Moreton in
Marsh
9 May 2005
Corpo
Nazionale
Vigili del Fuoco
Presented by Edoardo Cavalieri d’Oro
Authors : Edoardo Cavalieri d’Oro, Sonia Noci, Gilberto Giunti, Fabrizio Priori, Davide
Fratantonio, Ilaria Scifoni, , Rosario Caccavo, Roberto Paoletti, Alessandro Giribaldi.
Institutional Tasks of the
Italian National Fire Brigade
Corpo
Nazionale
Vigili del Fuoco
• Technical Rescue prescribed by law
469/1961, including dangerous
situations caused by the use of nuclear
energy
• Civil Defence, prescribed by D.Lgs.
300/1999
Institutional Tasks of the
Italian National Fire Brigade
Corpo
Nazionale
Vigili del Fuoco
SINCE 1961 we operated with conventional
scenarios on chemical and petrolchemical
plants (i.e. Seveso)
At the BEGINNING we were operating with few
specialized units (Milan,Venice, Rome..)
..but NOW we need to apply this knowledge
and experience to non-conventional
scenarios
Corpo
Nazionale
Regulation 6, May 2002
Vigili del Fuoco
Focused on the need to improve the
capabilities of CNVVF toward nonconventional scenarios:
Organization
Procedures & Education
Personal Protections &
Equipments
Corpo
Nazionale
Organization - Goals
Vigili del Fuoco
Regulation 6 focuses on two different
goals
Territorial
Coverage
Highly
Specialized Staff
Corpo
Nazionale
Organization - Skills
Vigili del Fuoco
The Italian VF response to non conventional threaths
is based upon the following classifications:
• Four different skill levels
• Three different operational levels
Operational Level
Skill Level
Regional Nucleus
Level 3 (Operational/Management)
Provincial Expertise
Level 2
Base Team
Team Chief
Level 0-1
Operators
Level 0-1
Organization – Levels 0,1
Corpo
Nazionale
Vigili del Fuoco
Level 0 & level 1 skills:
• First Operations at the Scenario
• Risks Acknowledgement
• Zoning
• P.O.S. (Standardized Operational
Procedures..)
• Use of Individual Protective Systems
and Equipments
Organization – Level 2
Corpo
Nazionale
Vigili del Fuoco
Level 2 skills:
• Analisys of the Capability to Operate in
Complex Scenarios
• Adequate use of all Equipments
• Reporting and Documentation
Organization – Level 3
Corpo
Nazionale
Vigili del Fuoco
Level 3 skills:
• Operational: Acting in complex scenarios by
means of personal Protective System &
Technical Equipments
• Management: Coordination & Cooperation
with the Police and the Emergency Rescue
The Current NBCR
Response Accounts of…
Corpo
Nazionale
Vigili del Fuoco
• More than 20 non-conventional
exercises per year
• 6 non-conventional international exercises
• All operators skilled at least with level 0
• Equipments & Personal Protection
Systems available at every fire station
Firefighters’ Operations
in NBCR Accidents
RISK EVALUATION
THE CHOICE OF
1) REFERENCE SCENARIOS
2) REFERENCE EVENTS
Corpo
Nazionale
Vigili del Fuoco
1) Reference Scenario:
Corpo
Nazionale
Vigili del Fuoco
1. Recovery without dispersion
2. Dispersion in confined zone
3. Environmental contamination
2) Reference Events:
A.
B.
C.
Release without fire or explosion
Release with fire or explosion
Recovery of dangerous substances without
(or with remote) risk of release
Corpo
Nazionale
Scenarios Evaluation
Table
Vigili del Fuoco
Chemical Biological Nuclear/ Radiologic
Event
A. Release without
fire or explosion
B. Release with fire
or explosion
Scenario
1°
2°
Confined
Unconfined
Confined
Unconfined
C. Recovery of
dangerous substance
without risk of
release
1° scenario : recovery without release;
2° scenario : confined release;
3° scenario : ambiental contamination.
3°
1°
2°
3°
1°
2°
3°
The Procedural Model
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Nazionale
Vigili del Fuoco
The EIGHT STEPS Model
Intervention Tecniques
ZONING and DPIs
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Nazionale
The EIGHT STEPS Model
Vigili del Fuoco
1 – Site Control
2 – Substance Identification
3 – Dangers and Risk Analysis
4 – Evaluations of the Instruments and DPI
5 – Coordination of Information and Resources
6 – Control and Containment of the Substance
7 – Decontamination
8 – End of the Intervention
ZONING – Areas of Intervention
Corpo
Nazionale
Vigili del Fuoco
Command Unit
- Not Dangerous
- Not Operating
- Not Dangerous
- Operating
- Waiting Area for
Authorities, Media..
-Command Unit
- Firefighters with ordinary
protection
- Health workers with
ordinary protection
- Potentially
Dangerous
- Operating
- Decontamination
- Firefighters with NBC
protection
- Health workers with
NBC protection
- Dangerous
- Operating
- Only HAZMAT team
Full protection
- Dangerous
- Not Operating
(Not Accessible)
- Nobody
(forbidden area)
DPIs and Zones
Protective suits
Protective suits
Protective suits
YELLOW ZONE
ORANGE ZONE
RED ZONE
Corpo
Nazionale
Vigili del Fuoco
NBCR Protective
Clothing
SUITS
NBCR Machines and
Instrumentations
DETECTORS
SPECIAL VEHICLES
Corpo
Nazionale
Vigili del Fuoco
Suits
Corpo
Nazionale
Vigili del Fuoco
•The protective suit type 1a-ET
•The protective suit type 3
Detectors and Vehicles
Corpo
Nazionale
Vigili del Fuoco
VOC Detector - Volatile
Organic Compound
Command Unit Vehicle
NBCR Activity: Some Pratical
Examples
• 3 Simulated Exercises
• 1 Concrete Example
• We here report 1 Simulated Exercise
complete of analysis of the events: The
so called Termini 2004 Exercise
Exercise S. Giorgio 2004
Subway Station
Scenario: Bacteriological Attack
Subway station:
• Station: -12.80 m
• First floor: -8.81 m.
30 people involved
Corpo
Nazionale
Vigili del Fuoco
Red Zone 2004
Civil Defence Exercise
Corpo
Nazionale
Vigili del Fuoco
Location: Modena, “Palazzo dello Sport”
Scenario: A small explosion followed by
smoke release. The smoke expands
rapidly within the ground of a sport
center where two teams are playing
volleyball.
Civilians involved: 14 players fell to the
floor, some of them fainted
The managers of the two teams alert
immediately the health service: “118”…
Mall Auchan Olbia 2004:
a True Experience
Corpo
Nazionale
Vigili del Fuoco
14:40: ten people within a mall start
coughing and having problems with
their throats
14:45: The team arrives and in three
minutes realizes a toxic agent could be
in the pipes of conditioning system
All the information available are sent to the
Control Room that is going to communicate
the event to the provincial NBCR Regional
Nucleus, to the Officer in charge and to the
Commandant…
The Exercise Termini 2004:
Corpo
Nazionale
Vigili del Fuoco
The Simulated
The Location
Scenario
Attack
withisnerve
agents
Termini
a railway
and in
a underground
mall locatedstation
in the
basement
the Station
located
in theofmiddle
of Rome
People involved in the Exercise
• 250 People contaminated or casualties
• whose 20 contaminated and unable to walk
Corpo
Nazionale
Vigili del Fuoco
The Resources we made use of:
• 90 Firefighters divided into:
• 24 operators wearing the protective suit type 3
• 12 operators wearing the protective suit type 1a-ET
• 34 Vehicles
VF Resources by Functions
Corpo
Nazionale
Hazmat Detection & Confinement
1 C.Sq.
2 Operators
Hazmat Rescue
1 C.Sq.
Vigili del Fuoco
5 Operators
Primary Technical Decontamination
2 C.Sq.
7 Operators
Secondary Technical Decontamin.
1 C.Sq.
5 Operators
Mass Decontamin. with Shelter
1 C.R.
8 Operators
Mass Decontamin.with Pneum Tent
1 C.R.
9 Operators
Command and Control
1 Comm.nt 2 Eng. 1C.R.
Mobile Control Center
1 C.R.
2 Operators
Logistic for hazmat operations
1 C.R.
4 Operators
Logistic and Support
1 C. Sq.
3 Operators
Telecommunication Laboratory
1 C.R.
3 Operators
Station’s Zoning
Corpo
Nazionale
Vigili del Fuoco
PRE
DECONTAMINAT.
AREA
RED
ZONE
MASS
DECONTAMINATION
WITH TENTS
ORANGE
ZONE
YELLOW
ZONE
DECONTAMIN.
STRETCHER
TECHNICAL
DECONTAMINATION
BUS
MASS
DECONTAMINATION
on SHELTER
LOGISTIC AREA
COMMAND & CONTROL
CENTER
Termini 24.03.2004 ; 1:30
Tents
Corpo
Nazionale
Vigili del Fuoco
Stretcher
Shelter
Technical
coordination
Logistic
coordination
Command
Center
Tasks - Scheme
Corpo
Nazionale
Vigili del Fuoco
Coordination and
Command Area
NBCR
Operations
in Red Zone
Logistic
NBCR
operations
Technical
Decontaminat.
Mass
Decontaminat.
Primary
Shelter
Secondary
Pneumatic
Tents
Tents for
stretchers
Logistic and
Support
Technical Primary Decontamination
Emergency
Showers
• Installation Time: 10 minutes
• N° Operators: 2-3
• Decontamination Rate : 30 - 40
person/hour
Secondary
Decontamination
Shelter
Installation Time: 20 min
N° Operators: 3
Decontamination Rate: 20 pers/h
Secondary Decontamination
Tent for mass decontamination
“Self-inflatable” Pneumatic System
The system can be installed by means
of an electric pump or oxygen bottle.
Installation Time : 45 min
N° Operators: 10
Dec. Rate: 40-50 person/h
3D Inside View of the
Decontamination Station
C
B
A – Undressing Area
B – Shower Area
C – Dressing Area
A
Corpo
Nazionale
Vigili del Fuoco
A note about the equipment:
used for people unable to walk
A. Stretchers Some of the stretchers
had been modified by
installing
wells and big handles
in order to use it by
means of a single
operator
A note about the equipment:
used for people unable to walk
B. Shower for Stretcher
Installation Time: 10 min
N° Operators: 2
A note about the equipment:
used for people unable to walk
C. Power Truck
Useful to carry on two casualties in case of
long path. It has also been used to
transport materials or as an anchorage for
the “recovery system for escalators”
Installation Time: 5 min
Analysis of the Exercise
Corpo
Nazionale
Vigili del Fuoco
Zoning, Cooperation with other aiders, communications
Kit NBCR installed on the APS (fire truck vehicle) (Circ. 6/2002)
There are some issues related to their collocation aboard :
• Absence of dedicated slots aboard
• Storage methods for suits (within boxes that are going to be
exposed to the ray lights? DuPont is actually conducting some aging
tests in order to verify possible damages to suits and equipments)
• Storage Methods for the equipment (The breathing apparatus is
suggested to be stored within the range 15-30 °C)
Suits type 4 (Circ. 6/2002)
• It would be necessary (Circ. 6/2002) to use this suit together with the
suit 1a ET (There are more disadvantages than benefits).
• Suits in “sontara” are going to solve the experienced difficulties
Analysis of the Exercise
Sticker Detector (Circ. 6/2002)
The current equipment isn’t useful because stickers showed a low
adherence over time. We ordered a set of new generation stickers
whose properties can be summarized as it follows:
• Increased in Size
• Improved sticking properties
• An higher sensibility in terms of number of different agents
detectable
• Similar detectors but for the biological risk detection are also
available in the marketplace
Vest and Saline Integrators
• A comfortable and useful option is given by the vest with
pockets that can be worn under the suit 1a ET This solution
allows to keep useful tools within reach : radio, demister,
lights, saline integrators, etc.
• In order to increase the operators efficiency it has been tested
that saline integrators can be assumed during operations. The
operators wearing the 1a ET suits did not face problems by
assuming integrators inside the suit.
Summary of the NBCR Activities
Corpo
Nazionale
Common Problems:
Vigili del Fuoco
Recognition of the NBCR scenario faced by the operators
The first call to the health service: better procedures are required
First incoming VV.F. team is often inadequately protected: better
descriptions of the possible scenarios are required
The operators suffer of a physical ad psychological stress
It is needed to:
• Substitute operators during the intervention
• Saline integrators,
• Comfortable suits that are going to allow movements and that are
going to access work tools.
Things that always worked:
Organization and zoning!
MoreTon in Marsh
May 2005
(THANK YOU FOR YOUR PATIENCE!)
Corpo
Nazionale
Vigili del Fuoco