Studi Africanistici
Serie Etiopica
9
La Serie Etiopica è diretta da
Yaqob Beyene
Rodolfo Fattovich
Paolo Marrassini
Alessandro Triulzi
UNIVERSITÀ DEGLI STUDI DI NAPOLI “L’ORIENTALE”
DIPARTIMENTO ASIA, AFRICA E MEDITERRANEO
Studi Africanistici
Serie Etiopica
9
ÆTHIOPICA ET ORIENTALIA
STUDI IN ONORE DI
YAQOB BEYENE
A cura di
ALESSANDRO BAUSI - ANTONELLA BRITA - ANDREA MANZO
con la collaborazione di
CARMELA BAFFIONI - ERSILIA FRANCESCA
VOLUME I
NAPOLI 2012
© Copyright 2012 Università di Napoli “L’Orientale”
Dipartimento Asia, Africa e Mediterraneo
Piazza San Domenico 12, Pal.zo Corigliano
I-80134 Napoli
www.unior.it
ISBN 978-88-6719-026-3
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54
†1
†2
†3
Alessandro Bausi
ӂԺњ֓ тӽќԝҧ֓ ԊӚъ֓ ѢҒӛ֓ ӺԊд֓ ҢџՂъ֓ ӂԺ
ѝҤиы֓ кк֓ Ӓтԣ֓ ӺԊӚъд֓ Ӓԇњջ֓ ӺҲҒд֓ Ң
Ѳҗћ֔
֛֓ ѧяԈӇ֓ ԊҢѢяԚ֓ զ՗Ѡѧ֓ ѢҒӚ֓ кҗцџ֓ բ|Ӈ
՘Ӈ֓ Ӻҗцџ֓ ԺнҤԝ֓ Ӻкҗцџ֓ ѲբԨѴԝ֓ Ӻкҗц
џ֓ Ҕҥӄԝ֓ Ӻкҗцџ֓ ӔՕпԝ֓ Ӻкҗцџ֓ Ӓѧԝ֓ Ѣ
ҒӚ֓ ӺӇԾп֓ ӺӒԇњպ֓ җцџ֓ Ѡю֓ Ғъӽԇк֓ ӆѠӇ֓
ӇԻї֔ ӺӚъԏ֓ Ӓԇњպ֓ ӗӇԊ֓ ѿпѳп֓ џӗѣ֓ ӺӚ
ъԏ֓ ӒѧҢҒѿԈ֓ кӇԻї֓ ӗӇԊ֓ ԟҗр֓ ӔҧѧѲкӄ֓
Ӛъ֓ ӗԿԌӗԚ֓ ӺӚъԏ֓ ѢѲр֓ ѿпѿк֓ Ӻҗцџ֓
Ѡю֓ ѲҒѠ֔
Aa
ͧ126ra
Testes: ͩ Y ͧ Lips. Sch. Turn. Dolb. 1,1 ӂԺњ֓ ߑ 3 ҢѲҗћ֔] Sch. p. 164.1-2 (Index
apostolorum discipulorumque Domini Pseudo-Hippolyti, ms. D = Vat. gr. 1506); Turn. p. 63
(ms. Vat. gr. 1506; versio latina e ms. Veron. LI 49 non adhibetur) 2,1 ֛֓ ߑ 3,4 ѲҒѠ֔] Lips.
p. 44 (ms. Vatop. 853, 635 in Lips.); Turn. p. 63; Sch. p. 164.3-6; Dolb. p. 127, num. 25 (versio
latina e ms. Paris. lat. 4886)
1,1 ӂԺњ֓ тӽќԝҧ֓] ͩ; om. Yͧ | ԊӚъ֓ ߑ ҢџՂъ֓] ͩ; ԊӚъ֓ ҢџՂы֓
ӺѢҒӛ֓ Y; ԊӚъ֓ ѢҒӛ֓ ӺԊӚъ֓ ҢџՂы֓ ͧ 2 кк֓ ߑ ӺԊӚъд֓] ͩ; кк֓ ֛ӺԊ" Y;
кк֛ӺԊӚъԏд֓ ͧ | ҢѲҗћ֔] ͩY; "њ֓ ͧ 2,1 ֛֓] in m. ͩͧ; om. Y | ѧяԈӇ֓] ͩY;
զ՗Ѡѧ֓ ͧ | զ՗Ѡѧ֓] ͩY; Ӟս֓ ͧ | кҗцџ֓ բӇ՘Ӈ֓] ͩ; "њ֓ ըӇ՘ѧ֓ Y; "њ֓ բ" ͧ
2 Ӻҗцџ֓ ԺнҤԝ֓] ͩ; кҗцњ֓ Ժнҧԝ֓ Y; Ӻкҗцњ֓ Ժнҧԝ֓ ͧ | Ӻкҗцџ֓
ѲբԨѴԝ֓] ͩ; кҗцњ֓ ѲբԨѷԝ֓ Y; "њ֓ ѲզԨѷԝ֓ ͧ | Ӻкҗцџ֓2 ߑ 3 Ҕҥӄԝ֓] ͩ;
кҗцњ֓ ҔҥӇԝ֓ Y; "њ֓ ҔҥӇԝ֓ ͧ 3 Ӻкҗцџ֓ ӔՕпԝ֓] ͩ; кҗцњ֓ ӒՕ" Y;
"њ֓ ӒՕ" ͧ | Ӻкҗцџ֓ Ӓѧԝ֓] ͩ; кҗцњ֓ Ӗѧԝ֓ Y; "њ֓ ӗѧԝ֓ ͧ 4 ӺӇԾп֓] ͩ;
"к֓ Yͧ | җцџ֓ Ѡю֓] ͩ; җцњ֓ Ѡю֓ Y; Ғҗцњ֓ Ѡю֓ ͧ 3,1 Ӓԇњպ֓] ͩY; om.
ͧ | ѿпѳп֓] ͩͧ; ѿпѿп֓ Y 2 ӒѧҢҒѿԈ֓] ͩ; ӒѧҢҒѿԀ֓ Y; ӒѧҢҗѿԈ֓ ͧ
ԟҗр֓] ͩ; ԟҗп֓ Yͧ | ӔҧѧѲкӄ֓] ͩ; "ѷкӄ֓ Yͧ 3 ӗԿԌӗԚ֓] ͩͧ; ӒянӜԝ֓ (!) Y
ѢѲр֓] ͩY; ѧѷр֓ ͧ | ѿпѿк֓] ͩ; ѿпѿмҢ֓ Y; ѿпѳмҢ֓ ͧ | Ӻҗцџ֓ ߑ 4
Ѡю֓] ͩ; Ӻҗцњ֓ Ѡю֓ Yͧ 4 ѲҒѠ֔] ͩͧ; ҢѲҗњ֓ Y
1,2 ҢѲҗћ֔] ֔ et ad caput versus ͩ 2,5 ӇԻї֔] ֔ ͧ 3,4 ѲҒѠ֔] ֔ ͩYͧ; ad
caput versus ͩ
Una lista etiopica di apostoli e discepoli
Aa
55
Storia degli apostoli, di come predicarono, chi tradusse le
parole di ciascuno, come morirono e dove furono sepolti.
†1
1. Sem߇on, che fu chiamato ॊò‫ؾ‬ros, predicÑ per la terra di
ॊan‫ؾ‬on, la terra di Galàtiyà, per la terra di Qa‫ة‬adoqiyà, per la
terra di Bitàniyà, per la terra di ߈I‫ؾ‬àlyà, per la terra di ߈Asyà;
predicÑ il Vangelo e morË nella terra di Romò nei giorni del re
Nòron; morË in questo modo: con la testa capovolta, e implorÑ il
re dicendogli: ŠNon crocifiggermi come il mio Signoreš, e cosË
lo crocifisse capovolto e lo seppellË la terra di Romò.
†2
†3
Sigla: ͩ: codex unicus collectionis aksumiticae; Y: Ethiopian Manuscript Microfilm
Library 3515; ͧ: Paris, BibliothÇque Nationale de France, ¨thiopien 181; Lips.: R. A. Lipsius,
Die apokryphen Apostelgeschichten und Apostellegenden. ErgÃnzungsheft; Sch.: Th.
Schermann, Prophetarum Vitae Fabulosae Indices Apostolorum; Turn.: C. H. Turner, A
primitive edition; Dolb.: Fr. Dolbeau, Deux opuscules latins; Zuurm.: R. Zuurmond, Novum
Testamentum Aethiopice, Part I; add.: addit; em.: emendavit; in m.: in margine; lac.: lacuna;
n.l.: non liquet; om.: omittit; pr.: praemittit; s.l.: supra lineam
1,1
Storia ߑ 2 sepolti] ǐǕǍǠʌǚǑǕǞ Ǡ̇Ǚ ȣǜǛǟǠʔǗǥǙ ǐǕʋ ƷǗʐǘǑǙǠǛǞ ǠǛ˫Ǟ ȷǔǙǑǟǕ
ȣǜǛǟǠǍǗǑ˫ǟǍǕ Lips. p. 3; ƽǑǝʑǠ̇ǙǐʘǐǑǖǍȣǜǛǟǠʔǗǥǙȳǙǜǛʒǛǕǞǠʔǜǛǕǞȳǖʐǝǡǚǍǙǖǍʑȳǙǜǛʒǛǕǞ
ȳǠǑǗǑǕʘǔǓǟǍǙ in ms. D ad Sch. (Ps. Ipp.) p. 164.1-2, Turn. p. 63 2,1 Sem߇on] ͩͫ; ॊò‫ؾ‬ros ͧ;
ƿʒǘǥǙ Lips. p. 44, in ms. D ad Sch. (Ps. Ipp.) p. 164.3, Turn. p. 63 | ॊò‫ؾ‬ros] ͩͫ; Kòfà ͧ;
ƽʎǠǝǛǞ Lips. p. 44, in ms. D ad Sch. (Ps. Ipp.) p. 164.3, Turn. p. 63 2 ॊan‫ؾ‬on] ͩ; ॊon‫ؾ‬os ͫ;
ॊan‫ؾ‬os ͧ; ǜʔǙǠǥ Lips. p. 44; ȳǙƽʔǙǠ̅ Sch. (Ps. Ipp.) p. 164.3; ƽʔǙǠ̅ Turn. p. 63 | Galàtiyà]
ͩ; Galàtyà ͫͧ; ǏǍǗǍǠʒǍ Lips. p. 44; ưǍǗǍǠʒˌ Sch.(Ps. Ipp.) p. 164.3, Turn. p. 63 | Qa‫ة‬adoqiyà]
ͩ; Qa‫ة‬adoqyà ͫ; Qa‫ة‬òdoqyà ͧ; ǖǍǜǜǍǐǛǖʒǍ Lips. p. 44; ƷǍǜǜǍǐǛǖʒˌ Sch. (Ps. Ipp.) p. 164.3,
Turn.urn. p. 63 3 Bitàniyà] ͩ; Bitànyà ͫͧ; ǎǕǔǡǙʒǍ Lips. p. 44; ƯǕǔǡǙʒˌ Sch. (Ps. Ipp.) p.
164.3, Turn. p. 63 | ߈I‫ؾ‬àlyà] ͩ; ߈A‫ؾ‬àlyà ͫͧ; ǦǠǍǗʒǍ Lips. p. 44; ɗǠǍǗʒˌ Sch. (Ps. Ipp.) p. 164.3;
non habet Turn. p. 63 | ߈Asyà] ͩ; ߈ñsyà ͫ; ߈Esyà ͧ; ȣǟʒǍ Lips. p. 44; ȫǟʒˌ Sch. (Ps. Ipp.) p.
164.3, Turn. p. 63 5 Nòron ߑ 3,3 capovolto] ȳǜʑǙʎǝǥǙǛǟǟǠǍǡǝǛ˺ǠǍǕǖǍǠǍǖǑǢǍǗ˝ǟǍɫǠǛ˺
ǠǛ˺ǠǛȣǚǕʘǟǍǙǠǛǟ Lips. p. 44; ǛɰǠǥǞǍɫǠǛ˺ȣǚǕʘǟǍǙǠǛǞȳǜʑƺʎǝǥǙǛǞǟǠǍǡǝǛ˺ǠǍǕ in ms. D ad
Sch. (Ps. Ipp.) p. 164.6; ȳǜʑƺʎǝǥǛǙǛǞǟǠǍǡǝǛ˺ǠǍǕ Turn. p. 63 3,3 seppellË] ǖȣǖǑ˫ǔʌǜǠǑǠǍǕ
Lips. p. 44; ǖǍʑǔʌǜǠǑǠǍǕȳǖǑ˫ varia lectio ad Sch. (Ps. Ipp.) p. 164.6
56
†4
†5
†6
†7
†8
Alessandro Bausi
֜֓ ӗӇԧџԝѧ֓ ѢҒӚ֓ кҗцџ֓ ӒѧѲҤԝ֓ кѢҗӗ֓
ѢԺԤԝӇ֓ ӺкѢҗӒ֓ ѢѴѧ֓ ѢҒӚ֓ ӺӒԇњպ֓ Ғҗцџ֓ ե
՗ѝ֓ ԊӒӝԟԝ֔ |
֝֓ ԝԇѸҗ֓ ӺпԢ֓ ԊҗԦԀѧ֓ ѢҒӚ֓ кԂђџҢ֓ Ӻӟ
пӖң֓ Ӓԏэԧ֓ ԇҗѝӼԝӇ֓ ӺѲҢр֓ жѠԧѧ֓ ӇԻ
ї֓ Ғъ՗ҕҷ<ҧ>֓ ҒвԺџ֓ ӒѴ֓ ԊъџэџѶ֔
֞֓ ԠтӇѧ֓ ԊӒտѲѠ֓ ӗԿԌӗӂ֓ ӺӇԾнӼ֓ Ӓԇњպ֓
Ғҗцџ֓ ӖվѨӇ֔
֟֓ ռпըѧ֓ Ӓԇњպ֓ Ғҗцџ֓ տџԼԝ֓ ӺѲҒџԀ֓
ҒвԺџ֓ жѠըмѧ֓ Ғҗцџ֓ Ӓѧԝ֓ яѧк֓ Ӓџҕԇ֓ ԢӅԿ
п֓ ӒӽпԤг֔
֠֓ ҒџҢрюԀѧ֓ ѢҒӚ֓ кѢҗӗ֓ ӗӇԢӞ֓ ѢҒӚ֓ Ӻ
ӇԾп֓ ӺӒԇњպ֓ ҒӒпҕӅ֓ вԺџ֓ Ғяԧџ֓ зџюӇԝ֔
ͩ39rb
Testes: ͩ Y ͧ Lips. Sch. Turn. Dolb.
4,1 ֜֓ ߑ 3 ԊӒӝԟԝ֔] Lips. p. 31; Sch. p.
164.7-8; Turn. p. 63; Dolb. p. 127, num. 26 5,1 ֝֓ ߑ 3 ԊъџэџѶ֔] Lips. p. 79; Sch. p.
165.3-5; Turn. p. 63; Dolb. p. 127, num. 27
6,1 ֞֓ ߑ 2 ӖվѨӇ֔] Lips. p. 26; Sch. pp.
164.9-165.2; Turn. p. 63; Dolb. p. 127, num. 28 7,1 ֟֓ ߑ 3 ӒӽпԤг֔] Lips. p. 72; Sch. p.
165.6-7; Turn. p. 63; Dolb. p. 127, num. 29
8,1 ֠֓ ߑ 2 зџюӇԝ֔] Lips. p. 73; Sch. p.
165.8-10; Turn. p. 63; Dolb. pp. 127-128, num. 30
4,1 ֜֓] in m. ͩͧ; om. Y | кҗцџ֓ ӒѧѲҤԝ֓] ͩ; "њ֓ ӒѧѲ՗ԝ֓ Y; "њ֓
Ӓѧѵҧԝ֓ ͧ | кѢҗӗ֓ ߑ 2 ѢԺԤԝӇ֓] ͩ; кѢ" ѢԺԧԝӇ֓ Y; кѢҗӒ֓ ѢԽԧԝӇ֓ ͧ
2 ѢѴѧ֓] ͩͧ; ѧѴѧ֓ Y | Ғҗцџ֓ ߑ 3 ԊӒӝԟԝ֔] ͩ; җцњ֓ բҧѝ֓ Ԋӗӝ" Y; кҗцњ֓
բҧѝ֓ ԊӒ" ͧ 5,1 ֝֓] in m. ͩͧ; om. Y | ԊҗԦԀѧ֓] ͩͧ; ԐҗԦԀѧ֓ Y | кԂђџҢ֓ ߑ 2
Ӓԏэԧ֓] ͩ; к֤Ӻ֝ӒԏэԢ֓ Y; кӒԏэԢ֓ ͧ 2 ԇҗѝӼԝӇ֓] ͩY; "ѝӿ" ͧ | ӇԻї֓] ͩ;
om. Yͧ
3 Ғъ՗ҕҷ<ҧ>֓] conieci; Ғъ՗ҕҷҢ֓ ͩ; Ӻъ՗Ғчҧ֓ Y; къ՗ҕҷҧ֓ ͧ
ҒвԺџ֓ ߑ ԊъџэџѶ֔] ͩ; "њ֓ ӒѴ֓ ԊэџѴ֓ Yͧ 6,1 ֞֓] in m. ͩͧ; om. Y | ԊӒտѲѠ֓]
ͩY; "ѷѠ֓ ͧ | ӺӇԾнӼ֓] ͩͧ; ӺӇԾкӼ֓ Y 2 Ғҗцџ֓ ӖվѨӇ֔] "њ֓ ӖվѨӇ Yͧ
7,1 ֟֓] in m. ͩͧ; om. Y | ռпըѧ֓ Ӓԇњպ֓] ͧ; տпըѧ֓ Ӓԇњպ֓ Y; ੏੏੏੏ ੏੏੏੏ n.l.
ͩ | Ғҗцџ֓ տџԼԝ֓] ͩ; җцњ֓ տџԿԝ֓ Y; "њ֓ տџԿԝ֓ ͧ 2 ҒвԺџ֓ жѠըмѧ֓] ͩ;
вԺњ֓ жԠեмѧ֓ Y; "њ֓ цԠբмѧ֓ ͧ | Ғҗцџ֓ Ӓѧԝ֓] ͩ; ӺҒҗцњ֓ ӗѧԝ֓ Y; "њ֓
ӗѧԝ֓ ͧ | Ӓџҕԇ֓] ͩY; {֞}֓ s.l. em. ͧ 8,1 ֠֓] in m. ͩͧ; om. Y | кѢҗӗ֓ ӗӇԢӞ֓] ͩ;
4,3 ԊӒӝԟԝ֔] ֔ Yͧ; ad caput versus ͩ 5,3 ԊъџэџѶ֔] ֔ ͩYͧ; ad caput
versus ͩ 6,2 ӖվѨӇ֔] ֔ ͩYͧ; ad caput versus ͩ 7,3 ӒӽпԤг֔] ֔ ͩYͧ; ad caput
versus ͩ 8,2 зџюӇԝ֔] ֔ Yͧ; ad caput versus ͩ
4,1 ߈Enderyàs] ȫǙǐǝʎǍǞ Lips. p. 31, Sch. (Ps. Ipp.) p. 164.7, Turn. p. 63 | ߈Asqatiyà] ͩ;
߈Asqatyà ͫ; ߈Asqàtyà ͧ; ƿǖʖǔǍǕǞ Lips. p. 31, Sch. (Ps. Ipp.) p. 164.7, Turn. p. 63 2 Sagadiyàn]
Una lista etiopica di apostoli e discepoli
57
2. ߈Enderyàs predicÑ per la terra di ߈Asqatiyà, alle genti
Sagadiyàn, e predicÑ alle genti di Saqis; morË nella terra di ॊa‫ؾ‬rà
di ߈Akàyeyà.
†4
3. Yà߇qob figlio di Zabedòwos predicÑ alle dodici tribØ
ebraiche e lo uccise il re Hòrodes di spada nella citt¿ di ߈Aqi di
Marmàreqò.
†5
4. Yo‫׷‬annes, che nostro Signore amÑ, l߈evangelista, morË
nella terra di ߈ñfòson.
†6
5. File‫ة‬os morË nella citt¿ di Fregiyà e lo seppellirono nella
citt¿ di Hòro‫ة‬olis in terr¿ di ߈Asyà con le sue quattro figlie
vergini.
†7
6. Bartalomòwos predicÑ alle genti di ߈Endakò, predicÑ il
Vangelo e morË nella citt¿ di ߈Albànà, nella terra di Hermònyà.
†8
ͩ; Sagadyàn ͫ; Sagàdyàn ͧ; ƿǛǏǐǕǍǙǛ˫Ǟ Lips. p. 31; ɥǏǐǛǍǙǛ˫Ǟ in ms. D ad Sch. (Ps. Ipp.) p.
164.8, Turn. p. 63; Ogdiani: Dolb. p. 127, num. 25 | Saqis] ͩͧ; Seqis ͫ; ƿʌǖǍǕǞ Lips. p. 31, in
ms. D ad Sch. (Ps. Ipp.) p. 164.8, Turn. p. 63 | ॊa‫ؾ‬rà] ͩ; ॊatrà ͫͧ; ȳǙƽʌǠǝǍ Lips. p. 31; ȳǙ
ƽʌǠǝǍǕǞ Sch. (Ps. Ipp.) p. 164.8; non habet Turn. p. 63 3 ߈Akàyeyà] ͩͧ; ߈Ekàyeyà ͫ; Ǡ˝Ǟ
ȫǣǍ˪ǍǞ Lips. p. 31, Sch. (Ps. Ipp.) p. 164.8; non habet Turn. p. 63 5,1 Yà߇qob] ɗʌǖǥǎǛǞ Lips.
p. 79; ͹' ɗǥʌǙǙǑǞ ante ͺ' ‫΀ܹ܅‬Ώ͸΅Έ Sch. (Ps. Ipp.) pp. 164-165, sed ǏɗʌǖǥǎǛǞ ante ǐɗǥʌǙǙǑǞ
ponit ms. D ad Sch. (Ps. Ipp.) p. 164.9, Turn. p. 63 | Zabedòwos] ͩͧ; Zobedòwos ͫ; ɠǠǛ˺
ƳǑǎǑǐǍʒǛǡ Lips. p. 79, in ms. D ad Sch. (Ps. Ipp.) p. 165.4 (recte p. 165.3), Turn. p. 63 | alle ߑ 2
ebraiche] non habet Lips. p. 79; ȳǙǠ˞ɗǛǡǐǍʒˌ Sch. (Ps. Ipp.) p. 165.3; non habet Turn. p. 63
2 Hòrodes] ɬǜʓɈǝʘǐǛǡ Lips. p. 79, Sch. (Ps. Ipp.) p. 165.4, Turn. p. 63 | nella ߑ 3 Marmàreqò]
ȳǖǛǕǘʐǔǓȳǙȧǖǓ (sic) Ǡ˝ǞƹǍǝǘǍǝǕǖ˝Ǟ Lips. p. 79; ȳǖǛǕǘʐǔǓǐʍȳǙȫǖǑʑǘǠ˝ǞǘǍǝǘǍǝǕǖ˝Ǟ in ms.
D ad Sch. (Ps. Ipp.) p. 165.4-5, Turn. p. 63; in archa marmorica: Dolb. p. 127, num. 27
3 Marmàreqò] ͩ; Màreqi ͫͧ 6,1 Yo‫׷‬annes] ǐɗǥʌǙǙǑǞȳǙȫǟʒˌȳǚǛǝǕǟǔǑʑǞȳǙƽʌǠǘ̅ǐǕʋǠʓǙ
ǗʔǏǛǙǠǛ˺ǖǡǝʒǛǡǟǡǙʎǏǝǍǤǑǙ (ǟǡǙʎǏǝǍǤǑ Sch., Turn.) Ί݀ (om. Sch.) ǑɫǍǏǏʎǗǕǛǙ Lips. p. 26, in
ms. D ad Sch. (Ps. Ipp.) p. 164.9-10, Turn. p. 63 2 ߈ñfòson] ȳǙȹǢʎǟ̅ Lips. p. 26, Sch. (Ps.
Ipp.) p. 165.2; non habet Turn. p. 63 7,1 File‫ة‬os] ͧ; Fele‫ة‬os ͫ; ੏੏੏੏ n.l. ͩ; ǂʒǗǕǜǜǛǞ
Lips. p. 72, Sch. (Ps. Ipp.) p. 165.6, Turn. p. 63 | Fregiyà] ͩ; Fregyà ͫͧ; ȳǙǂǝǡǏʒˌ Lips. p. 72,
Sch. (Ps. Ipp.) p. 165.6, Turn. p. 63 2 Hòro‫ة‬olis] ͩ; Hòyo‫ة‬àlis ͫ; ‫׶‬òyo‫ة‬alis ͧ; ǠʎǔǍǜǠǍǕȳǙ
ɘǑǝǍǜʔǗǑǕǠ˝ǞȫǟʒǍǞ Lips. p. 72; ǟǠǍǡǝǛ˺ǠǍǕǖǍǠǍǖʎǢǍǗǍǠʎǔǍǜǠǍǕȳǙɘǑǝǍǜʔǗǑǕǠ˝ǞȫǟʒǍǞ in
ms. D ad Sch. (Ps. Ipp.) p. 165.6-7, Turn. p. 63 | ߈Asyà] ͩ; ߈Esyà ͫͧ | con ߑ 3 vergini] ǘǑǠʋ
Ǡ̇ǙǐǍɫǠǛ˺ǔǡǏǍǠʎǝǥǙ Lips. p. 72; non habent Sch. (Ps. Ipp.) p. 165, Turn. p. 63; cum filiabus
suis quiescit: Dolb. p. 127, num. 29.3 8,1 Bartalomòwos] ƯǍǝǔǛǗǛǘǍ˫ǛǞ Lips. p. 73, Sch. (Ps.
Ipp.) p. 165.8, Turn. p. 63 | ߈Endakò] ͩ; Hendakò ͫͧ; ɗǙǐǛ˫Ǟ Lips. p. 73, Sch. (Ps. Ipp.) p.
165.8, Turn. p. 63 | predicÑ2 ߑ 2 Vangelo] ɠǞǖǍʑǠʓǖǍǠʋƹǍǠǔǍ˫ǛǙǑɫǍǏǏʎǗǕǛǙǍɫǠǛ˫ǞǐʎǐǥǖǑǙ
Lips. p. 73; ǛɖǞ ǖǍʑ Ǡʓ ǖǍǠʋ ƹǍǠǔǍ˫ǛǙ ǑɫǍǏǏʎǗǕǛǙ ǍɫǠǛ˫Ǟ ǐʎǐǥǖǑǙ ǜǝʓ Ǡ˝Ǟ ǟǢǍǏ˝Ǟ ȳǖǐǍǝǔǑʑǞ
ʀǟǜǑǝ ǔʐǗǍǚ ǖǍʑ ȷǜǑǕǠǍ ǜǍǝǍǠǛǘǓǔǑʑ ɼǞ ɠ ƽǍ˺ǗǛǞ in ms. D ad Sch. (Ps. Ipp.) p. 165.8-10,
Turn. p. 63 2 ߈Albànà] ȳǙȫǗǎǍǙǥǜʔǗǑǕ Lips. p. 73; non habet Turn. p. 63; ȳǙȫǗǗǍǙ̈ Sch.,
cum variis lectionibus ȫǎǗǍǙ̈ ȫǗǍǏ̈ ȫǗǍǙ̈ ȫǗǎǍǙ̈ ad Sch. (Ps. Ipp.) p. 165.10; in
58
†9
† 10
† 11
Alessandro Bausi
֡֓ Ҩэѧ֓ ѢҒӚ֓ ӺӇԾп֓ Ғҗцџ֓ սџѧ֓ кчԏҗ֓
բњҥԝ֓ Ӻкчԏҗ֓ սџѧ֓ Ӻкчԏҗ֓ эԥԟ֓ Ӻк
чԏҗ֓ Ѳ|џэӃѧ֓ Ӻкчԏҗ֓ ӺџѵӇѧ֓ Ӻкчԏҗ֓ Ғѳ
Փџѧ֓ ӺӒԇњպ֓ ҒвԺџ֓ чкҧ֓ ԊӗӇԢӞ֔ |
֢֓ эҦԀѧ֓ ѢҒӚ֓ ӺӇԾп֓ ҒӂԺњ֓ ԇҗѝӼԝӇ֓ Ӻ
Ӓԇњպ֓ ҒвԺџ֓ ӔԚћԝ֓ Ғҗцџ֓ սџѧ֔
֣֓ эџѸѧ֓ ѢҒӚ֓ ӺӇԾп֓ Ғҗцџ֓ ӗкӚѢӇԧџԝ֓
ӺҒҗцџ֓ Կҗկ֓ ӺӒԇњպ֓ ҒӒпӟѢӇԧџԝ֓ Ғъӝӂ֓
ѵդ՘Ӈ֓ ӺѲҒџԀ֓ ҒъӝӇ֓ Ԋѧы֓ Ғѳл֓ ҒъџՓџ֓
Ԋтӂժ֓ кџӗѣ֓ яѧк֓ Ӕѳ՘џ֓ Ѣэԇҧ֓ ԊҧӛӇ֓
ͧ126rb
ͩ39va
Ab
Testes: ͩ Y ͧ Lips. Sch. Turn. Dolb. 9,1 ֡֓ ߑ 4 ԊӗӇԢӞ֔] Lips. p. 25; Sch. p.
166.1-4; Turn. p. 63; Dolb. p. 128, num. 31
10,1 ֢֓ ߑ 2 սџѧ֔] Lips. p. 76; Sch. p.
165.11-12; Turn. p. 63; Dolb. p. 128, num. 32 11,1 ֣֓ ߑ 12,3 եեѥҧ֔] Lips. p. 82, etiam
Dolb. p. 88; Sch. p. 116 (Epiphanii Textus); Dolb. p. 129, num. 38
"Ӓ֓ зӇԢӞ֓ Y; кҗцњ֓ зӇԢӞ֓ ͧ | ӺӇԾп֓] ͩ; "к֓ Yͧ 2 Ғяԧџ֓ зџюӇԝ֔] ͩ;
Ғяԧњ֓ зџюӇԝ֓ Yͧ
9,1 ֡֓] in m. ͩͧ; om. Y | ӺӇԾп֓] ͩ; "к֓ Yͧ | Ғҗцџ֓ սџѧ֓] ͩ; "њ֓ ջџѧ֓
Y; кҗцњ֓ ս" ͧ | кчԏҗ֓ ߑ 2 բњҥԝ֓] ͩ; Ӻкч" բѝҧԝ֓ Y; "Ғ֓ բѝҧԝ֓ ͧ
2 Ӻкчԏҗ֓ սџѧ֓] ͩ; ӺчԏҒ֓ ս" Y; "Ғ֓ ս" ͧ | Ӻкчԏҗ֓ эԥԟ֓] ͩ; "Ғ֓ ьԢԟ֓ Y;
"Ғ֓ юԢԟ֓ ͧ | Ӻкчԏҗ֓3 ߑ 3 ѲџэӃѧ֓] ͩY; "Ғ֓ Ѳ" ͧ 3 Ӻкчԏҗ֓ ӺџѵӇѧ֓] ͩ;
"Ғ֓ ӺџѲѧ֓ Y; "Ғ֓ ӺџѵӇ֓ ͧ | Ӻкчԏҗ֓ ҒѳՓџѧ֓] ͩ; "Ғ֓ Ѷ՗ћѧ֓ Y; "Ғ֓
ѴՓџѧ֓ ͧ
4 ҒвԺџ֓ ߑ ԊӗӇԢӞ֔] ͩ; "њ֓ ч" зӇԢӞ֓ Y; "њ֓ ч" ӺԊзӇԢӞ֓ ͧ
10,1 ֢֓] in m. ͩͧ; om. Y | ӺӇԾп֓] ͩ; "к֓ Yͧ
2 ҒвԺџ֓ ӔԚћԝ֓] ͩ; вԺњ֓
ӔԚћѢоя֓ Y; "њ֓ ӔԚћѥоя֓ ͧ | Ғҗцџ֓ սџѧ֔] ͩ; җцњ֓ ջ" Y; "њ֓ ս" ͧ
11,1 ֣֓] in m. ͩͧ; om. Y | эџѸѧ֓] Yͧ; ԝԇѸҗ֓ ͩ | ӺӇԾп֓] ͩ; "к֓ Yͧ | Ғҗцџ֓
ӗкӚѢӇԧџԝ֓] ͩ; җцњ֓ ӗк֓ ӗѧӟӇԧџԝ֓ Y; кҗцњ֓ ӗкӗѧӟӇԧџԝ֓ ͧ
2
ӺҒҗцџ֓ ߑ ҒӒпӟѢӇԧџԝ֓] ͩ; (per homoeoteleuton) om. Y; кҗцњ֓ Կҗշ֓
ӺӒԇњպ֓ ҒӗкѧӟӇԧџԝ֓ ͧ | Ғъӝӂ֓ ߑ 3 ѵդ՘Ӈ֓] ͩ; "Ӈ֓ ѲՔӇ֓ Y; Ғъ" Ѳդ՘Ӈ֓
ͧ 3 Ғѳл֓ ҒъџՓџ֓] ͩ; Ғѿл֓ ҒъџՓп֓ Y; Ғѳл֓ ҒъџՓп֓ ͧ 4 Ӕѳ՘џ֓]
ͩ; ӓѳՓџ֓ Y; ӓѳ՘џ֓ ͧ | ԊҧӛӇ֓] ͩ; ҧӛӇ֓ Yͧ
9,4 ԊӗӇԢӞ֔] ֔ ͩYͧ; ad caput versus ͩ 10,1 ӺӇԾп֓] ֖ ͩ 2 սџѧ֔] ֔ ͩYͧ;
ad caput versus ͩ
Albano: Dolb. p. 128, num. 30 | Hermònyà] Ǡ˝ǞǘǑǏʌǗǓǞȫǝǘǑǙʒǍǞ Lips. p. 73, Sch. (Ps. Ipp.) p.
165.10; non habet Turn. p. 63
9,1 Tomàs] ǒƹǍǠǔǍ˫ǛǞ ante ǓƵǥǘˎǞ Sch. (Ps. Ipp.) pp. 165-166, sed ǒƵǥǘˎǞ ante Ǔ
Una lista etiopica di apostoli e discepoli
Ab
59
7. Tomàs predicÑ il Vangelo nella citt¿ di Fàrs al popolo di
ॊaratayà, al popolo di Fàrs, al popolo dei Màdày, al popolo di
Qarmànus, al popolo di Warqànes, al popolo di Baqu‫ؾ‬ures, e
morË nella citt¿ di ‫׶‬ellat di ߈Endakò.
†9
8. Màtòwos predicÑ il Vangelo nella lingua degli Ebrei e
morË nella citt¿ di ߈Iyaruyà nella terra dei Fàrs.
† 10
9. Màrqos predicÑ il Vangelo nella terra di ߈Elakasanderyà
e nella terra di Geb‫ ص‬e morË ad ߈Aleksanderyà nel luogo di
Qà‫ة‬i‫ؾ‬on; lo seppellirono nel luogo il cui nome Ç Baqulu, nel
sacello che costruË per sÈ con il martire ߈Iqu‫ؾ‬or, che fosse nella
† 11
ƹǍǠǔǍ˫ǛǞ ponit ms. D ad Sch. (Ps. Ipp.) p. 164.10, Turn. p. 63; cf. etiam Lips. p. 3 | Fàrs] ͩͧ;
Furs ͫ; non habent Sch. (Ps. Ipp.), Turn. p. 63 2 ॊaratayà] ͩ; ॊaràtyà ͫͧ; ƽʌǝǔǛǕǞ Lips. p.
25, Turn. p. 63; ȳǙ ƽʌǝǔǛǕǞ Sch. (Ps. Ipp.) p. 166.1; Partis: Dolb. p. 128, num. 31 | Fàrs]
ƽʎǝǟǍǕǞ Lips. p. 25; ȳǙƽʎǝǟǍǕǞ Sch. (Ps. Ipp.) p. 166.1; non habet Turn. p. 63; Persis: Dolb. p.
128, num. 31 | Màdày] ͩ; Midày ͫ; Mòday ͧ; ƹʐǐǛǕǞ Lips. p. 25, Sch. (Ps. Ipp.) p. 166.1,
Turn. p. 63; Medis: Dolb. p. 128, num. 31 3 Qarmànus] ƷǍǝǘǍǙǛ˫Ǟ Lips. p. 25, in ms. D ad
Sch. (Ps. Ipp.) p. 166.1, Turn. p. 63; non habet Dolb. p. 128, num. 31 | Warqànes] ͩ; Warqas ͫ;
Warqàn ͧ; ƼɫǝǎǍǙǛ˫Ǟ Lips. p. 25; ɴǝǖǍǙǛ˫Ǟ Sch. (Ps. Ipp.) p. 166.1, Turn. p. 63; Ircanisque:
Dolb. p. 128, num. 31 | Baqu‫ؾ‬ures] ͩ; Qò‫ؾ‬erus ͫ; Qi‫ؾ‬ures ͧ; ƯʌǖǠǝǛǕǞ Lips. p. 25, Turn. p. 63;
ƯǍǖǠǝǛ˫Ǟ Sch. (Ps. Ipp.) p. 166.2; Bactrianis: Dolb. p. 128, num. 31 4 ‫׶‬ellat] ‫׷‬ellat pro ‫׽‬ellat,
i.e. canna, harundo, cf. Dillmann, Lex. c. 574, ideoque a ǖǍǗʌǘǓ suspicor; ȳǙǜʔǗǑǕƷǍǗǍǘʒǙ˛
Lips. p. 25; ȳǙ ǜʔǗǑǕ ƷǍǗǍǘǓǙ˞ Sch. (Ps. Ipp.) p. 166.3; non habet Turn. p. 63; in Calamia:
Dolb. p. 128, num. 31 | ߈Endakò] ͩ; Hendakò ͫͧ; Ǡ˝ǞɗǙǐǕǖ˝Ǟ Lips. p. 25, Sch. (Ps. Ipp.) p.
166.3; non habet Turn. p. 63; Indis: Dolb. p. 128, num. 31 10,1 Màtòwos] ƹǍǠǔǍ˫ǛǞ Lips. p.
76, Sch. (Ps. Ipp.) p. 165.11, Turn. p. 63
2 ߈Iyaruyà] ͩ; ߈Iyarusalòm ͫ; ߈Iyarusàlòm ͧ;
ȳǖǛǕǘʐǔǓ ǑɏǞ ˹Ǒ Ǒɏ (sic) Ǡ˝Ǟ ƽǍǝǔʒǍǞ Lips. p. 76; ɘǑǝǛǡǟǍǗʐǘ ǖǍʑ ȳǖǛǕǘʐǔǓ ȳǙ ɘǑǝǑʒǑǕ Ǡ˝Ǟ
ƽǍǝǔʒǍǞ Sch. (Ps. Ipp.) p. 165.12; ƿǕʘǙ in ms. D ad Sch. (Ps. Ipp.) p. 165.11, Turn. p. 63; ɘǑǝʎǦ
ɘǑǝʎǓɘǑǝʎǑǕ variae lectiones ad Sch. (Ps. Ipp.) p. 165.12 | Fàrs] ͩͧ; Furs ͫ; Ǡ˝ǞƽǍǝǔʒǍǞ
Lips. p. 76, Sch. (Ps. Ipp.) p. 165.12; non habet Turn. p. 63 11,1 Màrqos] ͫͧ; Yà߇qob ͩ;
ƹʌǝǖǛǞ Lips. p. 82; Sch. (Epiph.) p. 116.6 et p. 116.14; non habet Turn. | ߈Elakasanderyà] ͩ;
߈Ella ߈Eskenderyà ͫ; ߈Ella߈eskenderyà ͧ; (ƮɏǏǡǜǠʒǛǕǞ ǖǍʑ) ȫǗǑǚǍǙǐǝǑ˺ǟǕǙ Lips. p. 82;
ȫǗǑǚǍǙǐǝǑʒǍǞ Sch. (Epiph.) p. 116.6; ȫǗǑǚǍǙǐǝǑ˺ǟǕ Sch. (Epiph.) p. 116.14; non habet Turn.
2 Geb‫ ]ص‬ƮɏǏǡǜǠʒǛǕǞ (ǖǍʑȫǗǑǚǍǙǐǝǑ˺ǟǕǙ) Lips. p. 82; ȣǜʓƮɏǏʖǜǠǛǡ Sch. (Epiph.) p. 116.8; non
habet Turn. | ߈Aleksanderyà] ͩ; (per homoeoteleuton) om. ͫ; ߈Ellaskenderyà ͧ; ȳǙƮɏǏʖǜǠ̅
Lips. p. 82; ȳǙ ȫǗǑǚǍǙǐǝǑʒˌ Sch. (Epiph.) p. 116.9; Sch. (Epiph.) p. 116.16; non habet Turn.
3
Qà‫ة‬i‫ؾ‬on] ͩ; Qà‫ؾ‬in ͫ; Qa‫ة‬i‫ؾ‬on ͧ; ǛɏǖʐǟǍǞ ȳǙ ǠǛ˫Ǟ ƷǍǜʒǠǥǙǛǞ Lips. p. 82; ȸǥǞ Ǡ̇Ǚ
ǖǍǗǛǡǘʎǙǥǙ ȫǏǏʎǗǥǙ Sch. (Epiph.) p. 116.11; non habet Turn.; in Capitonis: Dolb. p. 129,
num. 38 | Baqulu] ͩͧ; Baqwelu ͫ; ȳǙ ȫǗǑǚǍǙǐǝʒˌ ȳǙ ǠǛ˫Ǟ ƯǛǡǖʔǗǛǡ Lips. p. 82; ȳǙ ǠǛ˫Ǟ
ƯǛǡǖʔǗǥǙ Sch. (Epiph.) p. 116.16; non habet Turn.; in Bucolis: Dolb. p. 129, num. 38
4 sacello] mar‫ؾ‬ur ͩ; mar‫ؾ‬ul ͫͧ; Ǡ̈ǘǍǝǠǡǝʒ̅ Lips. p. 82; non habet Turn. | ߈Iqu‫ؾ‬or] ͩ; ߈Uqu‫ؾ‬ur
ͫ; ߈Uqu‫ؾ‬or ͧ; ǘǑǠʋ Ƽɫ˪ǖǠǛǝǛǞ ̲ ǜǝǥǠǛǘʌǝǠǡǝǛǞ Lips. p. 82; ǘǑǠʋ ɛǖǠǍǝǛǞ ̲
ǜǝǥǠǛǘʌǝǠǡǝǛǞ Sch. (Epiph.) p. 116.16-17; non habet Turn.; cum Victore: Dolb. p. 129, num.
38
60
† 12
† 13
† 14
† 15
Alessandro Bausi
ҒвԺџ֓ кѸӇ֔ ӺњӚҘ֓ ӗкӟѧӇԧѠѧ֓ ӇԻї֓ Ӓԇկя
Ҥг֓ ҒвԺџ֓ лѸӇ֓ ӺӒӿњԨ֓ ӒԇկяҤг֓ ҒвԺџ֓
ӗпӟѧӇԧџԝ֓ ӺѲҒѠ֓ яѧк֓ ҦԀӅ֓ мѲ֓ եեѥҧ֔
֤֓ ԝԇѸҗ֓ ӺпԢ֓ ӗпտԠѧ֓ Ӓԇњպ֓ ԊѲҢпԀ֓ Ӓ
ԟгԧ֓ ҒѐԿџҢ֓ ӗҗӇ֓ ҒӔԚћѥоя֓ ӺӿѧҢ֓ еԺ
ѝ֓ ѲҒџԀ֓ ѷћҒ֓ яӧѝҗ֔
֤֛֓ ҥԦԀѧ֓ ԊҢѢяԚ֓ ԟгԥ֓ ҒеԺњ֓ ӖԦѧԝ֓ |
ӺҒҗцџ֓ ъѢբ՘ъԝ֓ ѢҒӚ֓ ӺӇԾп֓ Ғъӽԇк֓ Ӓӿ
ԽѠѧ֓ ӇԻї֓ ӖԨѥѧ֓ ӺѲҒџԀ֓ ҒвԺџ֓ Ҕџ՘ѧ֔
֤֜֓ ѤѐӇ֓ ӺпԢ֓ ѲоԀե֓ ӗяԧҷњ֓ ԝԇѸҗ֓ խ
ԧѲ֓ іяԀ֓ բբѧ֓ кӔԚћѥоя֓ Ӻӧл֓ ъӽԇк֓ ч
ԟӺң֓ <੏੏੏> ԅъҧ֓ ӺѢѲпԀ֓ Ғъӽԇк֓ Ӓ՗џԝӈ
ѧ֓ ӇԻї֓ ҒвԺњ֓ ӔԚћѥоя֔ |
Ac
ͩ39vb
ͧ126va
Testes: ͩ Y ͧ Lips. Sch. Turn. Dolb. 13,1 ֤֓ ߑ 3 яӧѝҗ֔] Lips. p. 80; Sch. p.
166.5-7; Turn. p. 63; Dolb. p. 128, num. 33 14,1 ֤֛֓ ߑ 3 Ҕџ՘ѧ֔] Lips. p. 78; Sch. p.
166.8-9; Turn. p. 63; Dolb. p. 128, num. 35 15,1 ֤֜֓ ߑ 4 ӔԚћѥоя֔] Lips. p. 77; Sch. p.
166.10-12; Turn. p. 64; Dolb. p. 128, num. 34
5 ҒвԺџ֓ кѸӇ֔] ͩ; "њ֓ рѸӇ֓ Y; "њ֓ нѸӇ֓ ͧ 12,1 ӗкӟѧӇԧѠѧ֓] ͩ; ӗк֓
ӗѧӟӇԧѠѧ֓ Y; ӗкѧӟӇԧѠѧ֓ ͧ
2 ҒвԺџ֓ лѸӇ֓] (om. ͧ); ͩ; "њ֓ рѸӇ֓ Y
ҒвԺџ֓1 ߑ ӒԇկяҤг֓] om. ͧ | ӺӒӿњԨ֓ ߑ 3 ӗпӟѧӇԧџԝ֓] om. Y | ҒвԺџ֓2 ߑ 3
ӗпӟѧӇԧџԝ֓] (om. Y); ͩ; "њ֓ ӗкѧӟӇԧџԝ֓ ͧ 3 яѧк֓] ͩY; om. ͧ 13,1 ֤֓] in m.
ͩͧ; om. Y 2 ҒѐԿџҢ֓] ͩ; ҒӿԿњҢ֓ Y; ҒѐԺџҢ֓ ͧ | еԺѝ֓] ͩͧ; "џ֓ Y 3 ѷћҒ֓]
Yͧ; "җ֓ ͩ | яӧѝҗ֔] ͩY; яӛѝҒ֓ ͧ 14,1 ֤֛֓] in m. ͩͧ; om. Y 2 ӺҒҗцџ֓
ъѢբ՘ъԝ֓] ͩ; "њ֓ Ӻѥ՘яԝ֓ Y; "њ֓ ъѧը՘яԝ֓ ͧ | ӺӇԾп֓] ͩ; "к֓ Yͧ
ӒӿԽѠѧ֓] ͩͧ; ӒӿԿԠѧ֓ Y 3 ӇԻї֓ ӖԨѥѧ֓] ͩͧ; ӇԻї֓ Ӗԥѧѧ֓ Y | ҒвԺџ֓
Ҕџ՘ѧ֔] ͩ; "њ֓ Ҕџ՘ѧ֓ Yͧ 15,1 ֤֜֓] in m. ͩͧ; om. Y | ѤѐӇ֓] ͩ; ѧяԈӇ֓ Y;
ӅҧӅӖп֓ ͧ | ѲоԀե֓] ͩ; ѵк֓ Ԡբ֓ Y; ѲкԠե֓ ͧ | ӗяԧҷњ֓] ͩY; Ӻӗ" ͧ | խԧѲ֓]
ͩY; "ѷ֓ ͧ 2 բբѧ֓] ͩY; եեѧ֓ ͧ | кӔԚћѥоя֓] ͩͧ; "Ѣоя֓ Y | Ӻӧл֓] ͩY;
Ӻӧры֓ ͧ 3 <੏੏੏>] lacunam suspicor | ԅъҧ֓] ͩ; Ӻԅъң֓ Yͧ; ֪߃ add. ͧ
Ӓ՗џԝӈѧ֓] ͩY; ӒӇ՗џ" ͧ 4 ҒвԺњ֓ ӔԚћѥоя֔] ͩ; ֦вԺњ֓ ӔԚ" Y; вԺњ֓ ӔԚ" ͧ
11,5
кѸӇ֔] ֔ ͧ
12,3
мѲ֓ եեѥҧ֔] ֔ ͩYͧ; ad caput versus ͩ
13,3 яӧѝҗ֔] ֔ ͩYͧ; ad caput versus ͩ 14,3 Ҕџ՘ѧ֔] ֔ ͩYͧ; ad caput versus ͩ
15,4 ӔԚћѥоя֔] ֔ ͩY; ad caput versus ͩ
Una lista etiopica di apostoli e discepoli
Ac
61
citt¿ di Laqon; il re ߈Elaksenderos trovÑ le sue ossa nella citt¿ di
Luqon, e fece scendere le sue ossa nella citt¿ di ߈Eleksenderyà e
lo seppellË con il patriarca Tòwonà.
† 12
10. Yà߇qob figlio di ߈Elfyos morË ucciso dai Giudei per
lapidazione a ߈Iyarusàlòm e nella sua citt¿ lo seppellirono vicino
al Tempio.
† 13
11. Tàdòwos, che fu chiamato Yehudà, nella citt¿ di
߈ñdòsyàe nella terra di Masa‫ة‬a‫ؾ‬omayà predicÑ il Vangelo nei
giorni di ߈Awgàros re di ߈ñdossàs e lo seppellirono a Bire‫ؾ‬os.
† 14
12. Simon figlio di Qalòwo‫ة‬à dopo Yà߇qob il giusto lo
nominarono ‫ة‬à‫ة‬às per ߈Iyarusàlòm e tutti i giorni della sua vita
(furono di) <੏੏੏> anni; lo crocifissero nei giorni del re
߈A‫ؾ‬ryànos nella citt¿ di ߈Iyarusàlòm.
† 15
5 Laqon] ͩ; Loqon ͫ; Làqon ͧ; ȳǙ Ǡ˞ Ƹǡǖ̇Ǚ Lips. p. 82; ǠǛ˺ ȳǙ Ǡ˞ Ƹʖǖ̅ Sch.
(Epiph.) p. 116.17; non habet Turn.; in Tico: Dolb. p. 129, num. 38 12,1 ߈Elaksenderos] ͩ;
߈Ella ߈Eskenderos ͫ; ߈Ellaskenderos ͧ; ɤǙȫǗʎǚǍǙǐǝǛǞǖǍǠʐǙǑǏǖǑǙ Lips. p. 82, Sch. (Epiph.) p.
116.17; non habet Turn.
2 Luqon] (om. ͧ); ͩ; Loqon ͫ | ߈Eleksenderyà] (om. ͫ); ͩ;
߈Ellaskenderyà ͧ | e2 ߑ 3 Tòwonà] ȷǙǔǍǖǍʑǜʌǙǠǑǞǛɐȳǜʒǟǖǛǜǛǕǖǑ˫ǙǠǍǕǛɐǜǝʓƵǑǥǙˎ Lips. p.
82; ȷǙǔǍǜʌǙǠǑǞǛɐȳǜʒǟǖǛǜǛǕǖǑ˫ǙǠǍǕ Sch. (Epiph.) p. 116.18; non habet Turn.; <ubi> et omnes
episcopi iacent qui ante Theonem fuerunt: Dolb. p. 129, num. 38 13,1 Yà߇qob] ɗʌǖǥǎǛǞ Lips.
p. 80, Sch. (Ps. Ipp.) p. 166.5, Turn. p. 63 | ߈Elfyos] ȫǗǢǍʒǛǡ Lips. p. 80, Sch. (Ps. Ipp.) p.
166.5, Turn. p. 63 2 ߈Iyarusàlòm] ȳǙɘǑǝǛǟǛǗʖǘǛǕǞ Lips. p. 80, in ms. D ad Sch. (Ps. Ipp.) p.
166.5, Turn. p. 63 14,1 Tàdòwos] ƵǍǐǐǍ˫ǛǞ Lips. p. 78, in ms. D ad Sch. (Ps. Ipp.) p. 166.8,
Turn. p. 63 | Yehudà] ɠǖǍʑƸǑǎǎǍ˫ǛǞǖǍʑɗǛʖǐǍǞ Lips. p. 78, Turn. p. 63; ɠǖǍʑƸǑǎǎǍ˫ǛǞɠǖǍʑ
ɗǛʖǐǍǞ Sch. in ms. D ad Sch. (Ps. Ipp.) p. 166.8
2 ߈ñdòsyà] ƮɏǐǑǟǟǓǙǛ˫Ǟ Lips. p. 78;
ƮɏǐǑǟǕǙǛ˫Ǟ Sch. (Ps. Ipp.) p. 166.8; ȹǐǑǟǟǓǙǛ˫Ǟ in ms. D ad Sch. (Ps. Ipp.) p. 166.8; ȹǐǑǟǓǙǛ˫Ǟ
Turn. p. 63 | Masa‫ة‬a‫ؾ‬omayà] ͩ; Wasà‫ؾ‬omyà ͫ; Mase‫ة‬o‫ؾ‬omyà ͧ; ƹǑǟǛǜǛǠǍǘʒˌ Lips. p. 78,
Turn. p. 63; ƹǑǟǛǜǛǠǍǘǑʒˌ Sch. (Ps. Ipp.) p. 166.8
3 ߈Awgàros] ͩͧ; ߈Awgyos ͫ; ȳǜʑ
ȫǎǏʌǝǛǡ Lips. p. 78, Turn. p. 63; ȳǜʑ ƮɫǏʌǝǛǡ in ms. D ad Sch. (Ps. Ipp.) p. 166.9; sub ߑ
Augaro: Dolb. p. 128, num. 35 | ߈ñdossàs] ͩͧ; ߈ñdàsses ͫ; ǎǍǟǕǗʎǥǞƮɏǐǑǟǟǓǙ̇Ǚ Lips. p. 78;
ǎǍǟǕǗʎǥǞ ȹǐǑǟǟǓǙ̇Ǚ in ms. D ad Sch. (Ps. Ipp.) p. 166.9; ǎǍǟǕǗʎǥǞ ȹǐǑǟǓǙ̇Ǚ Turn. p. 63
Bire‫ؾ‬os] ͩ; Bire‫ؾ‬os ͫͧ; ȳǙƯǓǝʖǠ̅ Lips. p. 78; ȳǙƯǑǝǕǠ̈ in ms. D ad Sch. (Ps. Ipp.) p. 166.9;
ȳǙƯǡǝǕǠ̈ Turn. p. 63 15,1 Simon] ͩ; Sem߇on ͫ; Nàtnà߈òl ͧ; ƿʒǘǥǙ Lips. p. 77, Sch. (Ps.
Ipp.) p. 166.10 | Qalòwo‫ة‬à] ͩ; Qàla Yo‫ة‬a ͫ; Qalayo‫ة‬à ͧ; ɠǠǛ˺ƷǗǑʔǜǍ Lips. p. 77, in ms. D
ad Sch. (Ps. Ipp.) p. 166.10, Turn. p. 64 | Yà߇qob] ǘǑǠʋɗʌǖǥǎǛǙǠʓǙǐʒǖǍǕǛǙ Lips. p. 77, Sch.
(Ps. Ipp.) p. 166.11, Turn. p. 64
2
߈Iyarusàlòm] ȳǜʒǟǖǛǜǛǞ ǏǑǙʔǘǑǙǛǞ (ǏǑǙǛǘʎǙǛǞ)
ɘǑǝǛǟǛǗʖǘǥǙ Lips. p. 77, Sch. (Ps. Ipp.) p. 166.11, Turn. p. 64 3 <੏੏੏>] lacunam suspicor;
ǒʐǟǍǞȷǠǓǝǖLips. p. 77, Sch. (Ps. Ipp.) p. 166.12, Turn. p. 64 4 ߈A‫ؾ‬ryànos] ͩͫ; ߈An‫ؾ‬eryànos
ͧ; ǟǠǍǡǝ̈ȳǘǍǝǠʖǝǓǟǑǙȳǜʑǀǝǍǦǍǙǛ˺ (ǀǝǍǕǍǙǛ˺ Sch.) Lips. p. 77, in ms. D ad Sch. (Ps. Ipp.)
p. 166.12, Turn. p. 64; sub Traiano: Dolb. p. 128, num. 34 | ߈Iyarusàlòm] non habent Lips. p. 77,
Sch. (Ps. Ipp.) p. 166, Turn. p. 64
62
† 16
† 17
† 18
† 19
Alessandro Bausi
֤֝֓ эҦԀѧ֓ Ӓтԣ֓ ӗяѢҗԅ֓ Ӓџԥӗ֓ ӗԿԌӗӂ֓
ԊҢҢӟк֓ зԚҦ֓ ԟгԥ֓ ӒѧѸњҥӼ֓ ӺӒԇњպ֓ ӺҢѲҗ
њ֓ ҒвԺџ֓ ӔԚћѥоя֔
֤֞֓ եӿрѧ֓ тӽџԝ֓ ѢҒӚ֓ ӗявԺњ֓ ӔԚћѥо
я֓ ӗѧӚ֓ җцџ֓ ӔԚќӠ֓ Ӻҗцџ֓ Ѡю֓ Ӻҗцџ֓
ӒѧեӇԝ֓ ӺҒъӽԇк֓ ӆѠӇ֓ ӇԻї֓ ѲҢр֓ Ғъ՗ҕҷ
ҧ֓ ӺѲҒћ֓ ӒԇկяҤг֓ Ғҗцџ֓ Ѡю֔
֤֟֓ Ք՘Ӈ֓ Ғҗцџ֓ ѷџՔѧ֓ ҒтԟѲ֓ ԢѦҧ֓ Ѣ
Ғ|Ӛ֓ ӺӇԾк֓ ӺҒӿѧҢ֓ ԟӗҤ֓ ԢѦҧ֓ Ӓԇњպ֔
֤֠֓ ѴџѧѴѧ֓ Ғҗцџ֓ ԺнҤԝ֓ ӿӗң֓ ҷկӽ֓ кӚ
ӇԢӞ֓ ӇԿїҢ֓ ӔҧԠէԝ֓ Ғҗцџ֓ ӒѝҔԝ֓ Ԋҗц
џ֓ Կҗկ֓ ӺҒӒէѠҒӆ֓ ҒԢѦҧ֓ Ғҗцџ֓ ӔҧԠդԝ֓
Ѣэԇҧ֓ ҕзԚ֓ Ӡӂ֔
B
ͩ40ra
Testes: ͩ Y ͧ Lips. Sch. Turn. Dolb. 16,1 ֤֝֓ ߑ 3 ӔԚћѥоя֔] Lips. p. 81; Sch. p.
166.13-15; Turn. p. 64; Dolb. p. 129, num. 36
17,1 ֤֞֓ ߑ 4 Ѡю֔] Lips. p. 45; Sch. p.
167.1-5; Turn. p. 64; Dolb. p. 129, num. 37
18,1 ֤֟֓ ߑ 19,4 Ӡӂ֔] Lips. p. 87; Sch. p.
127.1-7 (De Timotheo, Tito, Crescente, eunucho reginae Candacis, mss. E = Vat. gr. 1506, et F
= Vatop. 835); Turn. p. 64; Dolb. p. 129, num. 40
16,1 ֤֝֓] in m. ͩͧ; om. Y | эҦԀѧ֓] ͩ; эҧԝӇ֓ Y; эҧԝѧ֓ ͧ | Ӓтԣ֓] ͩ; om.
Y; ֛߃ ͧ | ӗяѢҗԅ֓] ͩY; ӗя֪Ӻ֛߃ ͧ | Ӓџԥӗ֓] ͩ; Ӓџԧӗҧ֓ Yͧ 2 ԊҢҢӟк֓] ͩͧ;
ԊҢӚкк֓ Y | зԚҦ֓] ͩ; зԚӇҢ֓ Yͧ | ӒѧѸњҥӼ֓] ͩY; ӒѧѸѠҥӼ֓ ͧ | ӺӒԇњպ֓] ͩͧ;
om. Y 3 ҒвԺџ֓ ӔԚћѥоя֔] ͩ; ҒӔԟћѢоя֓ Y; "њ֓ ӔԚћѥоя֓ ͧ 17,1 ֤֞֓] in m.
ͩͧ; om. Y | тӽџԝ֓] ͩͧ; om. Y | ӗявԺњ֓ ӔԚћѥоя֓] ͩͧ; om. Y 2 җцџ֓ ӔԚќӠ֓]
ͩ; "њ֓ ӔԝќӠ֓ Yͧ | Ӻҗцџ֓ Ѡю֓] ͩ; "њ֓ Ѡ" Yͧ | Ӻҗцџ֓2 ߑ 3 ӒѧեӇԝ֓] ͩ; "њ֓
Ӓѧբ" Yͧ 3 ӺҒъӽԇк֓] ͩ; Ғъӽԇк֓ Yͧ | Ғъ՗ҕҷҧ֓] ͩͧ; "Ғчҧ֓ Y 4 ӺѲҒћ֓]
ͩY; "Ѡ֓ ͧ | Ғҗцџ֓ Ѡю֔] ͩ; ҒвԺњ֓ Ѡю֓ Y; "њ֓ Ѡю֓ ͧ 18,1 ֤֟֓] in m. ͩͧ; om.
Y | Ք՘Ӈ֓] ͩY; ҤҨӇ֓ ͧ | Ғҗцџ֓ ѷџՔѧ֓] ͩ; җцњ֓ Ѳџ" Y; "њ֓ Ѳџ" ͧ; ѢҒӚ֓
pr. Y 2 ӺҒӿѧҢ֓] Yͧ; {Ӻ}ҒӿѧҢ֓ ͩ | Ӓԇњպ֔] ͩY; Ӓԇњպ֓ in m. ͧ 19,1 ֤֠֓] in m.
ͩͧ; om. Y | ѴџѧѴѧ֓] ͩ; ѴӅѴѧ֓ Y; ѴџѸѧ֓ ͧ | Ғҗцџ֓ ԺнҤԝ֓] ͩ; "њ֓ Ժкҧԝ֓ Y;
"њ֓ Ժнҧԝ֓ ͧ | ӿӗң֓] Yͧ; ӗң֓ (!) ͩ | ҷկӽ֓] ͩY; чշӺ֓ ͧ | кӚӇԢӞ֓ ߑ 2
ӇԿїҢ֓] ͩ; кӇԿѧҢ֓ Y; кзӇԢӞ֓ ӇԿ" ͧ 2 Ғҗцџ֓ ӒѝҔԝ֓] ͩ; "њ֓ Ӓѝҗԝ֓ Yͧ
Ԋҗцџ֓ ߑ 3 Կҗկ֓] ͩ; "њ֓ Կ" Yͧ 3 ӺҒӒէѠҒӆ֓] Y; ӺҒӒբѠҘӄ֓ ͩ; ӺҒӒբѠҕӄ֓
ͧ | Ғҗцџ֓ ӔҧԠդԝ֓] ͩ; "њ֓ ӔҧԠէԝ֓ Yͧ 4 Ѣэԇҧ֓ ߑ Ӡӂ֔] ͩ; Ѣ"Ң֓ Ӡӂ֓ Y;
Ѣ"Ң֓ ҒзԚ֓ Ӡӂ֓ ͧ
16,3 ӔԚћѥоя֔] ad caput versus ͩ
17,4 Ѡю֔] ֔ ͩYͧ; ad caput versus ͩ
18,2 Ӓԇњպ֔] ad caput versus ͩ 19,4 Ӡӂ֔] ֔ ͩYͧ; ad caput versus ͩ
Una lista etiopica di apostoli e discepoli
B
63
13. Màtòwos, uno dei settanta discepoli di nostro Signore,
che fu sostituito al posto di Yehudà ߈Asqorotàwi; morË e fu
sepolto nella citt¿ di ߈Iyarusàlòm.
† 16
14. ॊàwlos apostolo predicÑ dalla citt¿ di ߈Iyarusàlòm fino
alla terra di ߈Iyariko, la terra di Romò e la terra di ߈As‫ة‬ànyà; nei
giorni del re Nòron, lo uccise di spada e seppellirono le sue ossa
nella terra di Romò.
† 17
15. ‫ؽ‬i‫ؾ‬on nella terra di Qre‫ؾ‬is, sulla costa dell߈isola predicÑ
il Vangelo e in quell߈isola morË.
† 18
16. Qiresqis fu nella terra di Galàtyà. L߈eunuco di Kandakò, regina di ߈Ityo‫ة‬yà, nella terra di ߈Aràbiyà, che Ç terra di
Geb‫ص‬, e in ߈A‫ة‬robanò, nell߈isola, nella regione di ߈Ityo‫ة‬yà: qui
fu martire.
† 19
16,1 Màtòwos] ͩ; Màttyàn ͫ; Màttyàs ͧ; ƹǍǠǔǍ˫ǛǞ Lips. p. 81; ƹǍǠǔʒǍǞ Sch. (Ps.
Ipp.) p. 166.13, Turn. p. 64; Mathias: Dolb. p. 129, num. 36 | uno ߑ discepoli] ǑɖǞ ɽǙ Ǡ̇Ǚ
ȴǎǐǛǘʐǖǛǙǠǍ (ǛSch., Turn.) ǘǍǔǓǠ̇Ǚ Lips. p. 81, in ms. D ad Sch. (Ps. Ipp.) p. 166.13, Turn. p.
64 2 che ߑ ߈Asqorotàwi] ȣǙǠʑɗǛʖǐǍǠǛ˺ɗǟǖǍǝǕʘǠǛǡ (ɗǟǖǍǝǕʔǠǛǡ Sch.) Lips. p. 81, in ms. D
ad Sch. (Ps. Ipp.) p. 166.15, Turn. p. 64 3 ߈Iyarusàlòm] non habent Lips. p. 81, Turn. p. 64; ȳǙ
ɘǑǝǛǡǟǍǗʐǘ Sch. (Ps. Ipp.) p. 166.14 17,1 ॊàwlos] ƽǍ˺ǗǛǞ Lips. p. 45, Sch. (Ps. Ipp.) p. 167.1,
Turn. p. 64 | ߈Iyarusàlòm] ȣǜʓɐǑǝǛǟǛǗʖǘǥǙ Lips. p. 45; ȣǜʓɘǑǝǛǡǟǍǗʐǘ Sch. (Ps. Ipp.) p.
167.2, Turn. p. 64 2 ߈Iyariko] ͩ; ߈Iyàriko ͫͧ; ȸǥǞǠǛ˺ɗǗǗǡǝǕǖǛ˺ Lips. p. 45, Sch. (Ps. Ipp.) p.
167.3, Turn. p. 64 | Romò] ɗǠǍǗʒǍǞ Lips. p. 45, Sch. (Ps. Ipp.) p. 167.3, Turn. p. 64 | ߈As‫ة‬ànyà]
ͩ; ߈As‫ة‬anyà ͫͧ; ǟǜǍǙʒǍǟ Lips. p. 45; ɘǟǜǍǙʒǍǞ in ms. D ad Sch. (Ps. Ipp.) p. 167.4; ɗǟǜǍǙʒǍǞ
Turn. p. 64
3 Nòron] ȹǜʑ ǐʎ ƺʎǝǥǙǛǞ Lips. p. 45, Sch. (Ps. Ipp.) p. 167.4, Turn. p. 64
4 Romò] ۡ΃ ި݅΂ͽ Lips. p. 45; ȳǙ ̀ʘǘ˛ in ms. D ad Sch. (Ps. Ipp.) p. 167.5, Turn. p. 64
18,1 ‫ؽ‬i‫ؾ‬on] ͩͫ; Titon ͧ; ǀʒǠǛǞ Lips. p. 87, Sch. (De Timotheo etc.) p. 127.1, Turn. p. 64
Qre‫ؾ‬is] ͩ; Qare‫ؾ‬is ͫͧ; ƷǝʐǠǍǕǞ Lips. p. 87, Turn. p. 64; ȳǜʒǟǖǛǜǛǞƷǝʐǠǓǞ Sch. (De Timotheo
etc.) p. 127.1 19,1 Qiresqis] ͩ; Qinàqis ͫ; Qirqos ͧ; ƷǝʐǟǖǓǞ Lips. p. 87, Sch. (De Timotheo
etc.) p. 127.3; ƷǝʒǟǖǓǞ variae lectiones ad Sch. (De Timotheo etc.) p. 127.3, Turn. p. 64
Galàtyà] ͩ; Galatyà ͫ; Galàtyà ͧ; ȳǙưǍǗǗʒǍǕǞ Lips. p. 87, Sch. (De Timotheo etc.) p. 127.3; ȳǙ
ưǍǗǗʒˌ Turn. p. 64 | Kandakò] ͩ; om. ͫ; Hendakò ͧ; ƷǍǙǐʌǖǓǞ Lips. p. 87, Sch. (De Timotheo
etc.) p. 127.5, Turn. p. 64 2 ߈Ityo‫ة‬yà] ƮɏǔǕʔǜǥǙ Lips. p. 87, Sch. (De Timotheo etc.) p. 127.5,
Turn. p. 64 | ߈Aràbiyà] ͩ; ߈Aràbyà ͫͧ; ȳǙȫǝǍǎʒˌǠ˞ǑɫǐǍʒǘǛǙǕ Lips. p. 87, Sch. (De Timotheo
etc.) p. 127.5-6, Turn. p. 64 3 Geb‫ ]ص‬non habent Lips. p. 87, Sch. (De Timotheo etc.) p. 127,
Turn. p. 64 | ߈A‫ة‬robanò] ͫ; ߈A‫ة‬aroboni ͩ; ߈A‫ة‬arobàni ͧ; ȳǙǀǍǜǝǛǎǍǙ˞ (ǀǍǜǝǛǎʌǙ˛ Sch.)
Ǚʐǟ̅ Lips. p. 87, Sch. (De Timotheo etc.) p. 127.6; ȳǙǠ˞ƽǝǛǎʌǙ˛ Turn. p. 64 | ߈Ityo‫ة‬yà] Ǡ˞ȳǙ
Ǡ˞ȳǝǡǔǝˏ Lips. p. 87, Turn. p. 64; ǖǍʑȳǙɤǗ˛Ǡ˞ȳǝǡǔǝˏ Sch. (De Timotheo etc.) p. 127.6-7
64
† 20
† 21
† 22
† 23
† 24
† 25
Alessandro Bausi
֤֡֓ Ӻӗятӽџԝ֓ ԊӗԿԌӗӂ֓ ӺӒџԧӗҧ֓ ԊӗяҸ
пѺ֓ ԊѢҗԅ֓ Ӓтԣ֓ ӗяӆиы֓ ѲкюӇ՘ѧ֓ ԊѢҒӚ֓
Ӻժтպ֓ чԺ֓ ҖҢ֓ ӟџѧҤԝӇ֓ кբբѥҧ֓ ӺкѲѥӿѧҧ֓
Ӻкӧл֓ տխю֓ єъҢ֓ ҖҢ֓ ӟџѧҤԝӇ֔ ӺҒџӅҕѧ֓
֛֓ ӺѦѧҦӇѧ֓ ֛֓ Ѷսѧ֓ Ԋѧы֓ Ӛъ<֓ Ԋ>զ՗Ѡѧ֓
мѲ֓ тӽџԝҧ֓ эҦԀѧ֓ ԊҢҺкѺ֓ яѧк֓ Ԃђџң֓
ӺӒтԣ֓ тӽџԝҧ֔ эҦԀѧ֓ ֛֓ ҒџӅҕѧ֓ ֛֓ Ѵмӈ
ѧ֓ Ԋժтպ֓ ҲҒ֓ ՔѐҦԀѧ֓ њԧӓ֓ кբӿрѧ֓ ҥԦ
Ԁѧ֓ | Ӻ|ѲоԀեѧ֔
ӺӇԾк֓ ԊѢҒӚ֓ эҦԀѧ֓ ҒпѥӇ֓ ԇҗѝӼԝӇ֓ ҒӔԚ
ћѥоя֓ ҢџՂъ֓ ҒӂԺџ֓ կџӗ֓ яѧк֓ ԠтӇѧ֔ ӺӇ
Ծк֓ ԊэќѸѧ֓ զ՗Ѡѧ֓ ҢџՂъ֓ ҒӂԺџ֓ կџӗ֓ Ғҗ
цџ֓ Ѡю֔ ӺӇԾк֓ Ԋлѵѧ֓ ҢџՂъ֓ ӝпӓ֓ лѵѧ֓
C
Y94r
ͧ126vb | ͩ40rb
D
Testes: ͩ Y ͧ Lips. Sch. Turn. Dolb. 20,1 ֤֡֓ ߑ 22,3 ӺѲоԀեѧ֔] Lips. p. 3; Sch.
pp. 127.13-128.4 (De LXX discipulis apud Clementem Alex., mss. B = Vat. gr. 1506, et C =
Vatop. 835); Turn. pp. 64-65; Dolb. p. 129-130, num. 40 23,1 ӺӇԾк֓ ߑ 27,2 կџӗ֔] Lips.
Sch. Turn. Dolb. Zuurm. Sch. p. 129.6-17 (De quattuor evangeliis, ms. A = Vat. gr. 1506);
Turn. p. 65; Dolb. p. 130, num. 41; Zuurm. p. 13
20,1 ֤֡֓] in m. ͩͧ; om. Y | Ӻӗятӽџԝ֓] ͩY; ӗятӽџԝҧ֓ ͧ 2 ԊѢҗԅ֓
Ӓтԣ֓] ͩ; ֪Ӻ֛߃ Yͧ | ѲкюӇ՘ѧ֓] ͩ; Ѳнь՘ѧ֓ Y; ѲояӇ՘ѧ֓ ͧ
3 ҖҢ֓
ӟџѧҤԝӇ֓] ͩͧ; ҖҢ֓ "ҧԝӇ֓ Y | кբբѥҧ֓] ͩ; кեեѥҧ֓ Yͧ 4 Ӻкӧл֓] ͩY; Ӻӧл֓
ͧ 21,1 ӺҒџӅҕѧ֓] ͩ; om. Yͧ 2 ֛֓1] ͩ; om. Y; ֤Ӻ֛߃ ͧ | ӺѦѧҦӇѧ֓] ͩ; ӺѧҦӇѢ֓ Y;
ӺѧҤӄѧ֓ ͧ | ֛֓2] =ͩY; om. ͧ | Ӛъ<֓ Ԋ>զ՗Ѡѧ֓] conieci Ӛъԏ֓ զ՗Ѡѧ֓ ͩ; om. Yͧ
3 эҦԀѧ֓] ͩ; эҧԝѧ֓ Yͧ | ԊҢҺкѺ֓] ͩ; ԊҢҸкѺ֓ Yͧ | Ԃђџң֓ ߑ 4 тӽџԝҧ֔]
ͩ; ֤Ӻ֜т" Yͧ 22,1 ֛֓1] ͩ; ֛߃ Yͧ | ҒџӅҕѧ֓] ͩͧ; ӺҒџӅҒѧ֓ Y | ֛֓2] ͩ; ֛߃ Yͧ
Ѵмӈѧ֓] ͩ; ѲоӅѧ֓ Y; Ѳмӈѧ֓ ͧ 2 Ԋժтպ֓] ͩY; "ր֓ ͧ | кբӿрѧ֓] ͩY; кե" ͧ
3 ӺѲоԀեѧ֔] ͩY; ӺѲнԠե֓ ͧ 23,1 ӺӇԾк֓] ӺӇԾп֓ Zuurm. | эҦԀѧ֓] ͩ Zuurm.;
om. Yͧ | ҒпѥӇ֓] ͩ; ҒпѢӂ֓ Y; "ӂ֓ ͧ Zuurm. | ҒӔԚћѥоя֓] ͩ Zuurm.; "Ѣоя֓ Y;
ҒӔԝ" ͧ 2 ҒӂԺџ֓] ͩ; Ғпѥӂ֓ Yͧ; ҒӂԺњ֓ Zuurm. 24,1 ӺӇԾк֓] ͩ; "п֓ Yͧ Zuurm.
2 ԊэќѸѧ֓] ͩ; ԊэџѸѧ֓ Yͧ Zuurm. | ҒӂԺџ֓] ͩ Zuurm.; Ғпѥӂ֓ Yͧ | Ғҗцџ֓ ߑ 3
Ѡю֔] ͩ; җцњ֓ Ѡю Y; "њ֓ Ѡю֓ ͧ Zuurm.
25,1 ӺӇԾк֓] ͩ; "п֓ Yͧ Zuurm.
ҢџՂъ֓ ߑ лѵѧ֓] ͩ Zuurm.; om. Yͧ
20,1 Ӻӗятӽџԝ֓] ֔ ͧ
4 ҖҢ֓ ӟџѧҤԝӇ֔] ֔ ͩYͧ; ad caput versus ͩ
21,4 тӽџԝҧ֔] ֔ ͩͧ
22,2 кբӿрѧ֓] ֔ Y
23,2 ԠтӇѧ֔] ֔ ͩͧ Zuurm.
24,3 Ѡю֔] ֔ ͩYͧ Zuurm.
20,1 Tra ߑ 2 settantuno] ȹǖǠ̇ǙȣǜǛǟǠʔǗǥǙǠǛ˺ǟǥǠ˝ǝǛǞǠ̇ǙȴǎǐǛǘʐǖǛǙǠǍ (΅' Sch.,
Una lista etiopica di apostoli e discepoli
C
D
65
17. Tra gli apostoli di nostro Signore e i discepoli, del
numero dei settantuno, di essi Qalamòn‫ؾ‬os, che predicÑ e scrisse
la legge della chiesa per i ‫ة‬à‫ة‬às, i presbiteri e per ogni perfezionamento dell߈ordinazione ecclesiastica. E Barnàbàs1, Sòstònos
1, Qòfàs, il cui nome Ç come quello di ॊò‫ؾ‬ros, capo degli apostoli; Màtòwos, che fu annoverato con gli undici apostoli. Màtòwos
1, Barnàbàs 1, Qilinos, che scrisse a ‫ؽ‬imotòwos, discepolo di
ॊawlos, Tàdòwos e Qalòwo‫ة‬às.
† 20
Il Vangelo che Màtòwos predicÑ nella lingua degli Ebrei a
߈Iyarusàlòm lo tradusse in lingua greca con Yo‫׷‬annes. Il Vangelo di Màriqos, ॊò‫ؾ‬ros lo tradusse in lingua greca nella terra di
Romò. Il Vangelo di Luqàs un altro Luqàs lo tradusse in lingua
† 23
† 24
† 21
† 22
† 25
Turn.) Lips. p. 3, Sch. (De LXX discipulis etc.) p. 127.13, Turn. p. 64
2 Qalamòn‫ؾ‬os] ͩ;
Qalàmi‫ؾ‬os ͫ; Qalòmen‫ؾ‬os ͧ; ɼǞɐǟǠǛǝǑ˫ƷǗʐǘǓǞȳǙǜʎǘǜǠ˛Ǡ̇ǙɬǜǛǠǡǜʔǟǑǥǙ Lips. p. 3, Sch.
(De LXX discipulis etc.) p. 127.14, Turn. p. 64 | che ߑ 4 ecclesiastica] non habent Sch. (De
LXX discipulis etc.) p. 127, Turn. p. 64; cf. ǐǕǍǠʌǚǑǕǞ Ǡ̇Ǚ ȣǜǛǟǠʔǗǥǙ ǐǕʋ ƷǗʐǘǑǙǠǛǞ ǠǛ˫Ǟ
ȷǔǙǑǟǕȣǜǛǟǠǍǗǑ˫ǟǍǕ Lips. p. 3 21,1 Barnàbàs1] ͩ; om. ͫͧ; ƯǍǝǙʌǎǍǞ Lips. p. 3, Sch. (De
LXX discipulis etc.) p. 127.14, Turn. p. 64 | Sòstònos] ͩ; Setònesa ͫ; Setinis ͧ; ƿǥǟǔʎǙǓǞ Lips.
p. 3, Sch. (De LXX discipulis etc.) p. 128.1, Turn. p. 64 2 Qòfàs] ƷǓǢˎǞ (ƷǓ@ǢˎǞB Lips.) Lips.
p. 3, Sch. (De LXX discipulis etc.) p. 128.1, Turn. p. 64 | ॊò‫ؾ‬ros] ɠǘʘǙǡǘǛǞƽʎǠǝ̅ Lips. p. 3,
Sch. (De LXX discipulis etc.) p. 128.1, Turn. p. 64 3 Màtòwos] ͩ; Màttyàs ͫͧ; ǘǍǠǔǍ˫ǛǞ [i.e.
ǘǍǠǔʒǍǞ] Lips. p. 3; ƹǍǠǔʒǍǞ Sch. (De LXX discipulis etc.) p. 128.1, Turn. p. 64; ƹǍǠǔǍ˫ǛǞ in
ms. C ad Sch. (De LXX discipulis etc.) p. 128.1 22,1 Màtòwos] non habet Sch. (De LXX
discipulis etc.), sed pro ƹǍǠǔʒǍǞ (cf. … 21) Sch. (De LXX discipulis etc.) p. 128.1, ƹǍǠǔǍ˫ǛǞ ms.
C ad Sch. (De LXX discipulis etc.) p. 128.1 2 Barnàbàs] ͩͧ; Barnàbas ͫ; ǎǍǝǟǍǎǎʌǞ Lips. p.
3, ; ƯǍǝǟǍǎˎǞ Sch. (De LXX discipulis etc.) p. 128.3, Turn. p. 64 | Qilinos] ͩ (a ƷƮƶƸƶƺƼƿ
male distincto suspicor); Qa৞ònàs ͫ; Qalinos ͧ; ǖǍʑ Ǘ˫ǙǛǞ Lips. p. 3, Turn. p. 64; ǖǍʑ ƸʒǙǛǞ
Sch. (De LXX discipulis etc.) p. 128.3 | ‫ؽ‬imotòwos] ǀǕǘǛǔʎ̅ Lips. p. 3, Sch. (De LXX
discipulis etc.) p. 128.3, Turn. p. 65 3 ॊawlos] ͩͫ; ॊàwlos ͧ; ƽǍ˺ǗǛǞ Lips. p. 3, Sch. (De
LXX discipulis etc.) p. 128.3, Turn. p. 65 | Tàdòwos] ƵǍǐǐǍ˫ǛǞ Lips. p. 3, Sch. (De LXX
discipulis etc.) p. 128.4, Turn. p. 65 | Qalòwo‫ة‬às] ͩͫ; Qalàyo‫ة‬à ͧ; ƷǗǑʔǜǍǞ Lips. p. 3, Sch.
(De LXX discipulis etc.) p. 128.4, Turn. p. 65 23,1 Màtòwos] ͩ Zuurm.; om. ͫͧ; ǀʓǖǍǠʋ
ƹǍǠǔǍ˫ǛǙǑɫǍǏǏʎǗǕǛǙ Sch. (Quattuor sunt Evangelia) p. 129.6, Turn. p. 65 2 ߈Iyarusàlòm] ȳǙ
ɘǑǝǛǡǟǍǗʐǘ Sch. (Quattuor sunt Evangelia) p. 129.7, Turn. p. 65 | Yo‫׷‬annes] ɬǜʓɗǥʌǙǙǛǡ
Sch. (Quattuor sunt Evangelia) p. 129.7, Turn. p. 65 24,2 Màriqos] ͩ; Màrqos ͫͧ Zuurm.; ǀʓ
ǖǍǠʋƹʌǝǖǛǙ Sch. (Quattuor sunt Evangelia) p. 129.8, Turn. p. 65 | ॊò‫ؾ‬ros] ɬǜʓƽʎǠǝǛǡ Sch.
(Quattuor sunt Evangelia) p. 129.8, Turn. p. 65
3 Romò] ȳǙ ̀ʘǘ˛ Sch. (Quattuor sunt
Evangelia) p. 129.8, Turn. p. 65 25,1 Luqàs1] ǀǛ˺ (Ǡʓ Turn.) ǐʍǖǍǠʋƸǛǡǖˎǙɬǜʓƸǛǡǖˎ
ǘǍǔǓǠǛ˺ ɬǜʌǝǣǛǙǠǛǞ ǠǛ˺ ȣǜǛǟǠʔǗǛǡ ƽǍʖǗǛǡ Sch. (Quattuor sunt Evangelia) p. 129.13-14,
Turn. p. 65 | un ߑ 2 greca] ͩ Zuurm.; (per homoeoteleuton) om. ͫͧ
66
† 26
† 27
† 28
† 29
† 30
Alessandro Bausi
ҒӂԺџ֓ կџӗ֓ ӗѧъ֓ ӿӗң֓ њԧӓ֓ кեӿрѧ֓
ӺӚъԏ֓ ժтպ֓ ҒӒтԣ֓ ъկтտ֓ ӗӇԊ֓ ԟҗп֓ Ӓ
ъҲӟы֓ лѵѧ֓ ԅѵҖ֓ їѝԟ֓ տѳѝӇԚ֔ ӺԿҗњ֓
тӽџԝҧ֓ лѵѧ֓ ӺӇԾнӼ֓ ҢџՂъ֓ ҒӂԺџ֓ կџӗ֓
ӗӇԊ֓ Ғԇҗѝԟѧ՗֓ вр֔ ӺӇԾк֓ ԊԠтӇѧ֓ ҢџՂъ֓
ԠтӇѧ֓ բբѧ֓ ҒӂԺџ֓ կџӗ֔
ӺӔԚѣѧ֓ ӟџѧҨѧ֓ ҢӺпԢ֓ ҒҖҧ֓ пця֓ ԟг
ԥ֓ ҒӒџҗԅ֓ ӺӟпӖ֓ ԅъҧ֓ ъӇԿїң֓ кӒՇѥ՘ѧ֓
ӇԻђ֓ Ѡю֓ Ғъӽԇк֓ ӔмդԧԠӇ֓ ъӢӇӇ֔ ҢӢӂ|
ӂ֓ ӗԿԌӗӂ֓ ӗячԏҗ֓ Ӓԟгԧ֓ Ғъӽԇк֓ жѠԧѧ֓
ӺпԢ֓ ӒӇՔզ՗Ѡѧ֓ ҒеԺџ֓ ӒѧѵрӇ֓ Ӻѧъ֓ ӗы֓
кжѠԧѧ֓ Ѹ՗џԝ֓ Ԋӗяҗцџ֓ ӒѝҔԝ֔
Ӻӧл֓ ӗӇӚ֓ ъҷђї֓ ѢѤн֓ ӺҢҕдр֓ ӧл֓
Ӛъԏ֓ ԟԺҗћ֓ ӺкӒҵӿӄ֓ ӗк֓ ӿѧҢ֓ կҕч֓ ҒӚ
ъ֓ ԟԺҗћ֓ ҒѠю֓ ӺҒӗкӟѧӇԧџԝ֓ ӺҒԇԥӇд֓ | ӧ
ры֓ Ӛъ֓ ӧл֓ ҒӒтҤ֓ ԇкҧ֓ Ғҷғњ֓ ѵп֓ Ӈվ
Ӄ֓ ժрҢ֓ Ғѷԧѧҧ֓ ԇкҢ֓ սѧӝ֓ Ӻԅкы֓ ӧры֓
ӗк֓ ӔҲ<җ>ћ֓ яѧк֓ ӝпӒӄиы֔
Testes: ͩ Y ͧ
Dolb. Zuurm.
E
ͩ40va
F
ͧ127ra
28,1 ӺӔԚѣѧ֓ ߑ 30,6 ӝпӒӄиы֔] non habent Lips. Sch. Turn.
2 ҒӂԺџ֓ կџӗ֓] ͩ; "њ֓ կџӗ֓ Yͧ Zuurm. | кեӿрѧ֓] ͩ Zuurm.; кբ" Y;
кեрӿ" ͧ
3 ҒӒтԣ֓ ъկтտ֓] ͩ; Ғ֛ъ" Yͧ; om. Zuurm. | ӒъҲӟы֓] ͩ;
ӒяҲӟы֓ Y Zuurm. (varia lectio); Ӓъҷӟы֓ ͧ; ӗяҲҖӟы֓ Zuurm. 4 ԅѵҖ֓] ͩͧ
Zuurm.; ԂѲҖ֓ Y | տѳѝӇԚ֔] ͩͧ; "Ӈԝ Y; տѳџԚ֓ Zuurm.
26,1 ӺԿҗњ֓ ߑ 2
тӽџԝҧ֓] ͩ Zuurm.; ӺӇԾк֓ Y; ӺӇԾп֓ ԊэҦԀѧ֓ ͧ 2 ӺӇԾнӼ֓] ͩͧ Zuurm.; om. Y
ҒӂԺџ֓ կџӗ֓] ͩ; "њ֓ կџӗ֓ Yͧ Zuurm.
3 Ғԇҗѝԟѧ՗֓] ͩY; "ѧՔ֓ ͧ Zuurm.
27,1 ӺӇԾк֓] ͩ; "п֓ Yͧ Zuurm. 2 բբѧ֓] ͩ; եեѧ֓ Yͧ Zuurm. | ҒӂԺџ֓ կџӗ֔] ͩ;
ҒвԺњ֓ կџӗ֓ Y; "њ֓ կџӗ֓ ͧ Zuurm. 28,1 ҒҖҧ֓ ߑ ԟгԥ֓] ͩ; ҒҖҢ֓ п" Ԋԟ" Yͧ
2 ҒӒџҗԅ֓ ߑ ԅъҧ֓] ͩ; Ғ֧Ӻ֜ԅъҢ֓ Y; Ғ੏Ӻ੏ԅъҢ֓ lac. ͧ | кӒՇѥ՘ѧ֓] ͩ;
кӒԿѧ՘ѧ֓ Y; кӒՀѧ՘ѧ֓ ͧ
3 ӔмդԧԠӇ֓] ͩ; ӔмդԤԠӇ֓ Y; ӔмզԠӇ֓ ͧ
29,2 ӗячԏҗ֓] ͩ; ӗячԏҒ֓ Yͧ 3 ӒӇՔզ՗Ѡѧ֓] ͩ; ӒӇՔզѧѠѧ֓ Y; ӘӇՔդ" ͧ
ҒеԺџ֓ ӒѧѵрӇ֓] ͩ; ӒѧѲрӇ֓ Y; "њ֓ ӒѧѲ" ͧ
4 Ԋӗяҗцџ֓ ӒѝҔԝ֔] ͩ;
Ԋӗҗцњ֓ Ӓѝҗԝ֓ Y; "њ֓ Ӓѝҗԝ֓ ͧ 30,1 Ӻӧл֓] ͩY; Ӻӧр֓ ͧ | ъҷђї֓] ͩ;
эҷѧѧ֓ Y; эҷ" ͧ | ѢѤн֓] Y; ѥѤн֓ ͩ; ѢѤнӇ֓ ͧ | ӺҢҕдр֓] ͩ; ӺҢҗдр֓ Yͧ
ӧл֓] ͩ; ӧр֓ Yͧ
3 ҒѠю֓] ͩͧ; ҒѠяԝ֓ Y | ӺҒӗкӟѧӇԧџԝ֓] ͩ; ӺҒӗк֓
ӗѧӟԧџԝ֓ Y; ӺҒӗкѧӟӇԧџԝ֓ ͧ | ӺҒԇԥӇд֓] ͩY; Ӻҕԇ" ͧ | ӧры֓] ͩY; ры֓ ͧ
4 ӧл֓] ͩͧ; om. Y | ҒӒтҤ֓] ͩͧ; ԊҒӒтҤ֓ Y | Ғҷғњ֓] ͩͧ; Ғчғџ֓ Y 5 ԇкҢ֓]
Una lista etiopica di apostoli e discepoli
greca; invero egli era discepolo di ॊàwlos e cosË scrisse in un
libro, dicendo: ŠVi saluta Luqàs medico, diletti mieiš. Gli Atti
degli Apostoli Luqàs l߈evangelista li tradusse in lingua greca,
mentre (prima) erano in ebraico. Il Vangelo di Yo‫׷‬annes lo
tradusse Yo‫׷‬annes ‫ة‬à‫ة‬às in lingua greca.
E
F
67
† 26
† 27
GesØ Cristo nacque a Bòt Le‫׷‬òm di Yehudà nel quarantaduesimo anno di ߈Agwesà‫ؾ‬os re di Romò nei giorni del governatore ߈Ili‫ة‬idyon; fu condannato nostro Signore dal popolo dei
Giudei nei giorni di Hòrodes figlio di ߈An‫ؾ‬i‫ة‬ò‫ؾ‬ros nella citt¿ di
߈Asqàlon; il nome della madre di Hòrodes Ç Qo‫ؾ‬eryà, della terra
di ߈Aràbiyà.
† 28
Eliminata dunque ogni controversia e convenuto ognuno,
cosË facevano. Anche ai fratelli che sono a Oriente, come
facevano a Romò e a ߈Elaksenderyà, e anche (a) tutti gli altri,
come un tutt߈uno, nello stesso giorno, all߈unisono, inviamo la
preghiera nel santo giorno di Fàsekà. Firmarono tutti quelli che
non erano con gli altri.
† 30
† 29
ͩY; ԇкҧ֓ ͧ | սѧӝ֓] ͩ; սѤӝ֓ Yͧ 6 ӔҲ<җ>ћ֓] conieci; ӔҲҒћ֓ ͩ; ӔԚҲҗћ֓ Y;
ӔԚҷҗћ֓ ͧ | ӝпӒӄиы֔] ͩ; ӚпӒӄиы֓ Yͧ
25,4 տѳѝӇԚ֔] ֔ ͩYͧ Zuurm. 26,3 вр֔] ֔ ͩYͧ Zuurm. 27,2 կџӗ֔] ֔ ͩͧ
Zuurm. 29,3 ӒѧѵрӇ֓] ֔ Yͧ 4 ӒѝҔԝ֔] ֔ ͩ 30,2 ԟԺҗћ֓] ֔ ͧ 5 սѧӝ֓] ֔ Y
6 ӝпӒӄиы֔] ֔ Y; ֔֔֔ ͧ; ad caput versus ͩ
2 ॊàwlos] ͩͧ Zuurm.; ॊawlos ͫ
26,1 Gli ߑ 2 Apostoli] ͩ Zuurm.; Evangelium
Matthaei ͧ;Evangelium ͫ. 3 mentre ߑ ebraico] non habet Sch. (Quattuor sunt Evangelia) p.
129, Turn. p. 65 27,1 Yo‫׷‬annes] ǀʓǘʍǙǏʋǝǖǍǠʋɗǥʌǙǙǓǙǑɫǍǏǏʎǗǕǛǙǖǠǗ ante ǀǛ˺ǐʍǖǍǠʋ
ƸǛǡǖˎǙ ǖǠǗ (cf. … 25) ponit Sch. (Quattuor sunt Evangelia) p. 129, Turn. p. 65
28,2 ߈Agwesà‫ؾ‬os] ͩ; ߈Ages‫ؾ‬os ͫ; ߈Agos‫ؾ‬os ͧ 3 ߈Ili‫ة‬idyon] ͩ; ߈Ili‫ة‬idiyon ͫ; ߈Ili‫ة‬òyon ͧ
29,2 ߈An‫ؾ‬i‫ة‬ò‫ؾ‬ros] ͩ; ߈An‫ؾ‬i‫ة‬òsros ͫ; ߈On‫ؾ‬i‫ة‬i‫ؾ‬ros ͧ 3 ߈Asqàlon] ͩ; ߈Asqalon ͫͧ 4 ߈Aràbiyà]
ͩ; ߈Aràbyà ͫͧ
30,3 Romò] ͩͧ; Romyà ͫ | ߈Elaksenderyà] ͩ; ߈Ella ߈Eskederyà ͫ;
߈Ellaskenderyà ͧ
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Fig. 1. Coppa in porcellana bianca e blu con iscrizione latina, datata 1541.
Fig. 2. Bottiglia in porcellana bianca e blu con iscrizione
portoghese, datata 1552.
Fig. 3. Brocca in porcellana bianca e blu con sfera armillare,
inizi XVI secolo.
Fig. 4. Piatto in porcellana bianca e blu di tipo kraak,
circa 1575-1605.
Fig. 5. Piatti in porcellana policroma con blasoni nobiliari, prima metà
XVIII secolo.
Fig. 6. Servizio di piatti in porcellana policroma, fine XVIII secolo.
Fig. 7. Serie di cinque vasi in porcellana famiglia rosa, metà XVIII
secolo.
Fig. 8. Statuette in porcellana blanc de Chine, Castello di Rosenborg,
Copenhagen, inizi XVIII secolo.
Fig. 9. Statuette in porcellana policroma raffiguranti Luigi XIV e la sua
favorita, inizi XVIII secolo.
Fig. 10. Gruppo in porcellana blanc de Chine raffigurante
personaggi occidentali, inizi XVIII secolo.
Fig. 11. Urna in porcellana policroma con riproduzione tratta da stampa,
fine XVIII secolo.
Fig. 12. Piatti in porcellana policroma raffiguranti figure della
&RPPHGLDGHOO¶$UWHHVFULWWHVDWLULFKHLQRODQGHVHSULPR quarto
XVIII secolo.
Fig. 13. Piatto in porcellana policroma con decoro di Cornelis Pronk
³/DGDPDFRQO¶RPEUHOOLQR´SULPDPHWj;9,,,VHFROR
Fig. 14. Piatto in porcellana policroma con decoro di Cornelis Pronk
³,GRWWRUL´SULPDPHWj;9,,,VHFROR
Fig. 15. Piatto in porcellana policroma con decoro di
&RUQHOLV3URQN³,OSHUJRODWR´SULPDPHWj;9,,,VHFROR
Fig. 16. Piatto in porcellana encre de Chine con decoro tratto
GDOODVWDPSD³/HEDLQ´PHWj;9,,,VHFROR
Fig. 17. 3DUWLFRODUHGLXQFDUWDGDSDUDWLLQXQD³VWDQ]DFLQHVH´QHO&DVWHOOR
di Racconigi in Piemonte, metà XVIII secolo.
Fig. 18. 3DUWLFRODUH GL XQD FDUWD GD SDUDWL QHOOD ³VWDQ]D FLQHVH´ D 3DOD]]R
Grosso a Riva presso Chieri in Piemonte, metà XVIII secolo.
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Fig. 1. 28 maggio 1991, i guerriglieri tigrini su Adua Road, circa ore 6.
Fig. 2. 29 maggio 1991, curiosi davanti al Gebì, circa ore 10.
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Aratkilo, circa ore 6.
Prodotto da
IL TORCOLIERE • Officine Grafico-Editoriali d’Ateneo
U niversità degli stUdi di n apoli “L’Orientale”
finito di stampare nel mese di Novembre 2012
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