Satellite and balloon borne experiments F.S. Cafagna, INFN Bari F.S. Cafagna, VI IFAE Napoli 1 Outline F.S. Cafagna, VI IFAE Napoli PAMELA science overview 2 Outline F.S. Cafagna, VI IFAE Napoli PAMELA science overview 3 Outline F.S. Cafagna, VI IFAE Napoli PAMELA science overview 4 Outline F.S. Cafagna, VI IFAE Napoli PAMELA science overview 5 Outline F.S. Cafagna, VI IFAE Napoli PAMELA science overview 6 Outline Balloon experiments Primary cosmic ray spectrum (inclusive) Direct measurements of the energy spectra of light nuclei in VHE cosmic rays (1012-1015 eV) require a large collection-power. BESS ATIC CREAM VHCR AMS-02 • Large calorimeters are too heavy. • TRD’s cannot measure the energy of protons and He nuclei. We need a light-weight energy meter Space-based Composition Ground experiments experiments PAMELA Courtesy of P. S. Marrocchesi - Univ. of Siena and INFN F.S. Cafagna, VI IFAE Napoli 7 The Experiments • WIZARD • MASS89, MASS91, TS93, CAPRICE 94, CAPRICE 98 • NINA1, NINA2, Si-EYE, PAMELA F.S. Cafagna, VI IFAE Napoli 8 PAMELA prehistory • Astromag/WiZard project (PAMELA precursor) on board of the Space Station Freedom ÆCANCELED • Balloon-borne experiments: MASS-89,91 TS-93 CAPRICE94,97,98 • Space experiments*: NINA-1,2 SILEYE-1,2,3 ALTEA (*study of low energy nuclei and space radiation environment) M 89 M 91 TS 93 C 94 C 97 C 98 NINA-1 NINA-2 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 -ASTROMAG ---X SILEYE-1 SILEYE-2 F.S. Cafagna, VI IFAE Napoli SILEYE-3 ALTEA 9 The Resurs DK-1 spacecraft • Mass: 6.7 tons Height: 7.4 m Solar array area: 36 m2 Multi-spectral remote sensing of earth’s surface Æ near-real-time high-quality images • Built by the Space factory TsSKB Progress in Samara (Russia) • Operational orbit parameters: • inclination ~70o • altitude ~ 360-600 km (elliptical) • Active life >3 years • Data transmitted via Very high•PAMELA mounted inside speed Radio Link (VRL) a pressurized container •moved from parking to data-taking position few times/year F.S. Cafagna, VI IFAE Napoli 10 PAMELA apparatus GF: 21.5 cm2 sr Mass: 470 kg Size: 130x70x70 cm3 Power Budget: 360W F.S. Cafagna, VI IFAE Napoli 11 PAMELA The magnet Characteristics: • • • • • 5 modules of permanent magnet (NdB-Fe alloy) in aluminum mechanics Cavity dimensions 162x132x445 cm3 Æ GF 21.5 cm2sr Magnetic shields 5mm-step field-map B=0.43 T (average along axis), B=0.48 T (@center) SPECTROMETER F.S. Cafagna, VI IFAE Napoli 12 PAMELA The tracking system Main tasks: • • • Rigidity measurement Sign of electric charge dE/dx Characteristics: • • • 6 planes double-side (x&y view) microstrip Si sensors 36864 channels Dynamic range 10 MIP • • Spatial resolution: 3-4μm MDR ~1T (from test beam data) Performances: SPECTROMETER F.S. Cafagna, VI IFAE Napoli 13 PAMELA The electromagnetic calorimeter Main tasks: • • e/h discrimination e+/- energy measurement • • • • • 44 Si layers (X/Y) +22 W planes 16.3 Xo / 0.6 l0 4224 channels Dynamic range 1400 mip Self-trigger mode (> 300 GeV GF~600 cm2 sr) Characteristics: Performances: • • • • p-bar and e+ selection efficienecy ~ 90% p rejection factor >105 e- rejection factor > 104 Energy resolution ~5% @200GeV SPECTROMETER CALORIMETER F.S. Cafagna, VI IFAE Napoli 14 PAMELA S1 S2 S3 SPECTROMETER CALORIMETER F.S. Cafagna, VI IFAE Napoli 15 PAMELA The time-of-flight system S1 S2 Main tasks: • • • • First-level trigger Albedo rejection dE/dx Particle identification (<1GeV/c) • • • 3 double-layer scintillator paddles X/Y segmentation Total: 48 Channels • • σpaddle ~ 110ps σTOF ~ 330ps (for MIPs) Characteristics: Performances: S3 SPECTROMETER CALORIMETER F.S. Cafagna, VI IFAE Napoli 16 PAMELA The anticounter shields CARD Main tasks: • S1 Rejection of events with particles interacting with the apparatus (off-line and second-level trigger) Characteristics: CAT S2 CAS • • scintillator paddles 10mm thick 4 up (CARD), 1 top (CAT), 4 side (CAS) Performances: • Efficiency > 99.9% S3 SPECTROMETER CALORIMETER F.S. Cafagna, VI IFAE Napoli 17 PAMELA Shower-tail catcher (S4) CARD Main tasks: • ND trigger Characteristics: • 1 scintillator paddle 10mm thick S1 CAT S2 Neutron detector Main tasks: CAS • e/h discrimination @high-energy • 36 3He counters: Characteristics: • • S3 3He(n,p)T Æ Ep=780 keV 1cm thick polyetilene moderators n collected within 200 μs timewindow S4 NEUTRON DETECTOR SPECTROMETER CALORIMETER F.S. Cafagna, VI IFAE Napoli 18 PAMELA: the integration F.S. Cafagna, VI IFAE Napoli 19 PAMELA in the satellite F.S. Cafagna, VI IFAE Napoli 20 The Experiments • WIZARD • MASS89, MASS91, TS93, CAPRICE 94, CAPRICE 98 • NINA1, NINA2, Si-EYE, PAMELA • BESS • BESS93 ÷ BESS00, BESS-GROUND,BESS-TeV, BESSPOLAR F.S. Cafagna, VI IFAE Napoli 21 Progress of BESS Experiment 1993~ 2000, BESS, North Canada 2002, BESS-TeV 1999, 2001, BESS-Ground, Japan 2001, BESS-TeV, Fort Sumner 2004, BESS-Polar I, Antarctica 10 scientific balloon flights during1993-2004 See. Yamamoto @ crheu07 F.S. Cafagna, VI IFAE Napoli 22 BESS Detector –Rigidity – measurement SC Solenoid (L=1m, B=1T) JET/IDC Rigidity – Min. material (4.7g/cm2) – – Uniform field Large acceptance –Central – – tracker (Drift chamber δ ~200μm TOF β, dE/dx – Z, m measurement – R,β --> m = ZeR √ 1/β2-1 – dE/dx --> Z See. Yamamoto @ crheu07 F.S. Cafagna, VI IFAE Napoli 23 BESS-TeV Upgrade 2001~2002 –Central Tracker – (JET/IDC) improvement BESS-TeV BESS-98 –δ = 200 -->150 μm – N = 28 --> 52 –New detector – (ODC) installed – L = 0.8 --> 1.6 –MDR: –200 GV m ODC JET/IDC ODC See. Yamamoto @ crheu07 --> 1400 GV F.S. Cafagna, VI IFAE Napoli 24 BESS-TeV Deflection Resolution MDR 1.4 TV BESS-98 MDR 200 GV See. Yamamoto @ crheu07 F.S. Cafagna, VI IFAE Napoli 25 BESS-TeV Spectrometer TOF ODC MAGNET JET/IDC F.S. Cafagna, VI IFAE Napoli 26 Feature of BESS-Polar Spectrometer BESS-2000 BESS-Polar TOF Upper Coil 18g/cm2 5g/cm2 10g/cm2 JET/IDC MTOF ACC TOF Lower Incident Particles Minimize material in spectrometer New detector (Middle TOF) Energy range extended down to 0.1 GeV Low power electronics Solar Power System, LongerF.S. lifeCafagna, of cryogen, VI IFAELHe Napoli See. Yamamoto @ crheu07 Long duration flight 27 BESS-Polar 2004 ● ● ● 8.5 day flight successful 35-37 km in altitude 900 million events recorded Altitude～38000m Residual air～4g/cm2 Floating F.S. Cafagna, VI IFAE Napoli See. Yamamoto @ crheu07 28 The Experiments • WIZARD • MASS89, MASS91, TS93, CAPRICE 94, CAPRICE 98 • NINA1, NINA2, Si-EYE, PAMELA • BESS • BESS93 ÷ BESS00, BESS-GROUND,BESS-TeV, BESSPOLAR • AMS • AMS1 (AMS98), AMS2 F.S. Cafagna, VI IFAE Napoli 29 AMS1 F.S. Cafagna, VI IFAE Napoli 30 AMS: General • ISS : 108 x 80m, 420 t , 400km • Inclination = 51.57 o • 15.62 revolutions/day F.S. Cafagna, VI IFAE Napoli 31 AMS: General • TRD (e/p) • Scintillator system (TOF) (β, dE/dx, trigger) • Superconducting magnet (BL2= 0.85 Tm2) • Silicon Tracker (rigidity, charge) • RICH (β, charge) • Em. Calorimeter(energy, e/p Rigidity meas. Particle ident. F.S. Cafagna, VI IFAE Napoli 32 AMS: General ≈3m Large geometrical acceptance: 0.45 m2 sr Long exposure: 3 years Redundant measurements ≈3m • High vacuum • High radiation levels • Strong gradients of temperature : -60°C ÷ +40°C • Weight < 7 Tons • Power consumption < 3kW F.S. Cafagna, VI IFAE Napoli 33 Superconducting Magnet racetrack coils dipole coils B B Superfluid He Vessel Chan Hoon Chung, RWTH-Aachen, Germany Diameter = 1.2 m, Height = 0.8 m, Weight = 2.3 t Bdipol = 0.860 [T], Estored = 1.15 MJ, I = 459.5[A] Cold Heat Exchanger : Superfluid Helium (-271.35o, 2500 l) Long Duration Operation without refill 34/23 AMS: Tracker 2264 Double sided Silicon wafers 640 readout strips on implantation or p-side (bending coordinate) 384 readout strips on junction or n-side (non-bending coordinate) Combined into 192 Ladders of 7-15 sensors 1024 readout channels for each ladder, total of ~ 200k channels Ladders arranged on 8 layers piled up in 5 planes ~ 6.4m2 total F.S. Cafagna, VI IFAE Napoli 35 ToF & ACC Chan Hoon Chung, RWTH-Aachen, Germany Anti-Coincidence Counter Upper ToF Lower ToF Fast Triggerprim σt ≤ 130 [ps] Layers = 4 (2 + 2) Area = 8 m2 ToF : 34 Paddles ACC : 16Napoli Cylindrical Shell Paddles 36 F.S. Cafagna, VI IFAE 36/23 AMS: Em. Calo. 9 Superlayers (Pb + Fiber Sandwich) 16.4 Xo and ~ 0.5 λnucl. Standalone Gamma Trigger 65×65 cm2, m= 640 kg, 324 PMTs e± ΔE/E ~3% @ 100GeV e- p Lead foil (t:1mm) Fibers (φ:1mm) Superlayers F.S. Cafagna, 3/9 VI IFAE Napoli Hamamatsu fine mesh37PMT AMS: TRD 2.2x 2.2x0.8 m3 , 350 kg, 20 layers of straw tubes. Radiator: 2 cm polyethylene/ polypropylene 10 mm fibre fleece. Gas mixture is Xe:CO2 80:20% (1 bar), 8100l Conical octagon structure made of aluminum honeycomb with carbonfibre skins and bulkheads Mechanical precision: 100 mm to assure gas gain homogeneity below 2% 4 lower and upper oriented parallel to the magnetic field, middle 12 perpendicular to it, for 3D tracking Cafagna, VI IFAE Napoli One of 328 StrawF.S. Modules 38 AMS: Rich Radiator (Aerogel and NaF) Cerenkov Cone Mirror θc cosθc = 1/(βn) PMTs Array Rad. NaF(n=1.336) in central region and Aerogel (n=1.035) elsewhere 680 PMT's Array, Spatial Pixel 8.5×8.5 mm2 Velocity Res.: Δβ/β ≃ 0.07 % (Z=1) Charge Measurement: Z ≤ 26 (w/ Tracker + ToF) Charge Nγ ∝ Z2 ∆L (1 - (βn)-2 ) Mass: m(β,Z,R) = RZe sqrt(1- β2)/ βc F.S. Cafagna, VI IFAE Napoli 39 The Experiments • WIZARD • MASS89, MASS91, TS93, CAPRICE 94, CAPRICE 98 • NINA1, NINA2, Si-EYE, PAMELA • BESS • BESS93 ÷ BESS00, BESS-GROUND,BESS-TeV, BESSPOLAR • AMS • AMS1 (AMS98), AMS2 • CREAM F.S. Cafagna, VI IFAE Napoli 40 CREAM F.S. Cafagna, VI IFAE Napoli 41 See. Seo @ crheu07 CREAM F.S. Cafagna, VI IFAE Napoli 42 CREAM F.S. Cafagna, VI IFAE Napoli 43 See. Seo @ crheu07 CREAM F.S. Cafagna, VI IFAE Napoli 44 See. Seo @ crheu07 The Experiments • WIZARD • MASS89, MASS91, TS93, CAPRICE 94, CAPRICE 98 • NINA1, NINA2, Si-EYE, PAMELA • BESS • BESS93 ÷ BESS00, BESS-GROUND,BESS-TeV, BESSPOLAR • AMS • AMS1 (AMS98), AMS2 • CREAM • ATIC F.S. Cafagna, VI IFAE Napoli 45 ATIC F.S. Cafagna, VI IFAE Napoli 46 See. Wefel @ crheu07 ATIC F.S. Cafagna, VI IFAE Napoli 47 See. Wefel @ crheu07 ATIC F.S. Cafagna, VI IFAE Napoli 48 See. Wefel @ crheu07 The Experiments • WIZARD • MASS89, MASS91, TS93, CAPRICE 94, CAPRICE 98 • NINA1, NINA2, Si-EYE, PAMELA • BESS • BESS93 ÷ BESS00, BESS-GROUND,BESS-TeV, BESS-POLAR • AMS • AMS1 (AMS98), AMS2 • CREAM • ATIC • TRACER F.S. Cafagna, VI IFAE Napoli 49 TRACER F.S. Cafagna, VI IFAE Napoli 50 TRACER F.S. Cafagna, VI IFAE Napoli 51 TRACER F.S. Cafagna, VI IFAE Napoli 52 The Experiments • WIZARD • MASS89, MASS91, TS93, CAPRICE 94, CAPRICE 98 • NINA1, NINA2, Si-EYE, PAMELA • BESS • BESS93 ÷ BESS00, BESS-GROUND,BESS-TeV, BESS-POLAR • AMS • • • • • • AMS1 (AMS98), AMS2 CREAM ATIC TRACER JACEE RUNJOB F.S. Cafagna, VI IFAE Napoli 53 Primaries F.S. Cafagna, VI IFAE Napoli 54 Primaries F.S. Cafagna, VI IFAE Napoli 55 Primaries Error: < +/-5 % @ 100 GeV Sanuki et al. ApJ. 545 (2000) 1135 F.S. Cafagna, VI IFAE Napoli 56 Primaries Error: < +/-15 % @ 500 GeV Haino et al. PLB 594 (2004) 35 See. Yamamoto @ crheu07 F.S. Cafagna, VI IFAE Napoli 57 Primaries See. Yamamoyo @ crheu07 F.S. Cafagna, VI IFAE Napoli 58 ATIC F.S. Cafagna, VI IFAE Napoli 59 ATIC F.S. Cafagna, VI IFAE Napoli 60 ATIC - TRACER F.S. Cafagna, VI IFAE Napoli 61 PAMELA DATA PAMELA PRELIMINARY !!!! Z=1 Z=2 γ~2.76 γ~2.71 F.S. Cafagna, VI IFAE Napoli 62 PAMELA DATA PAMELA PRELIMINARY !!!! F.S. Cafagna, VI IFAE Napoli 63 PAMELA DATA PAMELA PRELIMINARY !!!! F.S. Cafagna, VI IFAE Napoli 64 Why Anti(particle)matter matters? Earth F.S. Cafagna, VI IFAE Napoli 65 Spectra modification F.S. Cafagna, VI IFAE Napoli 66 Here is the status: flux F.S. Cafagna, VI IFAE Napoli 67 Here is the status: ratio F.S. Cafagna, VI IFAE Napoli 68 The positron charge ratio F.S. Cafagna, VI IFAE Napoli 69 Where is the focus ? Larger statistic is needed at E>10 GeV Absolute fluxes F.S. Cafagna, VI IFAE Napoli 70 Here is the status: ratio Very good F.S. Cafagna, VI IFAE Napoli particle identification 71 PAMELA PAMELA PRELIMINARY !!!! 4He B,C 3He d Be p Li e+ Tracker dE/dx F.S. Cafagna, VI IFAE Napoli 72 PAMELA Calorimeter dE/dx (first Si-layer) O N C B Be Li PAMELA PRELIMINARY !!!! F.S. Cafagna, VI IFAE Napoli 73 PAMELA PAMELA PRELIMINARY !!!! Fraction of charge released along the track p-bar (non int.) e- e- p p (int.) (non int.) (e+) e+ Many selection criteria provided by the calorimeter: • total energy release • longitudinal and later shower development • shower topology •… F.S. Cafagna, VI IFAE Napoli 74 18 GV non-interacting anti-proton F.S. Cafagna, VI IFAE Napoli 75 11.6 GV interacting anti-proton F.S. Cafagna, VI IFAE Napoli 76 32.3 GV positron F.S. Cafagna, VI IFAE Napoli 77 The Experiments • WIZARD • MASS89, MASS91, TS93, CAPRICE 94, CAPRICE 98 • NINA1, NINA2, Si-EYE, PAMELA • BESS • BESS93 ÷ BESS00, BESS-GROUND,BESS-TeV, BESS-POLAR • AMS • AMS1 (AMS98), AMS2 • CREAM • ATIC • GLAST F.S. Cafagna, VI IFAE Napoli 78 GLAST F.S. Cafagna, VI IFAE Napoli 79 GLAST F.S. Cafagna, VI IFAE Napoli 80 GLAST F.S. Cafagna, VI IFAE Napoli 81 GLAST F.S. Cafagna, VI IFAE Napoli 82 GLAST F.S. Cafagna, VI IFAE Napoli 83 GLAST F.S. Cafagna, VI IFAE Napoli 84 GLAST F.S. Cafagna, VI IFAE Napoli 85 The Experiments • WIZARD • MASS89, MASS91, TS93, CAPRICE 94, CAPRICE 98 • NINA1, NINA2, Si-EYE, PAMELA • BESS • BESS93 ÷ BESS00, BESS-GROUND,BESS-TeV, BESS-POLAR • AMS • AMS1 (AMS98), AMS2 • • • • CREAM ATIC GLAST AGILE F.S. Cafagna, VI IFAE Napoli 86 AGILE • The AGILE satellite in the Shriharikota clean room (April 1, 2007) • Launch scheduled 23 April 2007 F.S. Cafagna, VI IFAE Napoli 87 AGILE F.S. Cafagna, VI IFAE Napoli 88 AGILE F.S. Cafagna, VI IFAE Napoli 89 AGILE F.S. Cafagna, VI IFAE Napoli 90 Future experiments • • • • Nucleon CALET JEM-EUSO EUSO ? F.S. Cafagna, VI IFAE Napoli 91 NUCLEON : direct measurements of the elemental energy spectra of 1012-1015 eV cosmic rays aboard a Russian satellite. The NUCLEON device includes : • charge measuring system • tracker and energy measuring system (KLEM device), • trigger system • control electronics The charge measuring system consists of 4 silicon detectors layers. The tracker and energy measuring system consists of a carbon target 50×50×9 сm3, 6 identical layers of micro-strip silicon detectors, 2 tungsten layers 50×50×0.7 сm3 as gamma-converter. The trigger system (SC1-SC6) consists of three double layer 16-strip scintillator 3) with 1 mm WLS fibers. detectors (size ~ 500×30×0.5 mm F.S. Cafagna, VI IFAE Napoli 92 Expected exposure in 5 years : NUCLEON : ~ 170 m2 sr days for protons - Weight < 165 kg - Power consumption < 120 W ~ 460 m2 sr days for Fe nuclei - nominal telemetry : 270 MB per day - time in orbit ≥ 5 years F.S. Cafagna, VI IFAE Napoli 93 CALET: CALorimetric Electron Telescope CALET Mission Concept zInstrument: High Energy Electron and Gamma-Ray Telescope Consisted of - Imaging Calorimeter (IMC) - Total Absorption Calorimeter (TASC) zLaunch: HTV: H-IIA Transfer Vehicle zAttach Point on the ISS: Exposed Facility of Japanese Experiment Module (JEM-EF) zNominal Orbit: 407 km, 51.6o inclination zLife Time: 3 years (minimum) zMission Status Mission Concept Study Launch around 2013 in Plan See. Torii @ crheu07 CALET Payload: ・ 1GeV ~ 10 TeV for electrons ・ 20 MeV ~ TeV for gamma-rays + Gamma-ray bursts in 7 keV~20 MeV ・ several 10 GeV ~ 1000 TeV for nuclei ・ Weight: 2000 kg ・ Geometrical Factor: ~0.75 m2sr ・ Power Consumption: 640 W ・ Data Rate: 300 kbps F.S. Cafagna, VI IFAE Napoli 94 Conceptual Structure of CALET Requirements: ¾ Large Acceptance: ~1 sr ¾ Imaging Capability: < 1mm ¾ Hadron Rejection Power: >105 ¾ Energy Measurement: 20 MeV~10 TeV for e, γ several 10 GeV ~ 1000 TeV for hadrons m2 Schematic Side View of CALET ･Anti-Coincidence Detector for Low E. γ ･Silicon Array for High Z and Particle ID Detector Weight: 1450 kg Total Absorber Thickness: 32 r.l, ~1.7m.f.p SciFi/W Imaging Calorimeter (IMC): ¾ Area: ~ 0.8 m2 ¾ SciFi Belt: 1mm square x ~1 m length 17 layers (x &y) ¾Tungsten Thickness： 4 r.l , 0.15 m.f.p Total Absorption Calorimeter (TASC): ¾ Area: ~0.36 m2 ¾ BGO Log: 25 x 25 x 300 mm 6 layers (x & y) ¾ Thickness: 28 r.l , 1. 5 m.f.p See. Torii @ crheu07 F.S. Cafagna, VI IFAE Napoli 95 Schematic Structure of CALET GBM アンチコインシデ ンスディテクタ (ACD)) ACD VSC MDP シリコンアレイ (SIA) SIA イメージング カロリーメータ (IMC) IMC トータルアブソープ ションカロリーメータ (TASC) TASC See. Torii @ crheu07 F.S. Cafagna, VI IFAE Napoli 96
Scarica
