Bright, brighter, brightest
sorgenti di luce e scienza a Elettra e FERMI
Elettra until 2008
II minerali
minerali e
e la
la luce
luce -- Perugia
Perugia
Andrea
Andrea Lausi
Lausi –
–
15-16
15-16 giugno
giugno 2015
2015
ELETTRA
SR
I
M
FER
FEL
Main difference
SR recirculate beam multi bunch
FEL single pass machine
SR High pulse rate (~100 MHz)
FEL Low pulse rate (10 – 1000 Hz)
SR High average current
FEL High peak current
(~100 300 mA)
Temporal pulse length 15 – 30 ps
100 fs
Flux 1011 -1012 ph/sec
Flux 1012 -1013 ph/pulse
Peak power 103 W
Peak power 109 W
II minerali
minerali e
e la
la luce
luce -- Perugia
Perugia
Andrea
Andrea Lausi
Lausi –
–
15-16
15-16 giugno
giugno 2015
2015
Scheme of a 3rd generation Synchrotron Light Facility
Injection system
(Linac)
Injection line
RF Cavity
Vacuum ring
Insertion Device
Bending
magnet
beamline
Experimental Hutch
II minerali
minerali e
e la
la luce
luce -- Perugia
Perugia
Andrea
Andrea Lausi
Lausi –
–
15-16
15-16 giugno
giugno 2015
2015
Undulator Emission: relativity transforms the large
period of the magnetic structure into the microscopic
wavelength of x-rays.
An electron travels toward an
undulator at speed v.
The undulator forces the
electron to wiggle and to emir
radiation of wavelength equal
to its (shrunk) period, L/nγ
Because of Lorentz contraction, the
period “seen” by the electron shrinks
by a factor γ
Doppler effect further shrinks the
wavelength of the emitted radiation
by a factor 2γ
II minerali
minerali e
e la
la luce
luce -- Perugia
Perugia
Andrea
Andrea Lausi
Lausi –
–
15-16
15-16 giugno
giugno 2015
2015
Synchrotron Radiation from Relativistic Electrons
D. Attwood, Soft X-rays and Extreme Ultraviolet Radiation: Principles and Applications (Cambridge University Press, 1999)
II minerali
minerali e
e la
la luce
luce -- Perugia
Perugia
Andrea
Andrea Lausi
Lausi –
–
15-16
15-16 giugno
giugno 2015
2015
Synchrotron Radiation from Relativistic Electrons
D. Attwood, Soft X-rays and Extreme Ultraviolet Radiation: Principles and Applications (Cambridge University Press, 1999)
II minerali
minerali e
e la
la luce
luce -- Perugia
Perugia
Andrea
Andrea Lausi
Lausi –
–
15-16
15-16 giugno
giugno 2015
2015
Photon sources at Elettra
10
2
100
10
1
0.1
33
Wavelength(nm)
10
31
FERMI
10 nm
2
Peak Brilliance (Photons/s/mm /mrad /0.1%bw)
1000
10
10
10
40 nm
29
100 nm
27
25
EUFELE
10
10
10
10
10
23
21
Elettra
E=2 GeV
I=400 mA
U5.6
1
U12.5
19
FEU
Short U5.6
3
5
SCW
W14.0
1
3
17
Short W15.0
5
Bending Magnet
15
10
0
II minerali
minerali e
e la
la luce
luce -- Perugia
Perugia
10
1
10
2
10
3
Photon Energy (eV)
Andrea
Andrea Lausi
Lausi –
–
10
4
15-16
15-16 giugno
giugno 2015
2015
10
5
The Short Wavelength Region
of the Electromagnetic Spectrum
D. Attwood, Soft X-rays and Extreme Ultraviolet Radiation: Principles and Applications (Cambridge University Press, 1999)
II minerali
minerali e
e la
la luce
luce -- Perugia
Perugia
Andrea
Andrea Lausi
Lausi –
–
15-16
15-16 giugno
giugno 2015
2015
Earth science at ELETTRA
3D MICROSTRUCTURE
TEXTURE
DIFFRACTION
IMAGING
NON DESTRUCTIVE
3D INVESTIGATIONS
QUANTITATIVE
ANALISYS
NON AMBIENT CONDITIONS
PHASE DIAGRAMS
PHASE TRANSITIONS
II minerali
minerali e
e la
la luce
luce -- Perugia
Perugia
STABILIZATION
OF NEW PHASES
EQUATIONS of
STATE
STRUCTURAL
EVOLUTION
Andrea
Andrea Lausi
Lausi –
–
15-16
15-16 giugno
giugno 2015
2015
Diffraction at ELETTRA
1995-2006:
1995-2006:
XRD
XRD beamline
beamline
macromolecules
macromolecules
but
butalso
alsomaterial
materialscience,
science,
high
highpressure,
pressure,fibers,
fibers,
inorganic
inorganiccrystals...
crystals...
II minerali
minerali e
e la
la luce
luce -- Perugia
Perugia
Andrea
Andrea Lausi
Lausi –
–
15-16
15-16 giugno
giugno 2015
2015
11
HRD(1) diffraction beamline (1995 version)
refocussing
mirror
monochromator
filter
sample stage
source
slits
II minerali
minerali e
e la
la luce
luce -- Perugia
Perugia
Andrea
Andrea Lausi
Lausi –
–
15-16
15-16 giugno
giugno 2015
2015
12
XRD1: present and future
General purpose X-ray beamline with a extended spectrum(4-21 keV)
from a wiggler source, shared with the SAXS BL. The BL hosts PX and
material science experiments, in collaboration with CNR.
II minerali
minerali e
e la
la luce
luce -- Perugia
Perugia
Andrea
Andrea Lausi
Lausi –
–
15-16
15-16 giugno
giugno 2015
2015
XRD1: present and future
• Top-up mode introduced serious thermal load problem affecting the BL
monochromator. Two water direct-cooled crystals already substituted
(2012, 2013), a third one is expected to be introduced in few weeks.
This was reflected in a reduced (total) flux and enlarged spot size,
causing problems both with users and industry (long exposure time,
and beam divergence in particular).
A closed loop cryogenic system
(liquid nitrogen) from Bruker has
been purchased and has been tested
in May 2015.
XRD1 is now running at full capacity.
II minerali
minerali e
e la
la luce
luce -- Perugia
Perugia
Andrea
Andrea Lausi
Lausi –
–
15-16
15-16 giugno
giugno 2015
2015
BM 7.1
2006
2006--Present:
Present:
MCX
MCX
new
newXRD1
XRD1
currently
currentlyininconstruction:
construction:
XRD2
XRD2cluster
cluster
Beamline designed for non
single crystal diffraction
experiments
Open to users since 2009
II minerali
minerali e
e la
la luce
luce -- Perugia
Perugia
Andrea
Andrea Lausi
Lausi –
–
15-16
15-16 giugno
giugno 2015
2015
Before MCX: “Powder Diffraction Facilities at ELETTRA”
• Powder in capillary on XRD1 area detector
(Si powder @ ~18 keV)
• Fit2D to integrate rings
• Resolution limited by spatial response of
detector and by sample dimensions
II minerali
minerali e
e la
la luce
luce -- Perugia
Perugia
Andrea
Andrea Lausi
Lausi –
–
15-16
15-16 giugno
giugno 2015
2015
16
Diffraction analyses
Phase identifications
Texture analysis
Phase transitions
Crystal structure determination
Crystal structure refinements
Quantitative phase analysis (and crystallinity determination)
Microstructural analyses (crystallite sizes - microstrain)
Residual stress analysis
II minerali
minerali e
e la
la luce
luce -- Perugia
Perugia
Andrea
Andrea Lausi
Lausi –
–
15-16
15-16 giugno
giugno 2015
2015
17
Design Guidelines
• High-flux tuneable source with a wide spectral range,
(6-20 keV)
• Possibility to extend the
• Flexible optics
– line focus (10 x 1 mm2)
– point focus (1 x 1 mm2 and below)
•
•
•
•
Accommodate large volume samples
Use of different detectors
Sample temperature control
User-friendly software
II minerali
minerali e
e la
la luce
luce -- Perugia
Perugia
Andrea
Andrea Lausi
Lausi –
–
15-16
15-16 giugno
giugno 2015
2015
18
ELETTRA operated at 2.4 GeV, 200 mA
bending magnet spectral flux
Flux at the sample (Air environment)
Flux at the sample (He environment)
1013
1013
10
12
10
12
10
11
10
11
10
10
10
10
10
2
3
4
5
6
9 8 7
6
5
4
3
7 8 9
10
Photon Energy (eV)
10
II minerali
minerali e
e la
la luce
luce -- Perugia
Perugia
3
2
Photons/s
Photons/s/0.1%bw (/2 mrad horiz /0.27 mrad vert.)
MCX optical design : source
2
4
1
9 8 7
6
λ (Å)
Andrea
Andrea Lausi
Lausi –
–
15-16
15-16 giugno
giugno 2015
2015
19
ELETTRA operated at 2.4 GeV, 200 mA
bending magnet spectral flux
Flux at the sample (Air environment)
Flux at the sample (He environment)
10
13
10
13
10
12
10
12
10
11
10
11
10
10
10
10
10
2
3
4
5
6
9 8 7
6
5
4
3
7 8 9
10
Photon Energy (eV)
10
II minerali
minerali e
e la
la luce
luce -- Perugia
Perugia
3
2
Photons/s
Photons/s/0.1%bw (/2 mrad horiz /0.27 mrad vert.)
MCX optical design : source
2
4
1
9 8 7
6
λ (Å)
Andrea
Andrea Lausi
Lausi –
–
15-16
15-16 giugno
giugno 2015
2015
20
MCX optical design : outline
•
•
•
•
II minerali
minerali e
e la
la luce
luce -- Perugia
Perugia
High-transmission Filterwindow assembly
Collimating Pre-mirror
Wide range
monochromator with II
crystal bender for
dynamical sagittal focusing
Bendable focusing mirror
Andrea
Andrea Lausi
Lausi –
–
15-16
15-16 giugno
giugno 2015
2015
21
Sagittal Focussing
Grazing incidence reflection optics:
• geometrical loss
• small acceptances
• difficult to manufacture
• expensive
bent II crystal
II minerali
minerali e
e la
la luce
luce -- Perugia
Perugia
Andrea
Andrea Lausi
Lausi –
–
15-16
15-16 giugno
giugno 2015
2015
22
The Elettra Hard X-ray Monochromator
E. Busetto, I. Cudin, G. Fava
R. Borghes, G. Cautero
II minerali
minerali e
e la
la luce
luce -- Perugia
Perugia
long 2nd crystal
movement capability
allow for the wide
energy range
Andrea
Andrea Lausi
Lausi –
–
15-16
15-16 giugno
giugno 2015
2015
23
The Elettra Hard X-ray Monochromator
II minerali
minerali e
e la
la luce
luce -- Perugia
Perugia
Andrea
Andrea Lausi
Lausi –
–
15-16
15-16 giugno
giugno 2015
2015
24
Front-end Hutch
II minerali
minerali e
e la
la luce
luce -- Perugia
Perugia
Anrea Lausi
Andrea
The CX project…
Andrea Lausi
Lausi –
– 15-16
15-16 giugno
giugno 2015
2015
25
First mirror
II minerali
minerali e
e la
la luce
luce -- Perugia
Perugia
Andrea
Andrea Lausi
Lausi –
–
15-16
15-16 giugno
giugno 2015
2015
•26
First mirror
0.5 µrad slope error
measured on the Elettra
Long Trace Profilometer
II minerali
minerali e
e la
la luce
luce -- Perugia
Perugia
Andrea
Andrea Lausi
Lausi –
–
15-16
15-16 giugno
giugno 2015
2015
•27
0.65 µrad slope error
II minerali
minerali e
e la
la luce
luce -- Perugia
Perugia
Andrea
Andrea Lausi
Lausi –
–
15-16
15-16 giugno
giugno 2015
2015
•28
From the Optical to the Experimental Hutch
II minerali
minerali e
e la
la luce
luce -- Perugia
Perugia
Andrea
Andrea Lausi
Lausi –
–
15-16
15-16 giugno
giugno 2015
2015
•29
Experimental Station
II minerali
minerali e
e la
la luce
luce -- Perugia
Perugia
Andrea
Andrea Lausi
Lausi –
–
15-16
15-16 giugno
giugno 2015
2015
•30
Experimental Station
4 circle diffractometer
(0.0001° precision in 2θ)
XYZ translation stage
Recieving slits
Analyzer crystal / scintillator
detection system
Hot air blower (up to 1273K)
Cryo stream (down to 100K)
Laser sensor for accurate
sample positioning
II minerali
minerali e
e la
la luce
luce -- Perugia
Perugia
Andrea
Andrea Lausi
Lausi –
–
15-16
15-16 giugno
giugno 2015
2015
•31
General User Interface
Control system based on pyton
General command interface for:
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
II minerali
minerali e
e la
la luce
luce -- Perugia
Perugia
driving motors
theta-2theta scan
multiple theta-2theta scans
single or two motor scan
multiple scans
monochromator functions
calibration functions
warnings management...
...
Andrea
Andrea Lausi
Lausi –
–
15-16
15-16 giugno
giugno 2015
2015
•32
Experimental Station
II minerali
minerali e
e la
la luce
luce -- Perugia
Perugia
Andrea
Andrea Lausi
Lausi –
–
15-16
15-16 giugno
giugno 2015
2015
•33
Experimental Station
II minerali
minerali e
e la
la luce
luce -- Perugia
Perugia
Andrea
Andrea Lausi
Lausi –
–
15-16
15-16 giugno
giugno 2015
2015
•34
Instrumental profile (capillary)
Rebuffi L, Plaisier JR, Abdellatief M, Lausi A, Scardi P, Zeitschrift fur Anorganische und Allgemeine Chemie (2014)
II minerali
minerali e
e la
la luce
luce -- Perugia
Perugia
Andrea
Andrea Lausi
Lausi –
–
15-16
15-16 giugno
giugno 2015
2015
•35
Instrumental profile (flat plate)
Rebuffi L, Plaisier JR, Abdellatief M, Lausi A, Scardi P, Zeitschrift fur Anorganische und Allgemeine Chemie (2014)
II minerali
minerali e
e la
la luce
luce -- Perugia
Perugia
Andrea
Andrea Lausi
Lausi –
–
15-16
15-16 giugno
giugno 2015
2015
•36
Instrumental profile (capillary)
Rebuffi L, Plaisier JR, Abdellatief M, Lausi A, Scardi P, Zeitschrift fur Anorganische und Allgemeine Chemie (2014)
II minerali
minerali e
e la
la luce
luce -- Perugia
Perugia
Andrea
Andrea Lausi
Lausi –
–
15-16
15-16 giugno
giugno 2015
2015
•37
In Situ Reaction Furnace
Designed as a stand alone
equipment to be used on mcx
beamline.
Maximum temperatures reached in
current setup 1000 C.
Ideal for powder samples
Diffraction data recorded on a
translating Imaging plate.
Remote controlled
Riello P, Lausi A, MacLeod J, Plaisier JR, Zerauschek G, Fornasiero P, J Synchrotron Radiation, Vol. 20 - 1, pp. 194-196 (2013)
II minerali
minerali e
e la
la luce
luce -- Perugia
Perugia
Andrea
Andrea Lausi
Lausi –
–
15-16
15-16 giugno
giugno 2015
2015
•38
Furnace Design
II minerali
minerali e
e la
la luce
luce -- Perugia
Perugia
Andrea
Andrea Lausi
Lausi –
–
15-16
15-16 giugno
giugno 2015
2015
•39
Furnace Design
II minerali
minerali e
e la
la luce
luce -- Perugia
Perugia
Andrea
Andrea Lausi
Lausi –
–
15-16
15-16 giugno
giugno 2015
2015
•40
Detection system
Images recorded on
translating imaging plate
Translation controlled by
Labview program
Measurements in
contiunuous and discrete
mode
Data integration using fit2d
II minerali
minerali e
e la
la luce
luce -- Perugia
Perugia
Andrea
Andrea Lausi
Lausi –
–
15-16
15-16 giugno
giugno 2015
2015
•41
Capillary holder
II minerali
minerali e
e la
la luce
luce -- Perugia
Perugia
Andrea
Andrea Lausi
Lausi –
–
15-16
15-16 giugno
giugno 2015
2015
•42
Experimental Station
•Phase identification
•Residual stress
II minerali
minerali e
e la
la luce
luce -- Perugia
Perugia
•Structure determination
•Micro-structural analysis
Andrea
Andrea Lausi
Lausi –
–
15-16
15-16 giugno
giugno 2015
2015
•43
The SCW beamlines cluster
II minerali
minerali e
e la
la luce
luce -- Perugia
Perugia
Andrea
Andrea Lausi
Lausi –
–
15-16
15-16 giugno
giugno 2015
2015
•44
Multipole Superconducting Wiggler
The multipole superconducting wiggler, constructed by Budker
Institute of Novosibirsk, was designed to produce a high flux and
brilliance source in the 10-25 keV range. Currently refurbished at
Novosibirsk with new cryostat allowing to limit the liquid helium
(LHe) consumption to a maximum of 2 refills per year
•Crytical photon energy 13.4 keV
•Total radiated power 6.85 kW
•Maximum field: 3.5 T
•Poles
49
•Pole gap
16.5 mm
•Period length
64 mm
II minerali
minerali e
e la
la luce
luce -- Perugia
Perugia
Andrea
Andrea Lausi
Lausi –
–
15-16
15-16 giugno
giugno 2015
2015
Multipole Superconducting Wiggler
The new SCW compared to the permanent magnet
wiggler of the existing Diffraction beamline (xrd1)
2
2
Brilliance (photons/s/0.1%BW/mm /mrad )
16
10
SCW
E=2.4GeV; I=100mA
A factor 14 higher
brilliance at 25 keV !!
15
10
14
W 14.0
10
13
10
12
10
11
10
10
10
1
10
II minerali
minerali e
e la
la luce
luce -- Perugia
Perugia
2
10
10
3
Photon energy (eV)
4
10
10
5
Andrea
Andrea Lausi
Lausi –
–
15-16
15-16 giugno
giugno 2015
2015
25 keV High Pressure branch-line
Acceptance 500*120 μrad2
Flux in 80*80 μm2 aperture at sample:
1011 ph/s @ 2.4 GeV, 100mA
Super
conducting
wiggler
Mask
Filters
Si111
Toroidal
17.2 m
Mirror
33 m
II minerali
minerali e
e la
la luce
luce -- Perugia
Perugia
Experiment
44.8 m
Andrea
Andrea Lausi
Lausi –
–
15-16
15-16 giugno
giugno 2015
2015
XRD2 – general layout
II minerali
minerali e
e la
la luce
luce -- Perugia
Perugia
Andrea
Andrea Lausi
Lausi –
–
15-16
15-16 giugno
giugno 2015
2015
XRD2: status and perspective
XRD2 and Xpress have been constructed in collaboration with the
Indian Institute of Science (Bangalore)
The source can host a third fixed energy beamline (Pharma?).
Most optical components already characterized and installed. Orders
have been placed for >95% of the necessary items and we expect to
have all the items vacuum-related, controls and plants in house and
installed for September 2014 (commissioning till February 2015).
Will present all the features of a high throughput MAD BL (including
sample changer, SPINE compatible), with remote data collection
capability.
Xpress is expected to be up and running in June 2015.
XRD2 is expected to be up and running in September 2015.
II minerali
minerali e
e la
la luce
luce -- Perugia
Perugia
Andrea
Andrea Lausi
Lausi –
–
15-16
15-16 giugno
giugno 2015
2015
SCW Front-end mask
II minerali
minerali e
e la
la luce
luce -- Perugia
Perugia
Andrea
Andrea Lausi
Lausi –
–
15-16
15-16 giugno
giugno 2015
2015
Beam splitter
II minerali
minerali e
e la
la luce
luce -- Perugia
Perugia
Andrea
Andrea Lausi
Lausi –
–
15-16
15-16 giugno
giugno 2015
2015
XRD2: flux at focus
Flux at the sample: 3.3 E13 ph/s/0.1%BW (2GeV, 100mA)
Sizes of the focal spot: 330μm X 90μm, 2.3mrad X 0.3mrad [FWHM]
Estimated fluxes at the sample (taking account of filters, efficiency of the
monochromator, reflectivity of the mirrors and different sample sizes):
II minerali
minerali e
e la
la luce
luce -- Perugia
Perugia
Flux @2GeV,
310 mA
Flux @2.4GeV,
140 mA
Square size
1 x 1013
7 x 1012
200µm X 200µm
9 x 1011
6 x 1011
50µm X 50µm
2.5 x 1010
2 x 1010
10µm X 10µm
Andrea
Andrea Lausi
Lausi –
–
15-16
15-16 giugno
giugno 2015
2015
XRD2: status and perspective
Flux @2GeV,
310 mA0
Flux @2.4GeV,
140 mA
Square size
1 x 1013
7 x 1012
9 x 1011
2.5 x 1010
spot size
flux (ph/s)
BM14
300 x 750
4,50E+011
200µm X 200µm
ESRF - Id14-1
50x200
1,00E+011
6 x 1011
50µm X 50µm
ESRF – Id14-2
100x100
1,00E+011
2 x 1010
10µm X 10µm
ESRF – Id14-4
90x250
5,00E+012
ESRF – ID23-2
10x10
4,00E+011
ESRF – ID29
30x50
1,00E+013
ALBA - XALOC
6x50
2,00E+012
BESSY - 14.1
50x50
1,60E+011
SLSPSI - X06DA
90x70
4,00E+011
SLSPSI - X10SA
50x10
2,00E+012
DIAMOND - I24
80x80
1,00E+012
Set against the existing MX beamlines in
Europe, XRD2 compare favourably with
most non-microfocus beamlines, such as
ESRF BM14/ID14-1/ID14-2, Bessy 14.1,
SLS X06DA, Diamond I24.
II minerali
minerali e
e la
la luce
luce -- Perugia
Perugia
BL
Andrea
Andrea Lausi
Lausi –
–
15-16
15-16 giugno
giugno 2015
2015
XRD2 status
II minerali
minerali e
e la
la luce
luce -- Perugia
Perugia
Andrea
Andrea Lausi
Lausi –
–
15-16
15-16 giugno
giugno 2015
2015
XRD2 status
II minerali
minerali e
e la
la luce
luce -- Perugia
Perugia
Andrea
Andrea Lausi
Lausi –
–
15-16
15-16 giugno
giugno 2015
2015
FERMI source
Elettra
Synchrotron
Storage Ring
tron
c
e
l
eE
e
r
F
d
eede
0m
~ 10 or hall
ulat
Und
m
S
a
r
~ 50 tal hall
t
t
en
El e
m
i
@
r
I
e
Exp
FE R M
nel
0m
~ 20 inac tun
nd L
a
r
o
t
r
Injec
Lase
FERMIFERMI-1 from 100 nm to 20 nm
FERMIFERMI-2 from 40 nm to 4 nm
FERMI@Elettra is a single-pass
seeded FEL user-facility.
Two separate FEL amplifier will
cover the spectral range from 100
nm (12 eV) to 4 nm (320 eV).
Based on the high gain harmonic
generation scheme FERMI provides
pulses of <100 fs with unique
characteristics:
high peak power
short temporal structure
tunable wavelength
variable polarization
seeded harmonic cascade
FEL-1
User experiment
FEL-2
Ref: E.Allaria et al. Nature Photonics (2012)
Commissioning phase
FERMI-2
10,8 nm
II minerali
minerali e
e la
la luce
luce -- Perugia
Perugia
Andrea
Andrea Lausi
Lausi –
–
56
15-16
15-16 giugno
giugno 2015
2015
SASE FEL
SASE FEL: Self Amplified Spontaneous Emission
106 – 109
II minerali
minerali e
e la
la luce
luce -- Perugia
Perugia
Andrea
Andrea Lausi
Lausi –
–
15-16
15-16 giugno
giugno 2015
2015
SASE FEL
SASE FEL: Self Amplified Spontaneous Emission
Startup from noise !
II minerali
minerali e
e la
la luce
luce -- Perugia
Perugia
Andrea
Andrea Lausi
Lausi –
–
15-16
15-16 giugno
giugno 2015
2015
Seeded FEL
HGHG: High Gain Harmonics Generation
seeding on sub-harmonic
II minerali
minerali e
e la
la luce
luce -- Perugia
Perugia
Andrea
Andrea Lausi
Lausi –
–
15-16
15-16 giugno
giugno 2015
2015
Seeded FEL
Intensity (a.u.)
HGHG
Courtesy Li Hua Yu (BNL)
II minerali
minerali e
e la
la luce
luce -- Perugia
Perugia
0.23 nm FWHM
SASE x105
wavelength (nm)
Andrea
Andrea Lausi
Lausi –
–
15-16
15-16 giugno
giugno 2015
2015
Lens vs Lensless imaging
TwinMic Elettra
Lens
Lenses directly acquire information in real
space,
space inverting the Fourier transformation
by recombining at a given distance the
scattered x-rays with correct phases
making them interfere to form a replica of
the object
Lensless
CCD ca
mera
Measured diffracted intensity
ρ 2
TF { f }(k ⊥ )
L
D
Phase lost
µm
ρ
ϕ (k ⊥ )
CDI acquire data in reciprocal
space. In Fraunhofer approximation
Diffraction pattern is related to
the real-space object through a
Fourier
transformation,
which
encodes the image in propagation
directions and phases of the
electromagnetic field.
sample
ρ
f (r⊥ )
II minerali
minerali e
e la
la luce
luce -- Perugia
Perugia
no high quality optics for imaging!
Andrea
Andrea Lausi
Lausi –
–
61
15-16
15-16 giugno
giugno 2015
2015
For imaging phase is important.
50
100
50
AMP cat
50
150
200
100
100
250
300
150
150
350
200
200
400
450
250
250
500
100
200
300
400
500
600
300
300
50
350
100
400
PHA cat
350
400
150
200
450
450
250
300
500
100
200
300
400
500
600
500
350
100
200
300
400
500
600
400
450
500
100
50
100
150
200
300
400
500
600
AMP dog
200
50
50
250
300
100
100
350
150
150
400
450
200
200
500
100
200
300
400
500
600
250
250
300
300
350
50
100
400
150
350
PHA dog
400
200
450
450
250
500
500
300
100
200
300
400
500
600
100
350
200
300
400
500
600
400
450
500
100
II minerali
minerali e
e la
la luce
luce -- Perugia
Perugia
200
300
400
500
600
Andrea
Andrea Lausi
Lausi –
–
62
15-16
15-16 giugno
giugno 2015
2015
How CDI works
Coherent Field
Capotondi et al., Journal of Synchrotron Radiation, Vol. 22 - 3, pp.
544-552 (2015)
Capotondi F et al., Review of Scientific Instruments, Vol. 84 - 5,
pp. 051301 (2013)
Bencivenga F et al., Advances in Physics, Vol. 63 - 5-6, pp. 327-404
(2015)
Impose Measure Intensity, Keep Phase
Reconstructed
object
Diffraction
pattern
z
)
Impose “support”
II minerali
minerali e
e la
la luce
luce -- Perugia
Perugia
Guess Phase
Andrea
Andrea Lausi
Lausi –
–
15-16
15-16 giugno
giugno 2015
2015
Beamlines - PADReS system
Photon Analysis,Delivery and Reduction System
Ref: M.Zangrando, N.Mahne, L.Raimondi, C.Svetina, D.Cocco (former)
TIMER
DiProI
Plane mirrors
EIS Switching
Shutters
2.5°
°
38m
2.5°
°
5°
°
FEL 1
2.5°
°
25m
FEL 2
5°
°
Spectrometer
Switching TIMEX
TIMEX-LDM
KB System
Delay Line
Monochromator
Safety Hutch
KB System
LDM
ML 1
Capability:
M3
Spectrometer M2
∆T
M5
On-line
M1
M8
M4
FEL single-shotM6
spectral diagnostic
tool Special
M7
ML 2mirror (planar+greeting)
About 99 % of FEL radiation toward BLs 1 % of FEL radiation toward
1mCCD spectrometer
1m branch.
light converter fast
Courtesy D.Cocco
Ref. C.Svetina et al. SPIE (2011)
-2.5 ps < ∆T < 35 ps
without MLs
∆T up to 1 ns with MLs
Two color Pump&Prob
Pump: 1st
st or 3rd (at
Probe:
FEL photon1energy
multilayer
wavelength)
38.19eV±1.1meV
(RMS)
FEL bandwidth 22.5meV
Spectral purity 5.9e-4
M. Zangrando, et al., J. Synchrotron Rad. (2015). 22, 565-570
II minerali
minerali e
e la
la luce
luce -- Perugia
Perugia
Andrea
Andrea Lausi
Lausi –
–
15-16
15-16 giugno
giugno 2015
2015
Mix ’n probe: two-colors fel pulses
G. De Ninno, B. Mahieu, E. Allaria, L. Giannessi,
S. Spampinati, Phys. Rev. Lett. 110, 064801
65
II minerali
minerali e
e la
la luce
luce -- Perugia
Perugia
Andrea
Andrea Lausi
Lausi –
–
15-16
15-16 giugno
giugno 2015
2015
two-color pump-probe experiment
E. Allaria, et al.,“Two-colour pump–probe experiments
with a twin-pulse-seed extreme ultraviolet free-electron
laser”, Nat. Commun. 4, 2476
II minerali
minerali e
e la
la luce
luce -- Perugia
Perugia
Andrea
Andrea Lausi
Lausi –
–
15-16
15-16 giugno
giugno 2015
2015
two-color pump-probe experiment
F. Bencivenga, R. Cucini, F. Capotondi, A. Battistoni, R.
Mincigrucci, E. Giangrisostomi, A. Gessini, M.
Manfredda, I. P. Nikolov, E. Pedersoli, E. Principi, C.
Svetina, P. Parisse, F. Casolari, M. B. Danailov, M.
Kiskinova & C. Masciovecchio "Four wave mixing
experiments with extreme ultraviolet transient
gratings," Nature 520, 205 (2015),
DOI: 10.1038/nature14341
II minerali
minerali e
e la
la luce
luce -- Perugia
Perugia
Andrea
Andrea Lausi
Lausi –
–
15-16
15-16 giugno
giugno 2015
2015
THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION