INFORMATICA UMANISTICA D:
LESSICOGRAFIA & COMPUTER
Dizionari elettronici
WordNet
Dizionari elettronici
Strumenti informatici usati non piu’ solo per realizzare dizionari
cartacei, ma per sviluppare nuovi tipi di dizionari che consentono
nuove forme di ricerca
DIZIONARI PER L’INGLESE
IN FORMA ELETTRONICA
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Oxford English Dictionary, seconda
edizione
Oxford Talking Dictionary
Concise Oxford Dictionary
Learner dictionaries:
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Longman Dictionary of Contemporary
English (LDOCE)
Collins COBUILD English Dictionary
CONCISE OXFORD
DICTIONARY
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RICERCA:
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Headword search (con *)
Hypertext search
Full text search (also of phrases / groups)
FILTRI:
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etymology, phrasal verbs, suffixes
COLLINS: COBUILD
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Disponibile da:
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http://www.biblio.unitn.it/BancheDati/Banche
Dati.asp
DIZIONARI ELETTRONICI
PER L’ITALIANO
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Il VELI
Zanichelli: CD-ROM Multilingue,
Scaffale Elettronico
Devoto-Oli
Garzanti: IPA  `parla’
DEVOTO-OLI
ESEMPIO: DEVOTO-OLI
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Ricerca normale
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Forme di citazione (incrementale)
Hyperlinks
Definizione / declinazione
Sinonimi / contrari
Ricerca avanzata
No: pronuncia; citazioni?
Limitato: storico
DEVOTO-OLI: SINONIMI E
CONTRARI
ESEMPIO:
ZINGARELLI INTERATTIVO
MRDS
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Distinzione importante:
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Particolarmente utili: dizionari creati per
EFL:
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Dizionari consultabili elettronicamente
Dizionari MACHINE READABLE
Dizionari MACHINE TRACTABLE
LDOCE
COBUILD
Progetto piu’ ambizioso: ODE in XML
ESEMPIO: ODE su CD-ROM
(in XML)
Esempio di database lessicografico
in XML (= estremamente machine
tractable)
ODE IN XML:
OVERVIEW
ODE IN XML: FORMATO
DELLE ENTRIES
<se>
<cn>815750</cn>
<hg> <hw>stock</hw> </hg>
<s1>
<ps>noun</ps>
<s2 num="1">
<df>the goods or merchandise kept on the premises of a
shop or warehouse and available for sale or
distribution:</df>
<ex>the store has a very low turnover of stock</ex>
-
-
|
</S2>
<S2 num=“2”>
……
</S2>
</S1>
<s1>
<ps>adjective</ps>
…..
ODE IN XML:
INFORMAZIONI NLP
- <nlp>
-
+
</nlp>
<sup>merchandise</sup>
<ss>Commerce</ss>
<morph id="01">
<mu sy="NN">
<inf>stock</inf>
<ph>stQk</ph>
</mu>
<mu sy="NNS">
<ph>stQks</ph>
</mu>
</morph>
ELDIT
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(Elektronisches Lern(er)wörterbuch
Deutsch-Italienisch – Dizionario
elettronico per apprendenti italianotedesco )
Un esempio di dizionario
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Per apprendimento
Nato in forma elettronica
Lezione su ELDIT: il 14/5
WordNet
SEMANTICA & LESSICO: UN
RIASSUNTO
“eat”
“eats”
EAT-LEX-1
eat0600
eat0700
“ate”
“eaten”
WORD-FORMS
LEXEMES
SENSES
L’ORGANIZZAZIONE DEL
LESSICO
stock0100
STOCK-LEX-1
“stock”
STOCK-LEX-2
stock0200
stock0600
stock0700
STOCK-LEX-3
stock0900
stock1000
WORD-FORMS
LEXEMES
SENSES
SINONIMIA
cheap0100
“cheap”
CHEAP-LEX-1
CHEAP-LEX-2
….
……
cheapXXXX
“inexpensive”
INEXP-LEX-3
inexp0900
inexpYYYY
WORD-FORMS
LEXEMES
SENSES
WORDNET
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A lexical database created at Princeton
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Information about a variety of SEMANTICAL
RELATIONS
Three sub-databases (supported by psychological
research as early as (Fillenbaum and Jones, 1965))
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Freely available for research from the Princeton site
http://www.cogsci.princeton.edu/~wn/
NOUNs
VERBS
ADJECTIVES and ADVERBS
Each database organized around SYNSETS
SYNSETS
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Senses (or `lexicalized concepts’) are
represented in WordNet by the set of words
that can be used in AT LEAST ONE
CONTEXT to express that sense /
lexicalized concept: the SYNSET
E.g.,
{chump, fish, fool, gull, mark, patsy, fall guy,
sucker, shlemiel, soft touch, mug}
(gloss: person who is gullible and easy to
take advantage of)
IL DATABASE DEI NOMI
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About 90,000 forms, 116,000 senses
Relations:
hypernym
breakfast -> meal
hyponym
meal -> lunch
has-member
faculty -> professor
member-of
copilot -> crew
has-Part
table -> leg
part-of
course -> meal
antonym
leader -> follower
IPERNIMIA
2 senses of robin
Sense 1
robin, redbreast, robin redbreast, Old World robin, Erithacus rubecola -(small Old World songbird with a reddish breast)
=> thrush -- (songbirds characteristically having brownish upper plumage with a spotted breast)
=> oscine, oscine bird -- (passerine bird having specialized vocal apparatus)
=> passerine, passeriform bird -(perching birds mostly small and living near the ground with feet having 4 toes arranged to allow for gri
pping the perch; most are songbirds; hatchlings are helpless)
=> bird -- (warm-blooded egglaying vertebrates characterized by feathers and forelimbs modified as wings)
=> vertebrate, craniate -(animals having a bony or cartilaginous skeleton with a segmented spinal column and a large brain en
closed in a skull or cranium)
=> chordate -(any animal of the phylum Chordata having a notochord or spinal column)
=> animal, animate being, beast, brute, creature, fauna -(a living organism characterized by voluntary movement)
=> organism, being -(a living thing that has (or can develop) the ability to act or function independently)
=> living thing, animate thing -- (a living (or once living) entity)
=> object, physical object -=> entity, physical thing --
MERONIMIA
wn beak –holon
Holonyms of noun beak
1 of 3 senses of beak
Sense 2
beak, bill, neb, nib
PART OF: bird
VERBI
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About 10,000 forms, 20,000 senses
Relations between verb meanings:
Hypernym
Troponym
Entails
Antonym
fly-> travel
Walk -> stroll
Snore -> sleep
Increase ->
decrease
RELAZIONI TRA SIGNIFICATI
VERBALI
V1 ENTAILS V2
when Someone V1 (logically) entails Someone V2
- e.g., snore entails sleep
TROPONYMY
when To do V1 is To do V2 in some manner
- e.g., limp is a troponym of walk
AGGETTIVI & AVVERBI
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About 20,000 adjective forms, 30,000
senses
4,000 adverbs, 5600 senses
Relations:
Antonym
Heavy <-> light
(adjective)
Antonym (adverb) Quickly <->
slowly
COME USARLO
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Online:
http://cogsci.princeton.edu/cgi-bin/webwn
Scaricatevelo, poi da command line:
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Get synonyms:
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Get hypernyms:
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wn –synsn bank
wn –hypen robin
(also for adjectives and verbs): get antonyms
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wn –antsa right
I LIMITI DI WORDNET
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Coverage
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words not in WordNet
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slump, crash, bust all synonyms in the WSJ
corpus
The structure of WordNet
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Missing information: MERONYMY
Context-dependent senses:
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Crocidolite, spinoff (spin-off)
Some information is encoded in complex ways
(room, wall, floor)
But: MOVING TARGET!!
MERONIMIA IN WORDNET:
UN ESPERIMENTO
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100 bridging descriptions in a mereological
relation
Ran a script trying to find a direct link in
WordNet (1.7) between one of the senses of
the BD and one of the senses of any of the
previous NPs
Results: in only 6 cases there is in WordNet
a direct lexical relation between a BD and
one of the CFs
John looked at the HOUSE.
The WALL was crumbling.
ARTIFACT
IS-A
IS-A
HOUSING
IS-A
HOUSE
BUILDING
IS-A
PART-OF
HOME
ROOM
PART-OF
WALL
PART-OF
FLOOR
SOLUZIONE: ACQUISIZIONE
LESSICALE
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Parziale (aggiungi informazioni a
WordNet, specialmente per domini
specialistici)
Totale (crei un nuovo lessico a partire
da zero)
LETTURE
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Jackson, cap. 6.7
Marello, cap. 5.5
C. Fellbaum. WordNet: An electronic
lexical database. MIT Press, 1998
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cap. 1