La sostenibilità
dei sistemi economici
(Bruno Amoroso, Sapienza, Roma 2013)
1
Lezione 1
FENOMENI, PROCESSI E CONCETTI
ECONOMIA
COMUNITA’
MERCATI
2
PROGRAMMA DELLA LEZIONE

MODULO 1:
concetti
a) teorie tradizionali
b) proposte alternative

MODULO 2:
dinamica delle formazioni
economico-sociali
c) Marx
d) Rostow
3
MODULO 1a - CONCETTI

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Approcci tradizionali all’economia:
Economia domestica (Aristotele)
Economia politica (dal 1615 – Montchrétien) : stato e
finanza
Economia sociale (dal 1800 in Italia, Polonia e Germania)
Economia nazionale (metà Ottocento in Germania)
Economia (Alfred Marshall 1890 e neoclassici)
Economia politica (dal 1900: marxisti, keynesiani e
istituzionalisti)
4
MODULO 1a - TEORIE
1. Microeconomia
2. Mesoeconomia
ASSOCIAZIONI
PARTITI
SINDACATI
solidarietà
Legame sociale
2
FAMIGLIA
1
bisogni
aspettative
Rapporti affettivi
VICINATO PERSONA
ISTITUZIONI
IMPRESE
5
Modulo 1a - TEORIE
3. Macroeconomia



sistemi e mercati nazionali
sistemi e economie mondo (mesoregioni)
sistemi e economia mondiale
6
MODULO 1a - TEORIE
R&S
PRODUZIONE
FASE 1
FASE 2
ESPORTAZIONE
FASE 3
7
MODULO 1a - TEORIE
Recenti approcci all’innovazione:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Società post-industriale: innovazione di
processo e innovazione di prodotto
Innovazione di sistema e di rete
Tecnologie multidimensionali
Flessibilità
8
MODULO 1a - TEORIE
Il rapporto complesso tra innovazione e esportazione
Fornitori esterni
R & S Pubblica
Matrice moltiplicatore
Credito e finanza
R&S
PRODUZIONE
Esportazione
Univesità e
Privata
Qualificazioni
Training, esperienze
Licenze e brevetti
Qualificazioni
Moltiplicatore
tecnologico
9
MODULO 1b - TEORIE

Alternative all’economia:
1.
Economia sociale (Caffè),
Economia civile (Zamagni),
Economia associativa (F. Archibugi),
Economia di senso (Magnoni),
Economia della felicità (Becchetti).
Economia del Bene comune (Amoroso)
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
10
MODULO 2 - DINAMICA DELLE FORMAZIONI
ECONOMICO-SOCIALI





Obiettivi, strumenti, e valori
Obiettivi e comunità: similarità e differenze
Il valore della diversità
Dinamica lineare o policentrica
Marx e Rostow: Il problema del dualismo nelle
società
11
MARX E LA DINAMICA DELLE FORMAZIONI ECONOMICOSOCIALI
(Melotti)
Comunità primitiva
Mondo classico
Comunità primitiva
Mondo classico
Mondo asiatico
Comunità primitiva
Mondo asiatico
Mondo classico
Mondo feudale
Mondo feudale
Mondo feudale
Società borghese
Società borghese
Società borghese
Società socialista
Società socialista
12
MODELLO DI ROSTOW: UN MANIFESTO
ANTICOMUNISTA
Società tradizionale
Sottosviluppo: bassa tecnologia e produttività. Valori tradizionali
Prima del decollo
Effetto di dimostrazione /colonizzazione e intrusione culturale
Decollo (take-off)
Punto di inizio dello sviluppo. Ilmiracolo economico
Stadio della mturità
Lamodernizzazione dellasocietà e l’affermazione dell’homo oeconomicus
Consumo di massa
La produzione di massa (Fordismo) e consumo di massa
13
Nuova sintesi- la sostenibilità

MODO DI PRODUZIONE
ISTITUZIONI
FORME DI MERCATO
Comunità originaria
Comunità di famiglia
e villaggio
Locale
Schiavitù mondo
Asiatico tedesco
classico
Distretti di comunità
Distetto
Mondo feudale
Autorità regionali
Regionale
Società borghese
Stato-nazionale
Nationale
Società socialista
Coop.mesoregionale
Mercati regionalit
CURRENT STAGE IN WESTERN COUNTRIES
Capitalismo triadico
Organizzazioni Transnationali
Internazionali,
Lobbies
Mercato globale
Organizzazioni meso-regionali
E istituzioni nazionali
Meso-regioni
e Mercatomondiale
POLYCENTRIC APPROACH
Comunità/stato nazionale
14
F. Braudel: STORIA, MERCATO E CAPITALISMO
La ”grande trasformazione” in Europa
capitalismo
mercato
Vita materiale
15
Altre teorie:







Dualismo (Myrdal, Fuà, Keynes, Kapp, Piore & Sabel)
Dipendenza (Frank, Arrighi, )
Autosufficienza (Ghandi, Mao, Kim Il Sung)
Delinking (Amin)
Nuovo regionalismo
Economie mondo (Braudel, Wallerstein)
Policentrismo e meso-regioni(Amoroso)
16
Il Primo Diamante del Policentrismo
TERRITORIO
SISTEMI PRODUTTIVI
ISTITUZIONI
POPOLAZIONE
17
Il Secondo Diamante del Policentrismo
POLITICHE DI USO
SOSTENIBILE DEL
TERRITORIO A LIVELLO
LOCALE E REGIONALE
COOPERAZIONE
ORIZZONTALE TRA
UTORITÁ PUBBLICHE
ONG, UNIVERSITÁ
SERVIZI
E INFRASTRUTTURE
RISTRUTTURAZIONE DEI
SISTEMI EDUCATIVIVI
18
Il Mercato capitalistico e policentrismo
ECONOMIA CAPITALISTA
-Variabili indipendenti
Sistemi produttivi
POLICENTRISMO
- Variabili indipendenti
Bisogni
- Capitale
- Occupazione
- Tecnologie
- Sistemi di welfare
- Migrationi
- Risorse naturali
- Variabli dipendenti
Bisogni
- Occupazione
- Sistemi di welfare
- Migrazioni
- Risorse naturali
- Variabili dipendenti
Sistemi produttivi
- Capitale
- Tecnologie
19
Lecture 2. ECONOMIE MONDIALI E
CAPITALISMO
 Strumenti teorici e processi reali
La globalizzazione dell’economia
e delle tecnologie
20
Processi d’internazionalizzione
globalizzazione
universalizzazione
mondializzazione
NORD
xx-xxi sec.
Internazionalizzazione
(trend ottimale)
xix-xx sec.
imperialismo
(trend reali)
xvi-xx sec.
xvi-xvii sec.
xvi-xviii sec.
colonialismo
schiavitù
mercantilismo
SUD
21
GLOBALIZZAZIONE CAPITALISTICA
1970 - 2005

Economia

Anni Settanta:
DA: Fordismo & Corporativismo,
A: Post-Fordismo &
Specializzazione Flessibile

Anni Ottanta
Monetarismo e Neo-liberismo
”Caduta del Muro”

Anni Novanta
Società della conoscenza
Apartheid Globale, Kyoto, etc.

Anni Duemila
Geopolitica e Geoeconomia
Statunitense


Instituzioni
Anni Settanta
La crisi dello Stato del Benessere

Anni Ottanta
Dalla Società del benessere
(Welfare) alla Società del lavoro
(Workfare)

Anni Novanta
Capitalismo Triadico

Anni Duemila
Dallo Stato del lavoro (Workfare)
allo Stato di guerra
Il risveglio dell’India (Cina e India)
22
The Triad Power





The Triad impact
on:
TNCs
FDI
WORLD TRADE
GROWTH AND
EMPLOYMENT



S& T
INDUSTRIAL
SYSTEMS
REGIONAL
INTEGRATION
23
Investimenti nella Triade
European
Union
5,8
European
Union
1,3
18,8
9,6
0,2
0,9
4,5
11,1
3,7
20,2
Japan
U.S.
Japan
U.S.
0,3
1982-1985
0,3
1990-1992
In milliardi di USD
24
Dal dualismo alla
marginalizzazione

Marginalizzazione è lanuova forma di
discriminizzazione introdotta dal Capitalismo Triadico

DUALISMO = Dipendenza sociale e economica
MARGINALIZzazione = Esclusione


The countries that were reacting to this process by establishing
antagonist economic and political centers were destabilized
politically…for example Argentina and Brazil in the 1980s, South Korea
and Japan in the 1990s, Yugoslavia and Iraq in the late 1990s…and so
on…
25
SISTEMI, AUTORI e ACTORS
MODO DI
PRODUZIONE
SISTEMI DI
PRODUZI
ONE
MERCATO
GLOBA
LIZZAZ
IONE
Capitalismo
Triadico
Società delle
Reti e della
conoscenza
Globale
800 millioni
di persone
UNIVE
RSALIZ
ZAZIO
NE
Non- profit e
cooperative
Network,
cooperative
and
international
oriented
Mondiale per
7 miliardi di
persone
MONDI
ALIZZA
ZIONE
Mercati Locali,
Nazionali e
Meso-Regionali ;
Economie miste e
pianificate
MesoRegional,
national and
local
INTER
NATIO
NALIZ
ZAZIO
NE
Capitalismo e
socialismo.
Mercato,
Economie miste e
di Piano
Nationale
Regionale e
Locale
AUTORI
ATTORI
PRODOTTI
WTO (OMC)
WB (BM)
IMF (FMI)
Globali
Standard
Integrazione
ONG, e
movimenti
della società
civile
Governi
nazionali e
UN, UNDP,
UNICEF,
UNESCO,ILO,
etc.)
Diritti
Internazionali
e protezione
delle
minoranze
Mercati
Meso,
nationale e
locale
Mesoregion
aal, national
and local
institutions
Multinational,
national and local
enterprises
Standard
Mesoregionali,
nationali e
regionali
Nationale,
Regionale e
Locale
Autorità
Nationale,
Regionale e
Locale
Nationali e PMI
Standard
Nationali e
locali di
protection
Transanazio
nali (TNCs)
26
GLOBALIZZAZIONE CAPITALISTICA
1970 - 2005

Economia

Anni Settanta:
DA: Fordismo & Corporativismo,
A: Post-Fordismo &
Specializzazione Flessibile

Anni Ottanta
Monetarismo e Neo-liberismo
”Caduta del Muro”

Anni Novanta
Società della conoscenza
Apartheid Globale, Kyoto, etc.

Anni Duemila
Geopolitica e Geoeconomia
Statunitense


Instituzioni
Anni Settanta
La crisi dello Stato del Benessere

Anni Ottanta
Dalla Società del benessere
(Welfare) alla Società del lavoro
(Workfare)

Anni Novanta
Capitalismo Triadico

Anni Duemila
Dallo Stato del lavoro (Workfare)
allo Stato di guerra
Il risveglio dell’India (Cina e India)
27
Negli anni Ottanta la retorica della competitività tra Stati
Uniti, Unione Europea e Giappone si afferma

Scienza, tecnologia e istruzione sono subordinate agli obiettivi
della competizione.

Gli SU costruiscono l’dea del Made in America su high-tech e
conoscenza (la Società della conoscenza)

L’UE insegue questa strategia e formalizza gli obiettivi della
competitività, tecnologia e societàdella conoscenza nei suoi
Trattati (Lisbona, ecc.)

IlGiappone investe per divenire la prima società
dell’informazione nelmondo.
28
TECHNOLOGICAL
INNOVATION to
A
WINNING GREATER SHARES
IN EXISTING MARKETS
MARKET SATURATION
Strategies to overcome it
C
B
SUBSTITUTION OF
EXISTING PROCESSES,
PRODUCTS AND
SERVICES
(Rationalisation,
unemployment)
-Reduce prices
-Improve quality
-Increase variety
-Enhance flexibility
PRIVATISING PUBLIC
SECTOR
MOVING TO FOREIGN
EMERGING MARKETS
INCREASED R&D COSTS FOR
INNOVATION AND GROWING
DEPENDANCE OF FINANCE
ENHANCED COMPETITIVENESS
AMONG USA, EUROPE and JAPAN
INNOVATION IN
TECHNOLOGY
TRANSFER AND
HYBRIDATION
TERRITORIAL
RELOCATION
From A,B,C
IMPROVING TECHNOLOGICAL
INFRASTRUCTURE AND
PERFORMANCE IN
-Information and Communication
Technology
-Transport Technology
-Energy Technology
PRESSURE IN FAVOUR OF
- GLOBAL MARKET
- LIBERALIZATION
- ECONOMY DEREGULATION
- ALL SECTORS
PRIVATISATION
GLOBALIZATION OF
FINANCE
AND CAPITAL
MARKETS
FINANCE
OVER
POLITICS
SIGNIFICANT
CHANGES IN
PRODUCTIVITY
GAINS
REDISTRIBUTION:
- Less income to
workers &
employees
- Less fiscal
revenues to the state
-More dividends to
shareholders
- More investments
in innovation and
financial capital
GROWING STRATEGIC ALLIANCES IN R&D AND
TECHNOLOGY
PRESSURE FOR SHORT TERM HIGH
CAPITAL PROFITABILITY
The role of technological innovation in a global market capitalism driven society. The years 1970-1998
29
La logica della sostituzione
In una economia della sopravvivenza le imprese devono
competere sugli stessi prodotti e servizi nello stesso
mercato:
1) Sui PREZZI (tecnologia per ridurre i costi)
2) Sulla QUALITA’ (technologie per aumento della
produttività)
3) Sulla VARIETA’ (technologie per la diversificazione
dei prodotti)
4) Sulla FLESSIBILITA’ (technologie per migliorare la
gestione della produzione edei servizi)
30
La logica dell’espropriazione:
sostituisce la logica del profitto con quella della “rendita” (finanza) e delle
“tangenti” (copyright)

Espropriazione della conoscenza e delle risorse (biopiracy) brevettando ad
esempio le biodiversità…

Durante migliaia di anni latribu africana dei San si è alimentata e dissetata
mediante l’uso del catus Hoodia che aveva laproprietàdi ridurre ilbisogno di
mangiare e di bere. Ma nel 1998 il Consiglio Scientifico del Sud Africa, seguito
nel 2002 dalla Gran Bretagna, hanno brevettato il P37, una sostanza
contenuta nell’Hoodia, che elimina l’appetito.utilizzandola per la cura
dell’obesità. Il brevetto è stato rivenduto alla società farmaceutica
statunitense per la produzione di pillole.

In questo scambio di affari le società dimenticarono di informare le tribu’
africane che stavano brevettando e rivendendo conoscenze da queste scoperte
e praticate da millenni.

Dopo una dura lotta di decenni I San ricevono oggi meno dello0.003% - della
vendita netta di questi prodotti..
31
Pochi grandi corporazioni dell’Occidente hanno
oggi il monopolio sullo fruttamento di questi
prodotti:






Monsanto
Novartis
Merckx
Glaxo
Shell
Philip Morris, etc.
Ricercano e sfruttano la maggior parte della biomassa
esistente nel mondo (il 92% della quale nei paesi del
Sud)
32
33
34
Access…
35
Access/or
influence
36
RICERCA DELLE ALTERNATIVE
Sostituire il principio di sostituzione ed espropriazione con quelli di:

Co-esistenza: accesso alle comuni infrastrutture fisiche e sociali. (rispetto della
diversità)

Co-sviluppo: condividere i comuni obiettivi dello sviluppo senzamettere a
rischio gli obiettivi di altri gruppi sociali (ridurre le spese militari)

Co-determinatione: participazione nella scelta delle priorità e nell’uso delle
risorse esistenti rispettando il diritto alla sovranità delle comunità (paesi).
Promozione del dialogo dialogico tra comunità e paesi rinunciando a forme
di imposizione diretta omediata comenelcaso della governance o dei richiami
al “diritto internazionale”.
37
The aim of lecture 5 is:

To understand the historical transformation of
the capitalist enterprise

To understand the role of the transnational
corporations in the global economy
38
Stage 1: firm at local level
MANAGEMENT
R&D
PRODUCTION
DISTRIBUTION
FINANCE
Every function is internalized
39
THE LOCAL FIRM IN A HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE
The local enterprise is part and belongs to the local production system, it uses:




local resources
local customs and rules
and it is concerned with the satisfaction of local needs
The artisan is the central figure
It is ‘between’ the formal and informal sector
 Formal:
the market - commercialized relations - hired labor
 Informal:
the family - the exchange of services - uncompensated labor

Areas in which there has been the concentration of this type of productive fabric has
been lately called INDUSTRIAL DISTRICTS
40
Stage 2: firm at national and
international level
MANAGEMENT
R&D
PRODUCTION
DISTRIBUTION
FINANCE
These
functions are
externalized
41
THE NATIONAL CAPITALIST FIRM








Change to its advantage the market’s rules, the commoditization of the
relations governing output, the fulfillment of needs through
consumption
The internal division of labor increases
The capitalist entrepreneur is the central figure
THE NATIONAL CAPITALIST FIRM is the result of the formation of
the national markets
Split between community life and production system
The national market is very different from the local market
There is the invasion of local markets by firms that are both internal
and external to them
Enhanced competition changes the structure of the political powers
42
FROM NATIONAL TO INTERNATIONAL

Competition produces an homologation of the local
communities embodied in the national market to the
economic, political and cultural principles held to be
advanced and coincident with the dominant companies
(cultural hegemony – A. Gramsci)

The enlargement of the activities of the firm will create new
forms of monopoly, industrial alliances and political
privileges, limiting competition

The enlargement of the activities brings also to a surplus
that is exported: the firm internationalizes
43
What is a Multinational Firm ?
According to Buckley and Casson (1976, 1991):
An MNE may be defined as an enterprise which owns and controls activities in different
countries or is an enterprise which owns and controls assets in more than one country
(Casson 1979)
or, according to Caves (1982) a firm with at least one production subsidiary abroad.
The origin of the firm is still distinguishable by its national origins.
But, production systems and local markets are further separated and raw material sources
and sales outlets are fragmented
Implications for:

The PLANNING of the national economy

The POLITICAL control on production

The reduction of the role of TRADE UNIONS
44
Stage 3: Livello transnazionale
MANAGEMENT
R&D
PRODUZIONE
DISTRIBUZIONE
externalizzata
externalizzata
FINANZA
Si verifica la definitiva separazione tra
territorio, sistema produttivo,
instituzioni e popolazione
45
46
47
48
The Rise of Corporate Global Power

Of the 100 largest economies in the world, 51 are corporations; only 49 are countries
(based on a comparison of corporate sales and country GDPs).

The Top 200 corporations' sales are growing at a faster rate than overall global
economic activity. Between 1983 and 1999, their combined sales grew from the
equivalent of 25.0 percent to 27.5 percent of World GDP.

The Top 200 corporations' combined sales are bigger than the combined economies
of all countries minus the biggest 10.

The Top 200s' combined sales are 18 times the size of the combined annual income of
the 1.2 billion people (24 percent of the total world population) living in ''severe''
poverty (less than 1 USD/day).

While the sales of the Top 200 are the equivalent of 27.5 percent of world economic
activity, they employ only 0.78 percent of the world's workforce.

Between 1983 and 1999, the profits of the Top 200 firms grew 362.4 percent, while the
number of people they employ grew by only 14.4 percent.
49
The Rise of Corporate Global Power

A full 5 percent of the Top 200s' corporations combined workforce is employed
by Wal-Mart, a company notorious for union-busting and widespread use of
part-time workers to avoid paying benefits.

The discount retail giant is the top private employer in the world, with 1,140,000
workers, more than twice as many as No. 2, DaimlerChrysler, which employs
466,938.

U.S. corporations dominate the Top 200, with 82 slots (41 percent of the total).
Japanese firms are second, with only 41 slots.

Of the U.S. corporations on the list, 44 did not pay the full standard 35 percent
federal corporate tax rate during the period 1996-1998.

Seven of the firms actually paid less than zero in federal income taxes in 1998
(because of rebates). These include: Texaco, Chevron, PepsiCo, Enron,
Worldcom, McKesson and the world's biggest corporation General Motors.

Between 1983 and 1999, the share of total sales of the Top 200 made up by
service sector corporations increased from 33.8 percent to 46.7 percent. Gains
were particularly evident in financial services and telecommunications sectors,
in which most countries have pursued deregulation.
50
How does the modern transnational
enterprises operate?
1.
De-localization -through foreign direct
investments;
2.
De-centralization -through international
networks of production- which are not
necessarily in a foreign country.
51
Example of Nike Shoe Company








Nike employs approximately 23,000 people worldwide
There are approximately 12,000 Nike employees in the United States
There are approximately 109 apparel contract factories and 12 equipment
contract factories in the U.S., providing more than 13,000 jobs to local
communities.
In FY'01, approximately 14% of Nike apparel (shoe) was made in the U.S.
The remainder is manufactured by independent contractors located in 33
countries
Revenue FY'03: Nike reported revenues of $10.7 billion (10 times the GDP
of Mongolia)
Including manufacturers, shippers, retailers and service providers, nearly one
million people help bring Nike to athletes everywhere
Some 40% of all Nike shoes are made in China
Nike has 59 factory suppliers in China
52
Example of Wal-Mart

$220 billion a year (more in revenues than the entire GDP of Israel and Ireland
combined).

The owner S. Robson Walton is ranked by London’s "Rich List 2001" as the
wealthiest human on the planet, having sacked up more than $65 billion (£45.3 billion)
in personal wealth and topping Bill Gates as No. 1.

Seventy-one percent of the toys sold in the U.S. come from China, and Wal-Mart now
sells one out of five of the toys we buy.

The National Labor Ccommittee interviewed workers in China’s Guangdong
Province who toil in factories making popular action figures, dolls, and other toys sold
at Wal-Mart.

In "Toys of Misery," a shocking 58-page report that the establishment media ignored,
NLC describes: 13- to 16-hour days molding, assembling, and spray-painting toys—8
a.m. to 9 p.m. or even midnight, seven days a week, with 20-hour shifts in peak season.
53

Even though China’s minimum wage is 31 cents an hour—which doesn’t
begin to cover a person’s basic subsistence-level needs—these production
workers are paid 13 cents an hour.

Workers typically live in squatter shacks, seven feet by seven feet, or jammed
in company dorms, with more than a dozen sharing a cubicle costing $1.95 a
week for rent. They pay about $5.50 a week for lousy food. They also must
pay for their own medical treatment and are fired if they are too ill to work.

The work is literally sickening, since there’s no health and safety enforcement.
Workers have constant headaches and nausea from paint-dust hanging in the
air; the indoor temperature tops 100 degrees; protective clothing is a joke;
repetitive stress disorders are rampant; and there’s no training on the health
hazards of handling the plastics, glue, paint thinners, and other solvents in
which these workers are immersed every day.
54
Wal-Mart continue…

More than 65,000 companies supply the retailer with the stuff on its shelves, and it
constantly hammers each supplier about cutting their production costs deeper and
deeper in order to get cheaper wholesale prices

Behind this manufactured cheerfulness, however, is the fact that the average employee
makes only $15,000 a year for full-time work. Most are denied even this poverty income,
for they’re held to part-time work. While the company brags that 70% of its workers are
full-time, at Wal-Mart "full time" is 28 hours a week, meaning they gross less than $11,000
a year.

Health-care benefits? Only if you’ve been there two years; then the plan hits you with
such huge premiums that few can afford it—only 38% of Wal-Marters are covered.

Thinking union? Get outta here! "Wal-Mart is opposed to unionization," reads a
company guidebook for supervisors.

SHENZHEN, China . Most of the 2,100 workers here are poor migrants from the
countryside who have come to this industrial hub in southern China for jobs that pay
about $120 a month. A sign on the wall reminds them of their expendability in a nation
with hundreds of millions of surplus workers: "If you don't work hard today, tomorrow
you'll have to try hard to look for a job."

More than 80 percent of the 6,000 factories in Wal-Mart's worldwide database of suppliers
are in China. Wal-Mart estimates it spent $15 billion on Chinese-made products last year,
accounting for nearly one-eighth of all Chinese exports to the United States.
55
Implications:





Cultural
Employment
Technology development
Labor standards
Society at large
56
The aim of lecture 6 is:

To understand the current economic and
political (dis-)Order

To sum-up the theoretical and analytical
dimensions of the previous lectures

To provide the basis for the discussion of the
projects and of the theses
57
1.
The crisis of neo-liberal economics
2.
From a Triadic to a Multipolar System
3.
The rise of U.S. unilateralism
4.
The emergence of the forms of resistance to
globalization
58
1.
The crisis of neo-liberal economics.
The end of development

Growth has not materialized: in the last two decades (1980-2000) the rate of growth
has been less than those of the previous decades (1960-1980) in many regions of
the world, despite two major oil crises.

African countries are those in the worse situation: during 1960-1980 they had a 34 per
cent growth of GDP in 1980-2000 GDP fall of 15 per cent.

In the last 20 year development measured with HDI is improving to a lower rate than
before 1980 also in rich countries and is becoming negative for some poor countries.
China and India are among those that show a stable growth of HDI.

Poverty cannot be studied as a TREND: is the MAGNITUDE of the problem that
cannot be accepted

Economic convergence has not taken place. Income disparity increases with the
opening of markets. China is a good example of convergence within localities but
divergence along the rural-urban axis.
59
2. From a Triadic to a Multipolar System

The decline of Japan

The crisis of the European Union

The American vulnerability (energetic and
economic)

The rise of BRICs
60
3. The U.S. unilateralism
1.
The period 1992-2001

The rise of the neo-conservative groups in the U.S.

The Wolfowitz memorandum

The pre-emptive strategy of war

The desperate need of war

The economy prevails over politics (global market dominance)
61
4. The emergence of resistance to
globalization

World Social Forums

Independent NGOs

The rise of the political consumer

Peace movements

Social Districts: the community against the multitude of
individuals
62
The 5 False Myths about
Globalization
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Trade
Foreign direct investments
Flexibility
Property Rights
Technological change
63
1. TRADE

Trade has increased but is asymmetrical

Trade has liberalized but is conditional

Trade remains concentrated within the Triad
64
2. Foreign direct investments

Employment creation is in the low skilled labor
intensive sectors

The worker is not anymore the consumer

Technology transfer is limited, but can be
pursued
65
3. Flexibility

Flexibility in the modern firms has created insecurity

The Flexible production has created dualism and
polarization

‘Flexibilization’ (de-centralization and de-localization)
has destroyed local communities
66
4. Property Rights

The diffusion of innovation is limited by tight
enforcement of property rights

Property right systems allowed the expropriation
of indigenous knowledge
67
5. Technological change

Technological innovation is substituting labor
(technology induced unemployment)

Technology is applied in both bad and good ways. But
the bad ones prevail.

Technological change served the interested of the
richest and strongest lobbies

Adoption and diffusion of new technologies is not a
natural process
68
The process of diffusion of innovation
Ceiling
Origin
Late Majority
Early Majority
Early Adopters
Innovators
Number of Adopters
Slope
Laggards
In the 1950s
1960s agricultural
economists in the
US made studies
on the diffusion
of hybrid corn
Time
Rents creation
69
Possible titles for projects/theses:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
Title: Discuss cases for and against mathematics in economics. Possible Research question:
Title: Compare Marxist and Post-keynesian accounts of globalisation. Possible Research question: what is the future of the
Nation-State?
Title: Statistics or Economic Problems? Possible Research question(s): Why do rates of unemployment differ between US and Europe
and between the European countries e.g. Scandinavia vs. Germany , UK and France?
Title: Inequality in Rich countries: the case of Denmark. Possible Research question(s): What determines the distribution with
regard to the share of profit and wage and with regard to the personal income (represented by the Gini-coefficient)? Give some causal
explanations of the development in distribution within the last 30 years in Denmark.
Title: The Macroeconomic effects of the European Monetary Union. Possible Research question : To what extent would you
expect a correlation between the development in the exchange rate and the balance of payments (current account and capital account). What
are the economic conditions which should be fulfilled for a well functioning monetary union to be established? To what extent does the Eurozone conform to these requirements?
Title: Trade and financial flows in Asia. Possible Research question : What kind of integration is taking place? Is a regional
phenomenon or not? Who benefits?
Title: To protect or not protect? Possible Research question : Does property rights foster or hinder innovation?
Title: The local impact of transnational corporations: the case of Wal-Mart in China. Possible Research question: What are the
benefits of foreign direct investments on the local economy?
Title: The disturbing rise of the poor. Possible Research question: Why convergence has not materialized? And where it has?
Title: A Changing Global Order. Possible Research question: How important is the exchange rate USD/RMB in the equilibrium
between China and USA?
Title: Open regionalism vs Meso-regions. Possible Research question: Is the Meso-region an alternative to Globalization?
Title: Technology for the people and against the people. Possible Research question: What are the driving forces behind
technological progress? Is technology neutral?
Title: In search of Global Governance. Actors and Institutions in the Global Economy: Possible Research question: How
capitalism has changed in the last 20 years? Who is ruling the global market?
Title: Comparing Regional Integration Agreements. Possible Research question: Can self-reliance be achieved today?
Title: The economy of Access and the Privatization of the Common Goods. Possible Research question. Is another World
possible? How common goods can be managed in the global economy?
70
What is to be done next?

Prepare for the next workshop a presentation of 3 pages of your
project, in which is explained the project field and some of the
books and reports you intend to use for it.
Date for the workshop for the Master E&A and Socrates students
is:
Monday 15th March 15.00-17.00
Date for the workshop for the ESST students is:
Friday 19th March 12.15-14.15
71