AJCS 9(11):1022-1034 (2015)
ISSN:1835-2707
Supplementary data
Characterisation of Italian bean landraces (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) using seed image analysis and texture descriptors
Marisol Lo Bianco, Oscar Grillo*, Roberto Cremonini, Marco Sarigu, Gianfranco Venora
Supplementary Table 1 - Location of studied Italian traditional bean landraces and main seed characteristics (a = European trademark PGI obtained or submitted; b = Flat seeds; c = row drilling; d = pocket drilling; W = white coat seed; MC = monocolored coat seed; BC = bi-colored coat seed).
Cod.
Bean landraces
BaB
BaN
Bia
BiP
Bil
Bor
BoB
Can
CaP
CaG
CaR
Ciu
Cr1
Cr2
DeC
Fag
Badda Bianca
Badda Niura o Munachedda
Bianco
Bianco di Pignaa
Billòa
Borlotto
Borlotto Bianco
Cannellino
Cannellino di Pisa
Cannellino di San Ginese
Cannellino Rosso
Ciuoto sin. Regina sin. Napulitano Vasciu
Crucchittu 1
Crucchittu 2
Della Chiesa
Fagiolini di maggese bianco
Fiu
Fiumara
Gia
Gio
Lam
Lar
LaQ
Lup
Ma1
Ma2
Giallo
Giovanna
Lamona
Lardariello
Lardariello Quarantina
Lupinaro
Maruchedda 1
Maruchedda 2
Mas
Mascherino
Moi
Muc
MuN
Moitano
Munachedda
Munachedda Nera
Mus
Nas
NaN
NaR
NaV
Harvest
year
2011
2011
2010
2004
2006
2010
2004/05
2011
2004
2004
2011
2011
2007
2007
2010
2010
Seed
shape
Circular
Circular
Circular
Circular
Kidney-shape
Circular
Kidney-shape
Rectangular
Kidney-shape
Kidney-shape
Kidney-shape
Circular
Circular
Circular
Circular
Circular
Seed coat
main color
White
White
White
White
Cream
Cream
Brown
White
White
White
White
Cream
Violet
Violet
Cream
White
Seed coat
secondary color
Cream on half grain
Black on half grain
Dark red variegation on entire grain
Brown on entire grain
Red on entire grain
Red on entire grain
Brown on entire grain
Brown on entire grain
Seed coat
category
BC
BC
W
W
BC
BC
BC
W
W
W
BC
BC
MC
BC
BC
W
2007
Circular
Cream
BC
2010
2007
2006
2010
2010
2004/05/06
2011
2011
Rectangular
Brown
Kidney-shape
Circular
Circular
Kidney-shape
Circular
Circular
Cream
Cream
Cream
Cream
Cream
Cream
MC
BC
BC
BC
BC
BC
BC
BC
Violet on entire grain
Brown on entire grain
Brown on entire grain
Red on entire grain
Brown on entire grain
Brown on entire grain
Black on half grain;
Violet on half grain
2010
Circular
Cream
2007/08
2011
2011
Kidney-shape
Circular
Circular
Cream
White
Black
Cream on half grain
White on one/third grain
MC
BC
BC
BC
Mussuniuru
2007
Circular
White
Black/Brown around hilum
BC
Nasieddu
Nasieddu Nero
Nasieddu Rosso
Nasieddu Viola sin. Co-Mussiddu
2011
2011
2011
2011
Circular
Kidney-shape
Circular
Circular
White
White
White
White
Black around hilum
Black around hilum
Red/Brown around hilum
Violet around hilum
BC
BC
BC
BC
Landrace
origins
Polizzi Generosa (PA) - Sicily
Polizzi Generosa (PA) - Sicily
Balvano (PZ) - Basilicata
Pigna (SV) - Liguria
Cuneo (CN) - Piemonte
Garfagnana (LU) - Toscana
Sarzana (SP) - Liguria
Sarconi (PZ) - Basilicata
Pisa (PI) - Toscana
Porcari (LU) - Toscana
Sarconi (PZ) - Basilicata
Sarconi (PZ) - Basilicata
S. Piero Patti (ME) - Sicily
Casale Floresta (ME) - Sicily
Massa Carrara (MS) - Toscana
Balvano (PZ) - Basilicata
S. Piero Patti (ME) - Sicily;
Racchia (ME) - Sicily
Balvano (PZ) - Basilicata
Castell’Umberto (ME) - Sicily
Belluno (BL) - Veneto
Balvano (PZ) - Basilicata
Balvano (PZ) - Basilicata
Sarzana (SP) - Liguria
Sarconi (PZ) - Basilicata
Sarconi (PZ) - Basilicata
Pisa (PI) - Toscana
Garfagnana (LU) - Toscana
Randazzo (CT) - Sicily
Sarconi (PZ) - Basilicata
Sarconi (PZ) - Basilicata
S. Piero Patti (ME) - Sicily;
Racchuia Sinagna c/da Bosco (ME) - Sicily
Sarconi (PZ) - Basilicata
Sarconi (PZ) - Basilicata
Sarconi (PZ) - Basilicata
Sarconi (PZ) - Basilicata
Geographic
Area
Sicily
Sicily
S-Italy
N-Italy
N-Italy
C-Italy
N-Italy
S-Italy
C-Italy
C-Italy
S-Italy
S-Italy
Sicily
Sicily
C-Italy
S-Italy
Sicily
Sicily
S-Italy
Sicily
N-Italy
S-Italy
S-Italy
N-Italy
S-Italy
S-Italy
C-Italy
C-Italy
Sicily
S-Italy
S-Italy
Sicily
Sicily
S-Italy
S-Italy
S-Italy
S-Italy
a
PaN
PaR
PhC
PiP
Panzaredda Nera
Panzaredda Rossa
Phaseolus coccineus
Piattella pisanab
2011
2011
2010
2004
Circular
Kidney-shape
Kidney-shape
Kidney-shaped
White
White
White
White
Black on half grain
Red on half grain
Pur
Purgatorio
2006
Circular
White
W
RiB
RiG
RoL
Sal
SaR
SaM
Sch
Sci
Scr
Str
Tab
Ton
Tri
Tuv
TuR
Vel
Ver
Vio
Zol
Riso Bianco
Riso Giallo
Rosso di Lucca
Saluggia
San Michele Rosso
San Michele sin. Napulitano Alto
Schiucchiuralieddc,d
Scicli
Scritto di Lucca
Stregone del Piemonte
Tabacchino sin. Fasulu Russu Nano
Tondino
Triverde
Tuvagliedda
Tuvagliedda Rossa
Vellutina di Ragusa
Verdolino
Viola
Zolfinoa
2011
2011
2004
2004
2011
2011
2010
2007
2004
2006
2011
2010
2010
2011
2011
2006
2011
2007
2004
Circular
Circular
Rectangular
Kidney-shape
Circular
Circular
Kidney-shape
Kidney-shape
Rectangular
Kidney-shape
Circular
Circular
Rectangular
Circular
Circular
Kidney-shape
Circular
Circular
Circular
White
White
Red
Cream
Red
Cream
Cream
White
Cream
Cream
Brown
White
White
White
White
Violet
Light green
Brown
Yellow
W
W
BC
BC
MC
BC
BC
BC
BC
BC
MC
W
W
BC
BC
MC
MC
BC
MC
Black on entire grain
Violet on entire grain
Red on entire grain
Red on entire grain
Red on half grain
Red on entire grain
Maroon variegation on entire grain
Brown around hilum
Red on half grain
Cream around hilum
Black on entire grain
BC
BC
W
W
Sarconi (PZ) - Basilicata
Sarconi (PZ) - Basilicata
Pisa (PI) - Toscana
Pisa (PI) - Toscana
Colfiorito (PG) - Umbria;
Gradoli (VT) - Lazio
Sarconi (PZ) - Basilicata
Sarconi (PZ) - Basilicata
Porcari (LU) - Toscana
Salluggia (VC) - Piemonte
Sarconi (PZ) - Basilicata
Sarconi (PZ) - Basilicata
Balvano (PZ) - Basilicata
Ragusa (RG) - Sicily
Porcari (LU) - Toscana
Cuneo (CN) Piemonte
Sarconi (PZ) - Basilicata
Balvano (PZ) - Basilicata
Sarconi (PZ) - Basilicata
Sarconi (PZ) - Basilicata
Sarconi (PZ) - Basilicata
Ragusa (RG) - Sicily
Sarconi (PZ) - Basilicata
Randazzo (CT) - Sicily
Arezzo (AR) - Toscana
S-Italy
S-Italy
C-Italy
C-Italy
C-Italy
C-Italy
C-Italy
S-Italy
C-Italy
N-Italy
S-Italy
S-Italy
S-Italy
Sicily
C-Italy
N-Italy
S-Italy
S-Italy
S-Italy
S-Italy
S-Italy
Sicily
S-Italy
Sicily
C-Italy
Supplementary Table 2 - Haralick’s descriptors measured as reported in Haralick et al. (1973).
Har 1
Feature
Angular second moment
Har 2
Contrast
Har 3
Correlation
Equation
where µx, µy, σx and σy are the means and the standard deviations of px and py.
Har 4
Sum of square: variance
Har 5
Inverse difference moment
Har 6
Sum average
where x and y are the coordinates (row and column) of an entry in the cooccurrence matrix, and px+y(i) is the probability of co-occurrence matrix
coordinates summing to x+y.
Har 7
Sum variance
Har 8
Sum entropy
Har 9
Entropy
Har 10
Difference variance
Har 11
Difference entropy
The basis for these features is the gray-level co-occurrence matrix (G in equation 1). This matrix is square with dimension Ng, where Ng is the
number of gray levels in the image. Element [i,j] of the matrix is generated by counting the number of times a pixel (p) with value i is adjacent to a
pixel with value j and then dividing the entire matrix by the total number of such comparisons made. Each entry is therefore considered to be the
probability that a pixel with value i will be found adjacent to a pixel of value j.
 p(1,1)
 p(2,1)
G
 

 p( N g ,1)
p(1,2)
p(2,2)

p( N g ,2)

p(1, N g ) 

p(2, N g ) 




 p, ( N g , N g )
(eq. 1)
Supplementary Table 3 - List of morphometric features measured on seeds, excluding the mean seed weigh, the Elliptic Fourier Descriptors (EFDs)
calculated according to Hâruta (2011) and the Haralick’s descriptors reported in table 2.
Feature
Description
A
Area
Seed area (mm2)
P
Perimeter
Seed perimeter (mm)
Pconv
Convex Perimeter
Convex perimeter of the seed (mm)
PCrof
Crofton Perimeter
Crofton perimeter of the seed (mm)
Pconv /PCrof
Perimeter ratio
Ratio between convex and Crofton’s perimeters
Dmax
Max diameter
Maximum diameter of the seed (mm)
Dmin
Min diameter
Minimum diameter of the seed (mm)
Dmin /Dmax
Feret ratio
Ratio between minimum and maximum diameters
Sf
Shape Factor
Seed shape descriptor = (4 x π x area)/perimeter2 (normalized value)
Rf
Roundness Factor
Seed roundness descriptor = (4 x area)/(π x max diameter2) (normalized value)
Ecd
Eq. circular diameter
Diameter of a circle with equivalent area (mm)
F
Fiberlength
Seed length along the fiber axis
C
Curl degree
Ratio between Dmax and F
Conv
Convessity degree
Ratio between PCrof and P
Sol
Solidity degree
Ratio between A and convex area
Com
Compactness degree
Seed compactness descriptor = [√(4/ π) A]/ Dmax
EAmax
Maximum ellipse axis
Maximum axis of an ellipse with equivalent area (mm)
EAmin
Minimum ellipse axis
Minimum axis of an ellipse with equivalent area (mm)
Rmean
Mean red channel
Red channel mean value of seed pixels (grey levels)
Rsd
Red std. deviation
Red channel standard deviation of seed pixels
Gmean
Mean green channel
Green channel mean value of seed pixels (grey levels)
Gsd
Green std. deviation
Green channel standard deviation of seed pixels
Bmean
Mean blue channel
Blue channel mean value of seed pixels (grey levels)
Bsd
Blue std. deviation
Blue channel standard deviation of seed pixels
Hmean
Mean hue channel
Hue channel mean value of seed pixels (grey levels)
Hsd
Hue std. deviation
Hue channel standard deviation of seed pixels
Lmean
Mean lightness ch.
Lightness channel mean value of seed pixels (grey levels)
Lsd
Lightness std. dev.
Lightness channel standard deviation of seed pixels
Smean
Mean saturation ch.
Saturation channel mean value of seed pixels (grey levels)
Ssd
Saturation std. dev.
Saturation channel standard deviation of seed pixels
Dmean
Mean density
Density channel mean value of seed pixels (grey levels)
Dsd
Density std. deviation
Density channel standard deviation of seed pixels
S
Skewness
Asymmetry degree of intensity values distribution (grey levels)
K
Kurtosis
Peakness degree of intensity values distribution (densit. units)
H
Energy
Measure of the increasing intensity power (densitometric units)