Sistemi per la valutazione del recupero negli
sport di resistenza
Prof. Maria Francesca Piacentini Ph.D
Università degli studi di Roma “Foro Italico”
Monitorare…per prevenire
© M.F. Piacentini!
Monitorare…per capire quando
riprendere allenamento
© M.F. Piacentini!
Monitorare…per garantire il
picco prestativo nel momento
che conta
© M.F. Piacentini!
New markers or early warning signals!
POMS!
Psychomotor speed !
!
, Rietjens et al. 2005; Nederhof et al 2006
Training diary data !
Foster 1998, Foster et al 2001, Van Loon et al. 2000, Piacentini et al. 2007!
SpartaNova Model Piacentini et al. Accepted 2014
Piacentini et al. Accepted 2014
Piacentini et al. Accepted 2014
Piacentini et al. Accepted 2014
Piacentini et al. Accepted 2014
TL = Volume x RPE
Piacentini et al. Accepted 2014
997% increase compared to baseline
Piacentini et al. Accepted 2014
had been monitored continuously throughout the
The multidisciplinary sports science team
season, and values were normal with the exception of
low ferritin (see Table III). Together with Jim’s
After the initial meeting, a multidisciplinary sport
descriptions of the symptoms and information from
science team
of experts
was gathered
together
to from
An elite
endurance
athlete’s
recovery
underperformance aided by
his
training log, the diagnosis was non-functional
help Jim. aThe
support team consisted
of a sport
multidisciplinary
sport science
support team
overreaching.
psychology consultant, a coach, an exercise physiol-
Downloaded By: [Piacentini, Maria Francesca] At: 08:39 6 October 2008
ORIGINAL ARTICLE
ogist, and a physician. The sport psychology conHENRIK
GUSTAFSSON
HANS-CHRISTER
sultant (the
first author)
has a1,doctorate
in sportHOLMBERG2, & PETER HASSMÉN3
Training programme and interventions
science and
has worked as a professional cross1
School of Health and Medical Sciences, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden, 2Swedish Winter Research Center, Mid Sweden
country skiing
coach
and
assistant
coachof Psychology,
for the Stockholm
Even
if complete
might be considered necessary
University,
Stockholm,rest
Sweden
University,
Östersund,
Sweden
and 3Department
Swedish junior national team. The coach has exin severe cases of underperformance, an active
tensive experience at both junior and senior levels, as
recovery with low-intensity training is frequently
Abstract
well as academic
merits in sports medicine and sport
considered superior to complete rest (Kellmann,
Overload training resulting in an overreached state is common in elite sports, and if undetected can develop into an
overtraining syndrome. This risk is accentuated by the lack of reliable measures of overreaching. Coaches and scientists
therefore
have to use a combination of tests in the monitoring process. This article presents a case study of the recovery from
Table II. Test
protocol
underperformance of a young elite endurance athlete and the work of a multidisciplinary sport science support team. When
it was determined that the athlete’s performance had deteriorated, and that this was due solely to the stress of training,
Test 1 (pre) training load was radically reduced for a period of 14 days. A combination of physiological,
Test 2 (mid)
Test 3 (post)
biochemical, and psychological
measurements were then used to monitor the recovery process. The purpose of this article is to describe how coaches and
sport science teams can help in monitoring training
allowing
early 15
signs of
Day 1
Day 2and recovery in practical settings, Day
8 detection of theDay
overreaching before a more serious overtraining syndrome develops.
POMS
‘‘Test’’ roller skies
POMS
POMS
Ten-step bounding
Ten-step
Keywords: Monitoring, mood, neuromuscular fatigue, overreaching, overtraining syndrome, perceived exertion,
recovery bounding
Sub-maximal cycle ergometry
Sub-maximal cycle ergometry
Blood tests
Blood tests
Note: RatingsIntroduction
of form according to the Form Scale were conducedwithin
in association
training
the whole period.
2 weeks,with
andeach
most
often session
within athroughout
week
Performance enhancement in elite sports requires
that the athlete find a balance between training and
recovery to avoid negative consequences such as
underperformance and the onset of an overtraining
syndrome. Elite athletes’ training loads have, however, increased dramatically during recent decades
and the number of athletes experiencing negative
instead of positive training responses seems to be on
the rise as a consequence (Raglin & Wilson, 2000).
This suggests that training and recovery are frequently not balanced, which is supported by a
renewed interest in the recovery part of the training
process (see Kellmann, 2002).
Contrary to what some may believe, there is no
clear line between normal adaptation to training and
maladaptive training responses. The transition is
(Kreider, Fry, & O’Toole, 1998; Smith, 2003).
Depending on the outcome and the timing of
recovery, overreaching can be considered functional
or non-functional (Meuseen et al., 2006). If the
long-term or non-functional overreached state is not
counteracted by sufficient recovery, the athlete can
progress into an overtraining syndrome, which leads
to a condition of prolonged maladaptation through
which stagnation or a decrease in performance may
be sustained for several weeks or months (Gustafsson, Kenttä, Hassmén, Lundqvist, & Durand-Bush,
2007; Kreider et al., 1998).
Overreaching and overtraining syndrome are complex phenomena and, despite substantial research
efforts, the availability of diagnostic tools is still
insufficient and no single reliable marker exists
14 day intervention
ORIGINAL ARTICLE
An elite endurance athlete’s recovery from underperformance aided by
a multidisciplinary sport science support team
HENRIK GUSTAFSSON1, HANS-CHRISTER HOLMBERG2, & PETER HASSMÉN3
1
School of Health and Medical Sciences, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden, 2Swedish Winter Research Center, Mid Sweden
University, Östersund, Sweden and 3Department of Psychology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
Downloaded By: [Piacentini, Maria Francesca] At: 08:39 6 October 2008
TMS
Abstract
Overload training resulting in an overreached state is common in elite sports, and if undetected can develop into an
overtraining syndrome. This risk is accentuated by the lack of reliable measures of overreaching. Coaches and scientists
therefore have
140to use a combination of tests in the monitoring process. This article presents a case study of the recovery from
underperformance of a young elite endurance athlete and the work of a multidisciplinary sport science support team. When
it was determined
120 that the athlete’s performance had deteriorated, and that this was due solely to the stress of training,
training load was radically reduced for a period of 14 days. A combination of physiological, biochemical, and psychological
measurements
100 were then used to monitor the recovery process. The purpose of this article is to describe how coaches and
sport science teams can help in monitoring training and recovery in practical settings, allowing detection of the early signs of
overreaching
80before a more serious overtraining syndrome develops.
Keywords:60
Monitoring, mood, neuromuscular fatigue, overreaching, overtraining syndrome, perceived exertion, recovery
40
20
TMS
within 2 weeks, and most often within a week
(Kreider, Fry, & O’Toole, 1998; Smith, 2003).
Performance enhancement
in elite sports
baseline
Pre requires
intervention Day 8 intervention Post intervention
Depending on the outcome and the timing of
that the athlete find a balance between training and
recovery, overreaching can be considered functional
recovery to avoid negative consequences such as
or non-functional (Meuseen et al., 2006). If the
underperformance and the onset of an overtraining
long-term or non-functional overreached state is not
syndrome. Elite athletes’ training loads have, howcounteracted by sufficient recovery, the athlete can
ever, increased dramatically during recent decades
progress into an overtraining syndrome, which leads
and the number of athletes experiencing negative
to a condition of prolonged maladaptation through
instead of positive training responses seems to be on
which stagnation or a decrease in performance may
the rise as a consequence (Raglin & Wilson, 2000).
be sustained for several weeks or months (GustafsThis suggests that training and recovery are freson, Kenttä, Hassmén, Lundqvist, & Durand-Bush,
quently not balanced, which is supported by a
2007; Kreider et al., 1998).
renewed interest in the recovery part of the training
Overreaching and overtraining syndrome are comprocess (see Kellmann, 2002).
plex
phenomena and, despite substantial research
Contrary to what some may believe, there is no
efforts,
the availability of diagnostic tools is still
clear line between normal adaptation to training and
insufficient and no single reliable marker exists
maladaptive training responses. The transition is
Introduction
0
14 day intervention TL reduction
ORIGINAL ARTICLE
An elite endurance athlete’s recovery from underperformance aided by
a multidisciplinary sport science support team
HENRIK GUSTAFSSON1, HANS-CHRISTER HOLMBERG2, & PETER HASSMÉN3
School of Health and Medical Sciences, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden, 2Swedish Winter Research Center, Mid Sweden
University, Östersund, Sweden and 3Department of Psychology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
Abstract
Overload training resulting in an overreached state is common in elite sports, and if undetected can develop into an
overtraining syndrome. This risk is accentuated by the lack of reliable measures of overreaching. Coaches and scientists
therefore have to use a combination of tests in the monitoring process. This article presents a case study of the recovery from
underperformance of a young elite endurance athlete and the work of a multidisciplinary sport science support team. When
it was determined that the athlete’s performance had deteriorated, and that this was due solely to the stress of training,Recovery from underperformance
273
training load was radically reduced for a period of 14 days. A combination of physiological, biochemical, and psychological
measurements were then used to monitor the recovery process. The purpose of this article is to describe how coaches and
with the population norms (i.e. T50) for the POMS
sport science teams can help in monitoring training
65 and recovery in practical settings, allowing detection of the early signs of
(McNair et al., 1992). Research has shown that
overreaching before a more serious overtraining syndrome develops.
Tension
60
Depression
55
Fatigue
Confusion
athletes often display positive mental health with ‘‘an
Anger
Keywords: Monitoring, mood, neuromuscular fatigue, overreaching, overtraining syndrome,
perceived exertion,
recovery
iceberg
profile’’ meaning low negative scores (tenVigor
T-score
sion, anger, depression, and confusion) and high
scores on vigour (Morgan, 1985). The implication is
50
that despite a significant increase in mood disturbanceaforweek
the individual, his or her profile does look
Introduction
within 2 weeks, and most often within
45
normal2003).
(Raglin, 1993). Thus, it is important to have
(Kreider, Fry, & O’Toole, 1998; Smith,
Performance enhancement in elite sports40 requires
baseline
Depending on the outcome and the
timingvalues
of to be able to monitor negative mood
that the athlete find a balance between training and
changes
in
athletes.
recovery,
overreaching
can
be
considered
functional
recovery to avoid negative consequences35 such as
Of the
POMS variables, vigour might be
or non-functional (Meuseen et al., 2006).
If different
the
underperformance and the onset of an overtraining
Test 1 long-term
Testor
2 non-functional
Test 3 overreached
an state
important
indicator of maladaptation and nonis
not
syndrome. Elite athletes’ training loads have, howfunctional
overreaching. In a comparison of the
counteracted
by sufficient
the
athlete can
Figure decades
3. T-scores for POMS
variables during
test 1, testrecovery,
2, and
ever, increased dramatically during recent
baseline
values,
which were measured during a
progress into an overtraining syndrome, which leads
test 3. negative
and the number of athletes experiencing
normal
training
camp,
and pre-study values, the
to a condition of prolonged maladaptation through
instead of positive training responses seems to be on
fatigue score
ratings 2000).
of the legs but
notstagnation
for breathing.
Heart rate
which
or a decrease
in performance
may was only slightly higher before the
the rise as a consequence (Raglin & Wilson,
intervention,
but decreased after recovery. Vigour,
was
virtually
unaffected
during
the
2-week
intervenbe
sustained
for
several
weeks
or
months
(GustafsThis suggests that training and recovery are freon
the
other
tion,
with
the
same
average
heart
rate
and
differences
son, Kenttä, Hassmén, Lundqvist, & Durand-Bush, hand, was still ‘‘high’’ during the
quently not balanced, which is supported by a
training camp but decreased during Jim’s overat
each
intensity
ranging
from 1et to
beats (see
2007; Kreider
al., 41998).
renewed interest in the recovery part of the training
reached
state. During recovery, vigour again inTable III).
Overreaching and overtraining syndrome
are comprocess (see Kellmann, 2002).
creased.
In
Jim rated
his form
as ‘‘normal’’
(0) and,
whendespite
completplex
phenomena
substantial researcha study of ultra-marathon runners, the
Contrary to what some may believe, there
is no
athletes
being full of energy despite reporthis first
On day of2,diagnostic
Jim
efforts, thetest.
availability
tools isreported
still
clear line between normal adaptation toing
training
and sub-maximal
ing heightened
physical fatigue (Odagiri, Shimoon rollerand
skisno
andsingle
estimated
insufficient
reliable marker
exists
maladaptive training responses. The performed
transition ais test race
mitsu, Iwane, & Katsumura, 1996). After 10 days
this race as -2 (very, very bad form). On day 5, after
: 08:39 6 October 2008
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1
14 day intervention TL reduction
ORIGINAL ARTICLE
An elite endurance athlete’s recovery from underperformance aided by
a multidisciplinary sport science support team
HENRIK GUSTAFSSON1, HANS-CHRISTER HOLMBERG2, & PETER HASSMÉN3
School of Health and Medical Sciences, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden, 2Swedish Winter Research Center, Mid Sweden
University, Östersund, Sweden and 3Department of Psychology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
cortisol
Abstract
Overload training resulting in an overreached state is common in elite sports, and if undetected can develop into an
overtraining syndrome.
450 This risk is accentuated by the lack of reliable measures of overreaching. Coaches and scientists
therefore have to use a combination of tests in the monitoring process. This article presents a case study of the recovery from
underperformance of a young elite endurance athlete and the work of a multidisciplinary sport science support team. When
400that the athlete’s performance had deteriorated, and that this was due solely to the stress of training,
it was determined
training load was radically reduced for a period of 14 days. A combination of physiological, biochemical, and psychological
measurements were then used to monitor the recovery process. The purpose of this article is to describe how coaches and
350can help in monitoring training and recovery in practical settings, allowing detection of the early signs of
sport science teams
overreaching before a more serious overtraining syndrome develops.
300
Keywords: Monitoring, mood, neuromuscular fatigue, overreaching, overtraining syndrome, perceived exertion, recovery
Nmol/l
Downloaded By: [Piacentini, Maria Francesca] At: 08:39 6 October 2008
1
250
cortisol
Introduction200
Performance enhancement in elite sports requires
150
that the athlete
find a balance between training and
recovery to avoid negative consequences such as
100 and the onset of an overtraining
underperformance
syndrome. Elite athletes’ training loads have, however, increased50
dramatically during recent decades
and the number of athletes experiencing negative
instead of positive training responses seems to be on
0
the rise as a consequence (Raglin & Wilson, 2000).
PRE are freThis suggests that training and recovery
quently not balanced, which is supported by a
renewed interest in the recovery part of the training
process (see Kellmann, 2002).
Contrary to what some may believe, there is no
clear line between normal adaptation to training and
maladaptive training responses. The transition is
within 2 weeks, and most often within a week
(Kreider, Fry, & O’Toole, 1998; Smith, 2003).
Depending on the outcome and the timing of
recovery, overreaching can be considered functional
or non-functional (Meuseen et al., 2006). If the
long-term or non-functional overreached state is not
counteracted by sufficient recovery, the athlete can
progress into an overtraining syndrome, which leads
to a condition of prolonged maladaptation through
which stagnation or a decrease in performance may
be sustained for POST
several weeks or months (Gustafsson, Kenttä, Hassmén, Lundqvist, & Durand-Bush,
2007; Kreider et al., 1998).
Overreaching and overtraining syndrome are complex phenomena and, despite substantial research
efforts, the availability of diagnostic tools is still
insufficient and no single reliable marker exists
14 day intervention TL reduction
OVERTRAINING
¨ 
¨ 
Studi che hanno portato atleti in condizioni di “overtraining” hanno
evidenziato che c’è una differenza fra stress predetto e quello che viene
chiamato “unpredictable stress” che ha effetti completamente differenti a
livello centrale e periferico a parità di carico esterno
L’atleta di alto livello sa gestirsi un blocco di allenamento più intenso.
Quindi l’overtraining è qualcosa di differente dalla conseguenza di un
carico troppo elevato
© M.F. Piacentini
Piacentini et al. 2014
RISULTATI
Session-RPE negli atleti sub-elite e elite
1600
1600
*
1400
1400
*
*
Session1RPE
90
External:Load
+#§
80
60
1000
50
800800
40
600600
30
400400
20
200200
10
00
* different from 1 (P=0.000)
+ different from 2 (P=0.001)
# different from 3 (P=0.000)
§ different from 4 (P=0.000)
0
11
22
33
44
Giorno
Giorno
55
3000
3000
External 9Load
2500
2500
* different from 3 (P=0.000)
+ different from 4 (P=0.001)
# different from 5 (P=0.000)
*+#100
*#
2000
2000
80
1500
1500
60
1000
1000
40
500
500
20
Session)RPE
Session)RPE
Elite
120
Ses s i on0RPE
0
0
Carico0Esterno0(Km)
Session)RPE
1000
Carico0Esterno0(Km)
1200
Session)RPE
Sub-elite
70
1200
0
1
2
1
3
2
4
3
Session-RPE and Profile of Mood States during a training camp in elite and sub-elite
triathletes
5
Giorno
4
5
Giorno
6
7
6
8
7
8
16 sub-elite: 17±1 anni
10 elite: 22±2 anni
RISULTATI
20,0
18,0
*#+
*
PRE
#
MID
Punti
16,0
POST
14,0
12,0
POMS sub-elite
* different from PRE (P=0.01)
# different from MID (P=0.01)
+ different from POST(P=0.01)
10,0
8,0
6,0
4,0
2,0
0,0
Depression
Fatigue
Vigour
Anger
Tension
PRE
MID
POST
20
18
POMS elite
Punti
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
Depression
Fatigue
Vigour
Session-RPE and Profile of Mood States during a training camp in elite and sub-elite
triathletes
Anger
Tension
16 sub-elite: 17±1 anni
10 elite: 22±2 anni
RISULTATI
Energy,Index,(Vigore8Fatica)
Energy Index negli atleti sub-elite e elite
Sub!elite
15
Elite
10
*
*#
MID
POST
5
0
!5
!10
PRE
Somministrazione,POMS
* difference from PRE for the sub-elite athletes (P<0.001)
# difference from MID for the sub-elite athletes (P=0.000)
Session-RPE and Profile of Mood States during a training camp in elite and sub-elite
triathletes
16 sub-elite: 17±1 anni
10 elite: 22±2 anni
Tapering!
Il picco di prestazione si raggiunge modulando i carichi di
lavoro ma una delle fasi più critiche nella programmazione
dell’allenamento è proprio il periodo definito tapering!
!
Sono state tante definizioni a “tapering”!
Generalmente definito come una riduzione del carico totale di
lavoro precedente alle gare importanti!
© M.F. Piacentini!
Scopo principale del Tapering!
Miglioramenti durante questo periodo non solo fisiologici e
prestativi ma anche psicologici con miglioramento dell’umore
generale e del benessere sia fisico che mentale.
POMS: diminuzione della fatica ed aumento del vigore
Bompa 2009!
© M.F. Piacentini!
Scopo principale del Tapering
Ma quanto deve durare?
rischio di “detraining”
rischio che non si recuperi a sufficienza
© M.F. Piacentini
Bompa 2009
Profile Of Mood States
¨ 
Fatica e vigore cambiano con i blocchi di allenamento
16
14
12
10
pre taper
post taper
8
6
4
2
0
Fatigue
Vigor
© M.F. Piacentini
Tension
Piacentini et al
Overreaching e Tapering
L’overreaching prima del tapering è funzionale a portare l’atleta in
supercompensazione ?
© M.F. Piacentini
Aubrey 2014
Coutts 2007
© M.F. Piacentini
© M.F. Piacentini
two-factor (condition, testing occasion) analysis of covariance
(ANCOVA) with the pre-testing 3-km RTT time entered as a covariate to statistically adjust the post-test and post-taper 3-km
RTT performance to take into account the pre-test differences.
The results of the physiological, biochemistry and psychology
tests were analyzed by a two-factor (condition, testing occasion)
multivariate repeated measures analysis of variance. Changes in
all variables were analyzed using both repeated and simple contrasts to determine the within group differences. An indepen-
Training & Testing
Coutts 2007
and creatinine levels. Catecholamines were extracted from urine,
through a cation-exchange using Biorex resin and were then
eluted from the resin and concentrated using alumina. Separation of catecholamines was by a High Performance Liquid Chromatography system using a reversed-phase C18 column and
quantitated by integration of peak heights produced by an electrochemical detector (GBC Scientific Equipment Pty, Ltd., Vic,
Australia).
IENZE MOTORIE. Copyrighted material.
Fig. 2 Percentage change (mean ± SD) in 3km run time trial performance for both the IT
and NT groups; † significantly different
amount of change from previous measure
compared to the NT group (p < 0.05);
¥ significantly different amount of change
from pre-training compared to the NT group
(p < 0.05).
Control
group (n = 12)
Pre
TRAINING LOAD (% habitual load)
130%
Post
T1
100%
60%
Baseline (I)
(3 weeks)
Phase III
(3 weeks)
Taper
Phase II
(1 week)
Overload
training
group (n = 22)
T2
T3
T4
T3
T4
Taper
Phase IV
(4 weeks)
Post
Pre
130%
Overloading
T1
T2
100%
60%
Aubry 2014
Baseline (I)
(3 weeks)
Taper
Phase II
(1 week)
Phase III
(3 weeks)
Taper
Phase IV
(4 weeks)
POMS Energy Index
18"
16"
14"
12"
10"
CONTROL"
AF"
8"
FOR"
6"
4"
2"
0"
Pre""
Aubry 2014
Post"
T1"
T2"
T3"
T4"
CONCLUSIONI!
• Prevenzione dell’overreaching non funzionale!
• Monitorare per comprendere gli adattamenti durante il tapering!
• KIS: Keep it simple!
• Monitorare a distanza!
www.ecss-‐
congress.eu/2015 @ECSS2015 -‐ #ECSS2015