TerraA"lartlca
1<)\18,5(1).1-30
© Terra Antartica Publication
Background
to CRP-I, Cape Roberts Project, Antarctica
CAPE ROBERTS SCIENCE TEAM *
Abstract.
The fIrst ho]e ofthe Cape Roberts ProJect. CRP-I. wasdnlled m OCluber. 1997, lo a depth of 148 metres
bclowthesca floor(mbsl) before beIng termmdted unexpcctedly by the lossoffast sea-Lceseawardoflhe
ng followmg
a<;evere"torm The site hes m 150mofwatcrat77
008°5 and 163 755°E. 16 kmoffCape
Roberts Thlspartofthe
report ollthne, Ihe gcologlC sctlIng, a genl1y tilted sequence nedr the ffidrgIn ofthe VLctona Land Ba"In. and descnbes
the hLstOry of the growth of sea Lce. whlch provlded the dnlhng p]atform, a~ well as the hl"tory of the dnl1Ing Itself
Core recovery was around 77% In ,oft dl1d brlttle strata to ]00 m and 98% be]ow that
The \equence was found to compnse a Quaternary glaclgemc mterva] down IO 43 55 mbsf and be]ow thls an ear]y
Mloccne mtervalthat was a]so glaclgemc Core propert1e, that wcrc studLCd include fracture patlerns, porosJly. somc
veloclty and magnetic ~o,cepllbLhly. Veloclty In parllcular was useful In re]atmg the cored <;eqoence to the reglOnal
selSffiLCslratIgraphy. A pre]Lffilnary as"cs"ment suggests that the bottom ofthe ho]e
l' 15 m ~hort of the boundary
between seLsmlC sequences V3 dnd V4
AnalYllcal faclhhesnew totheAntarclLcdnd
u\cd forprocessmgsamples
forlhe project are descnbed here ,md Include
d bench top palyno]oglca] processmg system and a paldeomdgnelLc ]aboratory. The core management and sampltng
systeffi, whlch recorded over 2 Don sample" b al,o outlmed
INTRODUCTION
bd.ck to perhap\ dS much as 100 Ma In age beneath the
western slde of McMurdo Sound. Antaretlea. In arder to
study the teclonlc and chmd.tlC history of Ihe reglOn. Il IS
named afterCape Roberts, the siagingpomt for tne offshore
drilling and a small promontory 125 km north west of
MeMurdo StatlOn and Seott Base (Flg l)
The Cape Roherts Project I~ a eo-operative dTllltng
proJecl between the AntarctJc progr dmmes of Australia.
Germany, Italy, New Zealand. UK and USA. Tbe aim ISto
obtain eontinuou,> eore through strata from 30 Md m age
,&i') E ,,q, W
CapeRoss
ROSS
Gregory\,
'I Islaod
ROSS
SEA
"
..
RotM!rts
"'
c.",
S,m
_8dg9aflC9a/terQr;tober24
Duolop
ltlslaod
McMURDO
DRV
.
SOUND
.
DVDP15
VAlLEYS
I
""
..
edr1eOfJC9
'/be1arsOclOber24
,
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.
--
.MS'",CIROS 1
.
CtROS2
Fqi 1- Mapofthc
2Ò
,
Ò,
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",,.,
.
eaPe
ChocolatB
,...,
78.5
'illutb WC"Icomcrofthe
Ro"sSea,
"howmg Ibc locallons of Capc Roben~, CRP-I ,md
othcrdnllsLlcsm
Ibe Jrca. and McMurdoSlahonl
Scntt Ba'\C.lhe mam "Iaglllgpomiforthe
projecl
ThecdgcofthefasllccbcforcandaflerlhcOctobcr
24breJK-OuILSal'illshowo
.
J Aodcr;on, P Armleo!J, C AtKm~, P Barrctt, S Boha!y, S Brycc, M Clap". M Currao. F J Davey. L Dc Santi". W Ehnnann, F Flonndo,
C. Flcldmg, M Hambrcy, M Haooab, D M Harwood, S Henrys, F Hocl'>Chcr, J A Howc, R Jarrdrd, R Kcnlcr,S Kooymdn, C Kop'>Ch, L Kn<,,'\Ck.
M Ltvelle,E
Levdc,F NLCs,\Cn,S PJ'>Schler.T PJulsco,R
Powcll.A Pyoc,G Rafal,tj
Ralllc, A P Robert", LSagnoth,S
Sandronl.E
Schulz.
J SLmcs.J Smclhc, P S!roog, M TabcckL, F M Talanco, M Tav1am, K L Vero_ub. G Villa, P N Wcbb, G S WLl'oOn,T WlIwn, S W W.......
T Womk, K Woolfe, J H Wreno
2
The projeet
-
.
is de"lgned
IO ~ddress two maJorque.,tlons.
did ice 'ohcet\ grow and deeay on AnldrctJca, wlth
d.ttendant ehanges in globd.\ sea level, prior lo the
edrlte~t Oligocene 34 Ma ago, when It 1<;wide]y
beheved Ihe flrst exten"ivc ice formed on thc contment?
al what lime did the eontmenl begin to nft to form the
Ros" Sca and the Transd.ntaretic Mountatn"?
Impliclt In the obJecllves i" the signifieant eontribullon
to be made through age- and roek-type cahbration for thc
40 ODOkm of seismic survey" m Ihe Western Ro~" Sea by
conng the strata off Cape Roberts.
The !>tratato becored form d seaward-dlppmgsequence
lO to 15 km off Cape Roberts and seaward oftne hounddTY
between tbc Transantarctle Mountam\ (TAM) block and
the Victond Land Basin (VLB) (FIg.2) SClsmlc surveys
of the basm hdve Iraecd 3 ,>equenccs mto thc 2000+ m of
<;trataoffCapeRobert~(V3, V4andV5-Flg
3) Correl<ltion
wlth the CIROS-1 hole 70 km to thc south mdleated tndt
mo~t of thc strata arc more than 30 ffillhon year\ old
(Barrel! ct al., 1995, Bartek et al , 1996). Thc Cape Ronert\
Project alm\ In care 1200 or more m of tnl.., <;equence by
dri1hng at lea\t three holes rangmg m dcpth from 400 to
700 m aod ovcrlappmg <;0 a.. to cn\ure d. continuous
"trallgraphie record
Thl5 /nltlal Report, and a compamon SCU!lItIficRepOl t
to be publi"hed later thl5 year, provide rc"ults from the flr\t
dnlling <;ea"on After some uneertamtlcs followmga year's
postponemcnt due IO thc Id.ledeve10pment of fa"t sea-Ice
in 1996 dnd a series ofwinter ice break-out!> thl" year, the
iee was thought ltkely to be thlck enough in tbe dnll-stte
arca to safely suppor! the dnlling syslem A decl"lOo was
taken tu "end the advance party to Scott Base on the
August "WINFL Y" operallOo to c\tablish a land route lo
Cape Roberts and locate the flfSt drill sile Thc party
arrived at Seott Base on August 25, and, after some
ehallengmg route-findmg around the edge ofthe MeMurdo
Ice Shelf, reached Cape Roberl" on August 30.
Ob<;ervatlOns of sea-ice chdracter and thickness led to tbe
!>clection of site l on the <;outhern ofthree pO:-.lble transect
Ime!>indleated IOthe SClence Pian (Barrett, 1997, Flg 35)
a\ the ]ocallOn for the fusi dnll slte. CRP-1
CRP-1 wa" terminated prematurely after 7 day<; of
coring whcn a large secllOn of thc fa"t sea-Iee broke oul
llfler an uncxpeetedly flerce storm on Oetober 23.24,
ledving the ng vulnerdble
to further break-ouls.
Nevertheless, slgmflcant core had been reeovered from
both the Quaternary cover bcds and the oldcr part of the
!oeetlOnto .Ideplh of 147 rnetres below thc !ocafloor (mbsf),
dnd form\ the <;ubjeci of Ihi.. report BdSICdata far Ihe hole
.Ire ..umm.ln<;ed m table l, and thc depth and range of ages
encountered .Ire <;hown in fIgure 3 m the context of the 3
"Ite" planned far the proJect
.
C Robel\sdnllsotes
SEA
.
.270
Ross Ice Shelf
B
Cape
RObert&
x
TAANSANTARCTIC
MOUNTAINS
EAST ANTARCTIC
~
ICE SHEET
~
'flg 2- MapofR(MC(1OhnCOldl~hclf{A)
and crll'~ WClU10thmugh thc cdgc ofthc
Cd~t AntdTchC RLft Sy,tcm (B), ~howlng
thc locallon lIfCdpC Rohcr!~ wnh rc~pcct
to thc E,l't Aotarc!Jc !cc Shcct. thc
Trdn'dot<lfCllcMouotJ.LOSdndlhcVlctona
uodBd,m
Thcloc3t1onoffigurc3.wlth
Ihc3pldoocddnll~Ltc,offCdpc
Robcrt~,
L~d[.,o,hown
D
V1.3Glacolli
(...
y"
ROSS SEA
10110"'''11
figure)
I
VlCTQRIALANO
aASIN
'D
~V61gr>ews
~
DV4pao,yglaoa1(3v7Basemenl
o
(''''''~'''''''''"~)
DV5Urlknown
200
'00
o
'00
kml20
B<ir..kgrnUlld lo CRP-1, Cape Roberts ProJect
3
F'g 3 - Gco]oglcal
>cchoo ba'cd no ~eL~mIC
ddla from NBP96-89
(adaplcdfromFlg35by
SA Hcory, In 8dITCU,
19',17), ~hnwlOg CRP-]
Jodlhcdgcsoblamcdby
IhcCapcRobcnsScLcoCC
Tcam (scc Quatcrnary
dod MI(>ccocStrdtd,thL~
volumc)
0.5 -
tw!
(socs)
1.0
IceedgebeforeOct24-->,
w::eedgeafterOct24->.
:
CRP-1:
D
:~
200_
400
. ..
.
600
600
~
10D0
PO~lllOn
L.ttLtudc
lnnglruUc
Walcrdcplh
Sca LCCthlcknc~~
FJf~1 core
Li,lc"rc
CorcdlOl"rvdl
GorcrCU1Vcrcu
Rccovcry
Deplh to honol11 ofholc
Agc and ILtIJology of
old<.",tr.Lld
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16 km ENEufCdpC
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77 OIJH~S
161755°10.
15350m
l hOm
l ,0 "m. 17 Oo..lubcr 1'-'97
20(]"m.24Octuhcrl<:J97
l,206m
I1332m
1<6%
14769
mb.,i
22-24 Ma MlKbtoncwuh
'o.."n<.r<.<lpd'hl<..,
The report l" orgdnt\ed .1\ 4 reldted .!rtlc!C\
l.. BackgrOlllldtoCRP-J. Thissecllonmclude~mformatJOn
on geological context for drillhole, coring dnd "c,l-Ice
ob"crvatlons, eorc propcrtic'o and an overvlcw of thc
care. Il .1[100indudc10 core recovcry data (Appendlx 1),
care logs on a scale of 1:20 (Appendix 2) and scanned
Imdgesof thc care face after splitting (Appendix 3).
2 - Quaternary slrata Thcse <Ireabout tWlce 3\ thlck a...
expeeted, and eontdlfi an unu'>lIdl carbondte facte~.
3 - MlOcelle Mrata. Although the~e are pdrt of the dlppmg
"tdrgel" "equenee, they are around 8 my younger thdn
wc expccled from SCI"mic corrclalion
from Ihc
CIROS-I dnllholc 70 km to Ihe south However thc
CRP-l core provide~ a ncwwmdow on thc period from
17 lo 22 Ma m this reglOn
4 - Summary oi re!>ults. This provldes a prelimmary <.Lge
mode I for Ihe core and mterpretdlion~ on glacldl
:,,
~
Plannedlor
Dnlledln '97
~
0-2my.
V~
--.........
'97. '98
1 2 3
CRP-1
5km
J
advance and retreat over the ~lte In early QUdlernary
and Mioeene tlme.
REGIONAL SETTING
GE:OLOGICAL SETI ING
McMurdo Sound lIe~ al the ~oulhwe~tern end of thc
Ro\.. Sed, between the Tran..antarellc Mountdin\ of South
Vletorhl Land and the rccent (5 Md) volcamc Ross Island
(FIg 4). Il eomelde\ wllh thc \()ulhwc...tcrn end of the
VJ{.IOn<.L
Lmd Bd\m (VLB), one offour m<.LjoreXlen"lOndl
hd\m\ formmg the Ro\\ Sea continental \helf (Houtz &
D,lvey, 1973; Davey, 1981,1983; Hmz & Block, 1984,
Cooperet dI., 1987, 1994) The VLB ISacomplexstructure,
cxtendmg from Ro\" I\Iand lo Terra Nova Bay, and
compri\tng a major hd\tn up to 14 km deep m the west
separated from a subbastn, in the east by a vokafile zone, the
Terror Rift, whlch apparently eontmues into Ro~ bland.
Ro I..landmay be expcCledlo be underlam by <;cverdlkm"
ot ~dlmenldry roch(Coopcr & Davey, 1987, Melhui"h ct
al., 1995). In this reglOn the T AM form!. the we!.tem margin
of the VLB and the defonndllonal hl"tory of the tWo are
probdbly dlreClly reldted Two mdin crostal thinmngcvent"
have fonncd thc bd"ins ofthc Ros" Sca but they are noi well
con~tr<.Lmedm lime. The firsl, an es"entially non-magmaltc
nfting evenl over mo"t of the Ross Sea, IS probably
to the break -up of Gondawana
related
in this reglOn (late Mesozoic)
The !'ccond cvent was as."ocldted wlth volcanic dCtlVityand
4
Flg
4
- Loc3lLon
..
(LIlsct) and
bathymetry of the Cape Robcrts
ProJcct survey area Swath
bdthymctryLsshowll,wlthcoOloUf'o
LnterpoldtedfromotbcrSLIlgle!rack
data whcre ~wath data wcrc noI
dvaIlable Cootours are al 25 m
Intcrvalsovertheswdtharcd,dod
'..
50 rn clscwhcre The '\C]~mLcprofile
In fLgure 5 15 aloog the hoe
NBP9601-89
Dnll-sJlc ophons
(sJtcs 1, 2, 3 on NBP hoc~ 86,87
aod89)aodthednll~ltcCRP
laTe
markcd
-
..
,""" 1='
\>i'I'!r.f
",,'-.~";"iL'
~
-.-.r
,
..,)"'''''',..,....
,
,
~'
k..RP _
,-
,
~,'~-
,,..'"
,
I
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.r,..'
,..
I
I
~
'b,
locahsed m the VLB, and an Eocene and younger age has
been propo..ed (Coopcr et aL, 1987, 1991)
The mam structural trend ." north-~outh, with maJor
normal faultmg formmg half grabens m basement and
tefminating
in theoverlymg
sedlmentdry
seCllOn CenozOlc
faulting cuts Ihrough thc sedlmentd.rY section and, in
places, reaehes thc \ea floor. Late Cenozoie "truclural
trends have bcen mapped also transvcrse to these fedture\
(Cooper el al, 1994)
The planned Cape Roberts dnll sites are loeated on an
off<,hore bathymetric rise, Roberts Ridge, in northern
McMurdo Sound, about lO lo 20 km ea~t of Cdpe Roberls
on the southcrn entranee of Granite Harbour (Flgs l & 4).
1111Sbathymetne high nses from about 500 m depth In thc
west to wlthm 100 m of ,>ca leve! To the south, Roberts
Ridge broaden~lOto .I ..hdllow-coastalplatform 200 m
below sea leve] in western MeMurdo Sound Gladal
advanee~ have truncated Roberts Ridge to the norlh and
west expo~mg thc older east-dipping lotrataof the VLB
clo"e lo the loedfloor (Flg 5). A Ihiek stratigraphic seetion
through "trata of the VLB ean therefore bc "ampled by a
~eneloof shallow dnllholes steppmg down the weMern
flank of Robert" Ridge
The "edlmentary geology beneath MeMurdo Sound
compn"es slrata Ihat dlp gently east from Ihc wc...tcrn~hclf
of McMurdo Sound and apparently under Ro~.. bldnd
These same strata crop out on western Robcrls Rldge,
where they were first observed m 1980 (D Bennett,
unpublished manuscnpt). Subsequent multJchannel
,
=u
ICESHELF
"
.,
-,
;,
~cl"mlc mea\urements from R/V SP LEE and R/V OGSEXPLORA demonstrated Ihat the umls could be traced
into thc lower( deeper) sedlmentdry \cquences ofthe VLB
(Cooper et al, 1987; Brancohm et al, 1994). Several
seismlc~urveys have defined the majorselsmo~tratigraphle
umts Ihroughout the Victona Land Basm (Cooper &
Davey, 1987, Brdncolml el aL, 1995; Barrett et aL, 1995;
Bdrtek et .IL, 1996) The \tr dtigraphy, ages and facies
(hd\cd on CIROS-1 correlatlOn) from these studies are
...ummdfJzed in table 2. The maJor ...el...mlc umts, VI
through V7, u\ed in thls paper follow the \trdtigraphy of
Cooper & Davey (1987) Drilhng m "outhern McMurdo
Sound (MSSTS-1 and CIROS.l) \dmp1ed rocks back to
Eocene in age. They indlcated vcry limtted ice dlstnbutlOn
m the Eoecne and early Ohgocene, dnd grounded lee in the
late Oltgoeenc and edrly Miocene (Barrett, 1986, 1989),
but the on~et of gldcldtion in the region has not been
1oamplcd. CorrelatlOn of these dTllling results wlth the
Cape Robert" "cquences (Barrett et al, 1995, Bartek et al,
1996) ~uggc\ted that the latter sequences are the ~ame dnd
older m age and may therefore contai n a record ofthconset
of Antarctic glaclalton. Samphng the~e lower umts WlIl
al..o provide mformation on the age and evolullon of the
VLB and uphft hl1otoryofthe adjacent TAM.
BATHYMETRY
Bdlhymetric-data eoverage aver Roberts Rldge hd"
\igmficantly Improved wlth the advent of multlbeam
I
.
,
5
w
-
E
Flg 5 SCI~mlc record for
hoc NBP 960I-H9 (a),wllh
IOlcrprclalloo
of [lic
strangrapl1lc Umls V3, V4
aod V5 IO lcnn, of two-way
travclume(b)aoddepth(c)
[n~!~ proVI<lC <letalI of thc
record over tlle CRP 1 ~Ile
Notcthcbrodd~h.allow<;cour
cl1aonel,ncdrtllcscdf1oor
-g400E
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D
o
250~
>
800-1
,
2c
Tali 2
- Sc"mlc
~lrdtLgrdphy
wrrd,llIon 01 tlic CdpC Rohcn'
CI al , IOprc'~)
VI
V2
V3
V4a
b
V5
V6
VI
Thicknes~
(km)
<12
02 -13
03 -2 5
<I
dl5
<8
<8
ofthc
VllLOrl.II~LrHJ
wqucnce
Veludty
(km/sec)
17.13
2.]-29
27-41
40-49
45 -56
50-74
B.L~m (.!ftel
wuh ClROS
('""per
cl di,
]987)
MHdLficd
!O t"-k.c LmOd~COUOI SCI~mIC
J, ,mJ [lic rcv'wlO or tlic dgC or tlie lowcr pari or thc hule (Hannah
A"
midPhocene
mLdMlOccnc lo Plloceoc
]"leOhj!ocenetoearlv
MJOcene
eJrly Ohgocene ,md Eocene
Eoccncandoldcr
Cretaccoostocarlv PaleoJ!.cnc
P"leugene-Recent
Precambnan - mld Pa]eozolc
techniques. Thc bathymetric map (Fig. 4) forine \ea floor
ed~t of Cape Roberts is largely bd~ed on mulhbcam ddtd
eolleeted aver mo~t of the area of the mdp by the RN
NATHANIEL
B. PALMER, using a Seabeam 2112
multibeam sonar survey "y"tem m February 1996. The
few drca" not covered by the mu]tlbedffi data were filled m
wlth other dala ~ct..,. Thc ddta "ets merge well wlth
Lithology
Glaclalmdrlnc,cwment"
G]"cld[mJnneserumenls
GJacJaI maTJnc~cdJmenl~
Manne <;cdlmcnl<;?
Mdnne,eruments?
BasaltlcvolcanJcs
Ba"cmcnt
di"crepancles of less than 20 m m generaI. The eomplled
bdthymetry "hows Ihe steepslopesofnorthern
and we~tern
pdrts of Roberl" Ridge, which we infer were caused by
glaelal erosion controlled hy Ihe structures formmg the
900-m-deep Maekay Sea Valley and by cod"t.parallel
fdultingassociatedwith the Tran~antarctic Mountam Front
A tectonic influenee on the Mdckay Sea VaUey Issuggested
6
Cape Roberts ScLence Team
by Ihe observation thal it forms the northem limit of
Roberts Ridge. The Cape Roberts basm (Hamilton el aL,
1997), west ai northem Roberts Ridge, is up to 500m deep
and dies away to the south of Cape Roberts. The dnll site
CRP-1Is located on the western slde of Roberts Ridge at
a depth of 150 m (Fig 4).
Granite Harbour. Faullmg in the sedimentary seetion is
generally sub-parallel to the Transantarcllc Mountam
Front (NNE) or to the Mackay Glacier trough (ENE) and
15apparent1y moslly normal in characler.
Unit V5, the presumed oldest sedlmentary seismic unii
m the area (Tab. 2), ISof unknown age and lithology. Il
nses from deep in the Victorian Land Basm to reach the
AEROMAGNETIC DATA
sea fIoor from 12 to 5 km east of Cape Roberts, where It is
lruncated by a north-trending faull V5 is estimated to
reach a thickness of between 2 and 5 km (Cooper et al.,
1987) Itshkely age lies between 105 and 55 Ma; lilhologies
couId include either or both shallow.manne or terrestrial
facies (see Barrett et aL, 1995, for discusslOn and
eomparisons wlth posslble New Zealand counterparts).
Umt V41Spreswned, from ameIaUvestrata atOROS-1, lo
be largely manne mudslone of Eoeene-early Ohgocene
age, although, as dlscussed by Barrett et al. (1995), the
base ofCIROS-l may not coincide with the base ofV4 and
the lower part of Ihe unit may be older. Il crops out on the
west flank of the ridge 20 km off Cape Roberts, cUiving
eastward into the Mackay Sea Valley in response to valley
bathymetry. Sirueture contours on the base of V4 indicate
a planar surface dlpping gently just north of east.lsopaehs
conslructed for V4 (Fig. 6b) show that It thlckens eastward
at around 100 mjkm. IIs thlckness varies little from south
tonorth
Umt V3 is the youngest of the expo!oed strata of the
Victoria Land Basm m the mapped area The sequenee
underlies Roberts Ridge and the area lo the east with a
maximum Ihickness of a little over 200 m attained far V3
just east of the ndge crest. On the basis of seismic
eorrelation with the CIROS-1 driIIhole and its similar
posll1on relahve to the Transantarctic Mountains, V3 was
mferred tocompnse altematingdmmiclite, shallow.manne
mudstone and sandstone oflate Oligoeene toearly MlOcene
age, as in the CIROS-1 dnl1hole, and records many
advances of east Antaretlc Ice beyond the mountains and
inlo the basm. Scour channels, presumabIy of gIacial
origin, are eVldent in the shallow part of the selsmic
profiles of thls uml.
Anaeromagnetlcsurveywascarriedoul
bythe GermanItalian AefOmagnetic Researeh in Antarctica (GIT ARA)
projeet in 1994 (Bozzo el al., in press) across the Roberts
Rldge region in response to a report of a Iarge positive
magneticanomaly Just wesl ofthe northem Roberts Ridge,
from whlch Behrendl et aL (1987) inferred a subrnarine
volcano. The GITARA aetomagnetic sludy (500 m line
spacing, 125 m altilude) greatly improved the defmihon of
the magnelic anomalies and the bodles causmg them, and
suggested Ihat the bodles are more ltkely to be fragmenls
oi slraliform basic igneous bodies Although the modelled
bodies carne dose to the sea floor, thIS occurs weU (more
than a kllometre verbcally and horizontally) to Ihe west of
the mostwestern proposed drill site. The outline, atadepth
of l km, of the magnelic bodies, is shown in figure 5.
SEISMIC REFLECfION DATA
The coverage ai seismic profdes is now adequate lo
trace boundanes ai the major seismic units over the area
east of Cape Roherts. Only Ihe older seismic UOItS (V3,
V4, V5) have been identlfied In the Cape RoberlS region,
as VI and V2 have been largely eroded away here (FIg. 5).
V4 has been further subdivlded into Units V 4a and V 4b on
the basis of an angularunconformily
between Ihe two subunits in this region (Barrelt et al, 1995; Harntllon et al~
1997), but we have not subdivided the unit in figure 6. V3
and V4 can be further sub-divided on the smgle channel
selsmlC dala, with, for example, at leasl 6 sequences
recognised in V3 in some places (Henrys et al, 1994;
Bartek et al., 1996) However, track-line coverage is noi
sufflclenl to resolve them across the who1e area, and Ihey
have not been delinealed IO this report
The dlstnbution of major seismostratigraphic
units is
shown in figure 6a and b, along with the primary selsmie
tracks(SPLEE(1984),
EXPLORA(1990), POLAR DUKE
(1990), and PALMER (1996)) across Roberts Ridge. The
stral1graphlc sequences were correlated and mapped on
the basis of lateral continUlty and selsmic character. The
strata are found to slnke consislently just west of north and
to dlp gently east wlth dlps nsing from 2 5° for Ihe upper
part ofthe sechon lo around 5° for Ihe lower part, based on
sea-fioor outcrop ofthe units Dips on Units V5 and V4b
increase to the south, with Units V3 and V4a onlapping
V4b and ptnchtng out lo the west against V4b and Ihe sea
floor. V5 and V4b gradually thicken lowards the east.
The sedlmentary section off Cape Roberls IS bounded
on ils western margin by a major, sleeply dipping, north
trending fault about 5 km offshore, upthrown lo the west
and bringing basement roeks to the sea floor (V7 of
Cooper & Davey, 1987). These rocks are most likely to be
granitoid bodies similar to the exposed rocks around
DRlLL-SITE OBSERV ATIONS
SEA-ICE OBSERVATIONS
Each wlOter a frmge of fast "ea-ice (abbreviated to
"fast Ice") forms around the soulhern and western margms
of McMurdo Sound, and extends north along the VletoTia
Land coast past Cape Roberts (Flg l). The fasi ice was
fusi used as a drilhngplatform in 1974 far DVDP-15, and
tben subsequentIy m 1979 (MSSTS-1), m 1984 (CIROS-2)
and 1986 (CIROS-1). Both praetleal expenence and
theorel1cal calculations indicate Ihat a mmimum safe Ice
thlckness for supportmg the drilhng system for a penod of
several weeks IS 1.5 m (Pyne, 1986) In most year!o thls IS
achleved in mid-late September. The ice grows through
October lo a maximum of belween 1.7 and 2.0 m bui
begins lo lose slrength as It beeomes isothermal when
temperatures
rise to around _5°C, typically m lale
November. This provides a "drilling wmdow" for seltmg
Background
163'30'
,
,,
,
,
--'
to CRP-1, Cape Roberts ProJecl
,,
,, "
,, "",
,
-~~~
,"""
7
Flg 6
- Map
of the area off Cape Roberts,
showlOgthedl5tnbutionofthesedlmentary
sequences (V3, V4, V5) beoeath the
Quatemarycoverbedsthere
a)ShIp'stracks(dotted)andstructurecontoors
onthebaseofV3andV4
1__
,I;
'[10]'
,
,
","
"
:/
77'00'
o
'-'CO<>Io"_
__u,..
163'00'
,
,
"" """
163'30'
164.00'
163'00
b)Bathymetry(dottedlmes)andlsopachsfor
V4(bothm metres)offCapeRoberts
.77'00
.77'00
163'00'
163'30'
164'00'
Background
lo CRP-I, Cape Robert, ProJecl
However,]t eould have been a "Ignlflcant pomI of concern
dfter IhaL A further analY\ls of these data, along with
weather dala from Ihese and pasl year<, w]1l appear IO the
SClenllfic Reporr far CRp.1.
Olstance to the edge of the fast ice (markcd by .In
iccberg 4.9 km ea<;tofthe sIle) wa" a]<;ochecked every few
days, and d]d not change mea:-.urably Ihrough the :-.etup
and dnlhng periodo In addltlOn reguldrchecks were made
on Ihe route to the dnll s]te to mOnitor possible deve]opment
of eracks IOthe ]ce The well known "Cape Roberlscrack",
whICh forms cdch year TUnnlOgNNW.SSE aboul2 km off
Cape Robcrt", hdd grown lOa typlcal width of around lO m,
w]th Ice thickne..:-. rdnging from 70 cm .Il the edge to a few
cm of open water m the middle Nevertheless il could be
ero<;sed, wlth bndgmg, by 22 tonne erawler tractor 8
kilometres to the north and Il kilometre~ lo the south of
Cape Robcrt". No olher erdcks were idenufled, but several
..mali crdck" lo the local Cape Robens area were often
cro,>\ed wlthout bridgmg aod IdTger frozen craeks of
Ihmner Ice were \een IOthe off\hore Ice. We conclude thdt
unul the storm of OelObcr 23-24, fa:-.t-Ice behaviour lay
well within the hm]l\ \CI for safc dnlltng operdtJon.
The "torm of October 23-24 was unu,>ual bOlh IO the
seventy ofthe wmds (exceedlOg50 koots al CdpC Roberts),
and m tbe \wcll that propagated through Ihe Ice from the
opeo waler" oi the Ross Sea. Tbe \well was deteclcd early
on October 23 by the drilhng leam and Ihe Selence Support
Manager, Ibe projcet':-. \ed-]ce advber. The maximum\afe limit far venica].]ce movemenl by swelJ<, w]th a
period of 10-12 "econd hdd been "et at 30 mm, ha\cd on
advice from Or. Tlm HaskeIl, sea-Iee phYSICIStThls limit
was exeeeded in the early hours of Oetober 24. After
"ecunng the dnll site the personnel relurned lo Cape
Roberts After the storm, the fast ice had broken out to
within l km of tbe rig (Flg 7e), well below the accepted
safe limlt of 5 km As a consequence of the exposure to
po\:-.iblefuture slorms and the premdture weakenmg ofthe
fast Ice by temperatures around 7°C warmer then average,
the dnll-slte eqUlpment was taken to Cape Roberls and
plans far funhcr drilltng abandoned for thls season.
CORING HISTORY
Tbe various element<; ofthe dnlling "y...tem and camp
were on slte by the end of Oetober 4 and Ihe rig assembled
and m po"itlOn by October 5. 00 October 6 Iwo sea-Iee
bole\ wcre dnlled for the video hut and drill rig The sea
n&er wa" then lowered on It~ first full deployment wlth
both ngld and mt1atable float" (Flg 8), and set lOto the ...ca
flooron Octoher 12. Thls took a liule longer than planned
due to teehnical prohlcms Tbe riser wa,> Ihen underreamed to a depth of 16 mbsf through a m]Xlure of mud,
sand and cobbles and onta a 46-cm thick boulder ofwhat
wa~ laler found to be dolente. Il was cemenled in and
tenslOn adjusted with the IOfiatable floats
Conng begdn late on October 16 with the H dnll
stnng (eore size 61 mm), the fmt care (of grout wlth
the top 3 cm of a dolente boulder at the botlom)comlOg
onto the rig floor at 1:30 a m. on Oetober 17. Conng
proceeded steadily bui wllh difficultles encountered In
Tuh ~ _ Mca~urcmcnj<, of LCCttHcknc~~ lh.rough. lime for ttIc ttIrec propo'\Cd unII ~1I~~on ltIc ~oultIcrn tr~o,cCl of
lh.cCapc Robcns ProJccl (Flg 4) Satcllltc ]m...gcsInUlcatcttI...tttIe ,cewvcr bcgan lO form arounu July l
Position
DS3-1
DS3-2
DS3-3
Lat
Long
770079
770088
770152
163.7482
1636496
163.5877
1 Jul
(cm)
O
O
O
31 Aug
(cm)
128
125
124
9 Sep
(cm)
145
142
146
29 Sep lO Det Il Nov
(cm)
(cm)
(cm)
171
171
158
154
171
169
158
Ice Movement
Dir
Lat
Long
18 Sep 29 Sep Il Ocl18 Oct 20 Oct I Nov 4 Nov 7 Nov Rate.
(m) (m/d.iy) (Olrue)
(m)
(m)
(m)
(m)
(m)
(m)
(m)
(dcgrees) (degrees)
0.14
600
383
000
0.92
1.41
282
303
CRP~l 770076 1637552
020
77°
9.07
IO 08
9 97
000
5.72
DS3-1 770(J79 1637482
1183
018
72°
1165
000
521
DS 3-2 77 0088 1636496
019
70°
1149
11
04
000
433
DS3-37701521635877
Octl] -Nov7,DS3-1 Scp 29 - Ocr 20, DS 3-2 Scp 29 - Nov 4, DS 3-3 Scp 2<) - Nov 4
Date
NOles (sce bclow)
Orill Hole Freeboard
VideO Holc Frceboard
Oct 3
,
t60
160
9
Oct 6 Det 16 Oet 18 Oet 19 Oct 23 Oct 25 Oct 25
,
,
d
b
120
45
40
tOO
60
55
-IO
120
40
50
40
O
50
100
Notc~ a E.'tlm~IC ofth.c sca-Icc ~urface frccboaru onc u...y pnor IO loadlOg ttIe Dnll SLte, b E.~t\matc ofthc frceboard m
thc Dnll ~nu VLUCOholc~ ]mmcuMtcly ...fterfmal po~L\]onmgofth.c unII ng, c Mea~ured frcebwrd@
1108 NZDSTat
thc bcgmmg of ttIe Oclober 23-24 storm, d E.'tlm~le of lh.c frccboard aftcr ttIc stonn w\th largc ~oow dnfts around thc
ng,e E.~hm...tcofthefrceboardafterttIes\tc"completclyclcarcd
IO
-.
!wo 5 tono"
loHatablelloats
:~
\' I ~!-'_'-
~
'-J~\ I il
.
..
.
o
.
."',
gUide..."".
subms"o"v,deo
cameraandl1ghts
-'-.:---S"
....
CO""!lw.,h
HOIl"
Sea "se,cas,og
cemenled16mbsf
FIli 8 - Dnllmgsys!cm u\cd for CRP-! The ~ca. TI<;CTcompnws 5" OD
ca~mg <;C!]6 m lOto thc~ca floor,ccrncntcd aOlI then Uvcrlcn'luoedwLlh
mflJtJblc floats [I wa~ dC~Lgocd IO ~uppor! thc rotdtmg dnll ,Inng dlld
lo wllh~tand l,ncral rnovcrncn! nfthc sca-LCC dod currcnt~, whlch fedch
up lo V'i cm/~ec al Ihl~ ~Ite Thc mud hu! I~ for rnlxmg. coodmoomg aod
cxlrdchng dnll cuthng~ from thc drlllmg f]uld Tbc video hUl hold~ thc
wmdl. monitor a"d cuntrul ~y~!cm for thc suhmarmc VLdcoCarncrd
~y~tcm 1l1L~ mo' on gUide WlrC\ from thc ~urface [o thc <;Cafloor aod
all()w~tbc dnH-"IC team IO VLCW
ali pdrt~ofthc ~Cdmcr for opcralwnal
~afcly aod covlroomLold] rc~~oo~
recovenng soft pebbly sand and mamtaimng hole
stability. Thc softness ofmuch ofthc sed]ment reqUlred
rclativcly ,>hortcore fUn..to achleve rea,>onablcrecovery
dnd high mud welghts and vI,>cosltics were u...ed to
malOtain ho le stablIily Unstablc down-hole conditlOn~
per,>i~ted well below the 20 m or ~o expected. In fact
they extended below the Quaternary sedlment,> (bd,>eal
43.5 mbsf) and into the Miocene ,>equence dS .I
eonsequenee of both brecciation dnd ~ome 50ft ,>and
layers. This eondillon led to almost total los50fdnlllOg
fluid at a rate of 5 tonnes/day, hard to sustain wlthout
resupply for more than a few days These difflcultles
conlinued down IO 100 mbsfwith down-hole progress
dveraging around 16 m/day and reeovery around 77%.
Late on October21 dnll]ngcondillons
became firm as
pebbly mud,>tone dnd then ùiam]ctite were encnunlered
Rate of progress increa,>ed to 20 m/day and reeovery to
98%, but the near total loss of dnlling flUld eontlOued
through the mterval above 100 m 'Iltcre wa~ also a thln but
potent mteTVal of loo,>e sand between 114 and 117 mb~f
Ihat rose 8 m m the hole after Ihe inner tube WdSrelneved.
Nevertheless the formation was considered competenl,
and by the evemng of Oetober 23 It had been deelded to
case dnù ccment IO the H rod at the depth then reached
(148 mb'>t) dnd to continue Ihe hole w]th N rod (45 mm
core dlameter) Thl'> would preclude down-hole loggmg to
thls level, but It was clear from the mud loss and the
washing needed on several oecastoos to get Ihe moer tube
back to the bottom of the hole that wlthdrawing the ùnll
pIpe to above 120 mb~f would lead inevltably to eollapse
dnù lo\\ofthe
hole.
During the day ofOctober 23 the dnllslte team noted
movement between the tensioned ,>eanser anchored miO
the sea floor and the dnll ng on the floatmg sea-Ice
platform. This movement was attnbuted to sea swell
Iravelhng through the ~ea-ice platform. It rdnged from
~hor! period (1 0-12 seeonds) to les,>regular longer penods
of25+ seconù... and wa..aecompamed by IOcreaslOgwlOds.
LIterdurmg this ~h]ft dnd into Ihe followlOg "night" sh]ft
the larger long penod movemenl caused uneven bit
pressures dunng coring and obvlOus fraeluring of thc
recovered core The SClence Support Mdndgcr ddv]~cd
thal the maximum ,>afeIImlt for verlleallce movement was
30 mm far the shorl penod movement (see Sea-1ce
Observationsseetion). Measurementswere laken regularly,
dnd m the early momingofthe 24th, with swellsconsistently
exeeedmg the hmlt dnd high winds prevaihng, the SClenee
Suppor! Mdndgcr ddvl~ed that per~onnel should be
eVdeudtcd from the ng The ...lOrm contlOued through Ihe
ddY, but a party was able to reach the ng for refuelmg in
winds exeeedlOg 50 knots
00 the momlOg of October 25, the storm had abated,
and the weather wa,> clear and calmo A helieopter
reconnai,>~anee by the Project Manager and Scienee
Suppor! Manager rcvealed that extenslve fast lee had
broken out to the east and south oflhe dnll slte, leavlOg the
ng w]thm l km of the new ]ee edge. Plans were then made
for Immedmte recovery of thc ng dnd othcr eqUlpment dt
the site. Before the recovery operdtion began, thc dnll
team was dhle to tag the bottom of the hole and rolate the
dnll stnng, indlcating that the hole wa,> stili m good
eondltlOn Almost ali ofthe equipmenl was back at Cape
Rnberts within 24 hours. The ,>eaTlser wa,>al,>orecovered
IO sub~equent ddYS, aparl from the sea-floor gUIde base
and l8-m seetlOn eemented lOto the sea floor.
This aceount is es,>entially a lay summary of events far
thl,>/mtwl Repart. For a teehnicahnd authontatlve aeeount
thc rcader
referred to the Dnlllng Manager's Report lo
l'''
thc Cape Roberts ProJeet Manager, Antaretica New
Zealand Matters reldting to the sea ice are addres~ed in
more dela]l m theScicnee Suppor! Manager's Report, and
m an article to be prepared for the SClenfific Repart.
B'Kkground
CORE PROPERTIES
FRACTURE ARRA YS IN THE CRP-I CORE
Introduction
Complemenlary ~tud]es offraclure,> in the core and in
the boreho]e wall<; were designed to determme the slre,>s
fleld hislory, mcludmg the eontemporary stres~ dlrectlOn<;,
as~octated wlth nfting along the structurdl boundary
between the Tran,>antarctic Mountams and the ddjacent
Victona Land ntt ba\m al Cdpe Roberts Thls hounddry
appears to have bccn reacllvated dunng the mu]tlple rift
phases which occurred
within Antarctiea
durmg
progressive breakup of the Gondwana supercontment,
dlthough age eon~tramts on Ihc tnmng of ~truclural
movements are few A well-ddtcd \truClural record ofthe
kmemdtlc dnd dynamlc hlstory along the Trdn~antdrctic
Mountams Front can hc obtdmed from fraclure dndlysl'>
of strata eored by thc Cape Roher\<; Projeet, potential1y
spdnning the major pdrt of the rift hl~tory. Because roeks
of ~uLtable dge are not expo~cd on outerop m Antaretlca,
an dge-controlled po~t-jura~~ic fraeture record Cdn only
be obtdmed from dnIltng the basm .,trdla
Forthe CRP-l dnllhole, only the corc fracture ...ludIC\
were completed. Frdeture logging of core was u\ed to
map natural fracture~ pcldmg kmemalle and paldeo~tre~.,
informatlon and \O ]dentlfy any induced fraetures thdt
may retlect the 111sllu stress fleld Natura] fraeturc<; are
tho~e pre...cnt m the rock pnor to dnlltng and mter\ccted
during conng Induced fractures form in re~pon\e to
dnllmg- orconng-related perturbdtiollsofthe
stre~<;f]e]d,
or due to subsequent handllng of thc core Frdcture,> were
abundant throughout the CRp.1 core, dverdgmg 5
frdetures/m
Although
~urfdce kmematlc/dynamie
indieator~ were sparse, these data together
with
morphologlc and geometric characteristics of the corc
fractures allow us to mdke a preltmmary mterpretatlOn of
kcy frdcture type~. Natural mlerofault and fraeture arrdY\
dnd c1dSttc dykes are present. Induccd fracture\ includc
petdl dnd petal-centreline fraetures, pOlenlmlly indlcallve
of In Silu contemporary ~tre~~ ducctlOn..., di~c fractures,
and suhhoTlzontal fracture<; formed due lo \e.l \wcllrelated influenee~ on the dnlhng process (see Cnring
Hlstory sectlOn).
Fracture Study Procedures
Imtial plans ealled for scannmg the circumference
of the enlue core usmg the CoreScan@ equlpment
]ed,>edfrom DMT, Germdny. The CoreScan@ obtam"
digilal Image~ by rotating the whole core on rollers.
scannmg segments up to 33 cm in length, and dlgitally
joining these segments into 'unrol]ed' care Images .I
maximumof lOOcm in length. The l m eore...ean...were
then dlg]tally Jomed mto care runs usmg Ihe Corelog@
software providcd by DMT. Due to the poor induration
of care material, It Wd'>nOI posslble to do who]e-eore
scannmg of mo~t of the mterval 16-95 mb...f Thc
subsequent core mlerval 95-147 mbsf wa<; ,>canned
wlth thc cxcepllon of highly frdctured interval,>,
rc,>ultmg in multiple ~hort gap\ m Ihe whole-core sean
record,>. The slabbed face of the entne workmg half of
the core wa,>al<;o...eanned after p]acement In the care
boxes. Note that, due to evacudtlOn of the drillsile lab
wlth proeessed corc material, the archive half of Ihe
core had lo be \cdnned far Boxes 35, 36, and 37
The frdcture measurements made on thc core were
entercd lnto DMT's Teclog@ \oftware to generate
p]OI'>of frdcture aUttude, type (where known), and
frdcture denslty In additlOn, .I utJlity m the Corelog@
wftware wa~ u\ed to d]gltlze ~tructure" l'rom the
'unrolled' whole-corc \cans and \O produce plot\ 01'
fracture atlltude dnd type V\. depth for each eore run
The:.e p]OI" were used to eheek hand-mea\ured
onentdtion,> dnd to Identify addJtional, hand]mgmduccd frdClure plane~.
In CRP-l, the m,>tabllity of \ome ,>ecllons of the
borchole precluded u~mg an oncntmg too] (dc:.tgned by
A1ex Pync at Victoria Umver\]ty ot Wel]ington) to direetly
onent eore runs Borehole m\tdblltty and the early
termmatlOn of dnlhng prevented downho]c logging with
dipmeter and horchole teIevlewer tools Fraeturc mdppmg
from the.,c onenled downhole log record., would have
bccn u<;ed IO onenl the cores by matchmg borcho1e wall
and
core fractures (cf Nebon ct .11.,1987), m pdrticuldr,
mdtchmg the borehole televlewer ]mdges ofthe boreholc
wdlh wlth the whole-corc ...can Images provldes .I rohu\t
method of eore OTlCntdtlOn (e g, Sehmitz et al, 1989,
Weber, 1994) In the ab,>ence ofthese datd, ...everal means
of determmmg core oncntation are bemg explorcd In
\omc ...cgmenl\ of core tt Wd\ pos~lble to obldlD d]rect
mea...urcrncnt,> on beddmg dnd/or cro:.\-beddmg,
and
the...e can bc oriented to mateh ~el~mlcally~determlrted
reglOndl dip Where successive core run" Cit together,
sectlOnsof
The whole core prior to spltltmg was sy~tematJcany
]ogged for fractures, which were numbered ,>equenllally
from core top. Depth~ \O the 10p dnd base of
each fracture were recorded. Fracture attltudes (dlp and
dip direetion) were mea,>ured with re~pecl to an arbllran]y
placed red Hne scribed along the length of Ihe care
Logging mcluded observatlOns on fraclure morphology,
fraeture surfaee features, and fracture term inations, erosseuttltlg and abuttmg relallOns. Features oi spectal inlerest
were photographed or ,>canned. Procedures for logging
fraclures m cores and cnteria u~ed far distinguishmg
natural and mduced fractures generally followed Kulander
et al. (1990)
downward
Il
lo CRP-I, Cape Roberts ProJect
eore
up to
-I
(]
m m length
can he oriented
from
beddmg dip directlOn. Addltional data on beddmg dip
wlll be obtained from Ihe whole-con: dnd slabbed-core
sean records dnd u...ed IOonent larger intervals ofthe eore.
Core seetlOns lackmg bedding may be onented by
matehi ng distinet fracture sets with consistenl orientatlOn\
with onented core runs 1111Sapproach may eonstram the
generai onentation of most oflhe care. In addition, It may
be possible to u!"e paldeomagnetic mclination vector!> IO
orient portlOns of the core. Unti! these further analy\e~
are carned out, however, the fracture data presented
represent\ onentation only with respeet to an "arb]trary
north" defmed by the red seribe line, which differs
betwecn core runs
Bdckgrnund
IO CRP-I, Cape Roberts ProJect
Flg
1/
13
- Corc~ao@
Image of a Il1gh ~oglc clas!Jc dyke on the
'uorolled' clrcumference of the CRP-1 core from 13905 to
139 22 mb~f Whllc da~hed Imes mark plan~r dyke margLns The
~tcep!y-dLppmg dyke appears ~~a lugh-amplnude sme wave un
Ihc 'unrolled' core 'Urf~Le 111c arrow pomls lo compacuon.
rclated mdenl~llon of a 10neMonemio Ihe dlke mMgm
,,",o
1m!>.!)
"rrowplm
, Còr;;l;':'agc
, ,
., An",1b~
"
1::"I1--'-«,'7-:;::-,~-1 I Il" II1" I Il
'I
1J)C"..
, ,,
, , " '" '"
1::.'27
, ,
JS/lO
1.1.'\37
CBl\rlI'-;.i'ÌlhHmil
l
,
"
I~I 11111-
1::.'47[911
,
-, , "
m 67-"7--.t_~£81II"NJ':I l
.
I..",
"
.....';-':.,>.~dr~;
-
'"
,
"
'"
'"
'
.
I
1--
H,,
i'
V1
J"I',
>41/4>1
'" '"
'"
'"
241125
,..',
~
'
1::.'77-
'"
.
~22I61
,
"
IL'''71t11:1
'"
,,
,
I
Il III III
,,
, --.!,,
,,
,
r
~:"
(Fig. 12) Such d]p~ are alyplcal oftracture.. mdueed
by ..tres..es relaled to drilling, eoring and handling
Scverdl factors are eon..i..tent with Ihese fraetures
bemg pre-exl~tmg fraeture planes Ba~ed on thh
evidenee and thelr dppd.Tenl meompatibihty
w]lh
mduced frdeture geometne,>, we tentallvely mterprel
them a,>naturdl frdClures
A vancty of dnlltng-,conng- and hdndhng-related
\Irc\..c.. edn cau,>e fraeturc.. dnd these breaks ean
hdve chdr deten\tlc pallern\ relaled to In 51111stres..
eondltions Several di\tmct Iypes of fracturcs in thc
CRP-l core were dehmtely or very hkely induccd
dunng drtlhng and coring
Petal and pctal-eentrelme
fraeture\ form m
response to \Ires,> mduced bencath the advancmg
drtll b]I, thu,>originate outslde of the core boundanes
dnd hdve curvcd form,> that follow thc mduced stress
traJectoncs (Kulander ct aL, 1990). Curviplanar
frdclures that termmate wllhm Ihe eore oecur al
29 65 mbsf withm Ihc Quaternary seetJOn dnd
throughout thc Mioccne ~tratd lo the bd"C of thc
CRP-1 care Although these fracturc.. ldck the
dl,>tinetlve ..urface plumes and arrest hne.. rcported
by Kulandcr ct dI (1990), Ihe faet thal they curve lOto
the eorc mdrgm (Flg 13) and termmdtc wtthm thc
corc \how", that they are mduccd fraclures The
dl\lmetlve eurvlplanar form dnd thc position of the
slecp 'eentrelme' porllOn followmg the vertleal eOTe
axi,>(Fig. 13) are diagnostle charaetemtle\ ofpclaleentrelinc fraeture\(Lorenzet
aL, 1(90). The mcrease
m oeeurrcnee of fraeture~ wlth petal-centreline
morphology durmg storm perlOd\ whcn ~Cd \well
dnd rc\u1tdnt vcrtleal motloncdu\cd vanallOn IOdnll
b]t we]ght dt thc ba,>e of the borchole l'> consistent
w]th the genesl~ of petal-cenucltne
frdetures
(Kuldndcr et al., 1990, Lorcnz et aL, 1(90).
DI\e fraeture~ arc frdclure,> normal to thc corc
axis that gencrdlly form]n reglOn..ofhlgh hOrlzontal
stresses. Subhonzontal
to low-angle «30 dcgrcc
dlp) fracture.. drc very abundant m thc CRP.1 core
(Fig. 12) Mdny of the\e fracture~ werc hncd with
drillmg mud or a,>,>ociatedwlth mlerofractured rubble
zone~ probdbly induced by drilhng, ind]cdtmg that
thcy arc e]thcr natural fraclure~ or induced during
FIC 12
125"7
- Core,c,m@
Iyplcal frdctured
l::.'n
103/27
"
Image and Corclog@
LotervJ.1
slruclural
plol of d
m CRP-I core, conl~mmg popul~uoo~
of ~ul1honZ\1nt~lJIow angle and moderalcly dLppmg fTdc\Urc~
(marked by d...~hcd whlle lmeson 'unrolled' core ~urfacc Lm~ge)
The ver11cdl hoc 00 Ihe core Image I~ Ihe '>Cnbc hoe defimng an
~rl1llr~ry 'north' refcrcncc Ime forfraclure athtude mc~~urcmem~
The 't~II~' m the ~rrowplol sbuw fr~cture d]p dlfCCUOO wllh
re'peel IOthl~ rLference lme and Ihl' lme" ,hnwo a~ ]he vemcal,
dd,hedrefcrcncchocm]he
'3-DCore'
plot
Bdckground
15
lu CRP-I, Cape Roberls ProJecI
rlg 15_Curc\CdO@LmageofbreccL,tllOn
leXlur~~ m \IJbbed CRP t core al 50 00 IO
5919 mb\f The ngbl-h...od Lm..ge IS..
oegallVe LmJgc of thc Icfl hand \lde,
empha~LzLnglhc'JlpaWpU7.7Ie'fltoftbc
frJgmcm, Jnd mmlm..l relAtiVe movemem
I1clwcen cI,,-\" WI1IICda~bed lmes oUlhne
dcfonncd ~urf..cc~ (beddmg?) m..rkcd b}
ChAOgC\ m cI,L~1 ~17C Ln thc brccclAICd
mAlena]
wlth th]\ \tre,>s onentattOn A \tre\\ rcglme w]lh vcrtlcdl
maXLmum compres'>lve stre~\ ]~ ehumClcri\lic
of a
conlmcntdl nft regime dnd the\e \tructurc\ mdY reflect
tectonlc deformattOn or the Capc Rohcrt\ reglOn.
Alternatively, a glaelallLJdd mdY hdve Impo\ed the vertledl
comprc'>\tnn re\pon\lhle for thc\e ,>tructures
The mode of formdllOn or brecc]di, wlthm the core
need\ to he furthcr]nve,>tlgated IfhreeelatlOn prove\ tobe
related to hyurofrdCluring, 11Igh nUld pre\\ure\
m a
whglacml envlronmcnt
may he a Itkely \ellmg for
dcforrndtLOn Thl~ in turo may providc con\traml\ on thc
dcformdtion regIme responsihle for devclopmcnt or fdults
dnd frdcture\throughout
thecore.
The presenee of petal-ccntrchne
fr,]cture\ ]\ vcry
\igOlficant, as this fraeture type may murk thc onentallOn
of the /!I \/111,>Ire,>,>
field, havmg \tnke\ thdt pdrallel the
reglOnal maxlmum honzontal \tre\\ duecllOn (Plumb &
Cox, 1987, Lorenz et al, 19(0) The petal-centreline
fr.leture,> m the CRP-I
core occur
IO
onentation
cOIl~trdmts
Transantdretle
I~ avallable, It will be possible lo pIace the firsl
on the contemporary
\tre,>,> regime along thc
M{)untdJO~ Front
PIIYSICAL PROPERTIES
Dnl! 5tte Idhordtory work for CRP-l mcluded non.
dcstructlve, near-colltmuou\ dctcrmlOattOm of Wet Bulk
Den,>ity (WBD),
P-wave vc10clty and magnetJc
\u\ceptlhlhty
m 2 cm intcrvals. Tbe Multi Sen~or Core
Logger (MSCL, Geotck Lld , UK) was u\ed to mCd,>ure
eore temperature, corc didmeter, P-wave trdvel lime,
gammd-rdY dllenuatlon and mdgnetic su,>ceptlhihty
Magnetle W\ccpllbihty was measured in Icrm\ ofSI
umt\ (m, kg, j) Ddtd are corrected far loop~~en\or and
care dldmeter a\ follows'
,>trata of both
Quaternary and MlOeene age and dre clearly neoteetonic,
mdueed traeture seb. Thl\ uemon'>lrales th.lI, when care
magnetIc '>LL'>Cepubtlity
(l(}-5
SI)
=
mca.\uredvalue (10-5SI) I K-rel
16
K-rel ]~ a ~en\or-"pecifle correetion calculated from
the diameter of the eore aver Ihe dmmeter of Ihe loop
Sen\OT accordmg to Ihe eorreetlOn instruetlOns for the
Bartington MS2 sensor systcms (Tab. 6)
P-wave velocities were ealculated from the COTe
dld.meter dnd travel time aftersubtraetlOn oflhe Iravellime
through thc Iransduccr cap.. (P-wdve travel time offset,
Tab. 6). The arrivai time of the P-wave pube is detected
using the sceond zero-crossing of the recelved waveform.
Resullmg P-wave veloelties are normalized to 20"C using
thc care temperalure log...
The gamma detector]'i calibmted illoingalwninum, carbon
and nylon of Imown densitJes Quantificanon of Wel Bulk
Demoltleswas camed out aocoriling to the following formula'
WBD
= a + b * (11-11*d)
* In (l/Io)
a, b. system-speclf]c vanab1c" \Ocorrcct forcount-rate
dependent
(1997);
errors a,> de!o.cnbcd by Weher et al
d' care diameter,
Il- speciflc attenuation coefficient for gamma rays;
]n (l/Io) naturallogarithm
of thc ratio of attenuated
(sample) over nonattenudted (alr) gamma
counls pcr sccond
POR
= (dg - WBD)/
dg: gram deoi>lty
(dg
= 2.65
dw pore-water densJty
- dw)
g cm";
= 1.024
gcm'~.
The techmcal spec]fJcahon'Ì of thc MSCL system are
sUffimanzed m table 6
Straligraphy
8ased on Physical Properties
Ba..ed on Ihe resulls of the whole-eore loggmg, therc
arc six maJor umt~ in the CRP-1 eore. The,>e units are
deftned
In term,> ofhoth
the level aod scatter
of amplltudes
Tab {, SpccLfica\Jon~ far Mulll-Scn'o<u-Corc
-
of magnetic susceplIbihty, P-wdve velocJty and poro..ily
Magnel]e su,>eeptibilities range on a large scale from
nearly l lo mare than l 000(10-5 SI,F]g. 16)solhatthedata
are plotted on a loganthmic scale. Tbe log of P-wave
veloclty 1<;dlscontlnuous because no resulls were obtamed
In fraclured and unconsolidated seclions of the care
Unit PPI, which exlends from the top of the core to
3189 mb,>f, is defined by relatively high magnetic
susceptibihty, low P-wave veloelties and, on average,
porositles well above 0.5 There i\ a relalIvely large degree
of scatter observed in the ddtd, In pdrticular in Ihe pOfO\ity
lago Thb includc,> a few exeeptional data pomls of very
low poro~Jty. The umt also includes a large boulder of
dolenlC located at the topoflbe care, whicb isebaraeterized
by high magneltc su\Cepl]biliIY (upto 790), P-waveveloclty
near 6 UOOms'! and a poroslty of O.
UllIt PP2 (3 1.89 t063.20 mbsf) exhibils lowermagnetic
su~eeptibdities (mostly below lOO), P-wave vcIoclties
between 1500and2000ms']
andrelatively hlgbporo~ities
S]m]ldrto Umt PP1. Poroslties peak In tbe mlddle part of
thc Umt PP2 dt nearly 0.8 wbere no P-wave resuils were
dchievcd. The entire umt i~ charactenzed by tbe high est
degree of seatter In Ihe physical properties ddta of Ibe
entire CRP-l care The boundanes at the top and bollom
of Umt PP2 are sharp.
Umt PP3 (63.20 to 92 19 mbsf) I~ deflned by the
lowest magneti c ~useeptlbililie~ measured In the core.
P-wdve veloc]ty 15well above 2 000 ros-l and poroslly
grddually decrease~ from about 0.5 to 0.35. Al,>o, there
IS remarkably hUle scatter In the data .l'' compared to
the units above. Thc phys]cal property ]ogs appear to
be cyclic In both thc magnetic \u,>ceptibd]ty and poros]ty
logs
Una PP4 (92.19 to 103 41 mbst) IS charactenzed by a
sharp Inerea,>e of magnctic susccptibility at the top of thc
unitto more than 100 (10.sSI), whereas thegenerdl pdttern
of P-wave veloelty and poro\lty remain" slmllar to Ibe
ovcrlying Umt PP3
Unir PP5 (10341 to 14160 mb"f) ]" defined by a
relatively ~hdrp downcore mcrca\e of P-wavc velOC]I]C'> IO
values well above3 OOOrns'l and a decrea.'>Cofporoslty to O 2
Loggcr MSCL 25
P-wave
Velocity
and Core Diameter
Transducermameler
Trdn~m]lterpolsefrcqocncy
TransmJtledpulserepelilJOo
rate
Rcce]vedpwsercso]ullOo
P-wavelrave].I]meoffsel
5 cm (7.5 cm Includmg IransdllCercaps)
500 kl-ù
I kfu
50n'
218511S
We/8!dk DeIlSlly
Gamma ray source
SoorceaCllVlly
Sourcecnergy
Co]limatordiameter
Gammadctector
Cs-137
356MBq
O 662McV
5mm
Sctnll]lallOn G>unlcr (John Counl SCJCnl]fLClld )
Magnetic
Susceplibility
loopscnsortype
uJOp,en\ordiarncter
Allem<lIIng f]eldfrequency
Magnct]cfieldtnlCnSlty
Loo[:!sensorcorrectJOn CocfficLcnl K-rc1
MS-2B(Barltngton lld)
Sem
0.565 kI-U
dpproX 80 Nm RMS
145
Backgroond
to CRP-l, Cape Roberts ProJecl
high tovery high P-wave veloc]llesand very lowporosities.
Major units of diam]ctites such as the lithostrahgraphlc
Units 2 l, 4.1, 6.1 and 6.3 are ali characlenzed by a high
degree of data scatter. Lonestones are much less abundant
in the mlddle (Units 5.110 5.8) and thc lowermost part of
the care (Unit 7.1), where a lower degree of data sealler is
observed in Ihe physical properties Thls would imply that
the degree of data scatter, parltcularly in the P.wave and
porosity logs, ]S a refleetion of distance from Ihe Ice
margm as mterpreted from the scdlmentological evidenee
S]mi!ar to the above Umts PP3 and PP4, the downeore
vanatlon of ali thrce physlcal parameter<>appearssomewhat
cychc although Unlt PP5 is charaetenzed by an mcrease in
data seatter eompared to thc overlymg unit In partlcular,
thcre is a relatively high amount of scaUered data points
mdlcatmg very high magnetic susceptib]lity (>1 000 10.5
SI), P-wave veloelty (>6 000 ms ]) and very low poroslty
«O 2) m some narrow intervals ofUnit PP5. Also, betWeen
about 108 and 115 mbsf and near the bottom ofUmt PP5
there are two layers of relatively high poroslly (>0.4).
UnllPP6 (141.60 to] 47.69 mbst)exhlblts asignlficant
downcore gradient back to hlgher porosities (up to about
055) and lower P~wave velocitles (2 000 ms.L) Magnet]c
suseeptlblilty <;catters between lO and 100. Tbe physical
propert]c\ of Umt PP6 appear to be <;omewhat slmilar to
thdt of Unlt PP4, although the magneltc susceptibilily IS
lower in PP6.
(see Qualemary
Strata, thlsvolume
- seetion
sands observed at that depth Thls may be explamed in
terms of arlifacis from the dnlhng operallOn such as
mixingofthe sands with the suspended drilhng mud.lt IS,
Ihereforc, likely that the physical properties m the lower
part of Uml PP2 have been somewhdt altered. Thus, the
(m s 1)
p.wave Veloclty
2000
and Mioeene
on FaciesAnalysis)
Tbe physlcal property Units PP1 and
PP2 as well as PP5 would then be more proximal
glaciomanne, and Untts PP3, PP4 and PP6 more distaI
glaciomanne
lt is interesling to note, however, that there IS no
sigmficant change m the physlcal propertles al the major
unconformity
in Ihe core, which is loeated at about
4355 mhsf m the upper part of Unit PP2. This may be at
least partly explamed by the faet thal the physlcal property
dala in Unit PP2 Me more strongly affeeted by poor care
quahty than IOOlher parts ofthe eore. MaJor parts ofthis
sectlOn are fractured or uneonsohdated. Thls aIso eaused
thc large gaps in the P-wave logbecause no P-wave signal
was recorded. In partlcular, the very high porosltie~ m
Unti PP2 of more than 0.7 are unhkeIy for unconsol]datcd
Ali umt boundanes of the physica! propert]es match
boundartes m the hthostratigraphy. The lower boundary
of PP1 cOlncldes wilh Ihe boundary belween
lithoslratlgraphie Umts 23 and 3 L The base of PP2
correlates with the boundary between 5.3 and 5.4. Unit
PP4 is equivalent to 5.8 m the hthostratigraphy. Tbe uml
boundary of PP5 to PP6 IS hnked lo the transition from
htho~tratlgrah1c Umts 6 3 to 7.1.
In gencrdl, it appears that the highcr degree of scatter
m the phys]cal property data is mostly ob<;ervedIOUnlts
eontaining diamlcts In Pdrticular, large lonestones Cdu,>e
(105 SI)
Magnetlc Susceptlblllty
10
100
1000
10000
17
4000
Poroslty
6000
01
03
07
05
o
10
~.':..
20
.--
'!'S..
30
-
40).
..~.
._-..,..
50).
:::c::...
-"-'"
---.~;j:;"~",
w
..
jJi
.
. . ',"-
..
..
.. .
..
J"~}~
.
zr;...: . .-
90
-.
100
......:;~
.-
-
120
~~~.
.
130
~..
--..-.......
140
I
.,..
. -
...
.'
..
-;.-.
_
--
...
.""I. .
-f.
Logs of wholc-corc
';'~-:::-',
.......M
':'}:~
...
.'.
,:::' .
.
,...
."..
....,~~
::.h-~.
..,....
~::~
.,...':
PP2
~..
m~;~
.~.-
PP'
:';~'r
~.
-.
.
,
. . ''>.
-,
.. 'r:.., .
.
PP,
~
PP,
.. ".. ' ~ . .
'.,. .,.. .~ '1...'1 _
. " . .. ~
...
-=,>:,'
-E_
Flg 16
'1""
I
-. ~.::!~:.
'[
...~:..
~.~.......
;;~~i'-
110
".
i;:-
'111-.' ..
.. .
pp,
l'''~l
'.~r"':
ìLt~~f:.t
_.....,.w.......,.._
M
,
80
...
.
~,::..._.
I
70
{mbsl:
.
1-
".~......r..
~' -.i......;.;.;:
60
-
I
I
I
"
""
,~
phYSlcal propcnLcs aod physLcal propcrty Umt~ PPI to PP5 LOcorc CRP-t
I
PP'
18
uneonformity between the hthostratigraph]c Units4.1 and
5.1 may be masked In the dalaset.
On the olher hand, there ]5 a very good coinc]dence
bctwecn the mcrease in magnetic susceptibilily and the
increase in vo!canic debns in the care (see Miocene Sirala,
this volume. seCllon on Sand Grains and Provenance)
above thc lower boundary of Unit PP2, whleh suggests
maJOT changes m thc geo10gical record eontrolled by
ehanges in thc palaeo-environrnent rather than artifacts at
this boundary.
In marine sedimenls,
changes
in
suscep\JbIilty 3re normally controlled by vanatlon In the
conten! of magnetile Magnetile has a significantly higher
suscepttbllity (k = + 10.2) than most common minerals
(-lO 610 + 10.6) and is more abundant in volcamc rocks and
In summary, there is a lot of coinc]dence bClwecn the
physical prOperl]eS and other resu1ts from the CRP-1 care.
MaJor ehanges In thc lithology can be Iraced usmg the
physleal propertles. Magneltc susceptlbihty seem~ to be
slgmficanOy mfluenced by the conleot of volcamcally
denved materia!. These eorrelatlons WIIl bc clanfied after
additional oorreetions are applted lOthe data during further
data proeessmg These mclude calibration of the wholecore data using resulls tram plug samples, correCI]on for
overburden pressure release, eorreetion of po 'uble errors
m the deteetion of P-wave travel time-onsets, eorreetions
far deteetor dnft and temperature effeets on the magnetic
suseeptLb]hty and correction far drift ofthe gamma deteetor.
ashes. Higher magnet]c su,>eeptIbd]t1es in the upper part of
the care (Units PPl and PP2) may then refleet higher
volcamc aCl1v]tyand, subsequently , deposltion of volcanic
debns al the dnllslte supeflmposed on vanation of manne
and glaciomanne sedlmentation.
In lerms of the 3eoustic behaviour of the roeks, there
afe two m3jOr boundanes seen in the physlcal property
logs (I) The steep gradlent of downcore mcrease ofP-wave
velocity eombmed wlth a dccrease in porosity deftnes a
strong change m acou~tic impedance al the top of thc
d]amictite at aboul 103 mbsf. If fesolved in seismic
prof]les this honzon wlll create a relative! y strong refleetor.
(i i) A slmllar strong, but reverse, gradieot in poroslty and
P-wave ve]oelty is seen at the transition belween the
mudstones of lithostratlgraphic
Umt 7.1 (PP6) and the
overlying diamlctlte of Um! 6.3 (PP5). Thc re,>ultmg
impedanee eonlrast would imply selsmic reflectlOn
wilh strong negative peaks in the wavelcls, If the
mudstone umt IS th]ck enough to be resolved in seismic
sections
ESTIMA TED DEPTH TO BASE OF V3
P-wave Veloclty
2000 3000 4000
o
IO
-
~
I
I
(ms-1)
5000 6000
I
~
20
~,
30
40
50
60
70
Measuremenls of P-wave velocltles were used to
ealculate a two-way travel tlme log for the CRP-l care site
(Fig. 17) morder to esl1mate the ba,>e of the V3 ~ei,>mic
uniI. Unrealt,>t]cdata pomts, probably eaused by pom care
qUdlity, were removed from the P-wave veloclly log
However, there may stili be some errors in the ddta
because, far very low amphlude levels on the recelver
side, Ihe Geolek sy~tem has dlff]cultles deleetmg the
drrival time ofthe p.wave pulse correct1y This error may
be up to +/- 20% for some data pomls If Ihe detection i~
affected by a negallve or positive offset ofone wavelength
on the recelved P-wavelet. Il IS assumed, howevcr, thdt
thls error would largely smooth out, if the 2.way trdvel
lime Isea1culated foreach mdividual depth mterval between
2 data poinls and then summed up (Fig. t 7) Far larger
gaps m the data set, the P-wave veloclty wa!o,e\timdted on
the basis of the average velocities measured In the
underlying or overlymg umlS
Two-Way Travel Time
o
005
(5)
010
015
"l"
I
:-..
,
80
....
90 1-,
100 1
110
120
I
130
140
(mbs:
1\
I
Flg 17
l
- COlltLnUOUSP-wavc
I
I
Ì\
r-
log (Icft) uo;cd to calculalc
the two-way travcl-tmtc
sum Jog (nght) of thc CRP 1 cure
BJ.lkground
Fur Ihe IOtal lenglh of Ihe core, a two-way Irdvel time
ofnearly O 15 \ ISdetermmed The IWOmaJor refleetlOns,
WhlCh .Ire suggested from the Impedance contrast of the
physlcal prOpcrl]e~ record to be dt 103 and 140 mbsf (the
translilOn from Iltho~traligraphlc Unlts 5.8 to 6.1 and from
Um\<' 6.3 to 7.1), reveal two-way travel tlmes of O 107 and
O 137 s, respeetJvely Smce the mud\lone of Umt 7.1 ha~
a lower velocJlY and lower denslty than the overlymg
dmmletJte, a negallve amphtude peak should result for
aCOu\I]C refleetion from Ihe top oflhls layer. Indeed, In the
<;e]\mlC Ime acro\\ Ihe CRP-1 dnll ~]te a relatlvely strong
negative amplJtudc
is pre,>ent at a Iravel lime of about 0.14 <;
whlch form... the V3N4 boundary. Therefore, it is sugge~ted
that thl~ rcfleclOr eorrespond"'lo
the top oflithostratJgraphlc
Umt 7.1 al14 1.5 mbsf. ThlscorrelatlOn
IS supported by the
fdCI, that above the V3N 4 boundary a very '>trong positive
reflectlOn amplltude]... seen whleh can be explamed by the
]mpedance eontrasl In the eore at thc 10p oflhe dlamletlle
two-way travel time, respeetively)
al 103 mb,>f(0.107
'>
However ,>ee CorrelatlOn of Sei<;ffi]C Refleetors
below
STRATIGRAPIIIC
Depositional
environmenl
" "
21120
>-'
CI:
«12.2
z
CI:
W
accordmg
wa\ not reeovered dunng dnl1ing. Howcver, dlamleton
hes above the bounddry and sandstone below Although
Ihe dnllmg operatlOn wa~ noi designed to samplc
unconsohddted sediments, a.. much as 68% recovcry wa\
aehlcvcd Four lithostratlgraphlc umts (l, al the tOp, to 4)
have bccn Identlfied, wlth litho...trdtlgrdphlc Umt 2 bemg
further ,>ubdivided into Ihree subunits.
The Miocene sect]on (4355 mb..f - base of hole al
147 69 mb~f) eompnses Idrgely hth]fJcd strata Thc
boundary IS takcn at the top of a frdctured ,>andslonc
tnlerval Recovery of the upper pdrt of the care (around
70%) wa\ httle bctter than thdt for the Quaternary on
aeeount ofbriule fraeture~ thal pcrvadcd mueh ofthc core,
and aho occasIOnai loo~e sand layers. Three majOT
htho\trdtigraphlc umts (5-7) have been IdenlifJed, IWOof
WhLCh are further subd]vided
lOto subunits.
The
hthoslratigraphic units and theu pnnelpal hthologies far
thc whole core are as follows:
QUGtemary
Unit 1.1,0.00-19 13 mbsf, diamlclon (!tttle reeovery)
Umt 2.1,19.13-22.00
mbsf, dl3m]cton
Unit 2.2, 22.00-29.49 mbsf, sand
Uml 2.3, 29.49-31.89 mbsf, dl3mlcton
Umt 3.1, 31.89-33.82 mbsf, muddy packstone
Umt 4.1, 33.82-43.55 mbsf, dmmlcton
...~
S/1a1Iow"",nne'1rOng
ac..l..n_
,
do...nonl
.
Open-..a..~..-b.....""""'lOHa
I-~
.. .. ~... ..
0141
. .:.
I
-.- .-'
..I
~mo......dom....l8dbo/
ocebergoed<monlobon..
p=molldr.lBI...tW1QO
~_
--~.
51LSO
"
"
"
IOpOI'>dboltQm
-
--
"",monre
",'sno_"",.onedo......t&dby
gt...ty_oed""""tBbOo,.........
,n modelle
~":;:"~deb,,:,&
sno_..........do...nol8dby
grO\fJly-_oedImonlotJOn
Wlt1lluctu"f'9"P"'O!
""'.....nod<lobt1o
,..-
-..,-:'
~j
-~
O
~15a
oce-tOtnng
~Ruc1u"f'9","..orF
.
-
"
--
'
"
m~..~ ,-
""'.,....1
"
"
.
Shollowmanre dom....todbo/
g,,,,,,ty_...drmenlnon
- '"
W
Z
W
()
~ma......dom...tedlry
9J8V11'/_oed....ntBlIon
_m...,.""'....lIIngal
/
--
18)
Loggmg of the eore revealed two mam depositlOnal
mtervals, for wh]ch provisional age... of Quaternary and
early Mloeene hdVCbeen obtamed, largely on the ba'>l'>of
dlatom taxa. Thc two mtervals are dc..cnbed m separate
drtlcles m thl...volume.
The Qualernary
seetion (1500-43.55
mbsf) l'>
dlstmgUl\hed from that of the MlOcene m bemg lJ.rgely
uncon\ohdated The bounddry IS unclear beeau\c the core
]\ heav]ly fraelured dt th],>pOSJlionand thecnllcal boundary
,.
snoklwmanreoce-.o
=>
SUMMARY
to logs al a scale of 1 5CXJ(FJg
.""
-'..
ShalIow....,onedom..'.,,""'ol
...r-.;IImudWllhm..'IO.""'....1'IIng
!;(
The strdtigraphy ofCRP-1 ha,>been pre,>ented allhree
levels 1.5, 1:20and l' 500 In th]ssectlOn ofthe report, the
core L<;descnbed
19
to CRP-1, Cape Roberls ProJect
'
COs."~
~
.:-.~~:~
..-...-.
,
;,A'
1_")
,~' -!~
~!;;'
~
~~~~.~
H'IIn<lof14llyOOtlboo'9'
_""lobOone..
''''<I11'''".1"",,,,,,rg..
snollowmonnodom...t&dbo/
g"vnv.__monla~on
wllh..tllbIe"'ll,,"o!
.,..,olled<lobn.
-."--"-1
....-.-.
-..,.':..~...-.,
I~;t.~i~..~
,,-.
s. '"
",...-.-
.. .. . ~
,.~...
.
"'- ..-.
...-.
High40N'I'\'IOOb.rgor
ground"'llhno_monlalon
Wllhollorlltved""",","n
ph....w'mmud
O'Sand<lopoSlbon
",".~1
,.
_.
.-. J
__w..-.
......-..~.~s...-!
"
Flg 18
_
-
~c..
OrdphlC log ~ummarlslng
~"";_n1...111mg
ono/MlnWl1l1m..,,,,,,,,rol'llng
the ltthology and Inho~trdtlgraphlc
~ubdlvlslonofCRP-l
MlOcelle
Umt 5.1, 43.55-53.70 mb,>f, sandstone
Umt 52, 53.70-61.51 mb,>f, interbedded si!tstone,
diamictlte and breccia
Uml5 3, 61.51-63.20 mb,>f, diamletite
Umt5 4, 63.20-70.28 mbsf, sandstone
Umt 5 5, 70.28-78.85 mbsf, sandstone and c1aystone
20
Unit
Unit
Untt
Unit
Unit
Umt
Umt
5.6, 78.85-8116 mbsf, sandstone and siltstone
5.7, 81.16-92.19 mbsf, siltstone and sandstone
5.8, 92.19-103 41 mbsf, mudslone
6.1, 103.41-108.76 mbsf, dlarn]chte
6.2, 108.76-119.28 mbsf, sandstone
6.3,119.28-14160
mbsf, diamictite
7.1, 141.60-147.69 mbsf, mudstone
CORRElATION
OF SEISMIC REFLECTORS
WITH CRP-l
The CRP-1 dnl1hole sampled only strata above the
V3N4 boundary (Fig. 5). Seism]c data mdlcdte that thc
dnllhole fimshed about 15 m above the boundary, although
a maJor hthologlcal change (diamictite to mudstone) wa\
sampled about 6 m above thc base ofthe hole. Thls change
was taken as the V3fV4 boundary in thc Core Propert]e~
sectlOn above, bui on the basis ofthe limlted th]ckness of
the lowest mudstone unii and the discrepdncy m depth
between Ihe ilthologieal change and thc mlerpreted
V3N 4 boundary, we con<;]der thal the boundary was not
reaehed
Strong reflections are as,>ociated with thc shallower
major dlamlcllte umls sampled by the drillhole. In ,>ome
Cd,>esthe reflectlOns beeome stronger down dlp of thm
diamiclite units in the drillcore, suggc'>tmg thdt thc,>emay
thicken to the east. Near thc sea floor, thc '>ClsmlC data
indicate seour ehannel... A weak ,>elsmlC reflectlOn,
inferred to eorre~pond to the base of a channel In thc
region ofthe dnllhole, correspond'i closely in depth wilh
the unconformlty markmg Ihe base of the QUdternary
sed]mcnt,> coredo
CRP-1 lic,>on sCI,>mic line NBP9601-89 (Fig. 5, shot
potnt 2032),a W-E line aeross Roberts Rldge. Reproce!o~mg
of Hne NBP9601-89 ha,> Improved the resoluhon of the
data across CRP-l. CRP-1 rcached a depth of 148 mbsf,
equivalent to 145 ms twl below ,>ed floor (see Core
Properties ..ection) Severa] seismlc events edn bc identified
at thls depth or above and can be relaled to thc eored
~ectlOn (Fig. 19) The discusslOn here will he limited toan
analyslsoflhe major unit,>as a detailed linkage is uncertam
due to the wavelength of the ,>ei,>mlc:ngnal Further
analysis usmg synthetic sclsmogram<;W]!!be carned Qut
far thc Researeh Report.
Thc drillhole cored almost lo the boundary between
the ~ei..mICUnils V3 and V4 A double positive peak
(comprc,>s]ve, shown black on the seismle reeords)
correspondmg to an aeoustlc Impedance increase, ha,>
been mterpreted for Ihls boundary (Flgs. 5 & 19) This
boundary craps out at the base of a step in the sea floor. The
drillhole terminates at about 15 ms (15 m) above the
V3N4 boundary (Fig 19).
Lithostratlgraphle Umt 7.1 I~ the lowe~t umt m the
core. Only 6 m of Ihe uniI was sampled before dnllmg
eeased, so it eould extend slgmflcanlly below the base of
the drillhole. IfUnlt 7.11~ th]ckcr than c lO m, il,>upper
boundary, which eorre~pond&to .I high negaltve acoustic
impcdence contrast surface (from 11Ighveloclty in Umt 6.3
(diamlctlte) to low velOC]ty m Umt 7 l (mudstone),
should appear as dlstmct reflcclorw]th negatIve amplitude
peak, as seen on selsmic data (FIg. 5) just above Ihc
interpreted V3N4 boundary. The age of the sediments
from the base of the dnllhole ISesltmated as about 23 Ma
(MlOcene Sirala, Ihls volume - sectlOn on Diatoms) Thls
ISsignificantly younger than the age mferred for Ihe V3N4
boundary (late Ohgocene, 30 - 34 Ma). This eould imply
a very condensed section between the base of dnllhole dnd
V3N4 (15 m in IO my), and prelimmary dndlysis of
paleomagnetic data suggests very low sedlmeotation rates
(Mioeene Strata, this volume -section 00 Palaeomagneli..m
and Mmeral Magnellc Properties), bui other explaoallOns
seem more likely. There is no indlcation of any s]gmflcaot
wedging oul (downlap) of the oldest <;edimenls of V3 00
the V3N4 boundary, whlch support the coneept of a
missmg lower part ofV3 m the Cape Roberts reglOn. If the
lowe<;t part ofV3 had pmched oul, it would have beeo ~een
on thc se],>m]c data by Cooper et al. (1987), who ooted that
untts V3 and V4 are eonformable aver mo~t of Ihe VLB
A re-evaluation of the eorrelatlOn of geology and age of
the sedlmenls between CIROS-l and the Cape Roberts
reglOn, on the basis ofthe ~e]~m]c datd, is plamly needed
Furthermore, ifthe V3N4 bounddfY ISdbout 23 Ma In age,
then thl\ ha.:; ]mphcatlOns for the inferred glaelal aod
tectontc h]..lory ofthe region based on Sel&mle ddta (e g.,
Brancoltoi et al , 1995). A major unconformlty in the Ro\.:;
Sea at about 23 Ma correspond,> m time to maJor plate
readjustmenls in the Southwe&t Pacif]c
The next shallower ..eism]c uml corresponds to the
lithostraligraphle
Untt~ 6.1, 6.2 and 63 from 103 lo
142 mbsf. Umts 6.1 and 6 3 are compo~ed of diamictite
(Unlt 6.2 is sandstone) but only Untt 6.1 has a signlflcantly
highervelocity than theadjdcent units. The top oflhe Unlt
6.1 appears as a high amplilude positive refleetor. The
phy\icdl properllesofUntt6are
fauly homogeneou<; Tl'ns
lack of d maJor change in propertles of unit 6 causes the
semitran<;parent character of IIS corre~ponding selsmic
unit with only dlseontinuous weak reflectors (one may
correspond to Ihe upper boundary of the lower diamlctile
Unit 6.3).
Theoverlymgselsmieumt
(60 ms thick) iseharaetensed
by continuous, high amphtude refleclors, that dlp gently
eastwdTd,> dt an angle of about 2.5°. Thl~ ,>ei\m]c unii],>
correldted wlth litho'>tratlgraphic Unit 5 (from 43 to 103
mbsf), which is mainly compo,>ed of dllerndtlOn& of
sandstone wlth generally lowveloc]ty, and thm dlamictltes
with higher veloelty . These al ternation<; cannol be deteeted
on the seismic Ime because theu thicknes\ i,>below Ihe
resolutlon ofthe seism]c data. However, towards the eaM
where Ihesel&micuntt thickens, '>Omcofthe thm dlamletlte&
extrapolated along dlp correspond to eontmuous high
ampiliude reflectors thal may represent more eXPdnded
~echon,>of Ihe thm diamictiles units reeogni,>ed In the
CRP-1 core. The cootmuity in eharaeter ofthe reflector\
of thl'> ,>clsmle Untt to the east of the drill sile CRp-1
~uggC\I'> Ihdt the hlhology ofthe shallow part oflh]\ unlt
IS SlmIiar to thal reeognized In Ihc care, although Ihc
geometry of the refleetors shows a lower dlp.
The upper seismle
Unlt corre..pond,>
to Ihe
htho&trdtigrdphic Units 1.1- 4 l (from Oto44 mb..f).lt IS
mostly hldden by the rlnging effect of the ~ed floor, but a
weak reflection at 45 ms below ~ea floor corre,>ponds
21
Bdckground to CRP-1, Cdp~ Robert~ ProJecl
o
'"
o
o
"o
o
,
"
>
-
.
o
>>-
>
'"
~
o
U)
a
tI:
~
a
o
a.
~
>>-
"a
~
WW8
>E~
W
>
~a.
,
~
o
= =- =~=
(wl Hld3a <e
ci
""~
=
=
ci
=
~
~
J
..
=
=
= =
ci
ci =
= =
= ~= =
= =
= =
~
A\J010Hlll
38V
~
N
o
N
o
o
o
N
fI
a
U)
o
N
o
(SIIMi
o
'"
o
o
"o
22
dosely to the the base of Unit 4.1. This dlscontmuous
refleetlOn appears lo define a local "cut and fili" orchdnnel
geometry, posslbly giada! in ongm, along most of the
sClsmic Itnes. Astronger reflection,just dlseemablcthrough
the coda ofthe strong sea-floor refleetion, at about 30 ms
below sea floor, may correspond tothe lopofthedlamicllte/
carbonate Umts (2.3 and 3.1) at 30 mbsf.
Core
Tracer
spores
TECHNIQUES
ACldDlge>tlOn
IOmlHCI
]O~.
20m11lF50~0
20m111C13M'O
PALYNOLOGICAL PROCESSINO
Processmg procedures commonl y used In palynological
re~earch (e.g, Barss & Wllharns, 1973; Gray, 1965)
mclude: l) acid digestlon of mmcrdl c1asts and eements In
HCL(to removecarbonates)
and HF (to femove slheate~)
dClds, 2) controlled OXlddtion (to remove organic debns),
dnd Ihe coneentratlon of palynomorphs by hcavy Jiqutd
sepdration and for \]eving (Fig. 20). Il l'> ev]dent Ihat
sample processmg for stratlgraph le palynology l'>re1atively
eomplex, compared to that of other microfossll groups,
and requires considerable care and sklll on the pari of the
processing technician. It is no over!"latement to say that the
potentlal sueeess of any pdlynologlcal study is determmcd
In thc processmg laboratory, long before Ihe paIynologl\t
scans thc first shde (Wrenn, in press)
Consequently,
Il was important
for ,>uccc!>,>fui
palynologleal !"uppnrt of thc dnlling program \O estabhsh
a palynolog]Cdl
processing
facilily mdnned by an
expcnenced proce~M)r in the Crary SClence dnd Engmeenng
Labomtory. Equally important, "peclal conslderdtmn wa,>
required for handhng harmful vapours generated by HF
and HCLaclddigestion
of !>ample,>beeauseofthe sen'>ltlvc
environmcnt of AntarctJca
TraditlOnal palynologlcal proce~sing i...by cold-dC]d
digestlOn In opcn beakers under a furne hood There are a
number of drawbaeks to this approach. Rock digestlOn
eommonly takes one to two days becdu\e cold acid
reactions progress slowly and it i,>ofteo neeessdry to add
fresh acid during dige~tJon IO expedite thls proeess
Consequenlly,
the open-beaker
method eonsume~
eonsiderable quanl]ties of reagenls. In addillOn, slgmficant
harrnful vapour.. arc re1ea,>cd to the atmo~phcrc, cven
though Ihe aClds afe cald. Safety IS a major concern
becau<;e frequent handlmg of rCdgents and the presence of
aCld fJlIed, open beakers are a conltnual Ihrcat to
proce<;sors. Fmally, aelddlgestlOn fume~ arc vented outside
the laboratory to the atmo<;phere.
Venting of aeld vapouN, parllcularly those of HF,
would not be permitted In AntarclIca Rather than employ
tradltlOnal open beaker, cold-acid sample digestion,
samples were dlssolved m hot aClds withm the clo:-.ed
:-'dmple vessel of a Prolabo Model401 foeused microwave
acid digestion ufilt (Flg 21) The unii foeuses mlerowave..
on the aeld and \ample contained In .I clo:-.cd, mlcrOWdvetran,>parent d]gc\tJon ve,>sel at atmospheric prc:-. urc. Th]<;
maxlmlze<; sample heating .md increases the reaction rate
of roek dlgc..tlOn (lI]s Important not to hCdt the sdmple
ProlaboM401
MLcro\\a\e
DlgCSlor
V]sual
m>peetlOn
He3vyL1qUld
S~"parauon
(Napolylungslate)
VI~ua]
mspeellOn
6-]25 m
palynomnrph ~lides
Flg 20
_
Flowdldrt ofpalynnlnglcal-procc»Lng
proccdurc, u'>Cdon
sample> from CRP-]
high enough to merea..e tbe ndtural thermdl matunty ofthc
pdlynomorphs.)
AClds are pumped dlreclly from rCdgent bottles into
the dlgestion ves..el, and thc duratlOn and degrce of\amplc
healtng <Irecontrolled by a computer. Computer control of
BJckground
to CRP-1, Cape Roberb prOJect
23
F'E 2J
-
Prolabo
M401 mlcrowave
dlgc'llooum!,pump
dodcompUlcrcontrol
unLl
reagent pumpmgmmlmlses
the amountof
rCllgent handhng
by Ihe proces,>or Vapour~ generdtcd dunng hot-dCld
dlgestlOn are evaeuated from Ihc vc~,>cland neutrahzed m
a bonc aCld/\odJUm hydrox]dc \crubber (Flg 22) befare
bemg vcntcd to thc dtmo\phere. See Elltn & MeClean
(1994), jone\ (1994), Jones et .I] (1995) and Jone~ & Ellm
(m prc<;s)for dlscussionson the use ofmicrowave d]gc'>tlOn
m pd]yno]ogLcal sdmple preparation
CRP-l
Sample I)rocessing
Ten "fa,>t-track" ...amp]c\ (T db 7) werc recelved and
proee\\cd for pdlyno]og]cdl dndlysls durmg care dnllmg.
An addltlOnal45 samples were \elecled, where posslb]e,
from fme sand and sllt umts at roughly a4 m mterval, 31
ofthc,>c were <;tudied forthls mltm] report Approximately
five gram... of cdeh \dmplc was proces<;ed, cxccpt far
,>ample P-6 Ten grdm,> ofthls fme sandstone were dlge\ted
m thc hopc of incred,>mg recovery.
In ddditlOn IO these genera] proeessmg !>tep\ noted
ahovc, one Lycopodlllm
tabletl was addcd to cdch
\dmp]c dt the starl of aCld dlgestlOn to fdclIJlale thc
e,>tlmdtlOn of the pd]ynomorph eoncentraOon/grdm
of
sedlment (FIg. 20)
Some samples reqmred II \ccond hot IICL treatment
after microwave ac]d dige...tlOn to remove preclpilates of
Flg
22
- Procc~Mng
tcchnlclan
lohn
SLmc~(NcwZcaldnd)
Lnspcctlng
fumc
<;eruhl>mguml Nolc
thcmlcrowdvcumlm
!hcfumchoodl>cluod
jolm
'L}COpmjlllm
Idhlel
tdhlc!\ wcrc produccd by DcpanmcnlofOuatcrn,Lry
Gcology,
Lund UrllvcNty,
Lund, Swedcn
Bdtchll124961,
12542 +/-414 ~porc""
CapeRobert\SCLenceTedm
24
Tab 7 - CRP-t palynologysamplcs procce'i.~ed dllnog dnllmg opcrdllons
T..
000
20.60
21.04
25.10
31.50
3205
3190
32.34
32.37
32.58
32.77
32.98
33.31
3350
3372
3400
3662
39.06
42.41
4504
48.35
5350
54.45
58.43
5958
62.90
67.54
7002
7487
78.15
7815
7875
82.18
8536
8742
92 34
9637
9902
10047
104.75
10875
11244
11645
12027
12040
12408
12812
132.07
13620
139.14
141.80
142.34
144.31
14565
14768
Kcy
to~amp]c
Base Lab, #
850
20 61
2114
2511
31.51
3215
31.93
3237
3240
3261
3280
3301
3334
3353
3375
3401
3663
39.07
42.43
4514
4836
5360
5446
5844
5968
6291
6755
70.03
7488
7825
7825
78.76
82.19
8537
8743
9235
9638
9912
100.48
104.76
10876
11245
11646
12028
12050
12409
12813
13208
136.21
13915
141.92
14235
144.32
14566
14769
type
f=rush,
P3
P5[
04
P50
P49
P5
Wt (~)
d
6 [
d
63
5.9
d
P38
P48
P47
P46
P6
P13
PIO
P[7
P[8
P8
P[9
P20
P2[
P22
P[ [
P[6
P23
P24
P25
P27
P28
P29
P[2
P30
P3[
P32
P33
P34
P35
P[4
P36
P37
P39
P40
O4[
P[5
042
044
043
P45
R=reb'lllar,
55
6.9
64
5.9
104
54
54
5[
54
,.
54
,.
Type
F
R
F
R
R
F
Q
Q
Q
Q
Q
Q
Q
Q
Q
R
R
R
R
F
R
F
R
R
F
s]llstone
8
R
F
R
R
R
8
R
mtU.blonc
R
8
F
"53
F'
53
53
5 [
5.6
57
6O
59
52
,.
pchb]y mmblone
mud'ilOne
R
52
54
5.[
5.6
57
64
53
F
R
R
R
8
8
F
5.3
54
64
R
R
R
,.
Q=foramLOLrera]
an unknown nalure. These precip]tates may have been
generated from the digestlOn products of the volcamc
dasts thal are pre~cnt in most samples Due to the hmlted
proeessing t]me ava]lable during the drilhng season, Il wa,>
not posslble to determine the optimum progrdmmmg of
the umt for th],> rock type to remove these preClpltate~
mudstone
sandydiamlclile
sandydiamlclLlc
s]]lyc1ayslonc
sandy siltstone
muddydiamlctlte
muddydiamlcllic
sl]l'ilone
mudstonc
muddyiliamlCtIle
muddydJ.am]ctJle
muddy diam]clJle
R
dayeysJ!tslone
clayeysJ!tslonc
s]lIy claystoDe
clayslone
S]lty clayslone
proce<;'~LOgre~Ldue
(~ee
text),
3
[
3
[
3 [
3 [
3.[
3 [
3.[
<'-Odr~e~]ltstone
R
54
56
54
,.
bLOgemccalcareoLJSsand
bLOgcnJccalcareollSsand
bLOgeniccalcdreoussand
bLOgcmccdlcareou.ssand
blOgemccalcareoussand
~andy muddy grave]
calcarcoussandymud
calcarcnussandymud
calcarcollSsandymud
~andymuJ..lone
muddywdmlclon
sandy muddy gravel
mudd} ruamlclon
finesandslone
'iandymud>lone
s]llstonc
cldycymudslone
coar~e ~i]btonc
8
R
8
R
Uni t
[[
2 [
2.[
22
3 [
3 [
3.[
3.[
calcarcoJJS muddv sand
muddysandslolle
~]lty'anLb[one
..dt'itonc
sdlysanùstone
S]1ty claystolle
sdly cldystolle
sdly claystolle
ma"SlvesLI!'itone
claycys]ltstonc
R
56
56
Uthology
muddy diamicton
muddy wam]cton
muddydJam]cton
sandy mud
softsandymud
.
4 [
4[
4[
4[
5[
5[
5[
52
52
52
53
54
54
55
55
5.5
55
57
5.7
5.7
5.8
5.8
5.8
5.8
6 [
6 [
62
62
63
63
63
63
63
63
63
7 [
7.[
7.[
7.[
7.[
rcproccsscd
Rdthcr, HCL was added to the residue and heated in a hotwater bath on a hot plate, while another sample was being
run through the microwave uniI. This removed mo,>tofthe
precipitates
Undigested minerai gratO'>were removed from resldues
by hedvy liqUld treatment (Fig. 20) wlth non-toxlc, water.
I
Bdckgroond
lo CRP-l, Capc Roherts ProJect
!ooluble sodlUm polylungslale (Sp Gr. 24). Thls high
,>peelfiegravlty flULdWdSused beeausemanypalynomorphs
<;ank m heavy hqUld separalion<; run al a lower speelfic
gravlly (Sp Gr. 2 O) Il was discovered thal Ihls was due
in part IO a very Ihin pynle eoalmg on Ihe palynomorphs.
Th],> ]mparlt'd a dark gray lo blaek color lo Ihe dmoeysts
and J,cntarchs, bui Ihe coatmg Wd'>so fme gramed Ihat Ihe
'>pecimcns were transparenl Pyrile spheres were noi noted
withm Ihe palynomorphs Trealment of the samples wllh
filtnc ac]d removed Ihe pynle coalmg and changed
palynomorph eolor lo hghl hrown.
Fme-grained mmeral and organic debri<; was removed
by slevmg Ihe residue on a 611 nylon cloth u,>ing a sievmg
devlee de!ocnbcd by Rame & Tremam (1992). Res1dues
were mounled in glycerinjelly and ~ealed wlth fingemail
poli,>h
In many oflhe Qualernary and MlOcene sample,> small
numbersof eonlamlnanl pollen and spores were idenllfied,
de,>plte care m laboratory cleanline,>s and Ihe McMurdo
laboralory 10calJùn remole from livmg plani sources
Modern conlammant speclmens eould bc recogni,>ed by a
combinatJùn of fealures, including generally colorless or
pale yellow cxme, remnanl protopld,>m, and brighi (whlle
or greenish)
aulofluorescence
In blue-vlOlel
epl]IIUmmdllon. Contammanllaxd ]denttfiedreflecllhe region,>
of ongin of Ihe equipment and personnel tnvolved in tbe
proJeel, and pre,>umably ongmate from dusl adberent lo
paekagmg, eqUlpment, and clotbmg. ArremlSla andBewla
from North America, and Nothofaglls cf. fu~ca and
DlcksOllla from New Zealand Pollen of Pmll~, Poaeeae,
and eo,>mopohlan weeds (Rllmex, Haloragaceae) wa,>also
idenllf]ed A <;mgle Pmll.~ pollen gram was Idenllfied from
a glycenne peln dlsh exposed m Ihe Id.boralory for a week
during proeessmg The dnlhng mud (d.synlhelic polymer)
was also checked for conldmmants and only rare modero
Haloragaeeae pollen (posslbly oflaboralory origm) wcre
found. Thc LycopodlUm lahlet,> u<;ed for e~llmalion of
palynomorph concentrallon were alsoexamined for punlY:
no eonlammd.nt mlOspores were encounlered dunng a
scan of approxlmalely
17 000 grains of Lycopodlllm
c/avatllm type m a eonlrol shde prepared from several
dissolved lablels.
Palynological proce<;.,mg m the Crary Laboralory was
a sueees<;, due in large to Ihe u,>eof Ihe environrnenlally
friendly and efhc]enl focused mlerowavc dlge'>tlOn uml
The speed of acid dlgestion and the safe handhng of aCld
vapors by Ihe digeslion unit made it possible for
palynoslrallgraphic
suppor! IO be provided on'>lle in the
umque Anlarelic environmenl for Ihe flrst tlme. Far Ihe
Cape Roberls ProjecI, rapJd m]crowave proees,>ing meanl
Ihal palynologic dnaly!oe<;can provide cnlical input as
dnllmg is in progre~\. Th]s technology open,> Ihe door IO
,>afe and fast palynologicdl processtng in remole reglOns
of Ihe world, <1\well a'> on offshore ai! ngs and on board
shlps
PALAEOMAGNETIC LABORATORY
The CRP paldcomagnelle laboralory in Ihe Crary
Science and Engmeering Center (CSEC), McMurdo
Siallon, was the fusi paldeomagnetJc laboralory to be
25
eSlablished on the Anlarelle conimeni. It may also be Ihe
hlghesl
lalilude
palaeomagnelic
laboralory
ever
eSlabhshed. A number of chaUenges were eneounlered
dunng eslabllshmenl of Ihe laboralory, and we documenl
Ihese here IO assist fulure endeavours of th]s Iype.
Due to Ihe expense and loglst]cal d]fhculties involved
m usmg a cryogenic magnelometer lo the Anlarelle, the
laboralorywas eqUipped wlth two spmner magnetomelers.
The AGICO Bmo JR-5A magnelometer
is Ihe mosl
sensilive spmner magnelometer currently available. The
high ,>ensillvlty
IS oblamed
by rOlaling Ihe sample
al hIgh
speed (89.2 revolution'>l,>econd), which can produce
mechanical mslablhl]cS if Ihere is any external vibratlon
of Ihe inslrument In dddltlOn, Ihe high rate of rolatlOn can
cause p00rly consolidaled
samples to dlsaggregale.
Becau,>e oflhese faelors, the laboralOry was also equipped
w]lh a Molspm spmner magnclometer, which IS more
robusI, bui less ,>ensillve, than Ihe AGICO magnelomeler.
The Molspm magnelomeler IS well-sUited for measurmg
relalively slrongly magnetlsed and/or poorly consohdaled
sample,>, a<;well dS for delermming Ihe mmerdl magnellc
properlie,> of selected sample,>.
DemdgnellsallOn eapabillt]e<; were provlded by a
Molspm altemating field(AF)demagnetiserand
a Magnel]c
Measuremenls MMTD60Thermai Demagneliser. An ASC
Sc]enttfic IMIO-30 impul<;emagnellserwas used forSlud]es
of the aequl'>llion of Isothermal remanenl magnelisallOn
(IRM) and far back-f]cld demagnelisallon expcnments A
Barttnglon In~lruments MS-2magneticsusceptJb]hly
meler
was u,>edfor \u,>cepttbihty measuremenls The equlpmenl
for Ihe proJecl wa,> contnbuled Jomtly by Ihe Isiliulo
NazIOnale di GeoflSlca (Rome,ltaly) and Ihe Umverslly of
Cahforma, Davis
Pnor lo eSlablishmenl of Ihe laboratory, a number of
rooms lo CSECand IOsurroundingbuildings
were a~ssed
for Ihelr suitabihly to house a palaeomagnelic laboratory
In Ihe abseneeof a magnetically-shielded room, Ihepnmary
considerallOn was to
ftnd
low fleld grad]CnlS m a
magnetically "qulel" envlronmenl. Ofthe siles surveyed,
CSEC room 242 was found lo have the mo~1 uniform
ambienl magnelie fleld VlbratlOn measuremenl!o,
performed wilh an acceleromeler, also indicaled Ihal Ih],>
room was least affeeled by bUJldmg vibrations. In order lo
maintain low amblent f]c1d gradlenls, wooden furnJ\ure
was built far Ihe room The
componenls
of thc fum]lure
were assembled
using non-magnelie
faslemngs
A
vlbralion-dampenmglablewa,>eonslructed
forthe AGICO
magnetomeler by placing a granile slab on IOp of a layer
of shock-absorbent rubber balls which were set in a
rectdngular recess in Ihe lable. Thi<; de,>]gn proved to be
h]ghly effccttve, even when slgmficant vlbralions were
caused by movemenl of large objecis on Ihe loading doek
adJacent lo CSEC 242.
The build-up of eleclncal static, due to the andily of
Ihe Anlarclic almosphere, IS a hazard thal can cause
problems in Ihe laboralory. In some cases, slallc discharge
from operalors lo eqUlpmenl has been known lo cause
resettmg of equipmenl, wh]ch required shuttmg down,
reslartmgand recahbratton Ali palaeomagnellc eqUlpment
was Iherefore placed on antl-slalic mats, and fine-gauge
groundmg eab]e~
attached
to wrislbands were placed
Background
lnltlal Core Appearance
- In generaI, the care arnved
from the Cape Roberts Camp in good condltion. The care
wa\ mOl,>twllh a sheen of water on the cui surface of Ihe
sedlmeot. Thc softer sedlment did exh]bit longltudinal
<;epdrdtlOn towards the mlddle of the core. This was most
hkely due to the relaxatiOn ofthe sedlment and the lack of
,>upport. OecaslOndl mmor longitudinal shlftmg wilhin the
mdJv]dudl metre-long seetions was ev]dent, but was easily
rCClifJed.
Core Logs Rechecked, Plwtography alld Vlewmg o[
the Core - After each sh]pment of the Workmg nalf ofthe
care was rcceived, Mlke Hambrey and Chrt<; Flelding
rechecked Ihc core logs received from tne Cape Roberts
dnll MtCfor dlscrepaneles agam\t the actual core. Durmg
th]s tlme they al '>0photograpncd <;cdimentological feature~
of mterest They pre<;ented theu mterpretation of the core
lo the Cape Roberts \c]ence group at the CSEC.
X-radlOgraphy - The science pian ealled for tne entlre
care lo be \ubjected to x-radiograpny
x-radlOgraphy
untt purchased
andlysls. The
far u,>e by Ihe Cape Robert,>
ProJect requucd thal tne care be removed from the care
boxe,> and placed on a speeml des]gned tray that eould be
manual1y posltlOned in the untt Howevcr the sofl and
fractured nature of tne core above lOO mbsf made thls
dlffteul! to aehieve.
In an effort to complete thc \Clenee obJectlve~ m an
expedlent manncr, a tnal box of care wa<;hand transportcd
to the McMurdo MedICai Faelhty, wherea standard hospltal
x-rdY untt wa,> u\ed The result,>were poor The decision
wa\ md.de to revert to Ine ongmal pIan and edrefully
removc \cIected coherent seetlon\ of tne core by hand far
placement in tnc x-radiograpn IrdY.
Of the approxlmatcly 45 38 metres of Quaternary age
sediment only 13.81 mClresor 30 5%was X-rdyed. Oftne
102.30 metre,> of thc older sedlment only 53.6 metres or
3602% was X-rayed Thb ,>mall percentage was due to
the unexpcclcd volume of soft QUdternary age sedlment
and the frdclured nature ofthe oldcr <;ed]ment Only seleet
\eCI]on,> of the care deemed ,>afe to be removed were
subjected to x-radJOgraphy analysi,>
27
IO CRP-1, Cape Roberls Project
The curator
wa~
responslble far the dctermmation and removal of the\e
seetJOn,>.
Flexlble
pla<;tJc SlrIpS of .I size that clo\cly
approxlmatcd
Ihc core sectJOn to be removcd were
carefully workcd between the eore ~eetJOndnd the care
hox Tne seclton wa\ then plaeed on the "pcclaIIy made
Cdrrier for posltlOnmg m tne x-rddlOgraphy Untt The
correct onentation of the earc wa,>mamlamcd during the
cntlre operatlOn.
The plastlc ~heel'> and the x-rddlograph eamer were
washed to prevent eonldmmation pnortothe X-radJOgraphy
of the next care \cction.
Sample Reqllests - Pnor to Ihe aetual samphng, tno,>e
scienll~t~ authonzed to reeelve samples from the core
were glven a three leuer "investlgator
eodc" whJCh
eon'>i,>ted of the flr~t three letters of thelr la\t ndme, a
~upply of labe1,>and tooth pteks. Each person marked theu
code on both cnd<; of a 25 mm by 75 mm <>elf-adhesive
label u<;mgwatcrproof mk. The label wa!.wrdpped around
.I common wooden toothplek, thus formmg a "flag" to
mark the mlerval to be sampled.
Eaeh scientlst was also provlded Wllh a sample rcquest
form on whlch he/she Iisted the followmg informatlOn' the
date, their investigator code, Ihelr name, the eore number,
the box number, thetop and bottomofthe mterval requested,
the volume requested, and any comments on samphng.
These forms were returned lo the curalor to be uohzed
dunng data entry and dunng the actual samphng
Selectmg Sample /ntervals - Due IO the relaxation of
lime constramls, an average of six boxes or eighteen
metresof core was available forsamphngat each samphng
sesslon. The mve~tlgators were reminded at the begmnmg
of eaeh samphng se,>,>ionthat sampling "was for care
eharaetenzation,
nOI detailed analysls" and of the total
number of samples, the intervals and
volumes
of
each
sample asset forth m the Cape Roberts SClenee Pian forthe
older seclions of the core The unexpeeted recovery of a
volume of Quaternary age material neeessitated a revised
sampltng pian. WhIie a pian was formulated, the decision
was made lo ,>ample the Quaternary age malenal at the end
of the samplmg periodo
The mvesl1gators were glven on average one and one
half hours lo seleci thelr mtervals by placmg their sample
fldg alongside the care and IO fili-m the sample requesl
form The palaeomagnelic investigators marked thelr
samples by placmg 4 mm by 7 mm slips of stiff paper over
their requested mterval Copies of the care logs were
provlded to facilttate their seleetJOn of ~dmp1e mtervals.
They were also reminded to wnte leg]bly and not to
contdmmate Ihe core by removmg and replaemg their
sample fld.g in a different 10catlOn
DI~plltedSample /ntervals. Dif>putes between multiple
di\c]plines requestmg the <;ame mterval were resolved
through dlscusslOns wllh the on-ice partles involved, Ihe
Project Selcnee Coordmdtor and the eurator.
Data Entry and Sample Labels - The curator entered
the data from Ihe completed sample requesl forms inlo a
relatJOnal ddtd. base. These data includcd. the mvestlgator,
thc core number, the depth interval, the volume of the
\dmple, the date, and eommenls.
These data were u,>ed lo provide each lfive,>hgator
wlth .I pdper eopy of hls/hcr sample request at thc end
eaeh day's samphng. In addltlOn,a record of thc tOld.l
number of sample\ rcmoved from the core by each
mvestigator was provlded at the end of Ihe ,>amphng
programme.The comment ,>eetionrecordcd tne type of
sample taken, e g sediment, fo,><;il,or clast, and the
dlseiphne and Iype of analysls to be performed wlth eaeh
sample, e g petrology-thm section or paleontologydJatoms The mformation was al'>oused to generate labels
u,>mga Seiko Thermal Labcl Pnnter The self-adheslve
labels conlained Ihe same mformation as the ,>ample
request form for each of the sample bags. The database
also eontains the address of each scienee partic]pant ofthe
Cape Roberts ProJecl.
This sample mformation and other eonng mformalton
wdl be mduded on mmordalabases and World Wlde Web
sltes. These wIiI be established by Ihe curatonal faclhties
at the Antarcllc Manne Geology Re~earch FacJ!lty, at the
FIonda Stdte Untverslty in Tallaha<;see, FIonda and the
Alfred-Wegcncr-Instltute
far Polar and Manne Researeh
m Bremerhaven,Germany.
28
Sampling
Samplmg Parlles- Due to the volume of coreexpected,
thc curator alone could nOIpo,>s]bly fulflll ali ofthe sample
requests m a timely ffid.nner Therefore, thc Cape Robcrts
sCleoce group at the CSEC was formed mto samphng
partles consisling of four people. These four people dlvlded
mto two groups eaeh conlamed a per~on who removed the
sedlment from the cure and anolher who held the bag lfito
wh]ch thc !.cdlment was p1aced, sealed and placed]1 m the
appropnate requc!>ling invesligator's
box Thc curdlor
supervlsed these group".
Thc samplmg partlC\ wcre arranged so Ihat the
palaeontology, ~d]menlology
dnd petrology dlselphne~
wcre represenled Thc majority ofpersons in Ihe group had
previous samphng expenence. However, ali peNons wcrc
mstructcd on thc followmg procedure<;. thc correct
onentation of the care In the core boxes, the use of Ihe
sample "flags" and thc sample request form to locale the
correctsample inlerval, dnd mo,>t]mportdI1tly, the necessity
to u,>ethe samphng tool unly once per sample and to aVOld
touehmg thc con~ wlth thclr hdnd!. to aVOld eontammatlOn
of the core. The partlclpants were also shown reprc..enlal]Ve
.,tyrafoam mode]., ai the volumes reque~tcd un thc ,>ample
request forms
Sampltng
PrlOrlty
-
PaldeOntolog]cal
,>amples
were
takeo first, followed by the pdlaeoffidgnellc and Ihcn the
generai sampltng. Priority Wd'>g]ven to on-ice studle~ of
thematenal.
Palaeomagnetlc
Sampllllg
-
Dufles after Samplmg
Core Shiprnent
The eore was re-exammed m Ihe CSEC-CSF prior (O
paekaging far shiprnent to Ihe faclhtie~ in Fionda and
Germany. The core was checked far the '>tablhly of Ihe
sedlment Addltional foam blocking wa" added where
needed and the core was mlsted w]th fJltered water a fmal
tlme before the core.box lids were taped In piace.
The eorc boxe\ were placed mto heavy, remforced tnwall Cdrdbodrd conlamers, slxteen core boxes per contdmer,
placed four boxes side by side and four boxes hIgh lo
mtnimlze cru,>hmg Metal bands were u<;ed to slrdp the
conlamer lo a wooden palle\. The contamers were marked
with arTOWSpomtmg to thc upnght positlOn. Fragile, Do
Not Freeze, Piace Nothing On Top signs were placed on
Ihccontamer
The pdllCIS were placed lOto a storage eonlamer
refngcrdtcd 104°c' The core contamers were to be \ccured
wllhm the storage unlt wlth no other materldl pldccd on top
for shlpment Via thc edrgo ~hlp G,eenwaw IO Lyttleton,
Ncw Zealand The Workmg half of the core wllI be off10dded far alrtransport toGermany The Archive halfwill
eontmue ahoard tlte Greenwave IO bc off-loaded m
Cahforn]d and lran,>poned overland Via retrigerated truck
to Floridd.
Palaeomdglletlsb
pcrformed the]rown sampltngdt.e to thc special teehnLque...
reqUlred To aVOld contammatlon ofthe eore, oTlenlated,
coherent seellons wcre removed from the core box, placed
on .Icdrrymgtray and taken to tbc paldcomdgncticsd.mplmg
Idb, a !>eparate bUlldmg located on thc IOd.dmg dock of
CSEC room 201. A diamond dnll was used to rcmove the
sample. The core \eCllOn was replaced m the care box In
the proper onental]On. Hldden fau1ts In some sectlon~
nece<;<utdted the recon!>truction of thc care. If the sectlOn
wa~ badly fragmented It wa,>plaeed m .I bag ldbeled w]th
Ihc mterval and replaced In the care hox
Samplmg
EqUlpmefit - Samphng eqUlpment inc1uded
mcasurmg tapes, various 'nze plastic bag~ and vials,
separate wa~h and nn\c bonles, common laboratory
spatulas, small scoops and forceps for the sotter malenal,
and hammer.. and chlsels for the more hlhlfled malenal.
A d]dmOnd <;awwas used to cut large clasb far samples
Ali of these tools were cleaned pnor to the begmnmg of
Ihe "d.mphngse~\ion and between the samphngof dlfferent
mtervals. At no tlme was any tool used more then once
before It was cleaned. The cleamng con~]sted ofwd.<;hmg
wlth hol water and a laboralory detergent, nn~mg wlth
clean water, and a fmal wash wlth filtered water. The toob
were allowed to alr dry \O m]mmize the potenllal for
contaminatlOl1 ofthe loob by pdper or cloth fibre from a
drying medium.
Curatonal
In the core lab the benehe~, the f1oor, dnd ali sampling
eqUlprnent were washed in preparation far Ihe nexl
shlpment of eore.
- The
vOlds left in the
eore followmg ~ampling were filled wlth carefully cut
foam bloeks to stabihze the care. The core was mlsted
wlth flltercd wdlcr dnd then returned to the Crary Scienee
and Engmeermg Centcr-Core Storage Facihty.
Summary of Curatorial Duties
Tlte curdtor was responslble for the Irdnsportation of
Ihe care boxes from the helicopler pd.d at McMurdo to the
Crary SClenee and Engmeenng Center-Core Siorage
Faelltty (CSEC~CSF), from the CSEC-CSF to the care Idb
m CSEC room 201, thc return of the care to the CSEC~
CSF, dnd the crdltng and dispalch to the fdclliOes tn
FIonda d.nd Germany.
Becau,>e of the higher tempcrdlurc
dnd lower
humidity of thc care laboralory (CSEC room 201) care
dehydrallOti wa~ .I eonccrn Thi'> was counterdeled by
misting the care wlth fJ!lered water on a half hourly
~ehedule or as needed as some hthologles dried
more
rapidly thcn others
The cumlor mamtd.ined thc stratlgraphle mtegnty of
Ihe care dunng removal of seetions far X-radiogrdphy,
paleomagnetle and generai '>dmphng.
The curator reduecd the pO~~lblhty of contamtndtlOn
and mlmmize dl,>lurbanee of the care through in,>truction
of proper samphng leehniques and mamlaining a cledn
laboratoryenvlTOnmen\.
Ali origmal paperwork, mcludmg Ihe core descriptlOn
logs, care reeovery log!., phy~ical property and ,>ample
requesl forms, wa~ mdinlamed by the curator
The eurator entered dnd md.intatned ali data in the data
ba,>e eOl1eermng ~ampltng and generdtcd totdllists of ali
samples laken by each mvestlgator.
Ali reque...l~ by news media and mvcstlgator~ to v]ew
thecoreafter thc mltldl samplmgand requests tor addlllOnal
sample~ were coordmdled by the eurator.
Background
lo CRP-I, Cape Roberb prOJect
ACKNOWLEOGEMENTS
-
FraClureArrays Tbc fraclure ,tudy and cure scanmng were
funded by NSF grani OPP-9527394 IO T J WJl~on TmlOlhy
Pauhen Wd' partm]]y sopported for the frac\ure sludy by NSFI
OPP-9527394 and by the Byrd Posldoclora] Fel1owshlp, Byrd
Polar Re<;carch Center, OhlO State UmversLIY Or G Rafal
generoo~]y volonleered h]s I]me and expertlsc for SCI up and
\rdlmng on the CoreScan@ Fee wdlvers and software dL'Ce"
prov]dedby OMT-GcotfC,E..,sen,GermanyfacLhlatedlh]<;re-.earch
CorrelallOn ofSelsmlc Reflecton wlth CRP-l - Wc woold
hke to thdnk Dr L Barlek and Dr B Luyendyk for perml<;<;Lon
lo u~e NB9601 data In Ihl' reporl Foondallon for Re\earch
SClence and Technology Contract C05XXX ~upporled Ihe work
lo. A K Cuopcr & F J D..vey (eds), The Amarene CUnlme"wl
Margm Geology & GtWphYSICS ol/lle Western Ros. Sea, Eanh
SCI Su OrcUm-PaClrlC Couocil for Eoergy & Mmeral Rewurcc'
Eanh Sclences Senc~, 58, HOU~IOO,Tex, 27-65
Coopcr A K., DdVCY F J & HIOZ K, 1991 Cru~l..] eXtCO~LOOand lhc
ongm of ~cdlm<nlary basLOs bcocalh lhc Ros\ Sed aod Ro<;~ lee
SheJf,Aolarchca
[o M R A Thomwn,J A Crame&J W Tbom",o
(ed~), GeologlCal Evo/U/IO" pl Antaref!ca,
285-291, C..mhndge
Umver5Lly Pre'i.~, Cdmbndge
DJvey F J ,1981 GeophY~lcal \lud]es IO thc Ro.", Sea rcglOn J Roy
SIJC N Z,lI(4),465-479
Ddvey F J , 1983 SedLmeolaryba~lO~ ofthe Ro'i.~ Sea,Anlarchca
New
Zeala"d AmarCllc Record, 5(1), 25-29
EIlI!! S J & McClean D, 1994 Tbc u<;c of mlcrowave
J , 1965
Bchreodl
J C
. Co"per
A K & Yuao
A , 1987
Imerpreldlloo
"f
Manne
Magnellc
GradlOmclcr
dnd muluchanncl
,el~mIC refleclLOn
oh'ervallOo, ovcr the We\lem Ro\\ Sea Shelf, AntJr<..tKd lo A K
Coopcr & F J Davcy (ed~). The AmarCllc CmJlm<!mal Marg",
G<!p/ogy
<'< GeophY<lcS ollhe We.tern Ros. Sea, Eartll Su 5er
CJrcum-Paclfic CouncLl for Energy & Mmeral Rc<;ources Eanh
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