techniques for topographical survey (see
e.g., LiDAR, laser-scanning) enable numerical descriptions of the morphology of riverbanks and
floodplain with high planimetric resolution. These
techniques triggered research activities related to
the application of one-dimensional (1D), quasi
two-dimensional (quasi-2D) or fully two-dimensional (2D) hydraulic models. Ongoing research
activities make use of these high resolution digital
elevation models to reproduce the complexity of
the river bed, protected and not-protected floodplains and flood prone areas. Starting from these
altimetric information 1D, quasi-2D and 2D hydraulical model are implemented with different
geometry discretizations and mesh resolutions.
The main objective is to achieve, by means of
mathematical simulations, some points of discussions for listed fields of research:
- flood hazard mitigation strategies associated with
different floodplain management policies (i.e.
open floodplain, dike-protected floodplains or
controlled floodding);
- guidelines for the identification of the optimal
topographic resolution for hydraulic models (i.e.
optimal cross-section spacing and orientation);
- evaluation of flood hazard and vulnerability indicator (i.e. water depth, stage-damage curve) for
flood risk mapping, even in cases of levee failure
scenarios;
- definition of strategies for an effective management of extreme flood events (e.g. recurrence intervals >> 200 years), such as controlled flooding
of areas outside the main embankments.
Research activities are carried out in collaboration
with Italian and foreign partners (Po River Basin
Authority; Interregional Agency for the Po River;
Emilia-Romagna District; District Agency for the
Civil Protection; University of Bristol - School of
Geographical Sciences; UNESCO-IHE Institute
for Water Education, GeoForschungsZentrum
Potsdam, GFZ, Germany).
Fig. 1. Example of 2D model application for the
evaluation of flood hazard indicator.
Fig. 2. Probabilistic flood hazard map along the
River Po in cases of levee failures.
251
Research Projects and Activities 2015
MAIN PUBLICATIONS
Domeneghetti A. Vorogushyn S., Castellarin A.,
Merz B., Brath A. (2013). Effects of rating-curve
uncertainty on probabilistic flood mapping. Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., in print; doi: 10.5194/hessd-9-9809-2012.
Domeneghetti A., Castellarin A., Brath A. (2012).
Assessing rating-curve uncertainty and its effects on
hydraulic model calibration, Hydrology and Earth
System Sciences, 16(4), 1191–1202, doi:10.5194/
hess-16-1191-2012. Available from: http://www.
hydrol-earth-syssci.net/16/1191/2012/
Castellarin A., Di Baldassarre G., Brath A. (2010)
Floodplain management strategies for flood attenuation in the River Po, River Research and Application , DOI: 10.1002/rra.1405.
Domeneghetti, A., Castellarin A., Brath A.
(2010). Identifying robust large-scale flood risk
mitigation strategies: a quasi 2D hydraulic model
as a tool for the Po River, Physics and Chemistry
of the Earth, Special Issue: Flood Hydrology and
Remote Sensing, paper under review.
Brath, A., Castellarin A., Di Baldassarre G., Domeneghetti A. (2010). Linee strategiche di intervento
per la mitigazione del rischio alluvionale lungo il
corso medio-inferiore del Fiume Po. L’Acqua, 2, pp.
9-24, ISSN 1125-1255.
Domeneghetti A., Castellarin A., Brath A. (2010).
Effects of rating-curve uncertainty on the calibration of numerical hydraulic models. First IAHR
European Congress, Edinburgo, 4-6 Maggio,
2010.
Brath, A., Castellarin A., Di Baldassarre G., Domeneghetti A. (2010). Nuovi indirizzi per la difesa
dal rischio idraulico lungo l’asta fluviale del Fiume
Po. Biologia Ambientale, Atti del XVIII congresso
S.It.E., Parma 1-3 Settembre 2008, 24 (1): 41-58.
Castellarin, A., G. Di Baldassarre, Bates P.D.,
Brath A. (2009). Optimal cross-section spacing in
Preissmann scheme 1D hydrodynamic models, J.
Hydraul. Eng., ASCE, 135(2), 96-105.
Di Baldassarre, G., Castellarin A., Montanari A.,
Brath A. (2009). Probability weighted hazard
maps for comparing different flood risk manage-
ment strategies. A case study, DOI: 10.1007/
s11069-009-9355-6, Natural Hazards, 50: 479496.
Di Baldassarre, G., Montanari A. (2009). Uncertainty in river discharge observations: a quantitative analysis, Hydrology and Earth System Sciences,
13, 913-921.
Di Baldassarre, G., Castellarin A., Brath A. (2009).
Analysis on the effects of levee heightening on
flood propagation: some thoughts on the River Po, Italy. Hydrological Sciences Journal, 54(6),
1007-1017.
Castellarin A., Di Baldassarre G., Bates P.D., Brath
A. (2008). Optimal geometric description in
one-dimensional hydraulic models. In New Topics
in Water Resources Research and Management. (pp.
235 - 259). ISBN: 1-60021-974-8. Hauppauge
NY: Novapublisher (United States).
Castellarin A., Brath A., Di Baldassarre G.
(2008). Analisi della capacità di laminazione del
sistema golenale del corso medio inferiore del
Fiume Po. 31° Convegno di Idraulica e Costruzioni Idrauliche. Perugia, 9-12 settembre 2008.
(pp. 350-1 - 350-11). ISBN: 978-88-6074-2209.
Brath A., Di Baldassarre G. (2007). LiDAR e immagini ASAR per la messa a punto di una affidabile modellistica bidimensionale dei fenomeni
di allagamento. Ambiente Territorio. vol. 6, pp. 38
- 45 ISSN: 1971-5455, 2007.
RESEARCH PROJECTS
Research and Study Agreement: strategic project for flood-risk mitigation along the middle
lower reach of the Po River. Po River Basin Authority (Autorità di Bacino del Po).
Scientific activity associated to the donation of the
Interregional Agency for the Po River (Agenzia Interregionale per il Fiume Po).
CONTACTS
[email protected]
[email protected]
[email protected]
[email protected]
252
Water Engineering – Hydraulic Protection
REAL-TIME FLOOD FORECASTING SYSTEMS
RESEARCH GROUP: Armando Brath, Emanuele Baratti, Attilio Castellarin, Serena Ceola, Alessio Domeneghetti, Alberto Montanari, Alessio Pugliese, Elena Toth
KEYWORDS: flood forecasting, real-time updating, precipitation spatial field, confidence bands
Two crucial components of real-time flood forecasting systems are the estimation and forecasting of the meteorological forcing and the use of
the last streamflow observations, that allow to
update the rainfall-runoff model simulations
and to derive an uncertainty assessment of the
issued forecast. Such aspects have been analysed
in the following research activities:
a) Integrated use of time-series analyisis techniques and determistic rainfall-runoff models
for flood forecasting: along with traditional
linear stochastic models, non-linear time-series models have been applied, that is Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) and the “nearest
neighbours” method, which is a non-parametric
regression methodology; such techniques are
applied for forecasting the short-term future
rainfall to be used as real-time input to the rainfall-runoff model and for updating the discharge
predictions provided by the model (see Fig. 1).
b) Estimates and nowcasting of rainfall fields
through remote-sensing techniques: the performances of an integrated flood forecasting system,
based upon the use of Meteosat satellite derived
rainfall maps and of a distributed rainfall-runoff
model were first analysed, comparing both the input fields and the obtained streamflow forecasts. A
second research topic is the evaluation of system
analysis techniques for obtaining short-term (of
the order of a few hours) quantitative precipitation
forecasting, based on radar images (see Fig. 2).
Another important issue in flood forecasting
is the analysis of the reliability and uncertainty of the streamflow forecasts. A technique
for assessing the uncertainty of rainfall-runoff
simulations was proposed, that makes use of a
meta-Gaussian approach in order to estimate
the probability distribution of the model error
conditioned by the simulated river flow. The
proposed technique is applied to real-world case
studies, for which the confidence limits of simulated river flows are derived and compared with
the actual hydrometric observations (see Fig. 3).
Fig. 1. Real-time upodating of streamflow forecasts through simulation error modelling.
Fig. 2. Precipitation fields (time-resolution 15mins, spatial resolution 1x1 km2) captured by
the Doppler radar.
Fig. 3. Observed and real-time simulated streamflow and relative forecast confidence bands.
253
Research Projects and Activities 2015
MAIN PUBLICATIONS
Toth E., Brath, A., Montanari, A., Real-time
flood forecasting via combined use of conceptual and stochastic models. Physics and Chemistry
of the Earth Part B-Hydrology Oceans And Atmosphere. vol. 24(7), pp. 793-798 ISSN: 14641909, 1999.
Toth E., Brath, A., Montanari, A., Comparison
of short-term rainfall prediction models for real-time flood forecasting. Journal of Hydrology.
vol. 238, pp. 132-147 ISSN: 0022-1694, 2000.
Brath A, Montanari, A., Toth, E., On the use of
neural networks and non-parametric methods
for improving real-time flood forecasting obtained through conceptual hydrologic models.
Hydrology and Earth System Sciences. vol. 6,
pp. 627-640 ISSN: 1027-5606, 2002.
Montanari, A., Brath, A., A stochastic approach
for assessing the uncertainty of rainfall-runoff
simulations, Water Resources Research, Vol. 40,
W01106, doi: 10.1029/2003WR002540, 2004.
Montanari L., Montanari, A., Toth, E., A comparison and uncertainty assessment of system
analysis techniques for short-term quantitative
precipitation nowcasting based on radar images.
Journal of Geophysical Research. Atmospheres.
vol. 111 ISSN: 0148-0227, 2006.
Montanari, A., What do we mean by ‘uncertainty’? The need for a consistent wording about uncertainty assessment in hydrology, Hydrological
Processes, Vol. 21, 841-845, 2007.
Toth E, Data-driven streamflow simulation: the
influence of the temporal resolution of input
and output variables. In: “Hydroinformatics in
practice: computational intelligence and technological developments in water applications”
(Eds. R. Abrahart, L. See, D. Solomatine),
ISBN: 3540798803, BERLIN, Springer-Verlag,
GERMANY, 2008.
Toth, E., Classification of hydro-meteorological conditions and multiple artificial neural
networks for streamflow forecasting, Hydrology and Earth System Sciences, 13, 1555-1566,
2009.
Abrahart, R.J., Anctil, F., Coulibaly, P., Dawson, C.W., Mount, N.J., See, L.M., Shamseldin,
A.Y., Solomatine, D.P., Toth, E., Wilby, R.L.,
Two decades of anarchy? Emerging themes and
outstanding challenges for neural network river forecasting, Progress in Physical Geography,
doi: 10.1177/0309133312444943, 36(4), 480513, 2012.
RESEARCH PROJECTS
Research contracts (from 1999 on) with the
Regional Civil Protection Agency of Regione
Emilia-Romagna.
Italian Research Project of National Relevance
2006, “Advanced techniques for estimating the
magnitude and forecasting extreme hydrological events, with uncertainty analysis (SPIE)”,
financed by the Italian Ministry of University
and Research (MIUR).
CONTACTS
[email protected]
[email protected]
[email protected]
[email protected]
254
Water Engineering – Hydrology
WATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT AND WATER SECURITY
RESEARCH GROUP: Armando Brath, Emanuele Baratti, Attilio Castellarin, Serena Ceola, Alessio Domeneghetti, Alberto Montanari, Alessio Pugliese, Elena Toth
KEYWORDS: water resources; land-use change; hydrological change; environmental restoration; water for food
Water resources management and water security are topical issues today in many countries in
Europe and other areas. In fact, environmental
change, and in particular hydrological change, is
inducing relevant perturbations in water resources availability and water demands. This problem
is recognized at the international level, as the numerous scientific and governmental initiatives developed in the last decade and dedicated to water
security and society clearly testify. It is an extremely
complex scientific and technical problem, because
the increase of the water demands and the overexploitation of water resources is superimposed to
environmental changes that may themselves imply
a reduction of water availability. Finding a solution
to such a problem requires gaining an improved
interpretation of the connections and feedbacks
between water dynamics and society. Traditional
scientific and technical approaches for water engineering design are based on the assumption that
environmental conditions are marginally affected
by human influence and therefore the environment is often assumed to be stationary.
The research and consulting activities set up innovative approaches for studying and modeling the
mutual interaction between water and humans
(socio-hydrology), hence developing new methods for estimating design variables to support engineering design. The ongoing research activities
deal with the following subjects:
- identification of optimal techniques for water resources management in a changing environment;
- impact of climate and hydrological change in water resources;
- integrated methods for flood risk mitigation and
flood management through an improved mathematical representation of the connections and
feedbacks between society and water processes;
- design of hydro-power plants under environmental change;
- environmental impact analysis for human activities;
- large scale analysis of human influence, environmental impact and socio-hydrological feedbacks.
Fig. 1. Interaction between human activity and
water systems.
Fig. 2. Effect of natural variability and human
influence on the status of water resources.
Fig. 3. Water balance for the Po River watershed.
255
Research Projects and Activities 2015
REFERENCES
Andrés-Doménech, I. Montanari, A., Marco,
J.B., Efficiency of Storm Detention Tanks for
Urban Drainage Systems under Climate Variability, Journal of Water Resources Planning and
Management, ASCE, 138, 36-46, 2012.
Montanari et al., “Panta Rhei—Everything
Flows”: Change in hydrology and society—
The IAHS Scientific Decade 2013-2022.
Hydrological Sciences Journal. 58 (6), doi:
10.1080/02626667.2013.809088.
Bloeschl, G., Montanari, A., Climate change
impacts–throwing the dice?, Hydrological Processes, 24, 374-381, 2010.
Montanari, A., Koutsoyiannis, D., A blueprint
for process-based modelling of uncertain hydrological systems, Water Resources Research, 48,
W09555, doi:10.1029/2011WR011412, 2012.
Brandimarte, L., Di Baldassarre, G., Bruni,
G., D’Odorico, P., Montanari, A., Relation
Between the North-Atlantic Oscillation and
Hydroclimatic Conditions in Mediterranean
Areas, Water Resources Management, 25, 12691279, 2011.
Wagener, T., Montanari, A., Convergence of
approaches toward reducing uncertainty in predictions in ungauged basins, Water Resources
Research, 47, doi:10.1029/2010WR009469,
2011.
Castellarin, A., Domeneghetti, A., Brath, A.,
Identifying robust large-scale flood risk mitigation strategies: a quasi-2D hydraulic model as a
tool for the Po River, Physics and Chemistry of
the Earth, Parts A/B/C, 36, 299-308, 2011.
RESEARCH PROJECTS
Panta Rhei, Everything flows, IAHS Scientific Decade 2013-2022. Alberto Montanari is
Chairing the research initiative in the biennium
2013-2015.
Castellarin, A., Pistocchi, A., An analysis of
change in alpine annual maximum discharges:
implications for the selection of design discharges. Hydrological Processes, 26(10), 15171526, 2012.
Di Baldassarre, G., Laio, F., Montanari, A., Design flood estimation using model selection criteria, Physics And Chemistry of the Earth. vol.
34, 606-611, 2009Di Baldassarre, G., Montanari, A., Lins, H.,
Koutsoyiannis, D., Brandimarte, L., Bloeschl,
G., Flood fatalities in Africa: from diagnosis to
mitigation, Geophysical Research Letters, 37,
L22402, doi:10.1029/2010GL045467, 2010
Di Baldassarre, G., Laio, F., Montanari, A., Effect of observation errors on the uncertainty
of design floods, Physics and Chemistry of the
Earth, 42-44, 85-90, 2012.
Project PRIN 2008 “Uncertainty Analysis for
Rainfall and River Flow Data and Effects on
Water Resources Management”, financed by the
Italian Government.
Project “Transitions to the urban water services
of tomorrow” (TRUST), financed by the European Union – 7th Framework Programme,
2010-2013.
Project Sharing Water Information to Tackle
Changes in the Hydrosphere - for Operational
Needs” (SWITCH-ON, Call ID “FP7-ENV2013-Two-stage”), financed by the European
Union (2013-2017).
CONTACTS
[email protected]
[email protected]
[email protected]
[email protected]
256
Water Engineering – Hydrology
CATCHMENT CLASSIFICATION AND STREAMFLOW PREDICTIONS IN UNGAUGED BASINS
RESEARCH GROUP: Armando Brath, Emanuele Baratti, Attilio Castellarin, Serena Ceola, Alessio Domeneghetti, Alberto Montanari, Alessio Pugliese, Elena Toth
KEYWORDS: design-flood, low-flow indices, flow-duration curves, statistical regionalization, rainfall-runoff
modelling
The research activities aim at improving our current level of knowledge in the field of streamflow
prediction (e.g. the flood occurs on average once
every T years, low-flow indices, flow-duration
curves, etc.) for catchment lacking streamflow observations (i.e. ungauged basins). This is a fundamental practical issue that needs to be addressed
when dealing with several water related problems
(e.g. flood-risk management; water-quality and
water-availability assessments; feasibility of hydropower plants; design of drinking-water supply, irrigation and reclamation systems, etc.).
The main research activities are:
(A) Classification of river basins to improve the
representation of spatio-temporal variability of
streamflows. We are focusing on objective classification techniques that combine multivariate
analysis techniques (e.g. Principal Component
Analysis, Canonical Correlation Analysis) with
unsupervised artificial neural networks, such as
the Self Organising Maps (see e.g. Fig. 1).
(B) Statistical regionalization. We develop and
test regionalization procedures to transfer hydrological information from donor gauged basins to
ungauged basins. In particular, we are currently
testing the potential of innovative geostatistical
procedures (e.g. Fig. 2).
(C) Simulation of streamflows in ungauged
catchments through mathematical rainfall-runoff
models, whose parameters are identified through
innovative techniques that do not require concurrent rainfall and streamflow observations for
the site of interest, and are therefore suitable for
ungauged basins.
Research activities are carried out in close collaboration with other national and international universities and research institutes (e.g. Polytechnic
of Turin, Research Institute for Geo-Hydrological Protection, Italian NRC; GeoForschungsZentrum, GFZ, Potsdam, Germany; Technische
Universität Wien, Vienna, Austria; Centre for
Ecology & Hydrology, Wallingford, UK; U.S.
Geological Survey, Northborough, MA, U.S.; Institute for Environment and Sustainability, JRC).
Fig. 1. Unsupervised classification of ~300 Italian gauged catchments into nine hydrological
classes (see Di Prinzio et al., 2011).
Fig. 2. Metauro river: prediction of low-flows (i.e.
Q355) along the stream network through geostatistical interpolation (see Castiglioni et al., 2011).
257
Research Projects and Activities 2015
MAIN PUBLICATIONS
Archfield, S.A., A. Pugliese, A. Castellarin, J. O.
Skøien, and J. E. Kiang (2013): Topological and
canonical kriging for design flood prediction in
ungauged catchments: an improvement over a
traditional regional regression approach? Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 17, 1575-1588.
Castellarin, A., G. Botter, D.A. Hughes, S. Liu,
T.B.M.J. Ouarda, J. Parajka, D. Post, M. Sivapalan, C. Spence, A. Viglione and R. Vogel
(2013): Prediction of flow duration curves in
ungauged basins, Chp. 7 in Runoff Prediction
in Ungauged Basins: Synthesis across Processes,
Places and Scales (Eds. G. Blöschl, M. Sivapalan,
T. Wagener, A. Viglione, H. Savenije, ISBN-13:
9781107028180, 135-162.
Castiglioni, S., A. Castellarin, A. Montanari
(2009): Prediction of low-flow indices in ungauged basins through physiographical spacebased interpolation, Journal of Hydrology, 378,
272-280.
Castiglioni, S., A. Castellarin, A. Montanari, J.O.
Skøien, G. Laaha, G. Blöschl (2011): Smooth
regional estimation of low-flow indices: physiographical space based interpolation and top-kriging, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 15, 715-727.
Castiglioni, S., L. Lombardi, E. Toth, A. Castellarin, A. Montanari (2010): Calibration of
rainfall-runoff models in ungauged basins: a regional maximum likelihood approach, Advances
in Water Resources, 33(10), 1235-1242.
Di Prinzio, M., A. Castellarin, E. Toth (2011):
Data-driven catchment classification: application to the PUB problem, Hydrol. Earth Syst.
Sci., 15, 1921-1935.
Guse, B., Thieken A.H., Castellarin A., Merz B.
(2010): Deriving probabilistic regional envelope curves with two pooling methods, Journal
of Hydrology, 380, 14-26.
Lombardi, L., E .Toth, A. Castellarin, A.Montanari, A. Brath (2012): Calibration of a rainfall–runoff model at regional scale by optimising river discharge statistics: Performance analy-
sis for the average/low flow regime, Physics and
Chemistry of the Earth, 42-44, 77-84.
Padi, P.T., G. Di Baldassarre, A. Castellarin
(2011): Floodplain management in Africa: large
scale analysis of flood data, Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, Parts A/B/C, 36, 292-298.
Pallard, B., A. Castellarin, A. Montanari (2009):
A look at the links between drainage density
and flood statistics, Hydrology and Earth System
Sciences, 13, 1019-1029.
Toth, E.(2009) Classification of hydro-meteorological conditions and multiple artificial neural networks for streamflow forecasting, Hydrol.
Earth Syst. Sci., 13, 1555-1566.
Toth, E.(2013) Catchment classification based
on characterisation of streamflow and precipitation time series, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 17,
1149-1159.
Viglione, A., A. Castellarin, M. Rogger, R.
Merz, and G. Blöschl (2012): Extreme rainstorms: Comparing regional envelope curves to
stochastically generated events, Water Resources
Research, 48, W01509.
Wagener, T., and A. Montanari (2011), Convergence of approaches toward reducing uncertainty in predictions in ungauged basins, Water
Resour. Res., 47, W06301.
RESEARCH PROJECTS
FP7-ENV-2013 ID. 603587-2 Project:
SWITCH-ON Sharing Water-related Information to Tackle Changes in the Hydrosphere - for
Operational Needs.
Earth System Science and Environmental Management (ESSEM) Domain: COST Action
ES0901 “European procedures for flood frequency estimation (FloodFreq)”.
CONTACTS
[email protected]
[email protected]
[email protected]
[email protected]
258
Water Engineering – Hydrology
RAINFALL-RUNOFF MODELLING
RESEARCH GROUP: Armando Brath, Emanuele Baratti, Attilio Castellarin, Serena Ceola, Alessio Domeneghetti, Alberto Montanari, Alessio Pugliese, Elena Toth
KEYWORDS: rainfall-runoff modelling; parameterisation; automatic calibration algorithms, data availability scenarios
The assessment of the parameters characterising
a rainfall-runoff model is crucial for a reliable simulation of streamflow values. The problem is particularly critical for systemic models, that are based
exclusively on the information attainable from the
calibration data, but also the choice of a physically-based approach does not generally overcome
the need to calibrate at least a part of the model
parameters.
The research aims at obtaining indications on the
quantity and quality of the calibration data that
are needed for a reliable and efficient automatic
parameterisation of rainfall-runoff models. Extensive experiments of calibrations and validations of
rainfall-runoff models for different scenarios of
historical information availability: different meteorological input variables, different methods for
estimating the meteorological fields, different spatial and temporal scales of both input and output
variables, different length and information content
of the calibration record. Such aspects have been
considered in relation to a variety of rainfall-runoff models, of deeply different nature: a physically-based distributed model, a conceptual lumped
model, systemic, data-driven models based on Artificial Neural Networks.
Furthermore, the Whittle maximum likelihood
estimator was proposed for calibrating the parameters of hydrological models. This method may
represent a valuable opportunity in the context of
ungauged or scarcely gauged catchments. In fact,
the only information required for model parameterization is the spectral density function of the
actual process simulated by the model. When long
series of calibration data are not available, the spectral density can be inferred by using old and sparse
records, regionalization methods or information
on the correlation properties of the process itself.
Finally, an innovative regional parameterisation
approach is proposed, based on the match, in the
optimisation process, of a set of streamflow statistics. Such an approach allows the parameterisation
of the model also for ungauged basins, based on
the regionalisation of the selected statistics as a
function of the climatic and geo-morphologic
characterisation of the watershed.
Fig. 1. Feedforward neural network for rainfall-runoff forecasting.
Fig. 2. Conceptual scheme of the distributed
rainfall-runoff model AFFDEF.
Fig. 3. A modular approach that uses different system-theoretic rainfall-runoff models according to
the situation characterising the forecast instant.
259
Research Projects and Activities 2015
MAIN PUBLICATIONS
RESEARCH PROJECTS
Brath A., A. Montanari, E. Toth, Analysis of the
effects of different scenarios of historical data availability on the calibration of a spatially-distributed
hydrological model. Journal of Hydrology. vol.
291, pp. 232-253 ISSN: 0022-1694, 2004.
Italian Research Project of National Relevance
2005, “Characterisation of average and extreme
flows in ungauged basins by integrated use of
data-based methods and hydrological modelling”, financed by the Italian Ministry of University and Research (MIUR).
Toth E., A. Brath, Use of spatially-distributed or
lumped precipitation inputs in conceptual and
black-box models for runoff forecasting. In: A.
Brath A. Montanari E. Toth (Eds). Recent advances in peak river flow modelling, prediction
and real-time forecasting - Assessment of the
impacts of land-use and climate changes. (pp.
247-261). Ed. Bios (Italy), 2004.
Montanari A., E. Toth, Calibration of hydrological models in the spectral domain: An opportunity for scarcely gauged basins?. Water Resources Research. vol. 43, pp. W05434 - . ISSN:
0043-1397, 2007.
Italian Research Project of National Relevance
2008, “Uncertainty assessment of rainfall and
streamflow measurements and impacts on the
management of water scarcity conditions”, financed by the Italian Ministry of University
and Research (MIUR).
CONTACTS
[email protected]
[email protected]
[email protected]
[email protected]
Moretti, G., e Montanari, A., Affdef: A spatially
distributed grid based rainfall-runoff model for
continuous time simulations of river discharge,
Environmental Modelling & Software, Vol.
22(6), 823-836, 2007.
Toth, E., Brath A., Multistep ahead streamflow forecasting: Role of calibration data
in conceptual and neural network modeling, Water Resour. Res., 43, W11405, doi:
10.1029/2006WR005383, 2007.
Toth, E., Classification of hydro-meteorological
conditions and multiple artificial neural networks for streamflow forecasting, Hydrology and
Earth System Sciences, 13, 1555-1566, 2009.
Castiglioni, S. Lombardi, L., Toth, E., Castellarin, A., Montanari, A., Calibration of rainfall-runoff models in ungauged basins: A regional maximum likelihood approach, Advances in Water Resources, 33, 1235-1242, 2010.
Lombardi, L., Toth, E., Castellarin, A., Montanari, A., Brath, A., Calibration of a rainfall-runoff model at regional scale by optimising
river discharge statistics: performance analysis
for the average/low flow regime, Physics and
Chemistry of the Earth, 42-44, 77-84, 2012.
260
Finito di stampare nel mese di aprile 2015
presso MIG - Moderna Industrie Grafiche (Bologna)