Development indicators
Gianni Vaggi
University of Pavia September 2013
On the causes of economic growth
US employment, major sectors
GDP by sector in East South Africa
Source: Schoening 2007. Data from African Development Bank, Selected Statistics on African
Countries 2007
Burundi
Comoros
Djibouti
Eritrea
Ethiopia
Kenya
Madagascar
Malawi
Mauritius
Rwanda
Seychelles
Sudan
Uganda
Zambia
Zimbabwe
East South Africa
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
Share of GDP
Agriculture
Industry without Manufacturing
Manufacturing
Services
Gross fixed capital formation (% of GDP)
50
45
BRA
40
35
RUS
30
IND
25
CHN
20
15
SAF
10
EAS
5
0
1960
1965
1970
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
2005
2010
Primary Completion Rate, total (% relevant age group)
110
East Asia & Pacific (all income levels)
100
Europe & Central Asia (all income levels)
90
80
Latin America & Caribbean (all income
levels)
70
Middle East & North Africa (all income
levels)
60
North America
50
Sub-Saharan Africa (all income levels)
40
South Asia
2010
2008
2006
2004
2002
2000
1998
1996
1994
1992
1990
1988
1986
1984
1982
1980
1978
1976
1974
1972
1970
30
Patent Application, residents
900000
East Asia & Pacific (all income levels)
800000
Europe & Central Asia (all income levels)
700000
600000
500000
Latin America & Caribbean (all income
levels)
400000
Sub-Saharan Africa (all income levels)
300000
North America
200000
Sub-Saharan Africa (all income levels)
Patent applications, residents
100000
South Asia
2011
2008
2005
2002
1999
1996
1993
1990
1987
1984
1981
1978
1975
1972
1969
1966
1963
1960
0
-10
-20
-30
2011
2009
2007
2005
2003
2001
1999
1997
1995
1993
1991
1989
1987
1985
1983
1981
1979
1977
1975
1973
1971
1969
1967
1965
1963
1961
GDP Growth rates
30
20
China
10
Korea, Rep.
Mexico
0
Brazil
South Africa
Vietnam
Malaysia
2012
2010
2008
2006
2004
2002
2000
1998
1996
1994
1992
1990
1988
1986
1984
1982
1980
1978
1976
1974
1972
1970
1968
1966
1964
1962
1960
Gross Fixed Capital Formation (%GDP)
60
50
China
40
Korea, Rep.
Mexico
30
Brazil
South Africa
20
Vietnam
Malaysia
10
0
Manufacture, valued added (constant LCU)
3,5E+14
3E+14
China
2,5E+14
Korea, Rep.
Mexico
2E+14
Brazil
1,5E+14
South Africa
Vietnam
1E+14
Malaysia
5E+13
2012
2010
2008
2006
2004
2002
2000
1998
1996
1994
1992
1990
1988
1986
1984
1982
1980
1978
1976
1974
1972
1970
1968
1966
1964
1962
1960
0
BRICS Capital accumulation
The Asian Miracle
•World Bank 1993
•UNCTAD Trade and Development Report
1996, 1997,
•Robert Wade Governing the market, 1990
The Flying Geese Model (AKamatsu 1958)
The engine for growth-1
The role of the governments:
– Policies ensuring macroeconomic stability
– Government and financial markets
– Policies promoting equality(education, land
reform)
The engine for growth-2
•The profit-saving-investmenet nexus
•Industrial policies (promoting accumulation of
physical and human capital)
•activities (altering the allocation
Export promotion-SEZ
of resources)