IL PESO DELL’INDUSTRIA
AUTOMOBILISTICA SUL PIL,
L’OCCUPAZIONE E L’INNOVAZIONE
Giuseppe Calabrese
Ceris - Cnr
RILANCIARE IL RUOLO INNOVATIVO DELL’INDUSTRIA
AUTOMOBILISTICA EUROPEA IN AMBITO TECNOLOGICO,
ORGANIZZATIVO E DI QUALITÀ DEL LAVORO E IL RUOLO DI AVANZATE
PRATICHE DI RELAZIONI INDUSTRIALI
Torino, 7-8 Marzo 2005
AUTOMOTIVE IN THE STOCK EXCHANGE
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005
DJS AUTO
Source: Yahoo
EUTOSTOCK
AUTOMOTIVE SPECIALISATION RATIO
2001 (EU-25 = 100)
Czech Republic
210,9
Germany
161,7
Hungary
156,8
Spain
113,2
Sweden
92,8
France
88,5
United Kingdom
83,1
Austria
82,5
Poland
80,3
Italy
79,3
Portugal
64,5
Slovakia
55
Slovenia
54,2
Belgium
53
Denmark
26,7
Netherlands
19,1
Finland
4,3
0
Source: Eurostat
100
200
300
PERCENTAGE SHARE OF EMPLOYMENT
IN FOREIGN AFFILIATES (1990s)
Electrical machinery and apparatus
Chemical products
Coke, petroleum products and nuclear fuel
Radio, TV and communication equipment
Office, accounting and computing machinery
Motor vehicles
Medical, precision, opt instruments, watches
Rubber and plastic products
Machinery and equipment
Non-metallic mineral products
Other transport equipment
Food, beverage and tobacco
Basic metals
Textile, wearing appareal,leather, footwear
Wood and paper products, publishing, printing
Fabricated metal products
0
Source: OCDE
10
20
30
40
NEW REGISTRATIONS PC IN EUROPE
300
Greece
Ireland
Spain
250
Denmark
UK
200
Luxembourg
Sweden
150
Austria
EU (15)
Finland
100
Belgium
Italy
50
Germany
Netherlands
0
Portugal
1990
Source: ACEA
1992
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
France
NEW REGISTRATIONS PC IN EU
D% 1992-2004
D% 1992-2004
Greece
Ireland
150,9
86,6
EU (15)
Finland
Spain
Denmark
UK
53,6
50,8
27,8
Belgium
Italy
Germany
2,2
- 2,2
- 2,5
Luxembourg
Sweden
25,5
14,9
Netherlands
Portugal
- 3,7
- 6,4
Austria
7,9
France
- 12,8
Source: ACEA
7,6
2,4
AUTOMOTIVE PRODUCTIONE ON GDP
Czech Republic
16%
Hungary
14%
Germany
Korea
12%
Slovak Republic
Sweden
10%
Mexico
8%
Spain
France
6%
Japan
Portugal
4%
Poland
2%
United Kingdom
Italy
0%
1973
Source: OCDE
1978
1983
1988
1993
1998
2003
United States
AUTOMOTIVE PRODUCTIONE ON GDP
1980
1990
USA
3,7%
3,7%
4,0%
3,3%
ITALY
3,4%
3,7%
3,8%
3,4%
UK
4,5%
4,3%
3,7%
n.a.
GERMANY
7,4%
9,1%
11,2%
11,9%
FRANCE
6,1%
6,1%
7,6%
7,5%
JAPAN
9,7%
9,3%
7,3%
n.a
Source: OCDE
2000
2003
GROWTH
Hungary
Slovak
Korea
Czech
Mexico
Spain
Poland
Portugal
1%
Italy
STABLE
DIFFERENCE 1980-2000
13%
- 4%
2%
Source: OCDE
Sweden
Germany
France
USA
UK
Japan
LOW
6%
HIGH
16%
AUTOMOTIVE PRODUCTIONE ON GDP
TOTAL EMPLOYMENT AUTOMOTIVE
450
Korea
400
Mexico
350
Portugal
300
Spain
250
Germany
200
Japan
USA
150
Sweden
100
France
50
Italy
0
1980
Source: OCDE
1983
1986
1989
1992
1995
1998
2001
2004
UK
TOTAL EMPLOYMENT IN AUTOMOTIVE
D% 1980-LAST
Korea
Mexico
Portugal
Spain
Germany
Japan
USA
Sweden
France
Italy
UK
Source: OCDE
291,6
105,1
33,3
24,6
24,2
15,9
14,3
12,7
- 32,8
- 52,8
- 57,2
PERCENTAGE SHARE ON TOTAL
AUTOMOTIVE
EMPLOYMENT
CZECH REPUBLIC
AUTOMOTIVE
LABOUR COSTS
2,37%
FRANCE
1,14%
1,34%
GERMANY
2,60%
4,18%
HUNGARY
1,43%
ITALY
0,92%
JAPAN
1,43%
KOREA
1,76%
MEXICO
1,39%
POLAND
0,95%
PORTUGAL
0,46%
SPAIN
1,59%
2,03%
SWEDEN
1,76%
2,20%
UNITED KINGDOM
0,72%
UNITED STATES
0,67%
Source: OCDE
0,94%
1,17%
LABOUR PRODUCTIVITY
(value added on labour costs)
4
Czech
Republic
France
Germany
3
Western
Germany
Italy
2
Spain
Sweden
1
1970
1974
Source: OCDE
1978
1982
1986
1990
1994
1998
2002
United
States
LABOUR PRODUCTIVITY (2002)
(value added on labour costs)
4
3
2
1
0
Czech
Republic
France
Germany Hungary
TOTAL MANUFACTURING
Source: OCDE
Italy
Spain
Sweden
United
States
MOTOR VEHICLES
REAL CONTRIBUTION OF U.S. AUTOMOTIVE
AUTOMOTIVE FILIERE
- Assemblers and OEMs
- Sub-suppliers
- Spin-off effects
TOTAL
DEALERSHIP
- Assemblers and OEMs
- Sub-suppliers
- Spin-off effects
TOTAL
DOWNSTREAM EMPLOYMENT
MOTOR VEHICLE USE
GRAN TOTAL
U.S. TOTAL EMPLOYMENT
Source: University of Michigan
950.200
1.467.055
2.382.919
4.800.174
3,6%
717.400
366.200
843.000
1.926.600
2.660.077
1,4%
2,0%
3.907.000
2,9%
13.293.851
9,8%
135.208.000
R&D EXPENDITURES ON TURNOVER
IN OECD COUNTRIES
18
PHARMACEUTICALS
16
AIRCRAFT AND SPACECRAFT
14
12
MEDICAL, PRECISION AND
OPTICAL INSTRUMENTS
10
RADIO, TELEVISION AND
COMMUNICATION EQUIPMENT
8
OFFICE, ACCOUNTING AND
COMPUTING MACHINERY
6
ELECTRICAL MACHINERY AND
APPARATUS
4
MOTOR VEHICLES, TRAILERS
AND SEMI-TRAILERS
2
CHEMICALS PRODUCTS
0
TOTAL MANUFACTURING
1991
Source: OCDE
1993
1995
1997
1999
R&D EXPENDITURES ON TURNOVER
(1999)
5%
4%
3%
2%
1%
0%
OECD
ITALY
GERMANY
TOTAL MANUFACTURING
Source: OCDE
FRANCE
JAPAN
MOTOR VEHICLES
R&D IN AUTOMOTIVE ON R&D
IN TOTAL MANUFACTURING
60%
Czech Republic
Germany
50%
European Union
Sweden
40%
Italy
France
30%
Australia
United States
20%
Japan
Korea
10%
Spain
United Kingdom
0%
1987
Source: OCDE
1989
1991
1993
1995
1997
1999
2001
Poland
R&D EXPENDITURE IN AUTOMOTIVE (2001)
Others
3%
Spain
1% France 6%
UK 3%
USA
38%
Germany
23%
Sweden 2%
Korea 4%
Source: OCDE
Italy 2%
Japan 18%
FUEL CELL ASSIGNERS (2003)
Honda
Toyota
Nissan
Matsushita
Mitsubishi
Ballard Power Systems
Hitachi
DaimlerChrysler
Aisin
Sony
General Motors
Hyundai
Toto
Osaka Gas Company
Delphi Technologies
Sanyo
Toshiba
Kyocera
Tokyo Gas Company
Power Plug
UTC Fuel Cells
Fuji Electric Co
0
25
50
75
Source: DERWENT WORLD PATENTS INDEX
100
125
150
175
200
225
250
275
300
325
FUEL CELL PATENT APPLICATION
BY INDUSTRY SECTOR
450
400
350
300
250
200
150
100
Automotive
Celluar Phones
Portable Computing
Marine
Spacecraft/satellite
Aeronautical
Digital cameras
50
0
1999
2000
2001
2002
Source: DERWENT WORLD PATENTS INDEX
2003
CONCLUSIONS
Measuring automotive as a generator of wealth
instead of as a direct employer
Improving continuing education of workers
Balancing state reaserch budgets between
research and development
THANKS FOR YOUR
ATTENTION