NEtwork of Research Infrastructures for European Seismology
Deliverable D2
Electronic archive of historical earthquake studies
(demo version)
(June 2009)
Activity:
Activity number:
Deliverable:
Distributed Archive of Historical Earthquake
Data
NA4, Task 2
Deliverable number:
Electronic archive of historical earthquake
studies, demo version
D2
Responsible activity leader:
Responsible participant:
Author:
Massimiliano Stucchi
INGV
Paola Albini, Mario Locati
with the collaboration of: Josep Batllo, Andrea
Cassera, Paola Migliavacca, Andrea Rovida,
Massimiliano Stucchi
Sixth Framework Programme
EC project number: 026130
NA4 – D2 Electronic archive of historical earthquake studies, demo version
The electronic archive of historical earthquake studies (1000-1750)
Task 2 - Collecting and qualifying the data
Earthquake studies [with or] without IDPs will be digitised in PDF format and made available
through the portal and/or CDs. [In addition] Earthquake studies with IDP will be analysed, in
order to: i) evaluate the reliability of the data, ii) assess a standard format for (re)compiling
IDPs according to homogeneous criteria, in such a way that each entry will contain: a) time
of earthquake occurrence; b) place-name, its identification and geographical co-ordinates as
from the directory; c) assigned intensity value; d) a quality value representing the reliability of
this datum for general use.
A first version of the inventory - up to 1600 - will be made available after month 12; it will be
A first set of data, corresponding to the same time window as for Task 1 - will be made
available after month 24. The data set will be then implemented according to Task 1
progress.
(from NERIES, NA4, DoW, November 2005)
Index
1. Goals and Requirements
2. State-of-the-art
2.1 Dissemination
2.2 The copyright and licensing restrictions
2.3 Electronic archive and digital library
3. Building the electronic archive
Foreword
3.1 Identifying and retrieving the material, digitizing
3.2 Actual contents
3.3 How NA4 electronic archive deals with copyright and licensing restrictions
3.4 The adopted software solution
4. How to use the electronic archive
Appendices
Appendix 1 – Some pages extracted from recent (post 1990) earthquake studies stored
in NA4 electronic archive
Appendix 2 - List of the 236 different and fully referenced items inventoried
for the time-window 1000-1750
Note. The data described in this text are available on the NA4 website
http://emidius.mi.ingv.it/neries_NA4/
partner login (user and password to be delivered by the NA4 coordination unit)
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NA4 – D2 Electronic archive of historical earthquake studies, demo version
1. Goals and Requirements
This deliverable will deal with the first goal of NA4 Task 2, that is to retrieve, store and make
easily traceable and accessible to the scientific community the main published and
unpublished historical earthquake studies, in their original version, related to the
earthquakes inventoried in Task 1 (D1+D6 – The comprehensive NA4 Working File, 10001750).
The minimum item stored in NA4 electronic archive is a historical earthquake study. This is
identified as the individual, dedicated study whose object is an earthquake that (on the base
of this study) came to be known and consequently included in a parametric earthquake
catalogue. A study differs from a list of sources or a list of references as it (hopefully) should
include how the investigation has been performed, summarise the informative contents of
the sources, describe how the earthquake records have been interpreted, and report the
output of the investigation in terms of affected places, macroseismic intensity and
earthquake parameters. Some examples are shown in Appendix 1.
The list of the studies included in the archive will be redundant, that is, different studies
referring to the same event will be stored. However, special reference and attention will be
devoted to those to be used in compiling the macroseismic intensity database (D4) and the
parametric earthquake catalogue for the European and Mediterranean area (D8).
The main end-users of NA4 electronic archive will be the world-wide community of the
seismologists, who in most cases are also the authors of the studies. The NA4 electronic
archive should allow them to directly and easily access the huge amount of material on
historical earthquakes produced in the last 50 years by individuals or regional institutions. As
of today, most of these studies are not accessible and some of them are at risk of being lost
for ever. The main efforts concern the identification of these studies, their retrieval and their
acquisition, either directly in digital format or in a hardcopy to be then digitized. In addition,
copyright and licensing restrictions have to be faced and solved, as much as possible.
With the purpose of enlarging the public availability of this material, a software has to be
adopted or designed, so to allow the end-users to browse and search inside the electronic
archive, and to directly examine the material. The software must be designed in such a way
to provide a coherence with the other components of the NA4 Distributed Archive of
Historical Earthquake Data (D1+D6 - The comprehensive NA4 Working File, 1000-1750, D4
- The European Macroseismic Database).
2. State-of-the-art
2.1 Dissemination
Historical earthquake studies have been produced by many European individuals and
institutions since the 1980’s, but their dissemination is in most cases very limited, since the
studies may still be of restricted use for their producers, as is often the case with the internal
reports commissioned in view of the compilation of regional or national earthquake
catalogues.
This is very similar to what happens with the macroseismic data and databases (see D4),
and for this reason we present here in short the results of a review of the digital archives
existing in Europe that may encompass and/or include historical earthquake studies. The
situation is not different today from the one at the beginning of this activity (June 2006).
Few customized implementations have been found in the historical seismological domain:
• The French macroseismic database SISFRANCE (as described in Scotti et al., 2004);
supplies a bibliography and some scanned images of the original documents (Fig. 1),
with the agreement of the Direction des Archives de France. http://www.sisfrance.net/
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NA4 – D2 Electronic archive of historical earthquake studies, demo version
Fig. 1 – A scanned document stored in SISFRANCE
•
The Catalogue of Strong Earthquakes in Italy (461 B.C.-1997) and Mediterranean Area
(760 B.C.-1500) CFTI4MED (Guidoboni et al., 2007) provides excerpts from the original
documents (Fig. 2). http://storing.ingv.it/cfti4med/
Fig. 2 – Excerpts from sources in CFTI4MED.
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NA4 – D2 Electronic archive of historical earthquake studies, demo version
•
The Earthquake Catalog of Switzerland (ECOS) (Faeh et al, 2003;
http://histserver.ethz.ch/ includes for each earthquake a simple list of references (Fig. 3),
but no digitized material.
Fig. 3 – List of references in ECOS.
Out of Europe, two websites have been identified with a content strictly related to historical
earthquake studies:
• The project for a database for primary sources on historical earthquakes for the Middle
Ages, coordinated by the Kobe University, Research Centre for Urban Safety;
http://historical.seismology.jp/erice/. The website is in progress.
• Sistema de Teleinformación de Sismología Histórica de Venezuela, including a digital
version of the sources related to each event (Fig. 4). http://sismicidad.hacer.ula.ve/
Fig. 4 – Electronic version of a source on a Venezuelan earthquake in 1853.
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NA4 – D2 Electronic archive of historical earthquake studies, demo version
Among the resources of the web should be mention “Earth-prints”, an Open Access
repository, created and maintained by INGV, Italy (http://www.earth-prints.org/). It stores
articles, presentations and other material on Earth Sciences, including earthquake studies.
2.2 The copyright and licensing restrictions
Since 2001 the European Commission is operating towards “the harmonisation of certain
aspects of copyright and related rights in the information society” with a specific Directive
(2001/29/EC). Still, the publishers’ constraints are very heavily influencing the accessibility
rights of the scientific community. There are different bodies of law in each European country
(e.g. for Italy the 1941 law is still in force, only amended by a new regulation issued in 2005).
There are several degrees of limitations for each item, e.g. concerning the reproduction, or
the production of derivative works, or its distribution according to a medium different from the
one it was made public, the translation.
The delicate aspect of copyright needs to be better understood in the view of an open
dissemination of the archive of historical earthquake studies.
Here follows a summary of the restrictions caused by copyright to papers on journals or
volumes, which constitute the bulk of NA4 electronic archive:
What is protected by a copyright:
• all papers on peer-reviewed journals for which the authors has signed a copyright
transfer agreement
• books or chapters of books
What is not protected (anymore) by a copyright:
• works for which the copyright has expired (roughly 50 years after the death of the owner
of the intellectual property)
• preprints (usually)
• unpublished material, for which the author is living and can authorize the distribution
according to commonly agreed restrictions
• unpublished material (e.g. archival documents or manuscripts) for which no authorization
is required to publish their edition, bar the actual reproduction of the original (photos).
2.3 Electronic archive and digital library
Electronic archive is a wording that might be compared to “digital library”. The latter is
commonly defined as “a library in which collections are stored in digital formats (as opposed
to print, microform, or other media) and accessible by computers”. In this sense, the use of
this medium perfectly suits the main goal of NA4 Distributed archive of historical earthquake
data. The digital library can be seen as one of the core-repositories of the archive, and
differently from a common library is built according to the specific philosophy of historical
earthquake studies and related purposes.
The problem of building up digital libraries have already been addressed by universities and
scientific institutions throughout the world. The answer chosen by the most important
institutions is what is called “Open Access”.
“Open Access (OA) is free, immediate, permanent, full-text, online access, for any user,
web-wide, to digital scientific and scholarly material, primarily research articles published in
peer-reviewed journals. OA means that any individual user, anywhere, who has access to
the Internet, may link, read, download, store, print-off, use, and data-mine the digital content
of that article. An OA article usually has limited copyright and licensing restrictions.”
The main steps of the development of the Open Access movement are:
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NA4 – D2 Electronic archive of historical earthquake studies, demo version
2001: Creation of the Creative Commons License focusing on the expansion of
reasonable, flexible copyright (San Francisco)
• 2002: the Open Society Institute launched the Budapest Open Access Initiative
• 2003: the Berlin Declaration on Open Access to Knowledge in the Sciences and
Humanities was drafted and the World Summit on the Information Society included open
access in its Declaration of Principles and Plan of Action
• 2007: European Research Council Guidelines for Open Access (17 December).
Some examples can be seen at:
• DSpace at Cambridge, UK - Digital Archive, http://www.lib.cam.ac.uk/dspace/
• repository of the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) at the National
Library of Medicine (NLM), located at the U.S. National Institutes of Health (NIH):
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/PubMed/
• e-prints in Physics, Mathematics, Computer Science, Quantitative Biology and Statistics,
by the Cornell University, Ithaca, USA: http://arxiv.org/
• OA Earth-prints repository, INGV, Italy http://www.earth-prints.org/ (mentioned above).
•
3. Building the electronic archive
Foreword
The delay in the submission of this deliverable was due to two factors: i) the importance to
experiment the structure of the archive (before its implementation); ii) the need to check the
most suitable software solutions among those already available.
As a trial to check on the philopsophy behind an electronic archive of historical earthquake
studies, two examples were partially implemented: a) on a national base, the “Inventario
degli studi macrosismici italiani” (Inventory of the Macroseismic studies for the Italian
territory), that is now a part of the Macroseismic Database for Italy (Stucchi et alii, 2007); b)
on a larger area, the world excluding Europe, in the framework of the IASPEI Working Group
“Historical Seismology” (Fig. 5).
Fig. 5 – Website of the IASPEI Working Group “Historical Seismology”
(http://emidius.mi.ingv.it/HISEIS/
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NA4 – D2 Electronic archive of historical earthquake studies, demo version
As for what the software is concerned, the first trial was on a DSpace-based solution.
DSpace is an open source software, which has been adopted by research institutions and
universities worldwide (see above). Its advantages are that it is a ready-to-use software,
widely spread in research environments, has different degrees of item access, and a
complete implementation with every possible option. Its drawbacks are overwhelming, and
they are summarised in the following: it is of difficult customisation, and difficult to update
when a bug is discovered; it was initially created for a university digital library, that has to
store thousands of items, with too many options and general complexity of the entire
archiving process. In all, it has excessive maintenance costs, especially in terms of
man/power, and last but not least the stored items were difficult to retrieve from the NA4
online Working File. The internal production of a software compatible with all the issues of
NA4 was then started, and caused the delay in the submission of this deliverable.
3.1 Identifying and retrieving the material, digitizing
The preparation of the list of the earthquake studies to be included in the electronic archive
followed two main directions: i) retrieving the studies directly quoted by the parametric
earthquake catalogues for each country or region; ii) searching for new, hitherto not
considered published and especially unpublished contributions on historical earthquakes,
with special reference to pre-1900 events.
The first activity was developed in strict connection with the compilation of NA4 Working File
(D1+D6). The second activity was partly carried out by the team of the responsible (INGVMI) and partly with the contribution of NA4 partners and collaborators.
Once identified, the material was retrieved by means of a painstaking activity of
bibliographical searches, visits to library catalogues (both in electronic version and directly in
the relevant libraries), contacts with European institutions dealing with historical seismicity
and with mere historical investigation also.
Some of the material was supplied by partners and collaborators already in digital format,
but for most of Europe the studies were available in hardcopy only. Such situation asked for
important efforts in organizing and digitizing the retrieved material, so that it might be
inventoried and stored electronically. This activity was carried out mainly at INGV-MI, and
resulted in the creation and link of about 4,000 scanned pages in .pdf format.
3.2 Actual contents
The electronic archive was built starting from the individual studies identified as preferred
roots for the Working File 1000-1750 (see D1+D6). It consists now of 236 different and fully
referenced items, 57 of which have simply been identified but not yet retrieved. Their list is
presented in Appendix 2.
A preliminary analysis on how the 149 different preferred roots contribute to the
comprehensive NA4 Working File (D1+D6), time-window 1000-1750 and with reference to
the 1291 earthquakes with Io>5, M>4.5 and the the 257 fakes is given in Table 1. The table
shows in what percentage their use is restricted by copyright.
Table 1 – Analysis of the 149 preferred studies/roots for the time-window 1000-1750
NA4 WF
1000-1750
preferred
studies/roots
% of copyr.
studies
% of
public studies
Earthquakes
Fakes
1291
257
115
59
68
63
32
37
Total
1548
149
65
35
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From this preliminary analysis, it appears as evident that the copyright and licensing
restrictions are the main obstacles to a widespread dissemination and public accessibility of
the electronic archive.
3.3 How NA4 electronic archive deals with copyright and licensing restrictions
As by now, the archive is NOT open to the public, but only accessible via password to a
selected list of users.
Notwithstanding, each item included in the archive is marked according to the relative status
of its copyright. This means that it relies upon each authorized user to respect the copyright
and licensing restrictions for each item.
Possible solutions to further open the archive to the public are listed below. It has to be
stressed that not even among NA4 partners was reached any agreement on some of them
(especially the last two, which imply to take actions to make the material really open to the
public).
Adopted solutions for copyrighted material are:
• items are accessible to the public according to different levels: i) open, no restrictions; ii)
semi-open, partial access respecting the copyright restraints; iii) restricted: authorized
users only
• partial reproduction within the allowed percentage (ranging from 15 to 30%)
• the authors themselves ask to the publishers for permission to modify their copyright
transfer agreement
• extensive use of metadata descriptors (abstract, reference list, possibly more data),
though this is a very time-consuming effort
3.4 The adopted software solution
As explained in the foreword to this section, the adopted software was one internally
developed by INGV-MI, and it has the following characteristics:
o advantages: specific needs can be implemented easily, accessing the stored
items from other internal developed software is easy, debugging is easier;
o drawbacks: a time-consuming development; complex archiving features, such as
those related to the indexing of the scanned material textual content;
The Open Access implementations consist of three parts:
• the core: an online multi-user database management system ("DBMS");
• a collection of files (PDFs) stored on the server file system;
• a web interface for managing data.
The online database contains a series of tables linking to each other all the information
describing the stored historical earthquake studies.
A number of the so called "meta data" (data about data) are kept:
• bibliography metadata: title, author, publisher, date of publication, references;
• copyright metadata: copyright owner, levels of delivering possibilities and limits;
• links metadata: links to the original study in electronic format and to web related
resources.
The online database engine can gather multiple transactions from multiple connections
together: in this way it can be accessed and manipulated simultaneously by many users at
the same time.
The collection of PDF files is kept in the server file-system and indexed for a faster research
from the web interface. The web interface is able to organize and index the content of the
core database. Simple queries can be done through metadata. The software uses a serverside scripting language that interacts with the online core database and produces web pages
in real-time.
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This demo version (Beta) offers the best interfacing possibilities with the comprehensive
NA4 Working File (D1+D6) and the European Macroseismic Database (D4).
4. How to use the electronic archive
The electronic archive is organised to respect the coherence and the links with the other
elements of the NA4 Distributed Archive.
At this stage, its access is limited to partners and collaborators, under the understanding and
the agreement that the material is in progress, partly confidential and, therefore, not to be
delivered outside the project.
The access is through the NA4 homepage, under Deliverable 2 – Electronic archive of
earthquake studies. To the authorized users, the first page showing is a table whose
contents is the same reported in Appendix 1 of this report (bar the Language column), as
shown in Fig. 6.
Fig. 6 – The opening page of the electronic archive.
Each column can be sorted simply by clicking on the grey triangle on top of it, for each of the
different parameters inserted in the archive. From left to right, the archive shows the short
citation of each root, the complete bibliographical reference, the language in which the root
was originally written, the copyright status and the availability of the item in the archive.
The “format” of the archive is shortly described in a table, located in a pop-up window that
opens clicking on the button in the upper part of the page (Fig. 7).
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Fig. 7 – The format of the electronic archive.
The metadata are at this stage still restricted to three only, namely author/s, editor/s and
year of publication (Fig. 8). This is a component still in progress, as metadata may be
increased to make the archive even more friendly and similar to the solutions mentioned in
the previous sections.
Fig. 8 – Metadata (right side of the screenshot, blue labelled columns)
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To access the items stored in the archive, the users should click on the “Short citation”. By
doing so, a pop-up window will appear, as shown in Fig. 9-a. From it, by clicking on the
sentence “In the NA4 Working File [...]”, the user will have access to the list of the
earthquakes to which this item is related, and thus be able to check the availability of the
electronic copy marked by @ in the column “PDF” (Fig. 9-b).
Fig. 9 – a) Selection of an individual item stored in the electronic archive.
Fig. 9 – b) Earthquakes for which the selected item is available in electronic format, marked
with @ in the column PDF.
By clicking on the @ the user will access to the electronic copy of the root, and decide
whether to open the .pdf or download it (Fig. 10).
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Fig. 10 – Open Access to the electronic copy of the root.
References
Fäh D. et al., 2003. Earthquake Catalogue Of Switzerland (ECOS) and the related
macroseismic database. Eclogae geol. Helv., 96, 219-236.
Guidoboni E., Ferrari G., Mariotti D., Comastri A., Tarabusi G. and Valensise G., 2007.
Catalogo dei forti terremoti 461 a.C.-1997. http://storing.ingv.it/cfti4med/
Scotti O., Baumont D., Quenet G., Levret A., 2004. The French macroseismic database
SISFRANCE: objectives, resultsand perspectives. Ann. Geophys., 47, 2-3, 571-595.
Stucchi et alii, 2007. DBMI04, il database delle osservazioni macrosismiche dei terremoti
italiani utilizzate per la compilazione del catalogo parametrico CPTI04.
http://emidius.mi.ingv.it/DBMI04/Quaderni di Geofisica, Vol 49, 38 pp.
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Appendices
Appendix 1 – Examples of recent (post 1990) earthquake studies
stored in NA4 electronic archive
Example of a study on an individual earthquake.
The study includes a list and a map of affected places
and relative macroseismic intensity
Schwarz-Zanetti G., Deichmann N., Fäh D., Masciadri V., Goll J., 2004. The earthquake in
Churwalden (CH) of September 3, 1295. Eclogae geol. Helv., 97, 255-264.
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Example of a study on many, different earthquakes.
In some cases the study includes a list+map of affected places
and macroseismic intensity.
Musson R.M.W., 2008. The seismicity of the British Isles to 1700, BGS Technical Report
OR/08/049.
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Example of a study on many, different earthquakes.
In some cases the study includes a list+map of affected places
and macroseismic intensity.
Guidoboni E. and Comastri A., 2005. Catalogue of earthquakes and tsunamis in the
Mediterranean area from the 11th to the 15th century. INGV-SGA, Bologna, 1037 pp.
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Example of a study on many, different earthquakes.
The study includes maps of affected places and relative macroseismic intensity.
Melville C.P., Levret A., Alexandre P., Lambert J. and Vogt J., 1996. Historical seismicity of
the Strait of Dover-Pas de Calais. Terra Nova, 8, 6, 626-647.
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Example of a study on an individual earthquake.
The study includes a map to locate affected places, but no macroseismic intensity.
Hammerl Ch., 1995. Das Erdbeben vom 4. Mai 1201. Mitteilungen des Instituts fur
Oesterreichische Geschichtsforschung, München, 103, 3-4, 350-368.
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Example of a study on many, different earthquakes.
The study includes some maps to locate affected places,
but no macroseismic intensity.
Ambraseys N.N. and Finkel C., 1995. The Seismicity of Turkey and adjacent areas. A
Historical Review, 1500-1800. Eren, Istanbul, 240 pp.
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Appendix 2 – List of the 236 different and fully referenced items inventoried
for the time-window 1000-1750
Short citation
Adhami, 1971
Ahorner et al.,
1970
Albini & Vogt,
1992
Albini & Vogt,
2008
Albini et al.,
1994a
Albini et al.,
1994b
Albini et al.,
2003
Albini, 1999
Albini, 2004
Albini, 2009ip
Alexandre et al.,
2008
Complete reference
Adhami S., 1971. Gjurmime rreth themelimit dhe
rindërtimzve kryesore të kalasë së Krujës (La fondation
de la citadelle de Kruje et ses principales
reconstructions).
Monumentet,
1,
pp.
87-101
(Résumé).
Ahorner L., Murawski H. and Schneider G., 1970. Die
Verbreitung von schadenverursachenden Erdbeben
auf dem Gebiet der Bundesrepublik Deutschland.
Versuch einer seismologischen Regionalisierung. Z.
Geophys. 36, 3, 313-343.
Albini P. and Vogt J., 1992. Landslide or earthquake?
Case histories from historical sources. In: E. Faccioli
and A. Pecker (eds.), Proceedings of the French-Italian
conference on Slope Stability in Seismic Areas,
Bordighera (Imperia), 11-24.
Albini P. and Vogt J., 2008. A glimpse into the
seismicity of the Ionian Islands between 1658 and
1664. In: J. Fréchet, M. Meghraoui, M. Stucchi (eds.),
Historical Seismology, 43-91.
Albini P., Bellettati D., Camassi R., Moroni A., Stucchi
M. and Zerga A. (eds.), 1994a. Revisione dei terremoti
di interesse per il territorio della Provincia di Trento.
Rapporto tecnico per la Provincia Autonoma di Trento,
IRRS-CNR, Milano, 210 pp.
Albini P., Ambraseys N.N. and Monachesi G., 1994b.
Materials for the investigation of the seismicity of the
Ionian Islands between 1704 and 1766. In: P. Albini
and A. Moroni (eds), Materials of the CEC project
"Review of Historical Seismicity in Europe", CNR,
Milano, vol. 2, 11-26.
Albini P., Migliavacca P. and Moroni A., 2003. Studio di
alcuni terremoti di intensità epicentrale moderata in
Italia settentrionale. Rapporto tecnico, INGV-MI, 58 pp.
+ appendices.
Albini P., 1999. Venetian documents on earthquakes
within and at the western borders of the Ottoman
Empire (17th-18th centuries). In: Zachariadou E. (ed),
Natural Disasters in the Ottoman Empire, Institute for
Mediterranean Studies, Halcyon Days in Crete III, A
Symposium Held in Rethymnon (Greece), 10-12
January 1997, 67-88.
Albini P., 2004. A survey of the past earthquakes in the
Eastern Adriatic (14th to early 19th century). Ann.
Geophys., 47, 2/3, 675-703.
Albini P., 2009ip. Studies in progress on earthquakes
in Bulgaria (1000-1750). NERIES NA4 Report, INGV,
Milano (in progress).
Alexandre P., Kusman D., Petermans T., Camelbeek
T., 2008. The 18 September 1692 Earthquake in the
Belgian Ardenne and its aftershocks. In: J. Fréchet, M.
Meghraoui, M. Stucchi (eds.), Historical Seismology,
209-230.
Availability
Copyright
null
copyright
null
copyright
full
copyright
full
copyright
full
public
full
copyright
full
public
full
copyright
full
copyright
partial
public
full
copyright
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Short citation
Alexandre, 1990
Alexandre, 1991
Alexandre, 1994
Ambraseys &
Fin., 1992
Ambraseys &
Fin., 1995
Ambraseys &
Fin., 1999
Ambraseys &
Mel., 1983
Ambraseys,
1985a
Ambraseys,
1994b
Ambraseys,
2001
Ambraseys,
2002
Anonym, 1720
Anonym, nd
Arch.Mac.GDT
FK, 1997
Arch.Mac.GNDT,
1995
Atanasiu, 1961
Babach. & Glav.,
2008
Complete reference
Alexandre P., 1990. Les séismes en Europe
occidentale de 394 à 1259. Nouveau catalogue
critique. Observatoire Royal de Belgique, Série
Geophysique, Bruxelles, 267 pp.
Alexandre P., 1991. The Seismic Cataclism of 29
March 1000: Genesis of a Mistake. Tectonophysics,
193, 45-52.
Alexandre P., 1994. Historical seismicity of the lower
Rhine and Meuse valleys from 600 to 1525: a new
critical review. Geologie en Mijnbouw, 73, 431-438.
Ambraseys N.N. and Finkel C., 1992. The seismicity of
the Eastern Mediterranean Region during the turn of
the Eighteenth Century. Istanbuler Mitteilungen, 42,
323-343.
Ambraseys N.N. and Finkel C., 1995. The Seismicity of
Turkey and adjacent areas. A Historical Review, 15001800. Eren, Istanbul, 240 pp.
Ambraseys N.N. and Finkel C., 1999. Unpublished
Ottoman archival information on the seismicity of the
Balkans during the period 1500-1800. In: Zachariadou
E. (ed), Natural Disasters in the Ottoman Empire,
Institute for Mediterranean Studies, Halcyon Days in
Crete III, A Symposium Held in Rethymnon (Greece),
10-12 January 1997, 89-107.
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