Facoltà di Ingegneria WASCOM05 – XIII Int.Conf. on Waves and Stability in Continuous Media Santa Tecla (Catania), June 19-25, 2005 WASCOM05 XIII Int. Conf. on Waves and Stability in Continuous Media Acireale - Santa Tecla, June 19-25, 2005 TWO-BAND DYNAMICS IN SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES: PHYSICAL AND NUMERICAL VALIDATION Giovanni Borgioli Dipartimento di Elettronica e Telecomunicazioni [email protected] Giovanni Frosali Dipartimento di Matematica Applicata “G.Sansone” [email protected] Two-band dynamics in semiconductor devices: physical and numerical validation n. 1 di 30 Facoltà di Ingegneria WASCOM05 – XIII Int.Conf. on Waves and Stability in Continuous Media Santa Tecla (Catania), June 19-25, 2005 SINGLE-BAND APPROXIMATION In the standard semiconductor devices, like the Resonant Tunneling Diode, the single-band approximation, valid if most of the current is carried by the charged particles of a single band, is usually satisfactory. Together with the single-band approximation, the parabolic-band approximation is also usually assumed. This approximation is satisfactory as long as the carriers populate the region near the minimum of the band. Also in the most of bipolar electrons-holes models, there is no coupling mechanism between energy bands which are always decoupled in the effective-mass approximation for each band and the coupling is heuristically inserted by a "generation-recombination" term. Most of the literature is devoted to single-band problems, both from the modeling and physical point of view and from the numerical point of view. Two-band dynamics in semiconductor devices: physical and numerical validation n. 2 di 30 WASCOM05 – XIII Int.Conf. on Waves and Stability in Continuous Media Santa Tecla (Catania), June 19-25, 2005 Facoltà di Ingegneria TWO-BAND APPROXIMATION The spectrum of the Hamiltonian of a quantum particle moving in a periodic potential is a continuous spectrum which can be decomposed into intervals called "energy bands". In the presence of external potentials, the projections of the wave function on the energy eigenspaces (Floquet subspaces) are coupled by the Schrödinger equation, which allows interband transitions to occur. RITD Band Diagram 2 Energy (ev) 1 0 -1 -2 0 10 20 30 40 Position (nm) 50 60 The single-band approximation is no longer valid when the architecture of the device is such that other bands are accessible to the carriers. In some nanometric semiconductor device like Interband Resonant Tunneling Diode, transport due to valence electrons becomes important. Two-band dynamics in semiconductor devices: physical and numerical validation n. 3 di 30 Facoltà di Ingegneria WASCOM05 – XIII Int.Conf. on Waves and Stability in Continuous Media Santa Tecla (Catania), June 19-25, 2005 It is necessary to use more sophisticated models, in which the charge carriers can be found in a super-position of quantum states belonging to different bands. Different methods are currently employed for characterizing the band structures and the optical properties of heterostructures, such as • envelope functions methods based on the effective mass theory (Liu, Ting, McGill, Chao, Chuang, etc.) • tight-binding (Boykin, van der Wagt, Harris, Bowen, Frensley, etc.) • pseudopotential methods (Bachelet, Hamann, Schluter, etc.) We quote here only our different approaches to the problem: • Schrödinger-like models (Barletti, Borgioli, Modugno, Morandi, etc.) • Wigner function approach (Bertoni, Jacoboni, Borgioli, Frosali, Zweifel, Barletti, etc.) • hydrodynamics multiband formalisms (Alì, Barletti, Borgioli, Frosali, Manzini, etc) Two-band dynamics in semiconductor devices: physical and numerical validation n. 4 di 30 Facoltà di Ingegneria WASCOM05 – XIII Int.Conf. on Waves and Stability in Continuous Media Santa Tecla (Catania), June 19-25, 2005 The physical environment Electromagnetic and spin effects are disregarded, just like the field generated by the charge carriers themselves. Dissipative phenomena like electronphonon collisions are not taken into account. The dynamics of charge carriers is considered as confined in the two highest energy bands of the semiconductor, i.e. the conduction and the (nondegenerate) valence band, around the point k 0 where kis the "crystal" wave vector. The point k 0 is assumed to be a minimum for the conduction band and a maximum for the valence band. The Hamiltonian introduced in the Schrödinger equation is H Ho V , where h2 H o Vper 2m V per is the periodic potential of the crystal and V an external potential. Two-band dynamics in semiconductor devices: physical and numerical validation Vai alla 8 n. 5 di 30 Facoltà di Ingegneria WASCOM05 – XIII Int.Conf. on Waves and Stability in Continuous Media Santa Tecla (Catania), June 19-25, 2005 Interband Tunneling: PHYSICAL PICTURE Interband transition in the 3-d dispersion diagram. The transition is from the bottom of the conduction band to the top of the val-ence band, with the wave number becoming imaginary. Then the electron continues propagating into the valence band. Kane model Two-band dynamics in semiconductor devices: physical and numerical validation Vai alla 9 n. 6 di 30 Facoltà di Ingegneria WASCOM05 – XIII Int.Conf. on Waves and Stability in Continuous Media Santa Tecla (Catania), June 19-25, 2005 KANE MODEL The Kane model consists into a couple of Schrödinger-like equations for the conduction and the valence band envelope functions. Let c ( x , t ) be the conduction band electron envelope function and be the valence band envelope function. v ( x, t ) • m is the bare mass of the carriers, Vi Ei V , i c, v • Ec ( Ev ) is the minimum (maximum) of the conduction (valence) band energy • P is the coupling coefficient between the two bands (the matrix element of the gradient operator between the Bloch functions) Two-band dynamics in semiconductor devices: physical and numerical validation n. 7 di 30 Facoltà di Ingegneria WASCOM05 – XIII Int.Conf. on Waves and Stability in Continuous Media Santa Tecla (Catania), June 19-25, 2005 Remarks on the Kane model • The envelope functions c ,v are obtained expanding the wave function on the ikx basis of the periodic part of the Bloch functions bn ( x, t ) e un (k , x ), evaluated at k=0, 0 0 ( x) c ( x)uc v ( x)uv where uc0,v ( x) uc,v (0, x) . • The external potential V affects the band energy terms Vc (Vv ), but it does not appear in the coupling coefficient P . • There is an interband coupling even in absence of an external potential. • The interband coefficient P increases when the energy gap between the two bands E g increases (the opposite of physical evidence). Two-band dynamics in semiconductor devices: physical and numerical validation n. 8 di 30 Facoltà di Ingegneria WASCOM05 – XIII Int.Conf. on Waves and Stability in Continuous Media Santa Tecla (Catania), June 19-25, 2005 MEF MODEL (Morandi, Modugno, Phys.Rev.B, 2005) The MEF model consists in a couple of Schrödinger-like equations as follows. A different procedure of approximation leads to equations describing the intraband dynamics in the effective mass approximation as in the LuttingerKohn model, which also contain an interband coupling, proportional to the momentum matrix element P. This is responsible for tunneling between different bands caused by the applied electric field proportional to the xderivative of V. In the two-band case they assume the form: Two-band dynamics in semiconductor devices: physical and numerical validation n. 9 di 30 Facoltà di Ingegneria WASCOM05 – XIII Int.Conf. on Waves and Stability in Continuous Media Santa Tecla (Catania), June 19-25, 2005 * • mc (and mv* ) is the isotropic effective mass • c and v are the conduction and valence envelope functions • Eg is the energy gap • P is the coupling coefficient between the two bands Which are the steps to attain MEF model formulation? • Expansion of the wave function on the Bloch functions basis • Introduction in the Schrödinger equation Two-band dynamics in semiconductor devices: physical and numerical validation n. 10 di 30 Facoltà di Ingegneria WASCOM05 – XIII Int.Conf. on Waves and Stability in Continuous Media Santa Tecla (Catania), June 19-25, 2005 • Approximation • Simplify the interband term in k 0 • Introduce the effective mass approximation • Develope the periodic part of the Bloch functions order un (k , x) to the first • The equation for envelope functions in x-space is obtained by inverse Fourier transform MEF model can be obtained as follows: See: Morandi, Modugno, Phys.Rev.B, 2005 Two-band dynamics in semiconductor devices: physical and numerical validation Vai a lla 14 n. 11 di 30 Facoltà di Ingegneria WASCOM05 – XIII Int.Conf. on Waves and Stability in Continuous Media Santa Tecla (Catania), June 19-25, 2005 • projection of the wave function on the Wannier basis x Ri where Ri nW which depends on are the atomic sites positions, i.e. where the Wannier basis functions can be expressed in terms of Bloch functions as • The use of the Wannier basis has some advantages. As a matter of fact the amplitudes n ( Ri ) that play the role of envelope functions on the new basis, can be obtained from the Bloch coefficients by a simple Fourier transform Two-band dynamics in semiconductor devices: physical and numerical validation n. 12 di 30 Facoltà di Ingegneria WASCOM05 – XIII Int.Conf. on Waves and Stability in Continuous Media Santa Tecla (Catania), June 19-25, 2005 Performing the limit to the continuum to the whole space and by using standard properties of the Fourier transform, equations for the coefficients n ( Ri ) are achieved. Comments on the MEF MODEL • The envelope functions c ,v can be interpreted as the effective wave functions of the of the electron in the conduction (valence) band • The coupling between the two bands appears only in presence of an external (not constant) potential • The presence of the effective masses (generally different in the two bands) implies a different mobility in the two bands. • The interband coupling term reduces as the energy gap vanishes in the absence of the external field V. Two-band dynamics in semiconductor devices: physical and numerical validation Eg increases, and n. 13 di 30 WASCOM05 – XIII Int.Conf. on Waves and Stability in Continuous Media Santa Tecla (Catania), June 19-25, 2005 Facoltà di Ingegneria Physical meaning of the envelope functions A more direct physical meaning can be ascribed to the hydrodynamical variables derived from the MEF approach. cM M on the Wannier and v are the projections of The envelope functions basis, and therefore the corresponding multi-band densities represent the (cellaveraged) probability amplitude of finding an electron on the conduction or valence bands, respectively. This simple picture does not apply to the Kane model. The Kane envelope functions and the MEF envelope functions are linked by the relation 2 K j M j P i hM , m0 ( E j Eh ) j , h c, v. This fact confirms that even in absence of external potential , when no interband transition can occur, the Kane model shows a coupling of all the envelope functions. Two-band dynamics in semiconductor devices: physical and numerical validation n. 14 di 30 Facoltà di Ingegneria WASCOM05 – XIII Int.Conf. on Waves and Stability in Continuous Media Santa Tecla (Catania), June 19-25, 2005 NUMERICAL SIMULATION We consider a heterostructure which consists of two homogeneous regions separated by a potential barrier and which realizes a single quantum well in valence band. See: G.Alì, G.F., O.Morandi, SCEE2005 Proceedings Two-band dynamics in semiconductor devices: physical and numerical validation n. 15 di 30 Facoltà di Ingegneria WASCOM05 – XIII Int.Conf. on Waves and Stability in Continuous Media Santa Tecla (Catania), June 19-25, 2005 Kane MEF The incident (from the left) conduction electron beam is mainly reflected by the barrier and the valence states are almost unexcited. Two-band dynamics in semiconductor devices: physical and numerical validation n. 16 di 30 Facoltà di Ingegneria WASCOM05 – XIII Int.Conf. on Waves and Stability in Continuous Media Santa Tecla (Catania), June 19-25, 2005 Kane MEF The incident (from the left) conduction electron beam is partially reflected by the barrier and partially captured by the well Two-band dynamics in semiconductor devices: physical and numerical validation n. 17 di 30 Facoltà di Ingegneria WASCOM05 – XIII Int.Conf. on Waves and Stability in Continuous Media Santa Tecla (Catania), June 19-25, 2005 Kane MEF When the electron energy approaches the resonant level, the electron can travel from the left to the right, using the bounded valence resonant state as a bridge state. Two-band dynamics in semiconductor devices: physical and numerical validation n. 18 di 30 Facoltà di Ingegneria WASCOM05 – XIII Int.Conf. on Waves and Stability in Continuous Media Santa Tecla (Catania), June 19-25, 2005 Hydrodynamic version of the MEF MODEL We can derive the hydrodynamic version of the Kane model using the WKB method (quantum system at zero temperature). Look for solutions in the form iS ( x, t ) c ( x, t ) nc ( x, t ) exp c v ( x, t ) nv ( x, t ) exp iSv ( x, t ) we introduce the particle densities Then n nij ( x, t ) i ( x, t ) j ( x, t ). c c v v is the electron density in conduction and valence bands. We write the coupling terms in a more manageable way, introducing the complex quantity ncv : c v nc nv e i with : Two-band dynamics in semiconductor devices: physical and numerical validation Sc Sc Vai alla 21 n. 19 di 30 WASCOM05 – XIII Int.Conf. on Waves and Stability in Continuous Media Santa Tecla (Catania), June 19-25, 2005 Facoltà di Ingegneria We introduce the rescaled Planck constant mlR2 parameter tR and the effective mass where m lR , t R with the dimensional are typical dimensional quantities is assumed to be equal in the two bands MEF model reads in the rescaled form: m P V with K mE g Two-band dynamics in semiconductor devices: physical and numerical validation n. 20 di 30 WASCOM05 – XIII Int.Conf. on Waves and Stability in Continuous Media Santa Tecla (Catania), June 19-25, 2005 Facoltà di Ingegneria Quantum hydrodynamic quantities • Quantum electron current densities J ij Im( i j ) when i=j , we recover the classical current densities J c ncSc J v nvSv • Osmotic and current velocities uc uos ,c iuel ,c uos ,i ni , ni uel ,i uv uos ,v iuel ,v Ji Si , i c, v ni • Complex velocities given by osmotic and current velocities can be expressed in terms of nc , nv , J c , J v plus the phase difference Two-band dynamics in semiconductor devices: physical and numerical validation n. 21 di 30 Facoltà di Ingegneria WASCOM05 – XIII Int.Conf. on Waves and Stability in Continuous Media Santa Tecla (Catania), June 19-25, 2005 The quantum counterpart of the classical continuity equation Taking account of the wave form, the MEF system gives rise to Summing the previous equations, we obtain the balance law where, on the contrary of the Kane model, the “interband density” Is missing. c v The previous balance law is just the quantum counterpart of the classical continuity equation. Two-band dynamics in semiconductor devices: physical and numerical validation n. 22 di 30 Facoltà di Ingegneria WASCOM05 – XIII Int.Conf. on Waves and Stability in Continuous Media Santa Tecla (Catania), June 19-25, 2005 Next, we derive a system of coupled equations for phases S c , S v , obtaining a system equivalent to the coupled Schrödinger equations. Then we obtain a system for the currents J c and J v The equations can be put in a more familiar form with the quantum Bohm potentials It is important to notice that, differently from the uncoupled model, equations for densities and currents are not equivalent to the original equations, due to the presence of . Two-band dynamics in semiconductor devices: physical and numerical validation n. 23 di 30 Facoltà di Ingegneria Recalling that and WASCOM05 – XIII Int.Conf. on Waves and Stability in Continuous Media Santa Tecla (Catania), June 19-25, 2005 ncv , uv , and uv are given by the hydrodynamic quantities nc , nv , J c , J v , we have the HYDRODYNAMIC SYSTEM for the MEF model Two-band dynamics in semiconductor devices: physical and numerical validation n. 24 di 30 Facoltà di Ingegneria WASCOM05 – XIII Int.Conf. on Waves and Stability in Continuous Media Santa Tecla (Catania), June 19-25, 2005 The DRIFT-DIFFUSION scaling We rewrite the current equations, introducing a relaxation time , in order to simulate all the mechanisms which force the system towards the statistical mechanical equilibrium. In analogy with the classical diffusive limit for a one-band system, we introduce the scaling t t , J c J c , J v J v , , Finally, after having expressed the osmotic and current velocities, in terms of the other hydrodynamic quantities, as tends to zero, we formally obtain the ZER0-TEMPERATURE QUANTUM DRIFT-DIFFUSION MODEL for the MEF system. Two-band dynamics in semiconductor devices: physical and numerical validation n. 25 di 30 Facoltà di Ingegneria WASCOM05 – XIII Int.Conf. on Waves and Stability in Continuous Media Santa Tecla (Catania), June 19-25, 2005 Hydrodynamic version of the MEF MODEL Two-band dynamics in semiconductor devices: physical and numerical validation n. 26 di 30 Facoltà di Ingegneria WASCOM05 – XIII Int.Conf. on Waves and Stability in Continuous Media Santa Tecla (Catania), June 19-25, 2005 NON ZERO TEMPERATURE hydrodynamic model We consider an electron ensemble which is represented by a mixed quantum mechanical state, with a view to obtaining a nonzero temperature model for a Kane system. We rewrite the MEF system for the k-th state We use the Madelung-type transform We define ik nik exp iSik / , i c, v J ck , J vk , k , ncvk , uck , uvk . We define the densities and the currents corresponding to the two mixed states Two-band dynamics in semiconductor devices: physical and numerical validation n. 27 di 30 Facoltà di Ingegneria WASCOM05 – XIII Int.Conf. on Waves and Stability in Continuous Media Santa Tecla (Catania), June 19-25, 2005 obtaining Two-band dynamics in semiconductor devices: physical and numerical validation n. 28 di 30 Facoltà di Ingegneria WASCOM05 – XIII Int.Conf. on Waves and Stability in Continuous Media Santa Tecla (Catania), June 19-25, 2005 QUANTUM DRIFT-DIFFUSION for the MEF MODEL with Two-band dynamics in semiconductor devices: physical and numerical validation n. 29 di 30 WASCOM05 – XIII Int.Conf. on Waves and Stability in Continuous Media Santa Tecla (Catania), June 19-25, 2005 Facoltà di Ingegneria REMARKS We derived a set of quantum hydrodynamic equations from the two-band MEF model. This system, which is closed, can be considered as a zerotemperature quantum fluid model. Starting from a mixed-states condition, we derived the corresponding non zero-temperature quantum fluid model, which is not closed. In addition to other quantities, we have the tensors vc and c , v , cv similar to the temperature tensor of kinetic theory. NEXT STEPS • Closure of the quantum hydrodynamic system • Numerical treatment • Heterogeneous materials • Generalized MEF model Two-band dynamics in semiconductor devices: physical and numerical validation n. 30 di 30 Facoltà di Ingegneria WASCOM05 – XIII Int.Conf. on Waves and Stability in Continuous Media Santa Tecla (Catania), June 19-25, 2005 Thanks for your attention !!!!! Two-band dynamics in semiconductor devices: physical and numerical validation n. 31 di 30