xaTuna adikaSvili
lia TevzaZe
qeTevan maRraZe
qeTevan tatiSvili
buneba V
maswavleblis wigni
xaTuna adikaSvili, lia TevzaZe, qeTevan maRraZe, qeTevan tatiSvili
buneba
V klasi
maswavleblis wigni
© gamomcemloba `diogene~, 2009
gamomcemloba `diogene~, Tbilisi, kekeliZis q. 6, telefoni 95 63 94, tel./faqsi 96 79 71
www.diogene.ge
saxelmZRvanelos (moswavlis wignis) _ `buneba 5~-is
daniSnuleba da gamoyenebis instruqcia
saskolo reforma gulixmobs sabazo codnis miwo­de­bas­Tan erTad moswavles ganuviTaros
codnis praqtikaSi ga­mo­yenebisa da axali codnis damoukideblad miRebis una­­­ri, rac garkveul
pirovnul Taviseburebebs, maT So­ris SemoqmedebiT azrovnebasac gulisxmobs. swavlebaswav­lisad­mi es axali midgoma orientirebulia ara marto cod­naze, aramed unar-Cvevebis
gamomuSavebazec.
sabunebismetyvelo disciplinebis swavlebis mizania aziaros moswavle mecnierebis
safuZvlebs da ganuviTaros kvlevis unar-Cvevebi, rac mas saSualebas miscems Seicnos
da gaiTavisos samyaro, CaerTos sazogadoebrivi saqmianobis sxvadasxva sferoSi, igrZnos
pasuxismgebloba sakuTari Tavis, sazogadoebisa da garemos mimarT.
sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebebi aucileblad gulis­xmobs sasicocxlo procesebis,
fizikuri da qimiuri movle­nebis kvlevis gziT Seswavlas, amitom bunebismetyvele­bis dauf­
lebisaTvis aucilebelia im specifikuri unar-Cvevebis ga­momuSaveba, romlebic ukavSirdeba
garemos kvlevas.
dawyebiT safexurze moswavle iwyebs garemoSi damo­uki­deblad orientirebas da uCndeba
misi kvlevis survili.
swavlebis am etapze safuZveli unda Caeyaros moswavlis mier garemos pasiuri
aRqmidan aqtiur Semecnebaze gadas­vlas, SemoqmedebiTi azrovnebisa da garemosadmi swori
damokidebulebis Camoyalibebas; dedamiwis biom­ra­val­fe­rovnebis, materiis, energiisa
da fizikuri Zalebis Sec­nobas. moswavlem unda SeZlos miRebuli codnisa da SeZe­nili
gamocdilebis yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi gamo­yeneba.
dawyebiT safexurze bunebis gakveTilebze Seswavlili sabunebismetyvelo disciplinebi
xels uwyobs moswavlis mier samyaros saTanadod aRqmas, xolo samoqalaqo ganaT­
leba uviTarebs moswavles garemosadmi pozitiur da­moki­debulebas da garemos mimarT
pasuxismgeblobis grZnobas.
swavlebis dasawyisSi moswavles uviTardeba specifikuri unar-Cvevebi, romelTagan
upiratesia:
• garemoze dakvirveba (rogorc sakuTari grZnobis orga­noebis, ise martivi xelsawyoebis
gamoyenebiT);
• bunebrivi movlenebis amocnoba da martivi procesebis aR­wera;
• monacemebis Segroveba dakvirvebis, martivi eqsperimentis, sainformacio wyaroebis
gamoyenebiT;
• gamosakvlevi sakiTxis Sesaxeb kiTxvebis dasma;
• obieqtebis klasifikacia maTi maxasiaTeblebis mixedviT;
• raodenobrivi monacemebis aRricxva, maTi organizeba da prezentaciis sxvadasxva
saSualebiT warmodgena;
• garemoze zrunva, usafrTxoebis wesebis dacva.
moswavlis wignis _ `buneba 5~-is yoveli gakveTili swavla-Semecnebis samfaziani modelis
safuZvelzea agebuli:
samfaziani modelis pirvel fazaze (gamowveva) moce­mul sakiTxze, sagansa Tu movlenaze
arsebuli cod­nis, gamocdilebis STabeWdilebebis gaaqtiureba xdeba. mos­wav­leebi ixseneben
imas, rac ician Seswavlili sakiTxis ir­gvliv, emzadebian axali codnis misaRebad. am dros
gan­sa­kuTrebul interess iwvevs efeqturi informaciis mi­wodeba, rac sakiTxis kvlevis
survils aRZravs. meore faza (siRrmiseuli wvdoma) swavlisa da azrovnebis etapia. am dros
moswavle ecnoba axal informacias teqstis kiTxvis, dak­virvebis, eqsperimentebis Catarebis
saSualebiT. am etap­ze igi aqtiurad muSaobs arsebuli codnisa da axali in­for­maciis
Sesajereblad. am etapis upirvelesi amocanaa moswavles gamowvevis fazaze gaRviZebuli
interesi Seunar­Cunos. gaazrebis fazaze moswavleebi amTlianeben arsebul da axlad miRebul
codnas, xdeba azrTa gacvla-gamocvla, msjeloba, savarjiSoebis Sesruleba.
moswavlis wignis yoveli gakveTili iwyeba anonsiT, rome­lic moswavleebs acnobs gakveTilis
gegmas, uRviZebs inte­ress dasaxelebuli Temebisadmi da ganawyobs maT asaTviseblad. anonsis
3
Semdeg ismeba maprovocirebeli ki­Txvebi, romlebic moswavleTa gonebis gaaqtiurebas da
Temis irgvliv ukve arsebuli codnis mobilizacias emsaxureba.
TiToeul paragrafSi mocemulia erovnuli saswavlo gegmis indikatorebis Sesabamisi
savarjiSoebi da sxva aq­tivobebi, romelTa meSveobiT moswavle ecnoba misTvis axal, ucnob
masalas, ikvlevs misTvis saintereso sakiTxebs. am dros xdeba ukve arsebuli codnisa da
axlad aTvisebuli masalis Sejereba.
gakveTilis daskvniTi etapi paragrafebSi ZiriTadad saazrovno Semajamebeli kiTxvebis
saxiT aris warmodgenili. TiToeuli paragrafi bolovdeba saSinao davalebiT, rome­
lic ufro xSirad praqtikuli xasiaTisaa. es davalebebi moswavles saSualebas aZlevs Sin
gaagrZelos gakveTilze dawyebuli samuSao da ganxiluli Temisadmi interesi Se­inar­Cunos.
amave dros, es davalebebi miRebuli codnis praqtikuli gamoyenebasac emsaxureba.
gakveTilis struqturis sqemaSi aqtivobebis randenime ZiriTadi saxea mocemuli:
1. mTel klasTan muSaoba tradiciuli gakveTilis ZiriTadi elementia. frontaluri
gamokiTxvisas masalas igeben da aqtiuroben Zlieri moswavleebi, sustebi ki TandaTan Ca­
morCebian swavlis process. am saxis aqtivobebs iSvi­aTad, magram mainc iyeneben interaqtiul
swavlebaSi. war­modgenil saxelmZRvaneloSi xSirad gamoiyeneba saxa­liso istoriebi,
romlebic am asakis moswavleebs, Cveni azriT, gansakuTrebiT daainteresebT.
2. individualuri muSaoba kargia masalis, problemis, cdis Sedegis damoukideblad
gasaazreblad, magram ar iZleva moswavleebs Soris TanamSromlobis SesaZleblobas.
3. jgufuri muSaoba, samuSaos msvlelobisa da Sedegebis er­Tob­livi ganxilva codnis
ganmtkicebisa da zogadi una­rebis formirebis safuZvels qmnis. maswavlebeli mxo­lod
aregulirebs muSaobis Tanmimdevrobas, kamaTs, auci­leblobis SemTxvevaSi exmareba jgufs
da akontrolebs kla­sis muSaobas. sagnis/movlenis Seswavlisas warmoqmnili prob­lemis
garSemo gamarTuli diskusia da prezentaciebi jgufuri muSaobis gansakuTrebiT efeqturi
formebia.
wignis struqtura
sarCevi (maswavleblis wignis struqtura)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Sesavali
erovnuli saswavlo gegma (V klasis bunebismetyvelebis standarti)
Sinaarsisa da miznebis ruka
sanimuSo gakveTilebis scenarebi
Sefasebis sistema
pasuxebi paragrafebSi dasmul kiTxvebze
bunebismetyveleba
V klasis standarti
wlis bolos misaRwevi Sedegebi
bun. V.
mimarTuleba:
cocxali samyaro
sxeulebi da movlenebi
dedamiwa
garesamyaro
1. moswavle akavSirebs
yvavilovani mce­naris
ZiriTad organoebs
maT fun­qci­asTan
4. moswavle axasi­aTebs
moZraobis traeq­to­ri­
as. msjelobs siCqa­re­
ze.
8. moswavle iyenebs
ge­ografiul instru­
mentebs garemoSi ori­
en­tirebisaTvis
2. moswavle akavSirebs
xerxemliani cxo­ve­
le­bis ZiriTad or­
ga­noebs maT fun­qci­
asTan
5. moswavle aRwers bu­
nebaSi arsebul advi­
lad dakvirvebad Za­
lebs da maTi moqme­
debis Sedegebs
9.
3.
moswavle nacnobi
bu­­­nebrivi garemos ma­
ga­­liTze adgens er­
Tmi­­­marTebian kve­biT
kav­Sirebs
6.
moswavle adarebs
si­naTlisa da bgeris
gav­rcelebas
7. moswavle axasiaTebs
nivTierebaTa ag­re­ga­
tul mdgoma­re­obebs
da
moswavle aRwers
kosmosur sxeulebs
da zogierT astro­no­
miul movlenas mzis
sistemaSi
adamiani da garemo
12. moswavle icavs bu­
nebriv garemoSi usa­
frTxo qcevis wesebs.
13. moswavle aRwers
bu­nebrivi resursebis
mniSvnelobas ada­mi­
anisTvis
10. moswavle aRwers
mniS­vnelovan
geo­
gra­fiul obieqtebs
da mis nawilebs.
11. moswavle aRwers bu­
ne­baSi mimdinare cik­­
lur (riTmul) pro­­ce­
sebs
wlis bolos misaRwevi Sedegebi da maTi indikatorebi
mimarTuleba: cocxali samyaro
bun. V. 1. moswavle akavSirebs yvavilovani mcenaris ZiriTad organoebs maT funqciasTan
Sedegi TvalsaCinoa, Tu moswavle:
• svams kiTxvebs, ikvlevs da aanalizebs Tu ra niSnebiT gamoirCevian yvavilovnebi sxva mcena­
reebisagan;
• ikvlevs yvavilis ZiriTad nawilebs da maT funqcias ukavSirebs mcenaris gamravlebas;
• atarebs cdas mocemuli instruqciis mixedviT da adgens Tu ra sakvebi warmoiqmneba foTolSi
mzis energiis xarjze;
• atarebs cdas da avlens Rerosa da fesvis wyalgamtar funqcias. gadmoscems cdis etapebis
Tanmimdevrobas, gamoaqvs daskvnebi;
• asrulebs instruqciebs, iyenebs Sesabamis xelsawyoebs da instrumentebs mcenaris organoebis
Sesaswavlad, dakvirvebis Sedegebs warmoadgens naxatis saxiT.
bun. V. 2. moswavle akavSirebs xerxemliani cxovelebis ZiriTad organoebs maT funqciasTan
Sedegi TvalsaCinoa, Tu moswavle:
• svams kiTxvebs, ikvlevs da aanalizebs, Tu ra mTavari niSniT (ConCxi) gamoirCevian xerxemlianebi
sxva cxovelebisagan;
• iyenebs gamosaxulebian baraTebs da xerxemlianTa ZiriTad Sinagan organoebs ganalagebs maTi
adgilmdebareobis mixedviT, asaxelebs maT daniSnulebas.
5
bun. V. 3. moswavle nacnobi bunebrivi garemos magaliTze adgens erTmimarTebian kvebiT kavSirebs
Sedegi TvalsaCinoa, Tu moswavle:
• nacnobi bunebrivi garemos magaliTze adgens martiv kvebiT jaWvebs (mag., balaxi _ kalia_ xvliki
_ gveli _ arwivi) sxvadasxva gamomsaxvelobiTi saSualebebis daxmarebiT;
• erTsa da imave garemoSi amoicnobs da asaxelebs kvebiTi jaWvis ramdenime magaliTs;
• ganasxvavebs cxovelebs kvebis niris mixedviT (balaxismWameli, xorcismWameli, nairmWameli),
msjelobs adamianis kvebis Taviseburebaze.
mimarTuleba: sxeulebi da movlenebi
bun. V. 4. moswavle axasiaTebs moZraobis traeqtorias. msjelobs siCqareze
Sedegi TvalsaCinoa, Tu moswavle:
• aRwers sxeulis moZraobis traeqtoriebs (wrfivi, texili, mrudwiruli), adarebs erTmaneTs da
gamoxatavs sqematurad;
• akvirdeba sakuTar moZraobas, agrovebs monacemebs (zomavs ganvlil manZils da dros), warmoadgens
cxrilis saxiT, aanalizebs da gvaZlevs siCqaris maTematikur formulirebas;
• gamoyavs siCqaris erTeuli da msjelobs mis irgvliv myofi sxeulebis savaraudo siCqareebze
(mag., adamianis, velosipedis, avtomobilis), axdens maT Sedarebas.
bun. V. 5. moswavle aRwers bunebaSi arsebul advilad dakvirvebad Zalebs da maTi moqmedebis Sedegebs
Sedegi TvalsaCinoa, Tu moswavle:
atarebs cdebs sxeulTa moZraobaze dasakvirveblad (mag., sxeulTa vardna, daxril sibrtyeze sriali);
gamoTqvams
• mosazrebebs gravitaciuli, xaxunis da drekadobis Zalebis gamovlinebis Sesaxeb;
• mohyavs Zalebis moqmedebis magaliTebi yoveldRiuri cxovrebidan da msjelobs maT mniSvnelobaze.
bun. V. 6. moswavle adarebs sinaTlisa da bgeris gavrcelebas
Sedegi TvalsaCinoa, Tu moswavle:
• akvirdeba da aRwers sinaTlis gavrcelebas erTgvarovan da araerTgvarovan garemoSi (Crdilis
warmoqmnas, gardatexas, arekvlas);
• akvirdeba garemoSi bgeris gavrcelebas da gamoTqvams varauds eqos warmoSobis Sesaxeb, adarebs
mas sinaTlis arekvlas da akeTebs Sesabamis daskvnebs;
• Weqa-quxilis magaliTze adarebs erTmaneTs bgerisa da sinaTlis gavrcelebis siswrafes;
• moipovebs informacias cxovelebisaTvis (mag., Ramura, delfini) eqolokaciis mniSvnelobis Sesaxeb.
bun. V. 7. moswavle axasiaTebs nivTierebaTa agregatul mdgomareobebs
Sedegi TvalsaCinoa, Tu moswavle:
• CamoTvlis misTvis nacnob nivTierebebs, ajgufebs maT airebad, siTxeebad da myar nivTi­ere­bebad;
• maswavleblis daxmarebiT gegmavs da atarebs cdebs wylis erTi mdgomareobidan meoreSi gadasvlaze
dasakvirveblad, zomavs temperaturas da aRwers wylis gayinva-galRobis, aorTqleba-kondensaciis
procesebs. akvirdeba am procesTa Seqcevadobas. monacemebs warmoadgens cxrilis saxiT;
• xsnis wyalsatevebSi wylis mxolod zeda fenis gayinvis mniSvnelobas wyalSi mcxovrebi cocxali
organizmebisaTvis.
mimarTueba: dedamiwa da garesamyaro
bun. V. 8. moswavle iyenebs geografiul instrumentebs garemoSi orientirebisTvis
Sedegi TvalsaCinoa, Tu moswavle:
• garemoSi orientirebs Sesabamisi rukis, gegmis da kompasis saSualebiT; adekvaturad iyenebs Sesa­
bamis terminebs;
6
• msjelobs im profesiebze, romelTaTvisac mniSvnelovania horizontis mxareebis zusti gan­
sazRvra;
• moiZiebs informacias kompasis gamogonebis istoriis Sesaxeb da instruqciis mixedviT amzadebs
martiv kompass;
• bunebrivi orientirebis saSualebiT (mag., mze, polaruli varskvlavi, Crdili, xavsi, xis varjis
forma) gansazRvravs horizontis mxareebs;
• adgilze gagnebisas adarebs kompasisa da bunebrivi orientirebis meSveobiT gansazRvruli
mxareebis sizustes.
bun. V. 9. moswavle aRwers kosmosur sxeulebs da zogierT astronomiul movlenas mzis sistemaSi
Sedegi TvalsaCinoa, Tu moswavle:
• modelebze dakvirvebis safuZvelze aRwers dedamiwis, mTvaris da planetebis moZraobas mzis
sistemaSi;
• asaxelebs da aRwers zogierT kosmosur sxeuls (mag., varskvlavi, planeta, kometebi, asteroidebi,
meteorebi, meteoritebi). msjelobs maT Soris gansxvavebebze;
• amyarebs martiv kavSirs ciuri sxeulis dedamiwidan daSorebasa da zomas Soris;
• qmnis mzis da mTvaris dabnelebis modelebs da msjelobs gamomwvev mizezebze;
• ikvlevs Zveli xalxebis warmodgenebs kosmosis Sesaxeb da adarebs Tanamedroves;
• agrovebs informacias kosmosis Seswavlis teqnologiebis ganviTarebis Sesaxeb. Sedegebs
warmoadgens werilobiT an kolaJis saxiT.
bun. V. 10. moswavle aRwers mniSvnelovan geografiul obieqtebs da maT nawilebs
Sedegi TvalsaCinoa, Tu moswavle:
• rukaze an globusze amoicnobs reliefis da hidrosferos Semadgenel mniSvnelovan obieqtebs
(mag., okeaneebi, zRvebi,Yyureebi, sruteebi, kontinentebi, kunZulebi, naxevarkunZulebi) da
adarebs erTmaneTs;
• rukaze an globusze gansazRvravs kontinentebisa da okeaneebis urTierTmimarTebas;
• agrovebs informacias, adarebs da ajgufebs geografiul obieqtebs sxvadasxva maxasiaTeblis
mixedviT (farTobi, simaRle, sigrZe, siRrme);
• mniSvnelovani geografiuli obieqtebi daaqvs konturul rukaze.
bun. V. 11. moswavle aRwers bunebaSi mimdinare ciklur (riTmul) procesebs
Sedegi TvalsaCinoa, Tu moswavle:
• aRwers wylis mcire da did wrebrunvas. adarebs maT erTmaneTs da qmnis Sesabamis sqematur naxats;
• gansazRvravs sakuTar adgils Jangbadis wrebrunvaSi da qmnis Sesabamis sqematur naxats;
• ganazogadebs ciklurobis princips cocxali da aracocxali bunebis magaliTze (mag., brizebi,
musonebi, yinulwarmoqmna da dnoba, zRvis moqceviTi procesebi, sasicocxlo cikli);
• aRwers sezonuri riTmikis Taviseburebas dedamiwis sxvadasxva adgilisTvis.
mimarTuleba: adamiani da garemo
bun. V. 12. moswavle icavs bunebriv garemoSi usafrTxo qcevis wesebs
Sedegi TvalsaCinoa, Tu moswavle:
• bunebaSi gadaadgilebisas arCevs usafrTxo marSruts;
• icavs bunebaSi sayofacxovrebo narCenebis ganTavsebis wess;
• bunebaSi ganarCevs sasmelad vargis wyals;
• sifrTxiles iCens ucnobi mcenareebisa da sokoebis mimarT;
• arCevs bunebaSi gasvlisTvis Sesaferis tansacmels, aRWurvilobas da sakvebs;
• simulaciuri TamaSis dros avlens pirveladi samedicino daxmarebis elementaruli wesebis flobas.
7
bun. V. 13. moswavle aRwers bunebrivi resursebis mniSvnelobas adamianisTvis
Sedegi TvalsaCinoa, Tu moswavle:
• amoicnobs da ajgufebs aRdgenad da araaRdgenad bunebriv resursebs;
• ikvlevs sakuTari ojaxis mier moxmarebuli bunebrivi resursebis (mag., wyali, xe-tye, niadagi,
bunebrivi airi) mravalferovnebas, monacemebs warmoadgens cxrilis saxiT, gegmavs maTi ekonomiuri
gamoyenebis gzebs;
• agrovebs informacias sakuTari mxaris bunebrivi resursebis gamoyenebis Sesaxeb warsulSi da
dRes, monacemebs warmoadgens cxrilis saxiT;
• moiZiebs informacias da erTmaneTs adarebs adamianebis mier sasmeli wylis mopovebis sxvadasxva
gzas;
• saubrobs sayofacxovrebo narCenebis meoradi gamoyenebis gzebsa da mis mniSvnelobaze bunebrivi
resursebis dazogvaSi;
• aRwers adamianis aqtivobebs da gansazRvravs sakuTar monawileobas bunebrivi resursebis aRdgenis
saqmeSi (mag. xeebis dargva).
programis Sinaarsi
V klasis standartis Sedegebis miRweva SesaZlebelia mocemuli Sinaarsis safuZvelze:
yvavilovani mcenareebi
mravalferovneba, ZiriTadi jgufebi
yvavilovani mcenareebis ZiriTadi organoebi da maTi daniSnuleba: fesvi _ Sewova; Rero _ gatareba;
foToli _ sunTqva, fotosinTezi; yvavili – gamravleba;
xerxemliani cxovelebi
mravalferovneba, ZiriTadi jgufebi
xerxemlian cxovelTa organoebi da maTi daniSnuleba: ConCxi – sayrdeni, filtvebi – sunTqva, guli
_ sisxlis moZraoba, kuWi _ saWmlis moneleba;
xerxemlianTa ganmasxvavebeli ZiriTadi niSan-Tviseba.
kvebiTi kavSirebi
kvebiTi jaWvebi;
balaxismWameli, xorcismWameli, nairmWameli cxovelebi.
moZraobis traeqtoria da siCqare
traeqtoriis saxeebi;
moZraobis siCqare, siCqaris erTeulebi.
bunebaSi arsebuli advilad dakvirvebadi Zalebi
simZimis, xaxunis, drekadobis Zalebi;
maTi gamovlinebebi yoveldRiurobaSi (sxeulTa vardna, sriali, zambaris gaWimva da sxva).
nivTierebis agregatuli mdgomareobebi
nivTiereba, misi magaliTebi;
wylis agregatuli mdgomareobebi;
aorTqleba-kondensacia, gayinva-galRoba.
8
sinaTle da bgera
sinaTlis gavrceleba erTgvarovan da araerTgvarovan garemoSi;
bgeris arekvla _ eqo.
adgilze orientireba
adgilis gegma, ruka, kompasi;
terminebi da cnebebi (polusi, polaruli wreebi, tropikebi, ekvatori);
bunebrivi orientirebi.
kosmosuri sxeulebi da astronomiuli movlenebi
planetebi, varskvlavebi, kometebi, asteroidebi, meteorebi, meteoritebi;
dedamiwis, mTvaris da planetebis moZraoba;
mzis da mTvaris dabneleba;
Zveli xalxis warmodgenebi kosmosze;
kosmosis Seswavlis teqnologiebi.
mniSvnelovani geografiuli obieqtebi da misi nawilebi
reliefis mniSvnelovani formebi (qedebi, zegnebi, qvabulebi...)
hidrosferos Semadgeneli nawilebi (okeaneebi, zRvebi, yureebi...)
geografiuli obieqtebis maxasiaTeblebi (forma, simaRle, siRrme)
kontinentebis da okeaneebis mdebareoba
cikluri (riTmuli) procesebi
wylis didi da mcire wrebrunva;
Jangbadis wrebrunva;
cikluroba (miqceva-moqceva, musonebi, brizebi, wyaldidoba; sasicocxlo cikli);
sezonuri riTmika.
bunebaSi qcevis wesebi
savele samuSaoze an eqskursiaze usafrTxo gadaadgilebis da qcevis wesebi. bunebaSi gasasvlelad
momzadeba;
bunebrivi garemos dacva dabinZurebisagan;
pirveladi samedicino daxmarebis elementaluri wesebi;
bunebrivi resursebi
bunebrivi resursebi: aRdgenadi da araaRdgenadi.
bunebrivi resursebis ekonomiuri xarjvisa da maTi maragis aRdgenis mniSvneloba;
sasmeli wylis resursebi (Wa, wyaro, mtknari wyalsacavi, miwisqveSa wylebi) ;
bunebrivi resursebis gamoyeneba.
9
Sinaarsisa da miznebis ruka
Sinaarsi
dro
misaRwevi Sedegi
1.1 traeqtoria
1 sT
bun. V.4.
1.2 moZraobis siCqare
2 sT
bun. V.4.
praqtikuli samuSao: moZraobis siCqaris gansazRvra
1 sT
bun. V.4.
Cemi proeqti: mdinaris dinebis siCqaris gansazRvra
1 sT
bun. V.4.
Semajamebeli gakveTili, proeqtebis dacva
2 sT
Tema 1. moZraoba (sul 7 sT)
Tema 2. Zalebi (sul 7 sT)
2.1 Zala
1 sT
bun. V.5.
2.2 simZimis Zala
1 sT
bun. V.5.
2.3 drekadobis Zala
1 sT
bun. V.5.
2.4 xaxunis Zala
1 sT
bun. V.5.
2.5 xaxunis Zalis saxeebi
1 sT
bun. V.5.
2.6 xaxuni _ mteri Tu megobari
1 sT
bun. V.5.
Semajamebeli gakveTili
1 sT
Tema 3. sinaTle da bgera ( 14 sT)
3.1 sinaTlis wrfivi gavrceleba
Cemi proeqti: Crdilebis Teatri
3.2 mzisa da mTvaris dabneleba
Cemi proeqti: mzis saaTi
1 sT
bun. V.6.
2 sT
bun. V.6.
1 sT
bun. V.6.
2 sT
3.3 sinaTlis arekvla
1 sT
bun. V.6.
3.4 sinaTlis gardatexa
1 sT
bun. V.6.
3.5. rogor Cndeba cisartyela
1 sT.
bun. V.6.
3.6. riT aixsneba samyaros mravalferovneba
1 sT.
bun. V.6.
3.7. rogor warmoiqmneba bgera
1 sT.
bun. V.6.
praqtikuli samuSao
1 sT.
bun. V.6.
3.8. bgeris gavrcleba
1 sT.
bun. V.6.
Temis Sejameba
1 sT.
Tema 4. nivTierebis agregatuli mdgomareobebi (10 sT)
4.1. sxeuli da nivTiereba
1 sT.
bun. V.7.
4.2. rogor gamovicnoT nivTiereba
1 sT.
bun. V.7.
4.3. nivTierebisa da sxeulis moculobis gazomva
(praqtikuli samuSao)
1 sT.
bun. V.7.
4.4. ra aris agregatuli mdgomareoba
1 sT.
bun. V.7.
4.5. wylis agregatuli mdgomareobebis cvlileba:
aorTqleba-kondensacia
1 sT.
bun. V.7.
4.6. wylis agregatuli mdgomareobis cvlileba:
gayinva-galRoba
1 sT.
bun. V.7.
4.7. wyali dedamiwaze
1 sT.
bun. V.13.
10
4.8. sicocxle wyalSi
1 sT.
bun. V.7.
4.9. proeqti: `Cemi qalaqis/soflis mdinare~ proeqtis dacva
2 sT.
bun. V.7.
5.1. ra aris movlena da procesi
1 sT.
bun. V.11.
5.2. wylis mcire da didi wrebrunva
1 sT.
bun. V.11.
5.3. sezonuri movlenebi
1 sT.
bun. V.11.
5.4. Jangbadis wrebrunva
1 sT.
bun. V.11.
5.5. biologiuri ritmebi (I)
1 sT.
bun. V.11.
5.6. biologiuri ritmebi (II)
2 sT.
bun. V.11.
5.7. Temis Sejameba. saazrovno kiTxvarze muSaoba
1 sT.
bun. V.11.
6.1 mcenareTa mravalferovneba
1 sT.
bun.V.1.1
6.2 yvavili
1 sT.
bun.V.1.2
6.3 yvaviledebi. calsqesiani da orsqesiani yvavilebi
1 sT.
bun.V.1
6.4 damtvervis saxeebi. ganayofiereba
1 sT.
bun.V.1
6.5 nayofebisa da Teslebis gavrceleba
1 sT.
bun.V.1
6.6 Teslis agebuleba
1 sT.
bun.V.1
1 sT.
bun.V.1
6.7 fesvi (I)
1 sT.
bun.V.1
6.8 fesvi (II)
1 sT.
bun.V.1.
6.9 foToli
1 sT.
bun.V.1
6.10 mcenaris kveba _ fotosinTezi
1 sT.
bun.V.1
2 sT.
bun.V.1
6.11 Rero. garegani agebuleba
1 sT.
bun.V.1
6.12 Reros Sinagani agebuleba
1 sT.
bun.V.1
6.13 Reros saxecvlilebebi
1 sT.
Tema 5. cikluri procesebi (8 sT)
Tema 6. yvavilovani mcenareebi ( 17 sT)
praqtikuli samuSao: Teslis gaRvivebis
pirobebis Seswavla
praqtikuli samuSao: mcenaris kveba _ forosinTezi
Semajamebeli gakveTili
1 sT.
Tema 7. xerxemliani cxovelebi (11 sT)
7.1 xerxemliani cxovelebi
1 sT.
bun.V.2
7.2 Tevzebi
1 sT.
bun.V.2.
7.3 amfibiebi
1 sT.
bun.V.2.
7.4 qvewarmavlebi
1 sT.
bun.V.2.
7.5 frinvelebi
1 sT.
bun.V.2.
7.6 ZuZumwovrebi
1 sT.
bun.V.2.
7.7 xerxemlianTa ConCxi
1 sT.
bun.V.2
7.8 xerxemlianTa saWmlis momnelebeli organoebi
1 sT.
bun.V.2
7.9 xerxemlianTa sunTqvis organoebi
1 sT.
bun.V.2
7.10 xerxemlianTa sisxlis mimoqcevis organoebi
1 sT.
bun.V.2
Semajamebeli gakveTili
1 sT.
11
Tema 8. kvebiTi kavSirebi (10 sT)
8.1 rogor ikvebebian cxovelebi
1
bun. V.3
8.2 balaxismWameli cxovelebi
2
bun. V.3
2
bun. V.3
8.4 nairmWameli cxovelebi
2
bun. V.3
8.5 kvebiTi kavSirebi bunebaSi
1
bun. V.3
8.6 adamianis kvebis Taviseburebebi
1
bun. V.3
8.3 mtacebeli ZuZumwovrebis
Taviseburebebi
Seamowme Seni codna
1
Tema 9. kosmosi ( 9 sT)
9.1 kosmosSi yvelaferi moZraobs
2
bun. V.9
9.2 mze
1
bun. V.9
9.3 mzis sistemis planetebi
2
bun. V.9
9.4 mzis sistemis mcire sxeulebi
1
bun. V.9
9.5 rogor yalibdeboda warmodgena kosmosze
2
bun. V.9
Seamowme Seni codna
1
Tema 10. Cveni dedamiwa (22 sT)
10.1 horizontis mxareebi. orientireba
1
bun. V.8
10.2 adgilis gegma
2
bun. V.8
10.3 globusi
2
bun. V.8
10.4 masStabi
1
bun. V.8
10.5 geografiuli rukebi
2
bun. V.8
10.6 geografiuli rukebisa da gegmebis mniSvneloba
1
bun. V.8
10.7 ras vuwodebT hidrosferos
1
bun. V.9
10.8 msoflio okeane da misi nawilebi
2
bun. V.9
10.9 kontinentebisa da okeaneebis nawilebi
1
bun. V.9
10.10 zRvebi, sruteebi, yureebi
2
bun. V.9
10.11 okeaneebisa da zRvebis wylis miqceva da moqceva
1
bun. V.11
10.12 brizebi da musonebi
1
bun. V.11
10.13 reliefi da misi mravalferovneba. mTebi
2
bun. V.9
10.14 reliefi da misi mravalferovneba. vakeebi
1
bun. V.9
Cemi proeqti
1
Seamowme Seni codna
1
Tema 11. bunebrivi resursebi (7 sT)
11.1 ra aris bunebrivi resursi
1
bun. V.13
11.2 bunebrivi resursebi guSin, dRes, xval
1
bun. V.13
11.3 amouwuravi bunebrivi resursebi
1
bun. V.13
11.4 amowurvadi bunebrivi resursebi (I)
2
bun. V.13
11.5 amowurvadi bunebrivi resursebi (II)
1
bun. V.13
11.6 gavufrTxildeT bunebriv simdidres
1
bun. V.13
12
Tema 12. usafrTxo qcevis wesebi bunebaSi (7 sT)
12.1 laSqrobaSi mivdivarT
1
bun. V.12
1
bun. V.12
12.2 frTxilad, wyali dabinZurebulia
1
bun. V.12
12.3 Sxamiani mcenareebi da sokoebi
1
bun. V.12
12.4 Sxamiani cxovelebi
2
bun. V.12
12.5 pirveli samedicino daxmareba sxvadasxva dazianebis dros
1
bun. V.12
Cemi proeqti
sul _ 129sT.
sarezervo saaTebis raodenoba _ 15 sT.
13
gakveTilis scenari # 1
(jgufuri)
Tema: siCqare (§ 1.2) / I saaTi
1. gakveTilis
Sesavali
2. diskusia
3. saubari
4. kiTxva-pasuxi
5. diskusia
6.saSinao
davaleba
moswavleebis
organizeba
drois
ganawileba
4- 5 kaciani jgufi
jgufebi
mTeli klasi
mTeli klasi
jgufebi
individualuri
8 wT
5 wT
5 wT
10 wT
15 wT
2 wT
resursebi
aqtivobebi
SemowmebaSefaseba
dakvirveba
saxelmZRvanelos teqsti
•damoukidebeli
azrovnebis,
daskvnis gamotanis,
komunikaciisa da
TanamSromlobis,
drois limitis
dacvis unarCvevebis
ganviTareba.
•erT-erTi funda­
menturi fizikuri
sididis _
moZraobis siCqaris
gacnoba.
moZraobis siCqare (I saaTi)
(sul 2 sT)
saswavlo miznebi
Tema
gakveTilis dagegmvis cxrili
1. gakveTilis Sesavali (8 wT.)
gakveTilis dawyebisas moswavleebi 4-5 kacian jgufebad iyofian. maswavlebeli moswavleebs
acnobs gakveTilis mizans da jgufebs davalebas aZlevs:
Tqven iciT, rom bunebaSi yvelaferi moZraobs: moZraoben adamianebi, frinvelebi,
cxovelebi, manqanebi, mdinareebis wyali, zRvis talRebi, varskvlavebi, planetebi… mokled,
yvelaferi, rac Cvens garemomcvel samyaros Seadgens, ganuwyvetel moZraobaSia.
Tqven isic iciT, rom sxvadasxva sxeulebi moZraobisas gansxvavebuli siswrafiT xasiaT­
debian: avtomobili ufro swrafad moZraobs, vidre adamiani, TviTmfrinavi kidev ufro
swrafad moZraobs, vidre avtomobili, magram kosmosuri xomaldi TviTmfrinavze ufro
swrafia da a.S.
dRevandeli gakveTilis mizani swored im Zalian mniSvnelovani sididis gacnobaa,
romelic moZraobis siswrafes axasiaTebs.
maS ase, modi, vnaxoT riT SeiZleba davaxasiToT moZraobis siswrafe. minda saintereso
faqtis gacnobiT daviwyo: iqneb iciT kidec, rom gepardi cxovelTa samyaroSi yvelaze swrafi
mtacebelia. mas nadirobis Zalze saintereso meTodi aqvs: gepardi msxverpls daaxloebiT
aTiode metris manZilze uaxlovdeba da Tanac, ar gegonoT, rom igi am dros msxverpls
Cumad, malviT epareba. ara, gepardi Zalian Tavdajerebulad, `Rirseulad~, yvelas dasanaxad
uaxlovdeba msxverpls, TiTqos mas saSualebas aZlevs, rom Tavis gadasarCenad raime
moifiqros. msxverpli ki, rogorc wesi, am dros gaqceviT Svelis Tavs. gepardi uswrafesi
garbeniT eweva msxverpls: is am dros 1 wm-Si 30 m-ze met manZils faravs. es Zalian didi
siswrafea, imdenad didi, rom gepardi am garbenisas uzarmazar energias xarjavs da ise
iRleba, rom garbena naxevar wuTze nakleb dros grZeldeba.
14
am saocari da ulamazesi mtaceblis moZraobis naxvisas SeuZlebelia ar gagiCndes kiTxva:
gauswrebs Tu ara is mag., avtomanqana `porSes~ ? an romeli ufro swrafia: gepardi Tu
adamiani, romelic msoflio da olimpiur rekordebs amyarebs swored mokle manZilebze
sirbilSi? mag., veronika kembeli, samgzis olimpiuri Cempioni da msoflio Cempioni mokle
manZilebze sirbilSi, 200 m-s daaxloebiT 22 wm-Si faravs.
sanam am kiTxvaze pasuxs gascemT, ganvixiloT aseTi amocana:
fizkulturis gakveTilze:
a) nikam 100 m gairbina, kaxim ki _ 50; b) nikam 10 wT irbina, kaxim ki _ 15.
SeZlebT Tu ara a) da b) SemTxvevebSi imis garkvevas, romelia ufro swrafi: nika Tu kaxi?
ratom?
2. diskusia (5 wT.)
moswavleebi jgufebSi muSaoben: isini msjeloben da martivi gamoTvlebis Sedegad dasmul
kiTxvaze pasuxs adgenen. maswavleblis gadawyvetilebiT, erT-erTi jgufis warmomadgeneli
jgufis mier Catarebuli gamoTvlebis Sedegs klasis winaSe, dafaze werilobiT warmoadgens.
moswavlis pasuxi : Cven ver SevZlebT a) da b) SemTxvevebSi imis garkvevas, romelia ufro swrafi:
nika Tu kaxi, radgan a) SemTxvevaSi ar gvaqvs monacemi, Tu ra droSi faraven isini am manZilebs,
xolo b) SemTxvevaSi ar viciT maT mier gavlili manZilebi.
maswavlebeli: rogor fiqrobT, SeiZleba Tu ara, rom sxeulis siswrafe mxolod mis
mier gavlili manZilis mixedviT davaxasiaToT an mxolod moZraobis droiT? pasuxi
daasabuTeT.
mosw.: sxeulis siswrafis daxasiaTeba mxolod mis mier gavlili manZilis mixedviT an mxolod
moZraobis droiT, ar SeiZleba.
maswavlebeli: modi, sxva situaciebic ganvixiloT: 50 m-ze sirbilSi Sejibrebisas, maswavleblis
niSanze yvela moswavle erTdroulad moswyda adgils. romeli maTgani CaiTvleba yvelaze
swrafad: a) romelic daniSnul adgilamde yvelaze mokle droSi miaRwevs; b) romelic daniSnul
adgilamde misvlas yvelaze did dros moandomebs.
mosw.: yvelaze swrafad CaiTvleba moswavle, romelic daniSnul adgilamde yvelaze mokle droSi
miaRwevs.
masw.: rogor fiqrobT, romeli maTgani gaivlis ufro met manZils 1 wm-Si?
mosw.: 1 wm-Si ufro met manZils gaivlis is moswavle, romelic yvelaze swrafia.
masw.: axla aseTi situacia warmoidgineT: maswavleblis niSanze yvela moswavle adgilidan
erTdroulad moswyda da zustad 10 wm-Si, sastvenis xmaze isini adgilze SeCerdnen.
romeli maTgania ufro swrafi: a) romelic 10 wm-Si yvelaze patara manZils gairbens; b) romelic
10 wm-Si yvelaze did manZils gairbens.
mosw.: yvelaze swrafad CaiTvleba moswavle, romelic 10 wm-Si yvelaze did manZils gairbens.
masw.: dafiqrdiT, romeli maTgani gaivlis ufro met manZils1 wm-Si?
mosw.: 1 wm-Si ufro met manZils gaivlis is moswavle, romelic yvelaze swrafia.
masw.: maS ase, gaakeTeT daskvna, riT SeiZleba davaxasiaToT moZraobis siswrafe.
a) mxolod gavlili manZilis mixedviT; b) mxolod moZraobis drois mixedviT; g) 1 wm-Si
gavlili manZilis mixedviT.
mosw.: sxeulis moZraobis siswrafe SeiZleba davaxasiaToT sxeulis mier 1 wm-Si gavlili
manZilis sididiT.
15
3. saubari ( 5 wT.)
masw.: moZraobis siswrafes axasiaTeben sxeulis mier drois erTeulSi mag., 1 sT-Si, 1 wm-Si,
1wT-Si gavlili manZilis sididiT. es sidide ki, rogorc Tqven ukve naxeT, gamoiTvleba
gavlili manZilis SefardebiT moZraobis drosTan. am am Sefardebas siCqare ewodeba.
maswavlebeli wers dafaze:
siCqare = manZili / dro
masw.: Tu gaiTvaliswinebT, rom manZils s-iT aRniSnaven, dros - t-Ti da siCqares v-Ti, siCqaris
gamosaTvleli formula aseT saxes miiRebs:
maswavlebeli wers dafaze:
v=s/t
(1)
masw.: siCqaris gamosaTvleli (1)-li formulis daxmarebiT ki siCqaris erTeulis dadgena
SegviZlia:
maswavlebeli wers dafaze:
siCqaris erTeuli = manZilis erTeuli/drois erTeuli = 1m/1wm.
masw.: maS ase, siCqaris erTeulia 1m/wm. Tumca praqtikaSi siCqaris sxva erTeulebic gamoiyeneba
mag.: 1km/sT, 1 km/wm, 1 sm/wm da a. S.
4. kiTxva-pasuxi (10 wT.)
masw.: daakvirdiT suraTebs: rogor fiqrobT, siCqaris romeli erTeulis gamoyenebaa ufro
mosaxerxebeli TiToeul SemTxvevaSi sxeulis siswrafis dasaxasiaTeblad?
pasuxi: lokokinas siCqaris dasaxasiaTeblad SeiZleba sm/wT an m/sT-is gamoyeneba, radgan
savaraudoa, rom igi 1 wT-Si mxolo ramdenime sm-ze gadaadgildeba, xolo 1 sT-is
ganmavlobaSi mis mier gavlili manZili, albaT, 1-2 m-s ar aRemateba.
vfiqrobT, rom matareblis siCqare km/sT-ebiT gamoisaxeba, xolo raketis km/sT-iT an sulac
km/wm-iT.
masw.: gaixseneT, rogor gamoiTvleba ucnobi gasayofi?
pas.: ucnobi gasayofi gamyofisa da ganayofis namravlis tolia.
masw.: ase rom, Tqven SegiZliaT (1)-li formulidan manZilis gamosaTvleli formulac
daadginoT. daakvirdiT, (1)-li formulis gaTvaliswinebiT, rogor saxes miiRebs manZilis,
anu s -is gamosaTvleli formula.
pas.: Tu cnobilia sxeulis siCqare da moZraobis dro, sxeulis mier gavlili manZili ase
gamoiTvleba:
moswavle wers dafaze:
s=vt
(2)
masw.: gaixseneT, rogor gamoiTvleba ucnobi gamyofi?
pas.: imisaTvis, rom ucnobi gamyofi vipovoT, gasayofi unda gavyoT ganayofze.
masw.: ase rom, Tqven SegiZliaT (1)-li formulidan moZraobis drois gamosaTvleli
formulac daadginoT. daakvirdiT, (1)-li formulis gaTvaliswinebiT, rogor saxes
miiRebs moZraobis drois, anu t-s gamosaTvleli formula.
pas.: Tu cnobilia sxeulis mier gavlili manZili da siCqare, moZraobis dro ase gamo­iTvleba:
moswavle wers dafaze:
16
t=s/v
(3)
5. diskusia (15 wT.)
maswavlebeli sxvadasxva jgufs gansxvavebul davalebas aZlevs.
davaleba I jgufs:
gamoTvaleT, ris tolia sinaTlis siCqare, Tu cnobilia, rom sinaTle mTvaresa da dedamiwas
Soris manZils (daaxloebiT 300 000 km-s) 1wm-Si gadis.
davaleba II jgufs:
gamoiyeneT me-(2) formula da gamoTvaleT, ra manZils gadis mTvare 1 wm-is ganmavlobaSi
dedamiwis garSemo moZraobisas, Tu cnobilia, rom mTvaris siCqare 1000 m/wm-ia.
gaakeTeT daskvna, ras gviCvenebs Canaweri: mTvaris siCqarea 1000 m/wm?
davaleba III jgufs:
gamoiyeneT me-(3) formula, Tqvens mier gamoTvlili sinaTlis siCqaris mniSvneloba da
gamoTvaleT, ra droSi aRwevs sinaTle mzidan dedamiwamde, Tu manZili dedamiwasa da mzes
Soris 150 mln km-ia.
jgufebi muSaoben da Sedegebs jgufis warmomadgenlebi mTeli klasis winaSe warmoadgenen.
I jgufis warmomadgeneli:
siCqaris gamosaTvleli (1)-li formulis Tanaxmad
v = s / t = 300 000 km/1wm = 300 000 km/wm
rekomendacia: sasurvelia, maswavlebelma moswavleTa yuradReba kidev erTxel gaamaxvilos
im faqtze, rom 1 wm-Si gavlili manZili ricxobrvad siCqares emTxveva da sxva, analogiur
SemTxvevaSi, roca 1 wm-Si, 1 wT-Si, 1 sT -Si gavlili manZili cnobilia, siCqaris gamosaTvlelad
(1)-li formulis gamoyeneba saWiro ar aris.
II jgufis warmomadgeneli:
manZilis gamosaTvleli me-(2) formulis Tanaxmad
s = v t = 1000 m/wm .1wm = 300 000 km/wm
rekomendacia maswavlebels: aucileblad gaamaxvileT yuradReba im faqtze, rom siCqaris
ricxviTi mniSvneloba1 wm-Si gavlil manZilis sidides aCvenebs.
Tu siCqare mocemulia 1 wm-Si (1 wT-Si, 1 sT-Si) gavlili manZilis gamosaTvlelad me-(2)
formulis gamoyeneba saWiro ar aris.
swored amis sakiTxis kidev ufro gansamtkiceblad SegiZliaT gamoiyenoT saxelmZRvaneloSi
mocemuli SekiTxvebi:
* ras gviCvenebs Canaweri: kus siCqarea 200 m/sT? (pas.: es Canaweri gviCvenebs, rom ku 1 sT-Si
200 m-s gadis)
* ras gviCvenebs Canaweri: mzis garSemo orbitaze dedamiwis moZraobis siCqarea 30 km/wm?
(pas.: es Canaweri gviCvenebs, rom mze 1 wm-Si 30 km-s gadis)
III jgufis warmomadgeneli:
moZraobis drois gamosaTvleli me-(3) formulis Tanaxmad
t = s / v = 150 000 000 km : 300 000 km/wm = 500 wm ≈ 8,3 wT
masw.: sinaTlis siCqare bunebaSi yvelaze didi siCqarea. aseTi siCqariT erT wamSi dedamiwas
7-jer SemovuvlidiT. samyuras nisleulidan sinaTlis dedamiwamde moRwevas 4500 weliwadi
sWirdeba, yvelaze Soreuli galaqtikebidan ki _ miliardobiT weli.
17
6. saSinao davaleba (2 wT.)
masw.:
a) amocana.
2009 wlis 17 agvistos iamaikelma sportsmenma usain boltma axali msoflio rekordi
daamyara: 100 m manZili 9,58 wm-Si dafara. am maCvenebliT man Tavisive rekordi gaaujobesa.
gamoTvaleT, msoflioSi yvelaze swrafi adamianis siCqare.
SeniSvna:
savaraudoa, rom moswavleebma jer ar icodnen ricxvis aTwiladze gayofa, amitom
dro daamrgvaleT erTeulebamde
b) SeadgineT damoukideblad ori amocana, romlebSic gavlili manZilis, da moZraobis
drois gamoTvla iqneba saWiro.
b) gaecaniT proeqts: moZraobis siCqaris gansazRvra. moamzadeT kiTxvebi, romlebic
Casatarebeli samuSaos gacnobisas gagiCndebaT. moifiqreT gegma, ra gegmiTac momavalSi
am proeqtze muSaobas SesZlebT.
Sefasdeba: sagakveTilo procesSi CarTuloba
gakveTilis scenari # 2
(muSaoba amocanebis amoxsnaze wyvilebSi)
Tema: siCqare (§ 1.2) / II saaTi
1. gakveTilis
Sesavali
2. muSaoba I
amocanaze
3. muSaoba II
amocanaze
4. muSaoba III
amocanaze
5. muSaoba IV
amocanaze
6. saSinao
davaleba
moswavleebis
organizeba
drois
ganawileba
individualuri
2 wT
8 wT
10 wT
10 wT
mTeli klasi
12 wT
individualuri
3 wT
resursebi
aqtivobebi
amocanebi maswavleblis
wignidan.
•problemis
gadaWris gzis
Ziebis, miRebuli
codnis Sejamebis,
damoukidebeli
azrovnebis, drois
limitis dacvis
unar-Cvevebis
ganviTareba.
•martivi amocanebi
amoxsnis xerxebis
daufleba
§ 1.2 moZraobis siCqare (I saaTi)
(sul 2 sT)
saswavlo miznebi
Tema
# 1 gakveTilis dagegmvis cxrili
SemowmebaSefaseba
dakvirveba,
Canawerebis
gacnoba.
1. gakveTilis Sesavali (2 wT.)
amocanis amoxsnaze moswavleebi muSaoben individualurad..
maswavlebeli ganmartavs gakveTilis mizans: Cven gavecaniT sidides, romliTac moZraobis
siswrafes axasiaTeben. es sidide moZraobis siCqarea. viswavleT, rogor unda gamovTvaloT
igi, rogor unda vipovoT sxeulis mier gavlili manZili da moZraobis dro. dRevandeli
gakveTilis mizania, ganvixiloT martivi amocanebi da maTi amoxsnis xerxebs gavecnoT.
18
2. muSaoba I amocanaze (8 wT.)
moswavleebi amocanis amoxsnaze erTmaneTisgan damoukideblad, individualurad muSaoben.
drois limitis amowurvis Semdeg maswavlebeli Tavisi Sexedulebis mixedviT mopasuxe
moswavles amoarCevs. es SeiZleba iyos moswavle, romelic yvelaze swrafad moifiqrebs
swor pasuxs, an piriqiT, yvelaze pasiuri moswavle. ecadeT, sagakveTilo procesSi yvela
moswavle CarToT.
rekomendacia: nu ugulebelyofT araswor pasuxs, nurc komentarebs gaukeTebT. miandeT
pasuxis Sefaseba klasis danarCen moswavleebs, moismineT maTi gansaxvavebuli azrebi da
mxolod mas Semdeg daexmareT maT swori gadawyvetilebis miRebaSi.
mopasuxe moswavle amocanas dafaze xsnis.
amocana I
Tbil qveynebSi gadafrenisas mercxlebis gundis siCqare 12 m/wm-ia. gamoTvaleT, ra manZils
gadis gundi 1 sT-Si?
SeniSvna:
a) sasurvelia, rom moswavleebi miaCvivnon amocanis amoxsnis organizebas da iswavlon
mocemulobis Cawera.
b) gaamaxvileT moswavleTa yuradReba imaze, rom amocanaSi mocemuli sidideebis erTeulebia
m/wm da sT. aseTi tipis amocanebis amoxsnisas aucilebelia, rom winaswar, erTnairi
sidideebi erTnair erTeulebSi gamovsaxoT. mag., amocanaSi mocemuli yvela manZili
an km-iT an m-iT unda iyos gamosaxuli. aseve yvela dro da yvela siCqare erTnair
erTeulebSi unda iyos gamosaxuli.
siCqaris erTeulebis gadayvana moswavleebma jer ar ician da amitom urCieT, rom aseT
amocanebSi maT winaswar gadaaqcion km metrebSi, xolo saaTi wamebSi an piriqiT, imis mixedviT,
Tu romeli erTeulia ufro mosaxerxebeli amocanis amoxsnisas.
amoxsna
moc.:
v = 12 m/wm
t = 1 sT = 3600 wm
------------------------s=?
s = v t = 12 . 3600 = 43 200 (m)
pasuxi: mercxlebis gundi 1 sT-Si 43 200 m-s gadis.
masw.: gaixseneT, ras gviCvenebs Canaweri: siCqare 12 m/wm-ia?
pas.: Canaweri, siCqare 12 m/wm-ia, gviCvenebs, rom sxeuli (am SemTxvevaSi, adamiani) 1 wm-Si 12
m-s gadis.
3. muSaoba II amocanaze (10 wT.)
amocana II
damsveneblebi qalaqidan 144 km manZiliT daSorebul agarakze avtomanqaniT 2 sT-Si Cavidnen.
ukan dabrunebisas isini 25 m/wm siCqariT moZraobdnen. romeli mimarTulebiT moZraobda
avtomanqana meti siCqariT?
SeniSvna:
gaamaxvileT moswavleTa yuradReba imaze, rom zogjer amocanaSi ori sxeuli (avtomanqana)
an ori sxvadasxva SemTxvevaa (moZraoba qalaqidan agarakisken da piriqiT, agarakidan
19
qalaqisken) mocemuli. amitom, imisaTvis, rom erTmaneTisgan ganvasxvavoT, romeli sidide
romeli sxeulis moZraobas an romel SemTxvevas axasiaTebs, maTTvis damaxasiaTebeli
sidideebi Sesabamisi niSnakebiT aRvniSnoT, mag., pirvel SemTxvevaSi (an pirveli avtomanqanis)
avtomanqanis siCqare, gavlili manZili da dro Sesabamisad v1-iT, s1-iTa da t1-iT aRvniSnoT,
xolo meore SemTxvevaSi (an meore avtomanqanis) _ v2-iT, s2-iTa da t2-iT.
amoxsna
moc.: s1 = 144 km = 144 000 m
t1 = 2 sT = 7200 wm
v2 = 25 m/wm
------------------------v1 = ?
v1 = s1 / t1 = 144 000 : 7200 = 20 (m/wm)
pasuxi: v2 > v1 ase, rom avtomanqana ukana gzaze, agarakidan qalaqisken ufro meti siCqariT
moZraobda.
4. muSaoba III amocanaze (10 wT.)
amocana III
erTsa da imave manZils erTi avtomanqana 30 wm-Si faravs, xolo meore _ 20 wm-Si. gaigeT, ra
siCqariT moZraobs meore avtomanqana, Tu cnobilia, rom pirvelis siCqare _ 10 m/wm-ia.
SeniSvna:
gaamaxvileT moswavleTa yuradReba imaze, rom amocanaSi ori sxeulia (avtomanqana mocemuli
da isini erTsa da imave manZils gadian, anu s1 = s2
amoxsna
moc.:
s1 = s2
v1 = 10 m/wm
t1 = 30 wm
t2 = 20 wm
------------------------v2 = ?
s1 = s2 = v1 t1 = 10 . 30 = 300 (m)
v2 = s2 /t1 = 300 : 20 = 15 (m/wm)
pasuxi: meore avtomanqanis siCqarea 15 m/wm.
5. muSaoba IV amocanaze (12 wT.)
amocana IV
Tbilisidan da borjomidan erTdroulad, erTmaneTis Sesaxvedrad ori avtomanqana
gamovida. erTi 60 km/sT siCqariT moZraobda, xolo meore _ 80 km/sT -iT. gaigeT, ra manZilia,
am qalaqebs Soris Tu avtomanqanebi erTmaneTs 1 sT-is Semdeg Sexvdnen.
20
SeniSvna:
a) savaraudoa, rom am amocanis amoxsna moswavleebs gauWirdebaT. amitom erT-erTi maTganis
daxmareboT is dafaze mTel klasTan erTad amoxseniT.
b) aseTi tipis amocanebis amoxsnisas daixmareT naxazi, romelic ufro TvalsaCinos xdis
amocanis amoxsnis gzas.
g) gaamaxvileT moswavleTa yuradReba imaze, rom amocanaSi ori sxeuli (avtomanqana)
moZraobas erTdroulad iwyebs da amitom Sexvedramde maTi moZraobis dro erTnairia
t1 = t2
amoxsna
moc.:
v1 = 60 km/sT
v2 = 80 km/sT
t1 = t2 = 1 sT
------------------------s=?
s1 = v1 t1 = 60
s2 = v2 t2 = 80
. 1 = 60 (km)
. 1 = 80 (km)
naxazidan sCans, rom or qalaqs Soris manZili s = s1 + s2 = 140 (km)
pasuxi:
Tbilissa da borjoms Soris manZili 140 km-ia.
6. saSinao davaleba (3 wT.)
1. lokokinas siCqare 1,4 m/wm-ia. gamoTvaleT, ra dros moandomebs igi 2m-is gavlas?
2. avtobusma naxevar saaTSi 60 km gaiara, momdevno 15 wT-Si ki 30 km. gzis romel monakveTze
moZraobda avtobusi meti siCqariT ?
3. gaixseneT amocana IV, romelic klasSi Tqveni monawileobiT amovxseniT. modi, axla am
amocanaSi aRwerili moqmedeba gavagrZeloT. maS ase, Tbilisidan da borjomidan
momavali avtomanqanebi erTmaneTs Sexvdnen da gza gaagrZeles. axla isini erTmaneTis
sawinaaRmdego mimarTulebiT moZraoben. gaakeTeT Sesabamisis naxazi da gamoTvaleT ra
manZili iqneba maT Soris Sexvedridan 2 sT-is Semdeg. CaTvaleT, rom maTi siCqareebi ar
Secvlila.
amoxsna:
s = s1 + s2 = v1 t1 + v2 t2 = 60 . 2 + 80 . 2 = 280 (km)
Sefasdeba: sagakveTilo procesSi CarTuloba
21
gakveTilis scenari # 3
(mimdinare, sademonstracio cdebiT)
Tema: xaxunis Zalis saxeebi (§ 2.5)
1. gakveTilis
Sesavali
2. eqsperimentebi.
diskusia
3. eqsperimentebi.
saubari
4. kiTxva-pasuxi
5. saSinao
davaleba
moswavleebis
organizeba
drois
ganawileba
mTeli klasi
2 wT
mTeli klasi
15 wT
mTeli klasi
12 wT
mTeli klasi
individualuri
12 wT
4 wT
resursebi
aqtivobebi
SemowmebaSefaseba
dakvirveba
erT moswavleze: 20 TeTriani moneta,
tansacmlis jagrisi, saxazavi, uwaxnago,
mrgvali fanqari.
•cdis Catarebis,
dakvirvebis,
aRweris, varaudis
gamoTqmis,
damoukidebeli
azrovnebis, azris
Camoyalibebisa
da gadacemis,
daskvnis gamotanis,
komunikaciisa da
TanamSromlobis,
drois limitis
dacvis unarCvevebis
ganviTareba.
•xaxunis Zalis
sxvadasxva saxeebze
dakvirveba.
§ 2.5 xaxunis Zalis saxeebi
(1 sT)
saswavlo miznebi
Tema
gakveTilis dagegmvis cxrili
1. gakveTilis Sesavali (2 wT.)
masw.: wina gakveTilze gavecaniT xaxunis Zalas. gaixseneT, ra aris xaxunis Zala?
pas.: xaxunis Zala erTi sxeulis (mag., asfaltis, yinulis, balaxis, iatakis, magidis da a.S)
zedapirze meore sxeulis moZraobisas aRiZvreba da am ukanasknelis moZraobas ewinaaRmdegeba.
masw.: modi, CavataroT cdebi da davakvirdeT sxvadasxva SemTxvevebSi aRZrul xaxunis
Zalebs.
2. eqsperimentebi. diskusia (15 wT.)
saxelmZRvaneloSi aRwerilia sakmaod martivi da amasTan Zalian saintereso cdebi. umjobesia,
TiToeulma moswavlem cdebi individualurad Caataros da damoukideblad daakvirdes cdebis
Sedegebs.
cda I
moswavleebi xelisgulze 20 TeTriani monetas ideben da cdiloben, rom tansacmlis rbili
jagrisis daxmarebiT moneta xelidan gadaagdon (jagrisi horizontalurad uWiravT).
cdis Sedegi: monetas jagrisis saSualebiT xelisgulidan verc erTi moswavle ver
gadaagdebs.
masw.: rogor fiqrobT, ratom ar vardeba moneta xelisgulidan?
22
moswavleTa savaraudo pasuxebi:
• `jagriss Zala ar yofnis rom moneta gadaagdos…~
• `moneta imitom ar vardeba, rom jagrisi rbilia. jagrisi cota magari rom yofiliyo,
gadavagdebdi…~
• ` jagrisi srialebs monetaze, xaxunis Zalaa patara. cota metad rom edebodes, moneta
gadavardeboda….~ da a. S.
masw.: miuxedavad imisa, rom yvela Tqvengani TiTqosda gansxvavebul azrs gamoTqvams,
pasuxebidan mainc cxadia, rom saubaria `Zalaze, romelic ar ar aris sakmarisi monetis
gadasagdebad~. minda giTxraT, rom Tqven Zalian axlos xarT WeSmaritebasTan. Tumca
sakmarisi codna imisaTvis, rom Tqveni pasuxi metad gamarTuli iyos, jer ar gaqvT. am cdis
Sedegs mogvianebiT, roca meti codna dagigrovdebaT, albaT, ukeTesad axsniT. manamde ki
kvlav cdebi CavataroT.
cda II
moswavleebi wignis zedapirze saxazavs aTavseben da wignis erT bolos nel-nela zeviT
sweven. raRac momentSi saxazavi wignis zedapirze dacurdeba.
masw.: rogor fiqrobT, ra akavebda saxazavs manamde, sanam dacurdeboda, daxrili wignis
zedapirze?
moswavleTa savaraudo pasuxebi:
• `daxris kuTxe iyo patara …~
• `uswormasworobebi hqonda saxazavs da wignis zedapirs edeboda…~
• `xaxunis Zala uSlida xels…~
• `xaxunis Zala ar iqneboda, imitom, rom xaxunis Zala mxolod sxeulis moZraobisas
aRiZvreba….~
3. eqsperimentebi. saubari (12 wT.)
masw.: diax, wina gakveTilze Cven xaxunis Zalis arsi ganvmarteT: xaxunis Zala erTi sxeulis
zedapirze meore sxeulis m o Z r a o b i s a s aRiZvreba. Tumca arsebobs xaxunis Zalis iseTi
saxe, romelic maSin aRiZvreba, roca sxeuli ar moZraobs. es uZraobis xaxunis Zalaa.
maS ase, uZraobis xaxunis Zala aris Zala, romelic xels uSlis sxeulis adgilidan daZvras.
swored saxazavsa da wignis zedapirs Soris arsebuli uZraobis xaxunis Zala aris mizezi
imisa, rom saxazavi daxrili wignis zedapirze garkveul momentamde ar curdeba.
xelisgulsa da monetas Soris arsebuli uZraobis xaxunis Zala aris mizezi imisa, rom
jagrisiT monetis gadagdeba ver SesZeliT.
cda III
moswavleebi wignze uwaxnago, mrgvali fanqari grZivad aTavseben. wignis erT bolos
nel-nela zeviT manam sweven, sanam fanqari srials ar daiwyebs.
masw.: srialisas fanqarsa da wignis zedapirs Soris srialis xaxunis Zala aRiZvreba.
23
cda IV
moswavleebi igive fanqars wignze ganivad deben da wignis erTi bolo maRla ise sweven,
rom fanqari dagordes.
masw.: gorvisas fanqarsa da wignis zedapirs Soris gorvis xaxunis Zala aRiZvreba. am dros
sxeulsa da wignis zedapirs Soris gorvis xaxunis Zala aRiZvreba, romlis warmoqmnis
mizezi gansxvavdeba srialis xaxunis gamomwvevi mizezisgan: gorvisas sxeulis qveS zedapiri
Caizniqeba. amis gamo sxeulis win yovelTvis iqmneba patara safexuri, romelic man gorvisas
unda gadalaxos. swored es qmnis gorvisas Semaferxebel Zalas- gorvis xaxuns.
(amitom rac ufro magaria gzis safari, miT naklebia gorvis xaxuni. swored amitom faraven
asfaltiT gzebs)
3. kiTxva-pasuxi (12 wT.)
masw.: romel SemTxvevaSi iyo wignis daxris kuTxe ufro didi: roca fanqari srials iwyebda,
Tu roca is gorvas iwyebda?
pas.: wignis daxris kuTxe ufro didi maSin iyo, roca fanqari srials iwyebda.
masw.: raze miganiSnebT, es faqti?
savaraudo pasuxebi.: sriali rom daiwyos, wigni metad unda avwioT, anu daxris kuTxe meti
unda iyos, vidre es gorvis SemTxvevaSia. es imas niSnavs, rom srialis dasawyebad
g) `sxeuli metad unda avayiravoT, vidre dagorebisas…~
h) `sxeuls metad sWirdeba mixmareba, rom adgilidan daiZres, vidre gorvis
SemTxvevaSi…~
masw.: diax, imisaTvis rom sxeulma sriali daiwyos, masze ufro meti ZaliT unda vimoqmedoT,
vidre gorvis SemTxvevaSi. sxeulis dagorebisTvis naklebi Zalisxmevaa saWiro. es ki imas
niSnavs, rom srialis xaxunis Zala aRemateba gorvis xaxunis Zalas.
swored am mizezis gamo gaCnda kacobriobis udides gamogonebaTa CamonaTvalSi _
borbali, romlis daxmarebiT srialis xaxuni gorvis xaxuniT icvleba da amitom tvirTis
gadasaadgileblad naklebi Zalaa saWiro.
maS ase, xaxunis Zala sxvadasxva saxisaa: uZraobis, srialis, gorvis. xaxunis Zalis es
saxeebi myari sxeulebis zedapirebis Sexebisas warmoiqmneba, Sesabamisad, isini mSrali
xaxunis saxeebia. moZraobis Semaferxebeli Zala maSinac warmoiqmneba, roca sxeuli siTxeSi
moZraobs, mas sveli xaxunis Zala hqvia. haerSi moZraobisas ki sxeulze haeris winaaRmdegobis
Zala moqmedebs.
daakvirdiT suraTebs da dafiqrdiT: ra saxisaa TiToeul SemTxvevaSi sxeulze moqmedi xaxunis
Zala?
pasuxebi.:
mociguraveze moqmedebs srialis xaxunis Zala.
paraSutistebze (skaidraiverebi) moqmedebs
haeris winaaRmdegobis Zala.
24
gemze moqmedebs sveli xaxunis Zala
skeitbordze moqmedebs gorvis xaxunis Zala.
kldeze dakidul mcocavze moqmedebs uZraobis xaxunis Zala.
3. saSinao davaleba (4 wT.)
cda
magidaze moTavsebul rveuls xeli zemodan daaWire da magidis zedapirze gaasriale.
axla warmoidgine, rom rveulis yda iseTi prialaa, rom masze xelisguli ver Cerdeba.
dafiqrdi: SeZleb Tu ara rveulis gasrialebas magidaze aseT SemTxvevaSi? Seni azriT, ratom
SeZeli rveulis gasrialeba pirvel SemTxvevaSi?
ra saxis xaxunis Zala moqmedebs rveulsa da magidis zedapirs Soris? xelisgulsa da
reveuls Soris? ra Zalis daxmarebiT moZraobs rveuli magidaze?
* gaanalize cdis Sedegi da Seadare erTmaneTs: romeli Zalaa ufro didi: rveulsa da
magidis zedapirs Soris arsebuli xaxunis Zala, Tu xaxunis Zala xelisgulsa da rveuls
Soris?
rveulsa da magidis zedapirs Soris srialis xaxunis Zala moqmedebs. xelisgulsa da
rveuls Soris ki _ uZraobis xaxunis Zala.
pas.: Tu xelisgulsa da rveuls Soris uZraobis xaxunis Zala ar iarsebebs (anu Tu
xelisguli gacurdeba rveulze), maSin Cven rveuls magidaze ver gavacurebT, ragind didi
ZaliTac ar unda vaWerdeT mas xels. ase, rom xelisgulsa da rveuls Soris uZraobis xaxunis
Zala gvexmareba, rom rveuli magidaze gavacuroT.
Sefasdeba: sagakveTilo procesSi CarTuloba
25
gakveTilis scenari # 4
(praqtikuli samuSao, jgufuri)
Tema: moZraobis siCqaris gamoTvla (1sT)
saswavlo miznebi: damoukidebeli azrovnebis, cdisa da gazomvebis Catarebis, komunikaciisa
da TanamSromlobis, drois limitis dacvis unar-Cvevebis ganviTareba; sakuTari moZraobis
siCqaris gansazRvris xerxis gacnoba.
resursebi: TiToeul jgufze 1cali metriani, 1 cali wammzomi. TiToeul moswavleze 1 cali
danarTi, romelzec Sesavsebi cxrilia winaswar Caxazuli.
danarTis nimuSi:
gvari, saxeli, klasi:
gavlili manZili, m
moZraobis dro, wm
siCqare, m/wm
Cveulebrivad siarulisas
sirbilisas
Semowmebis xerxebi: dakvirveba, Canawerebis gacnoba.
gakveTilis Sesavali (7 wT.)
•
gakveTili tardeba skolis ezoSi. moswavleebi 4-5 kacian jgufebad iyofian da irCeven
jgufis xelmZRvanels.
gazomvebi (18 wT.)
•
•
•
TiToeuli jgufi metrianiT zomavs winaswar SerCeul manZils (mag., skoli sportuli
moednis an sarbeni bilikis sigrZes). moswavleebs cxrilSi SeaqvT gazomvis Sedegi da
furcels jgufis xelmZRvanels abareben.
TiToeuli moswavle SerCeul manZils jer Cveulebrivi nabijiT, xolo Semdeg sirbiliT
faravs. jgufis xelmZRvaneli wammzomis daxmarebiT iniSnavs dros, romelic TiToeul
SemTxvevaSi moswavles manZilis dasafaravad sWirdeba da gazomvis Sedegebi moswavlis
kuTvnili danarTSi, cxrilSi Seaqvs.
moswavleebi sakuTari moZraobis siCqares iTvlian a) Cveulebrivi moZraobisas; b)
sirbilisas.
gazomvis Sedegebi SeaqvT cxrilSi.
Sedegebis Sejameba (10 wT.)
jgufis xelmZRvanelebi ajameben jgufis wevrebis Sedegebs da gamoavlenen jgufis
yvelaze swrafad morbenal wevrs. xelmZRvanelebi Sedegebs mTeli klasis winaSe waradgenen
da axla ukve klasis yvelaze swraf moswavles gamoavlenen.
26
saSinao davaleba (10 wT.)
maswavlebeli:
sakuTari moZraobis siCqare ukve daadgineT. gamoiyeneT gazomvis Sedegebi da gamoTvaleT,
ra manZilia Tqveni saxlidan skolamde (drois gansazRvra ar gagiWirdebat).
• skolamde misasvlelad gamoiyeneT velosipedi. CaatareT saWiro gazomva da daadgineT,
ra siCqares aviTarebT velosipediT moZraobisas.
• gamoTvaleT, ra dro dagWirdeba skolamde misasvlelad avtomanqaniT, romlis siCqare
60 km/sT-ia?
gakveTilis scenari # 5
(proeqtze muSaoba)
Tema: mzis saaTi (I saaTi)
saswavlo miznebi: mzis saaTis ufro srulyofili konstruqciis Seqmna.
resursebi: TiToeul moswavleze 1cali : swori joxi an Rero (gnomoni), muyaos sqeli naWeri
an fenoplastis firfita, fargali, saxazavi, transportiri
Semowmebis xerxebi: dakvirveba, Canawerebis gacnoba.
1. gakveTilis Sesavali (8 wT.)
moswavleebi muSaoben individualurad. maswavlebeli ganumartavs gakveTilis mizans:
iseTi mzis saaTis damzadeba, rogoric proeqtSia aRwerili, rTuli sulac araa da am
davalebas TiToeuli Tqvengani warmatebiT gaarTmevs Tavs, magram cudi isaa, rom aseTi
saaTi mxolod momdevno ramdenime dRis ganmavlobaSi iqneba zusti. ukve ori kviris Semdeg
ki SesamCnevi gaxdeba, rom Tqvens mier damzadebuli saaTi dros arasworad aCvenebs. saqme
isaa, rom caze mzis moZraobis traeqtoria weliwadis droebis mixedviT icvleba. ase rom,
ori kviris Semdeg mag., dilis 10 sT-ze, mze caze sul sxva wertilSi iqneba da gnomonis
Crdili ciferblatze sulac ar aCvenebs 10 sT-s.
imisaTvis, rom ufro srulyofili saaTi davamzadoT, saWiroa
• joxi (gnomoni) CrdiloeTis mimarTulebiT daxaro.
• daxris kuTxe ki zustad unda emTxveodes Seni qalaqis an soflis geografiul ganeds.
modi, jer vnaxoT, rogor unda ganvsazRvroT zustad CrdiloeTis mimarTuleba saaTis
ciferblatze. amisaTvis uZvelesi da Zalian zusti meTodi minda SemogTavazoT:
1. CaamagreT vertikalurad joxi (gnomoni) horizontalur
zedapirze moTavsebul muyaos naWerze an penoplastis
firfitaze.
27
2. dilis 10 sT-ze(sanam SuadRe dadgeba oriode saaTiT
adre), gnomonis Crdilis bolo wertili firfitaze
moniSneT fanqriT. SemowereT fargliT wrewiri, romlis
centri im adgils daemTxveva, sadac gnomonia Camagrebuli,
xolo radiusi tolia manZilisa gnomonis Camagrebis
adgilidan moniSnul wertilamde (anu radiusi mocemul
momentSi Crdilis sigrZis tolia).
3. mivadevnoT Tvali gnomonis Crdils: misi sigrZe
Semcirdeba da Crdilis bolo Tqvens mier Semoxazul
wrewirs moscildeba. raRac momentSi Crdili zrdas iwyebs
da igi wrewirs xelaxla gadakveTs. Crdilis wrewirTan
Sexebis momentSi fanqriT gadakveTis wertili moniSne.
SeaerTe es wertili pirvel wertilTan.
ipove miRebuli monakveTis Sua wertili.
SeaerTe Suawertili wrewiris centrTan.
wrewiris centridan Suawertilisken mimarTuli monakveTi
zusti maCvenebelia CrdiloeTis mimarTulebisa.
4. axla saaTis ciferblati SevqmnaT.
a) aiReT
wrewiri;
qaRaldis
furceli
da
daxazeT
masze
b) gayaviT wrewiri 24
tol nawilad (TiTo­
e­uli
rkali
unda
iyos 3600 : 24 = 150) da
gadaitaneT masze 1-dan
24-is CaTvliT ricxvebi.
5. qaRaldis dagraduirebuli furceli gaxvriteT centrSi da CamoacviT gnomons.
gaiTvaliswineT,
a) ciferblatze xazi `12 _ 24~ unda emTxveodes samxreT-CrdiloeTis im mimarTulebas,
romelic Cven vipoveT (ix. punqti 1.)
b) gnomoni ise unda iyos saaTis ciferblatis sibrtyisadmi CrdiloeTiT daxrili, rom
kuTxe gnomonsa da horizontalur zedapirs Soris emTxveodes im adgilmdebareobis
geografiuli ganedis ricxobriv zomas, sadac Cven vimyofebiT (Tbilisis geografiuli
ganedia 41043’, xolo quTaisis _ 42018’)
Tu samuSaos mimdinareobas mihyvebiT da miTiTebasac zustad gaiTvaliswinebT, miiRebT
mzis saaTs, romelic mTeli wlis ganmavlobaSi Seucdomlad imuSavebs. aseT saaTebs Tavisi
naklic aqvs: isini Rrublian dReebSi ar muSaobs.
28
6.10 mcenaris kveba _ fotosinTezi _ 2 sT. (praqtikuli samuSao)
•dagegmos da
Caataros cdebi
•SeZlos cdis
Sedegebis swori
interpretacia
1. cdis
dagegmva.
2. saWiro
xelsawyoebis
gamoyenebiT
cdis Catareba.
3. Sedegebis
Cawera.
4. cdis Sedegebis
gaanalizeba.
5. daskvnis
gamotana.
6. davalebis
micema.
moswavleebis
organizeba
drois
ganawileba
jgufuri
15 wT.
30 wT.
15 wT.
15 wT.
10 wT.
5 wT.
resursebi
aqtivobebi
oTaxis mcenareebi, minis qilebi, minis mili,
spirtqura, spirti, kolba, iodis xsnari,
pinceti, muyao, qinZisTavebi
• SeZlos
fotosinTezisTvis
aucilebeli
pirobebis Seswavla.
Tema: mcenaris kveba _ fotosinTezi _ 2 sT
saswavlo miznebi
Tema
# 1 gakveTilis dagegmvis cxrili
SemowmebaSefaseba
dakvirveba
I saaTi
am gakveTilis Casatareblad winaswar momzadebaa saWiro. oTaxis mcenare maswavlebelma
ramdenime dRiT bnel karadaSi unda Sedgas, raTa foTlebsa da ylortebSi warmoqmnili
saxamebeli daixarjos. aseTi mcenare maswavlebels Seaqvs gakveTilze, acnobs klass
gakveTilis Temas, eubneba moswavleebs, rogor moamzada mcenare cdisTvis da svams kiTxvas:
ratom SevdgiT mcenare bnel karadaSi? kiTxvaze pasuxis gacemis Semdeg is sTavazobs
bavSvebs, ukve momzadebuli amoWrili muyaos firfita qinZisTavebiT daakran foTolze.
amis Semdeg mcenare sinaTleze unda dadgan. maswavlebeli svams kiTxvas: foTlis yvela
nawilSi mimdinareobs fotosinTezi? modiT, amaSi cdiT davrwmundeT. unda avuxsnaT
moswavleebs, ra saWiroa foTlis cxeli spirtiTa da cxeli wyliT damuSaveba. qlorofili
ixsneba cxel spirtSi da gareT gamodis. amitom foToli uferuldeba, xolo spirti mwvaned
Seifereba. maswavlebeli svams kiTxvas: ratom movacileT foTols qlorofili? am kiTxvas,
savaraudod, swor pasuxs ver gascemen. maswavlebeli agrZelebs cdas da sTxovs moswavleebs,
gauferulebuli foToli iodian xsnarSi Caagdon. maswavlebeli svams kiTxvas: ra SeamCnieT,
Seicvala rame? moswavleebi aRweren, rogor Seicvala foTolma feri. maswavlebeli:
_ foToli mTlianad galurjda Tu misi mxolod garkveuli nawili? romeli nawili ar
galurjda? Semdeg maswavlebeli uxsnis moswavleebs, rom iodi saxameblis aRmosaCenad
gamoiyenes. igi saxamebels fers ucvlis. maswavlebeli: axla gavarkvioT, foTlis ra nawilSi
ar warmoiqmna saxamebeli. rogor fiqrobT, ratom?
swori pasuxis miRebis Semdeg maswavlebeli sTavazobs moswavleebs, gamoitanon daskvna
Catarebuli cdis Sedegidan. moswavleebi darwmundnen, rom fotosinTezisTvis marTlac
mzis sinaTlea saWiro.
maswavlebeli sTavazobs moswavleebs, winaswar moemzadon Semdegi cdisTvis, romliTac
29
gaigeben, rom fotosinTezisTvis naxSirorJangia saWiro. amisTvis minis or WurWelSi
unda moaTavson raime mcenare. qilebs mWidro saxuravi an minis firfita daaxuron. odnav
gaxsnan WurWeli da minis miliT Caberon amonasunTqi haeri. maswavlebeli svams kiTxvas:
romeli airiTaa mdidari amonasunTqi haeri? Semdeg rwmundebian, rom qilebSi marTlac
naxSirorJangia. qilaSi sanTels an anTebul kvars Seitanen. igi Caqreba. maswavlebeli: _
ratom Caqra sanTeli? (anTebuli kvari). Semdeg erT qilas aTavseben mzian adgilas, meores
ki dgamen bnel karadaSi da toveben Semdeg gakveTilamde.
maswavlebeli saSinao davalebad aZlevs moswavleebs, aRweron klasSi Catarebuli cda
Semdegi TanmimdevrobiT:
1. cdisTvis gamoyenebuli masala.
2. cdis msvleloba.
3. daskvna.
II saaTi
maswavlebeli ramdenime moswavles waakiTxebs saSinao davalebas da Seafasebs maT. Semdeg
sTavazobs, gaagrZelon wina gakveTilze dawyebuli cda. unda Seamowmon, daxurul qilaSi
isev aris naxSirorJangi Tu ara. maswavlebeli: ra gavakeToT imis Sesamowmeblad, qilaSi
isev aris Tu ara naxSirorJangi? moswavleebi anTebuli sanTliT an kvariT atareben cdas.
sinaTleze datovebul qilaSi sanTeli ar qreba (kvari kaSkaSiT iwyebs wvas). romeli airi
uwyobs wvas xels? romeli airi dagrovda qilaSi? maswavlebeli: _ modiT, axla SevamowmoT,
warmoiqmna Tu ara foTlebSi saxamebeli.
sibneleSi moTavsebul qilasac imave cdiT amowmeben. aRmoCnda, rom iq naxSirorJangi
isev aris.
ratom daixarja naxSirorJangi sinaTleze datovebul qilaSi, sibneleSi moTavsebulSi
ki ara?
savaraudo pasuxia: _ imitom, rom sinaTleze fotosinTezi mimdinareobs, sibneleSi ki _
ara.
maswavlebeli: _ ese igi ra sWirdeba mcenares fotosinTezis procesSi, sinaTlis garda?
romeli airi gamoiyofa fotosinTezis Sedegad?
maswavlebeli uxsnis moswavleebs, rom, naxSirorJangis garda, fotosinTezs wyalic
sWirdeba, romelsac mcenare fesvebiT iwovs da yvela organoSi anawilebs.
dasasruls moswavleebi maswavleblis daxmarebiT ajameben miRebul codnas da
maswavlebeli sTavazobs moswavleebs, gaakeTon fotosinTezis sqema.
mzis sinaTle
naxSirorJangi + wyali →
sakvebi nivTierebebi + Jangbadi
gakveTilis bolos maswavlebeli moswavleebs aZlevs saSinao davalebas: maT wina
gakveTilze mocemuli sqemis mixedviT unda aRweron Catarebuli cda da misi Sedegi.
30
§6.14 xerxemliani cxovelebi _ 1 sT.
1. saxel­mZRva­­neloSi
moce­mul ilus­tra­
ciebze dak­­virveba _
diskusia.
2. saxel­mZRva­nelos
teqstze muSaoba.
3. uxerxemlo
organizmebis
gaxseneba-CamoTvla.
4. kiTxvebze pasuxi _
diskusia.
5. saSinao dava­lebis
micema.
moswavleebis
organizeba
drois
ganawileba
jgufuri
10 wT.
individualuri
10 wT.
jgufuri
5 wT.
mTeli klasi
10 wT.
5 wT.
resursebi
aqtivobebi
SemowmebaSefaseba
dakvirveba
saxelmZRvane­los teqsti da ilustraciebi
• SeZlos
xerxemliani
da uxerxemlo
organizmebis
erTmaneTisgan
garCeva da
dajgufeba.
•SeZlos
xerxemlianTa
ZiriTadi
jgufebis
gamoyofa
(Tevzebi,
amfibiebi,
qvewarmavlebi,
frinvelebi da
ZuZumwovrebi).
§6.14 xerxemliani cxovelebi _ 1 sT.
saswavlo miznebi
Tema
gakveTilis dagegmvis cxrili
dakvirveba
dakvirveba
maswavlebeli wyvilebad an jgufebad yofs moswavleebs da sTxovs, daakvirdnen sur.
1-ze mocemul cxovelTa fotoebs. moswavleebi kiTxuloben kiTxvas: ra saerTo aqvT am
cxovelebs? moswavleebi jer erTmaneTis naazrevs ganixilaven, Semdeg jgufebis mier
SemoTavazebul pasuxebs maswavlebeli dafaze Camowers.
maswavlebeli sTavazobs moswavleebs, daakvirdnen sur. 2-ze warmodgenil cxovelTa
ConCxebs da sTxovs, ipovon maT Soris saerTo nawili.
Semdeg moswavleebi amuSaveben paragrafSi mocemul teqsts. maswavlebeli svams kiTxvas:
ra gaigeT am teqstidan axali? Tqven gaqvT xerxemali? sxeulis romel mxaresaa igi
moTavsebuli? ramden jgufad iyofa xerxemlianebi? CamoTvaleT es jgufebi.
moswavleebi ixseneben uxerxemlo organizmebs. CamoTvlian maT da asabuTeben, rom
isini namdvilad uxerxemlo organizmebia. am dros maswavlebelma SeiZleba SesTavazos
TamaSi: TviTon daasaxelos organizmi da mis mier arCeulma moswavlem igi an xerxemlianebs
miakuTvnos, an uxerxemloebs (TamaSis tempi swrafi unda iyos).
Semdeg maswavlebeli sTxovs moswavleebs, Seajamon gakveTilze miRebuli codna. isini
kidev erTxel ganmartaven, riT gansxvavdebian xerxemliani organizmebi uxerxemloebisagan.
moswavleebi klasSi gascemen pasuxs paragrafis bolos mocemul kiTxvebs. meore kiTxvaze
SeiZleba ramdenime pasuxi moifiqron da gaimarTos mcire diskusia.
pasuxi: xerxemali mTliani Zvali rom yofiliyo, xerxemliani organizmi ver SeZlebda
mravali sxvadasxva moZraobis Sesrulebas: welSi moxras, sirbils, xtomas, rac SeuZlebels
gaxdida mis garemo pirobebTan Seguebas. garda amisa, xerxemali amcirebs biZgebs. igi iseve
moqmedebs, rogorc amortizatori manqanaSi.
gakveTilis bolos maswavlebeli aZlevs saSinao davalebas: moswavleebma maTTvis
cnobili cocxali organizmebi xerxemlianebad da uxerxemloebad unda daajgufon. plakati
naxatebiT an fotoebiT unda gaaformon. saukeTeso plakati, sasurvelia, klasSi gaikras.
31
§ 8.3 mtacebeli ZuZumwovrebis Taviseburebebi
gakveTilis miznebi:
• xorcismWameli ZuZumwovrebis Taviseburebebis Seswavla;
• mtacebelTa zogierTi niSnis dakavSireba maTi nadirobis stilTan.
kavSiri erovnul saswavlo gegmasTan: bun.V 3.
resursebi: saxelmZRvanelos teqsti da ilustraciebi.
saSinao davalebis Semowmebis Semdeg maswavlebeli sTxovs moswavleebs, CamoTvalon
maTTvis cnobili xorcismWameli cxovelebi. Semdeg svams kiTxvas: ramden jgufad iyofa
xorcismWamelebi? moswavleebs, albaT, axsovT, rom xorcismWamelebSi Sedian mtaceblebi da
leSismWamelebi. maswavlebeli kiTxulobs: riT gansxvavdebian isini erTmaneTisagan? (5 wT.)
maswavlebeli axsenebs moswavleebs, rom mtaceblebi erTmaneTisgan nadirobis stiliTac
gansxvavdebian. `aqvT Tu ara gansxvavebuli niSnebi sxvadasxva nadirobis stilis mqone
mtaceblebs?~ _ svams kiTxvas maswavlebeli da sTavazobs, daiwyon teqstis damuSaveba.
teq­stSi ganxilulia katis cxovrebis niri da Taviseburebebi. maswavlebelma yuradReba
unda miaqcios katis TaTis agebulebas. paraleli unda gaavlos katisebrTa ojaxis sxva
warmomadgenlebTan: lomTan, vefxvTan, leopardTan. maT brWyalebi terfis rbil baliSebSi
aqvT Camaluli. brWyalebi maTi nadirobis iaraRi da Tavdacvis saSualebaa, amitom isini
mudmivad alesilia. alesili ki imitomaa, rom es cxovelebi siarulisas brWyalebs ar
eyrdnobian. kargi iqneba, Tu maswavlebeli yuradRebas gaamaxvilebs gepardis TaTebze.
gepardi brWyalebze dgas. mas TiTis bolo falangi zeviT ar eweva. es Tavisebureba mis
nadirobis stilTanaa dakavSirebuli. mas brWyalebi msxverplis dasaWerad ki ara, misi
devnis dros miwaze mosaWideblad sWirdeba. brWyalebze dganan agreTve: mgeli, mera, tura
da ZaRli _ isinic dasdeven TavianT msxverpls (15 wT.).
amis Semdeg maswavlebeli sTavazobs moswavleebs, gaecnon katis kbilebis agebulebas,
miaqcion yuradReba misi eSvebis sidides da mkveTi kbilebis urTierTganlagebas. moswavleebi
asruleben jgufur davalebas (5 wT.).
maswavlebeli eubneba moswavleebs, rom katisebrTa ojaxis warmomadgenlebi brWyalebiT
iWeren msxverpls, xolo ZaRlisebrTa ojaxis warmomadgenlebi _ kbilebiT. aisaxa Tu ara
es maTi kbilebis raodenobasa da ybis sigrZeze? moswavleebi adareben erTmaneTs katisa da
mglis kbilebsa da ybebs (sur.1 da 6).
kargi iqneba, Tu maswavlebeli mtacebelTa kidurebis sigrZezec gaamaxvilebs yuradRebas.
mtaceblebs, romlebic msxverpls dasdeven, grZeli kidurebi aqvT. maT ki, vinc msxverpls
usafrdeba _ moqnili xerxemali. igi nadirobisas zambaris rols asrulebs (10 wT.).
amis Semdeg maswavlebels SeuZlia, daavalos moswavleebs, amoweron rveulebSi yvela is
Tavisebureba, romelic nadirobis stils ukavSirdeba (10 wT.).
Semdeg moswavleebi pasuxoben kiTxvebze.
§ 8.5. kvebiTi kavSirebi bunebaSi
indikatori _ bun V.3
gakveTilis miznebi:
• organizmebs Soris erTmimarTebiani kvebiTi kavSirebis dadgena;
• mocemul garemoSi umartivesi kvebiTi jaWvis Sedgena.
kavSiri erovnul saswavlo gegmasTan bun.V.3
resursebi: saxelmZRvanelos teqsti da ilustraciebi.
gakveTilis dawyebisas maswavlebeli svams kiTxvas: `rogor fiqrobT, ra kavSiri arsebobs
32
bunebaSi sxvadasxva saxis cocxal organizmebs Soris?~ savaraudod, moswavleTa nawili
ityvis, rom garemoSi erTi organizmi meores sakvebad iyenebs.
amis Semdeg maswavlebeli svams kiTxvas: `iseTi organizmebi Tu iciT, romlebsac sxva
arsebebiT kveba ar sWirdebaT da sakveb nivTierebebs aracocxali bunebidan qmnian?~
moswavleebma ician, rom mcenare mzis sinaTleze naxSirorJangisa da wylisagan
sakveb nivTierebebs qmnis. maT arc am procesis saxelwodebis (fotosinTezis) gaxseneba
gauWirdebaT.
`rogor gamoiyeneba mcenaris mier Seqmnili sakvebi nivTierebebi?~ _ am kiTxvas
moswavleebma SeiZleba sxvadasxvagvarad upasuxon: nawili ityvis, rom mcenare TviTon
iyenebs am sakveb nivTierebebs, nawils ki balaxismWameli cxovelebi gaaxsendeba, romlebic
mcenareebiT ikvebebian da maT mier momaragebuli sakvebi nivTierebebiT sazrdooben.
`romeli organizmebi ikvebebian balaxismWamelebiT?~ _ kiTxulobs maswavlebeli.
maswavlebeli Camowers dafaze organizmebs kvebis tipis mixedviT da erTmaneTTan
akavSirebs:
mcenare → balaxismWameli → xorcismWameli.
gakveTilis momdevno etapi saxelmZRvanelos teqstze muSaobas eTmoba (15 wT.).
moswavleebi kiTxuloben teqsts, romelSic mocemulia kvebiTi jaWvis ganmarteba. Semdeg
akvirdebian sur. 1-s. maswavlebeli svams kiTxvebs: 1. `aq warmodgenili organizmebidan
romliT iwyeba kvebiTi jaWvi? 2. romeli organizmia balaxismWameli, romelia mtacebeli? 3.
ramdeni mtacebelia am jaWvSi?~
`axla sur. 2-s daakvirdiT, _ ambobs maswavlbeli. _ suraTze mocemuli wylis
organizmebidan romelia balaxismWameli? romelia mtacebeli? romeli organizmebiT
mTavrdeba jaWvi? kvebis tipis mixedviT rogoria igi?~
Semdeg maswavlebeli eubneba moswavleebs, rom kvebiTi jaWvi SeiZleba erT mcenarezec
ki SevamCnioT da akiTxebs teqsts Wiamaiaze. aqve SeiZleba daisvas kiTxva: kidev romelime
mtacebel mwers xom ar icnobT? _ esenia: Coqela, sxvadasxva saxis krazanebi. am dros
umravlesoba, savaraudod, daasaxelebs obobas. bavSvebs unda ganvumartoT, rom oboba mweri
ar aris.
Semdeg moswavleebi damoukideblad akeTeben jgufur samuSaos. isini adgenen samrgolian
kvebiT jaWvs: mcenare → bugri → Wiamaia (zrdasrulic da larvac), asaxeleben TiToeul
rgols da ganmartaven, kvebis rogori tipi axasiaTebs mas (15 wT.).
momdevno etapze moswavleebma pasuxi unda gascen teqstis bolos dasmul kiTxvebs (10 wT.).
pasuxebi:
1. cocxal organizmebs sxva organizmebisagan damoukideblad arseboba ar SeuZliaT,
radgan isini erTmaneTTan kvebiTi jaWviT arian dakavSirebuli.
2. mcenareebi mzis sinaTleze aracocxali bunebidan sakveb nivTierebebs qmnian. isini am
nivTierebebis mwarmoeblebi arian, amitom iwyeba kvebiTi jaWvi mcenariT.
3. mcenareebis gaqrobiT dairRveva kvebiTi jaWvebi da dedamiwaze sicocxles safrTxe
daemuqreba. garda amisa, ar iqneba sunTqvisaTvis saWiro Jangbadi.
4. cocxal da aracocxal bunebas erTmaneTTan mcenareebi akavSireben. isini aracocxali
bunebidan wyalsa da masSi gaxsnil nivTierebebs iReben, mzis sinaTleze ki maTgan sakveb
nivTierebebs qmnian, romlebiTac cxovelebi ikvebebian.
gakveTilis daskvniT etapze (5 wT.) maswavlebeli moswavleebs uxsnis, rogor Seasrulon
saSinao davaleba. gamarjvebuli is moswavle iqneba, romelic sworad amowers suraTze
mocemuli organizmebisagan Sedgenil yvelaze met kvebiT jaWvs.
33
§ 9.1.kosmosSi yvelaferi moZraobs (2 sT.)
1. gakveTilis miznebi:
•
•
mzis sistemis modelis Seqmna;
am modelis mixedviT dedamiwis, mTvarisa da planetebis moZraobis Sesaxeb msjeloba.
2. kavSiri erovnul saswavlo gegmasTan bun.V.9
3. resursebi: saxelmZRvanelos teqsti, muyaos an formatis didi qaRaldebi, feradi fanqrebi,
feradi plastilini.
I saaTi
gakveTilis pirvel etapze maswavlebeli gonebrivi ieriSis gziT moswavleebs axsenebs
mzis sistemis Semadgenel ciur sxeulebs _ mzesa da planetebs (15 wT.). moswavleebi
CamoTvlian planetebs. maswavlebeli avalebs, isini TanmimdevrobiT daalagon. ganmartavs
orbitas, rogorc mzis garSemo planetis moZraobis traeqtorias _ gzas. xazs usvams, rom es
warmosaxviTi xazia. savaraudod, moswavleTa umravlesoba ityvis, rom mzis sistemaSi cxra
planetaa. maswavlebeli maT sTavazobs, daaTvalieron pirveli suraTi da waikiTxon teqstis
monakveTi plutonze informaciis CaTvliT.
Semdeg etapze moswavleebi jgufur samuSaos asruleben. isini jer am samuSaoSi
mocemul kiTxvebze pasuxoben. es maT mzis sistemis modelis sworad SedgenaSi daexmarebaT.
maswavlebeli Tvalyurs advnebs, rom planetebis modelebis zomebs Soris Tanafardoba
iyos daculi, magaliTad, iupiteri _ yvelaze didi, merkuri _ yvelaze patara da a. S.
am samuSaos moswavleebi did dros moandomeben (25-30 wT.). Tu dro darCa, pasuxs gascemen
samuSaos Semdeg dasmul kiTxvebs.
II saaTi
maswavlebeli svams kiTxvas: `aqvs Tu ara dedamiwas bunebrivi Tanamgzavri? ratom
vuwodebT mas bunebriv Tanamgzavrs? iciT Tu ara, rom dedamiwas uamravi xelovnuri
Tanamgzavri aqvs? risTvisaa saWiro xelovnuri Tanamgzavrebi?~ moswavleebma unda moiyvanon
magaliTebi. `iciT Tu ara, rom mzis sistemis sxva planetebsac aqvT bunebrivi Tanamgzavrebi?
aqvT Tu ara marssa da veneras _ Cvens mezoblebs _ bunebrivi Tanamgzavrebi?~ (10 wT.).
Semdeg etapze moswavleebi modelebis saSualebiT aRweren dedamiwisa da mTvaris
moZraobas mzis garSemo. maT unda dainawilon mzis, mTvarisa da dedamiwis modelebi
(`rolebi~) da amoZraon isini: mze _ sakuTari RerZis garSemo, dedamiwa _ sakuTari RerZisa
da mzis garSemo, xolo mTvare _ sakuTari RerZis, dedamiwisa da mzis garSemo (20 wT.).
am modelis mixedviT, mze TiTqos mxolod sakuTari RerZis garSemo moZraobs. bavSvebs
unda avuxsnaT, rom es ase ar aris. mze, rogorc galaqtikis erT-erTi varskvlavi, sxva
varskvlavebis msgavsad, galaqtikis centris garSemo moZraobs (5 wT.).
amis Semdeg moswavleebi pasuxoben paragrafis bolos dasmul kiTxvebs (10 wT.).
pasuxebi:
1. yvelaze cxelia merkuri, igi mzesTan yvelaze axloa.
2. radgan mzes aqvs Tavisi sistema, ratom ar SeiZleba, is sxva varskvlavebsac hqondeT.
3. planeta ufro didia, vidre misi Tanamgzavri.
gakveTilis bolos maswavlebeli bavSvebs saSinao davalebas aZlevs. maT unda moiZion
cnobebi imis Sesaxeb, Tu romel planetas aqvs yvelaze meti Tanamgzavri da romels ar aqvs
saerTod.
34
pasuxebi paragrafis kiTxvebze
Tavi 1. moZraoba
Seamowme Seni codna _ gv. 14
II Tavis Semajamebeli savarjiSoebi pasuxebi.
1. Casvi wertilebis nacvlad saWiro sityva:
a) moZraobis siswrafes axasiaTeben sxeulis mier 1 sT-Si (an 1 wm-Si, an 1wT-Si…) gavlili
manZilis sididiT, romelsac ewodeba s i C q a r e ;
b) moZraobisas sxeuli Semowers wirs, romelsac ewodeba moZraobis
t r a e q t o r i a;
g) planetebis moZraobis traeqtorias ewodeba o r b i t a .
2. amoarCie Sesabamisi formula
a) moZraobis siCqare gamoiTvleba formuliT: v = s / t
b) moZraobis dro gamoiTvleba formuliT: t = s / v g) gavlili manZili gamoiTvleba formuliT: s = v t 3. amoarCie swori pasuxi
3) g da d;
4. nikas siCqarea 60 : 12 = 5 m/ wm, xolo kaxis siCqarea 100 : 25 = 4 m/wm
metia nikas siCqare.
5. * miTiTeba: am amocanis amoxsnisas winaswar unda gamovsaxoT 10 wT wamebSi.
10 wT = 600 wm
s = 300 000 km/wm . 600 wm = 180 000 000 km
6. t = 6 000 : 30 = 200 wm
7. *
480 km
8. **
15 m : 15 wm = 1 m/wm
9. ***
1. gavzomoT wammzomiT dro, romelic saWiroa liftiT pirvelidan bolo sarTulamde
asasvlelad.
2. gavzomoT erTi sarTulis simaRle, amisaTvis unda davdgeT romelime sarTulis kibis
ujredSi da qveda sarTulis iatakamde Zafze mobmuli tvirTi CavuSvaT. Zafis sigrZe
erTi sarTulis sigrZis tolia.
3. gamovTvaloT pirvelidan bolo sarTulamde manZili. amisaTvis Zafis sigrZe unda
gavamravloT sarTulebis raodenobaze.
4. liftis siCqaris gasagebad manZili pirvelidan bolo sarTulamde gavyoT im droze,
romelic lifts pirvelidan bolo sarTulze asasvlelad dasWirda.
35
Tavi 2. Zalebi
§ 2.2 simZimis Zala
cda II _ gv.19
Seecade axsna, ratom vardeba nebismieri mimarTulebiT gasrolili sxeuli garkveuli drois
Semdeg dedamiwaze.
pas.: amis mizezi dedamiwis mizidulobaa
§ 2.3 drekadobis Zala
jgufuri samuSao _ gv.21
rogor fiqrobT:
• ra Zala exmareba batutze mxtomels, rom maRla axtes? ra Zalis moqmedebiT eSveba is qveviT?
pas.: deformirebul batutSi aRiZvreba drekadobis Zala, romelic batutis deformaciis
gamosworebas cdilobs da amasTan exmareba batutze mxtomels, rom maRla axtes. ba­
tutze mxtomeli qveviT simZimis Zalis moqmedebiT eSveba.
• ra Zala isvris Surdulidan qvas? mSvildidan isars?
pas.: Surdulis deformirebul rezinSi da mSvildis daWimul larSi aRZruli drekadobis
Zala.
• ratomaa atraqcionze saTamaSo avtomanqanebis korpusi rezinis CarCoSi Casmuli?
pas.: dajaxebisas avtomanqanebis korpusze Semovlebuli rezinis CarCo deformirdeba da
masSi aRZruli drekadobis Zalis moqmedebiT avtomanqanebi ukuiqcevian, zustad ise,
rogorc kedels dajaxebuli burTi.
• risTvis iyeneben wyalSi mxtomelebi drekad ficars?
pas.: ficari mocuravis simZimisgan izniqeba. deformirebul ficarSi drekadobis Zala
aRiZvreba da wyalSi mxtomels maRla Setyorcnis.
saSinao davaleba _ gv. 21
pas.: Tu asawon sxeuls sasworze dakideb, zambara sxeulis simZimis Zalis moqmedebis
Sedegad daiWimeba da isriani maCvenebeli sxeuli wonis Sesabamis niSnulTan gaCerdeba.
Tu sxeuls sasworis sakididan moxsni, deformirebul zambaraSi aRZruli drekadobis
Zalis moqmedebiT zambara Tavdapirvel mdgomareobas daubrundeba da maCvenebeli kvlav
nulTan dgeba.
§ 2.4 xaxunis Zala
kiTxvebze pasuxi gv. 23
axla ki dafiqrdi: ratom wmenden yinulis biliks jagrisiT saguldagulod kerlingis
moTamaSeni?
pas.: imisaTvis, rom qvam moZraoba droze adre ar Seanelos da wiTel wremde micurdes,
kerlingis moTamaSeni yinulis zedapirs jagrisiT aprialeben, raTa xaxunis Zala rac
SeiZleba Seamciron.
jgufuri samuSao _ gv. 23
•ratom urCeven manqanebs didTovlobis dros jaWvebSemoxveuli saburavebiT siaruls?
• Tu SegimCneviaT, avtobusis, troleibusis, etlis safexurebs burcobebiani, reliefuri
zedapiri aqvs. ratom?
• rogor fiqrobT, ras emsaxureba natvifrebi (anu proteqtorebi), burcobebi saburavebze
da sportul fexsacmelze?
36
• Stangisti varjiSis dawyebis wina xelisgulebze specialur fxvnils isvams. Tqveni azriT, ra
daniSnuleba aqvs am fxvnils?
pas.: yvela am kiTxvas erTi pasuxi aqvs: am RonisZiebebs xaxunis gasazrdelad iyeneben.
§ 2.5 xaxunis Zalis saxeebi
cda III da IV _ gv. 24
kiTxvebze pasuxi _ romel SemTxvevaSia wignis daxris kuTxe ufro didi: roca fanqari srials
iwyebs, Tu roca is gorvas iwyebs?
pas.: roca fanqari srials iwyebs. rac imaze mianiSnebs, rom fanqris moZraobas srialisas
ufro didi xaxunis aferxebs, vidre dagorebisas. ase, rom SeiZleba davaskvnaT, rom srialis
xaxunis Zala gorvis xaxunis Zalas aRemateba.
saSinao davaleba _ gv. 25
kiTxvebze pasuxi _ ra saxis xaxunis Zala moqmedebs rveulsa da magidis zedapirs Soris?
xelisgulsa da rveuls Soris? ra Zalis daxmarebiT moZraobs rveuli magidaze?
pas.: rveulsa da magidis zedapirs Soris srialis xaxunis Zala moqmedebs. xelisgulsa da
rveuls Soris ki _ uZraobis xaxunis Zala.
Tu xelisgulsa da rveuls Soris uZraobis xaxunis Zala ar iarsebebs (anu Tu xelisguli
gacurdeba rveulze), maSin Cven rveuls magidaze ver gavacurebT, ragind didi ZaliTac ar unda
vaWerdeT mas xels. ase, rom xelisgulsa da rveuls Soris uZraobis xaxunis Zala gvexmareba,
rom rveuli magidaze gavacuroT.
§ 2.6 xaxuni _ mteri Tu megobari
jgufuri samuSao _ gv. 27
•
adamianis, cxovelisa da frinvelis Zvlovan sistemaSi, ConCxSi, Zvlebi erTmaneTTan
saxsris saSualebiT moZravadaa SeerTebuli. Zvlebis SeerTebis adgilas, saxsris fosoSi,
gamWirvale siTxe gamoiyofa., romelic asvelebs Zvlebis SeerTebis adgils. Tqven
ukve iciT, rom bunebaSi SemTxveviT araferi xdeba da am siTxesac Tavisi daniSnuleba
aucileblad eqneba. rogor fiqrobT, ra saWiroa es siTxe, ra funqcia akisria mas?
pas.: siTxe asvelebs Zvlebis SeerTebis adgils da Sedegad moZrav Zvlebs Soris xaxuns
amcirebs.
•
zRvis varskvlavsa da Rrubels uswormasworo, wanazardebiani zedapiri aqvs. swored
aseTi zedapiris gamoa, rom isini simZimis Zalis gavleniT swrafad ar vardebian siRrmeSi
da nel-nela, TandaTanobiT eSvebian fskerze. rogor fiqrobT ratom?
pas.: sxeulis aseTi uswormasworo zedapiris gamo, wylis mxridan winaaRmdegobis Zala
metia, vidre im SemTxvevaSi iqneboda, maTi sxeuli gluvi rom yofiliyo. Sedegad, isini
simZimis Zalis gavleniT swrafad ar vardebian siRrmeSi da nel-nela, TandaTanobiT eSvebian
fskerze.
• mtvirTavebi mZime tvirTs qveS rkinis milebs udeben da ise gadaaadgileben. axseniT, ratom
iqcevian ase?
pas.: roca mtvirTavebi mZime tvirTs qveS rkinis milebs udeben, gadaadgilebisas tvirTsa
da dedamiwis zedapirs Soris gorvis xaxuni aRiZvreba da tvirTis moZraobas gacilebiT
naklebi winaaRmdegobis Zala Sexvdeba, vidre im SemTxvevaSi, tvirTi rom gaecurebinaT.
• albaT SegimCnevia: Tu didi siCqariT moZravi avtomobilis fanjridan xels gareT gahyof,
haeris winaaRmdegobas igrZnob. rodis ufro didi iqneb winaaRmdegoba: roca xelisguls
Semxvedr qars Seagebeb Tu maSin, roca xelisguli qveviT, asfaltisken `iyureba~?
37
pas.: winaaRmdegoba ufro didi iqneba maSin, roca xelisguls Semxvedr qars Seagebeb.
sportul manqanebs, TviTmfrinavs, gems, raketas, wyalqveSa navs wagrZelebuli formebi
aqvs, vinaidan wyalSi an haerSi aseTi formis sxeulis moZraobisas sxeulze garemos mxridan
naklebi winaaRmdegobis Zala moqmedebs.
Seamowme Seni codna _ gv. 28
III Tavis Semajamebeli testebi da amocanebi
1. amoarCie araswori winadadeba:
Zalis moqmedebis Sedegad
a) mxolod uZravi sxeuli iwyebs moZraobas;
2. Casvi wertilebis nacvlad saWiro sityva:
a) Zalas, romliTac dedamiwa sxeuls izidavs, simZimis Zala hqvia;
b) Zalas, romelic sxeulis deformaciisas aRiZvreba da cdilobs, sxeuls Tavdapirveli
forma daubrunos, drekadobis Zala hqvia;
g) Zalas, romelic erTi sxeulis zedapirze meore sxeulis moZraobisas aRiZvreba da am
ukanasknelis moZraobas ewinaaRmdegeba, xaxunis Zala hqvia;
3. amoarCie swori pasuxi:
a) siTxe erTi WurWlidan meoreSi gadaasxes. am dros siTxeze simZimis Zala moqmedebs;
b) specialuri mowyobiloba _ presi manqanis detals kuSavs. am dros detalSi drekadobis
Zala aRiZvreba;
g) manqanis moZraobisas, manqanasa da asfaltis safars Soris xaxunis Zala aRiZvreba.
4. * Casvi wertilebis nacvlad saWiro sityva:
a) biWma qva gaisrola. haerSi moZraobisas qvaze moqmedebs simZimis Zala da haeris
winaaRmdegobis Zala.
b) batutze varjiSisas zeviT atyorcnili tanmovarjiSe garkveul simaRlemde adis.
zeviT moZraobaSi tanmovarjiSes xels uSlis simZimis Zala da haeris winaaRmdegobis
Zala, xolo exmareba batutis drekadobis Zala ;
g) zambaraze dakides tvirTi. am dros sxeulze moqmedebs simZimis Zala da Sedegad
zambaraSi aRiZvreba drekadobis Zala ;
d) mTidan ciga mosrialebs. moZraobisas cigas exmareba simZimis Zala, xolo xels uSlis
xaxunis Zala da haeris winaaRmdegobis Zala.
simZimis Zala; haeris winaaRmdegobis Zala; drekadobis Zala; xaxunis Zala.
5. a) tvirTsa da urikas Soris aRiZvreba uZraobis xaxunis Zala; b) urikasa da magidis zedapirs
Soris aRiZvreba gorvis xaxunis Zala;
6. a) agurebsa da Zels Soris aRiZvreba uZraobis xaxunis Zala; b) Zelsa da magidis zedapirs
Soris aRiZvreba srialis xaxunis Zala;
8. *
pas.: biWs ufro meti Zala skivris gadasaadgileblad dasWirdeba (b) SemTxvevaSi: (b)
SemTxvevaSi tvirTsa da zedapirs Soris srialis xaxunis Zala moqmedebs, (a) SemTxvevaSi
ki _ gorvis xaxunis Zala. srialis xaxunis Zala ufro metia, vidre gorvis xaxunis Zala.
Sesabamisad, gasrialebisas biWs skivris gadasaadgileblad meti Zala dasWirdeba, vidre
tvirTis gasagoreblad.
38
Tavi 3. sinaTle da bgera
§ 3.2 mzisa da mTvaris dabneleba
kiTxvebze pasuxi gv. 34
sruli dabnelebisas mTvare mTlianad faravs mzis diskos. am dros caze mTvare da mze TiTqmis
erTi zomisaa, arada sinamdvileSi mze mTvareze 400-jer ufro didia. rogor fiqrob, ra aris
imis mizezi, rom caze mTvare da mze erTi zomis Cans?
pas.: am movlenis sademonstraciod aseT cda SeiZleba CaataroT: fanqari Tvalidan iseT
manZilze daiWireT, rom roca mas gaxedavT, Sors myofi Senoba an xe mTlianad dafaros. ase,
rom miuxedavad imisa, rom sinamdvileSi mze mTvareze 400-jer ufro didia, caze mze mainc
mTvaris zomis Cans, radgan mze 400 jer ufro Sorsaa Cvengan, vidre mTvare.
kiTxvebze pasuxi gv. 35
mTvaris dabnelebaze dakvirvebis Sedegad aristotele mivida im daskvnamde, rom dedamiwas
sferoseburi forma aqvs. rogor fiqrob, ra dainaxa aristotelem mTvaris dabnelebis dros
iseTi, ramac is aseT daskvnamde miiyvana ?
pas.: aristoteles SeeZlo mTavreze misi dabnelebisas dedamiwis Crdilis mrgvali forma
daenaxa. riTac is mivida daskvnamde, rom dedamiwas sferoseburi forma aqvs.
§ 3.3 sinaTlis arekvla
kiTxvebze pasuxi gv. 39
gaixsene: mTvare da planetebi sakuTar sinaTles ar asxiveben. maS ratom anaTeben isini?
pas.: mTvare da planetebi sakuTar sinaTles ar asxiveben: isini mzis sinaTles aireklaven da
Sedegad, meorad sinaTlis wyarod gvevlinebian.
jgufuri samuSao _ gv. 39
Zvel egvipteSi, sasaxlis svetebis swor xazze dasayeneblad, mSeneblebi maT ise ganalagebdnen,
rom uaxloesi svetis iqiT sxva arcerTi sveti ar Canda.
rogor fiqrobT, ratom ar Cans swor xazze ganlagebuli svetebidan erTis ukan meore?
pas.: svetebs vxedavT, mxolod maSin, roca maTgan areklili sinaTle Cvens TvalSi xvdeba.
Tu svetebi erT wrfezea ganlagebuli, yoveli momdevno svetidan areklili sinaTle wrfivi
gavrcelebis gamo wina svets ver Semouvlis da Cvens TvalSi ver moxvdeba. Sesabamisad mas
ver davinaxavT. swored am mizeziT ar Cans swor xazze ganlagebuli svetebidan erTis ukan
meore.
Tavi 4. nivTierebebis agregatuli mdgomareoba
§4.1. sxeuli da nivTiereba
ind. samuSao
sxeuli
nivTiereba
fanqari
wigni, rveuli
kalmistari
saSleli
naxSiri, xis merqani
xis merqani
plastmasa
rezini
39
jgufuri samuSao
a
3
b
1,2
g
2
d
1,2,3
e
1
saSinao
1. sxeuli: Wiqa, TefSi...
nivTiereba: marili, Saqari, soda...
2. a. gadavxazavT wyals, radgan igi nivTierebaa, danarCeni sxeulebia.
b. gadavxazavT wigns, radgan wigni sxeulia, danarCeni nivTierebebia.
g. gadavxazavT rkinas, radgan igi nivTierebaa, danarCeni _ sxeulebi.
§4.2 sxeulisa da nivTierebis Tvisebebi
kiTxvebze pasuxi
nivTierebebs ganvasxvavebT:
a. feris mixedviT;
b. feris mixedviT;
g. gemos mixedviT.
romel parkSi romeli nivTierebaa, rom gamoicnoT:
samive myaria, samive TeTria, mxolod gemo aqvT gansxvavebuli: Saqari tkbilia, marili _
mlaSe, puris fqvils gemo ara aqvs.
jgufuri samuSao
a. Zmarsa da wyals sunis mixedviT gamoicnobT: Zmars damaxasiaTebeli suni aqvs; wyali
usunoa. spirtsa da wyals gamoicnobT aseve sunis mixedviT da SeiZleba aqroladobis
mixedviTac.
kiTxvebze pasuxi
ufero, ugemo, usunoa wyali.
TeTri feris, tkbili da usunoa Saqari.
saSinao davaleba
1. formiT hgavs, zomiT gansxvavdeba.
2. marili da Saqari gemoTi gansxvavdeba.
wyali da Saqari _ gemoTi (SesaZloa, moswavlem yuradReba miaqcios agregatul mdgo­
mareobasac).
3. orive myaria, feriT da zomiT gansxvavdeba.
4.
Tvisebebi
sxeulis:
forma
moculoba
nivTierebis:
gemo
suni
feri
praqtikulis saSinao
2. roca ici Wiqis tevadoba, daiTvli, ramdeni kovzi wyali moTavsdeba masSi da gamoTvli
kovzis tevadobas.
3. d.
40
§4.3 ra aris nivTierebis agregatuli mdgomareoba
ind. samuSao
a. marili myaria, danarCeni _ Txevadi.
b. Jangbadi airia, danarCeni _ myari.
g. naxSiri myaria, danarCeni _ airi.
jgufuri samuSao
1
a
2
+
+
b
_
1
a
3
2
3
+
+
+
b
jgufuri samuSao
myari
Txevadi
airadi
vercxli
rkina
Saqari
gogirdi
wyali
spirti
zeTi
Jangbadi
naxSirorJangi
haeri
cdis Sedegad Cans, rom haeri ikumSeba, wyali ki _ ara, e. i. moculobas inarCunebs.
saSinao davaleba
1.
myari
Txevadi
airadi
rkina
vercxli
oqro
wyali
Zmari
spirti
Jangbadi
naxSirorJangi
haeri
2. wyliT Wiqas naxevramde SeavsebT, magram haeriT _ vera, radgan haeri airia da mTel WiqaSi
gavrceldeba, igi moculobas ver inarCunebs.
3. moculoba ar Seicvleba, radgan wyali ar dagimatebiaT, forma ki Seicvala: siTxe xom
formas ver inarCunebs.
4. airadi mdgomareobis gamomsaxvel naxatze bavSvebi erTmaneTs unda daSordnen da
gaifanton.
§4.4 wylis agregatuli mdgomareobebi: aorTqleba-kondensacia
kiTxvebze pasuxi
mzis siTbos gavleniT nislis nawilakebi ufro wvril nawilakebad iyofa, haerSi ifanteba
da SeumCneveli xdeba.
41
jgufuri samuSao
Sesabamisoba:
1. daTboba. b.
2. aciveba a. g. d.
daakvirdiT yinulis galRobas: yinuls kubis forma aqvs, igi wylisgan Sedgeba. cxelwylian
WiqaSi siTbos gavleniT yinuli dneba.
saSinao:
aorTqleba-kondensacia.
daakvirdiT aorTqlebasa da kondensacias da naxeT, rom es movlenebi Seqcevadia:
kondensirebuli wyali isev SegiZlia aaorTqlo da orTqls civ sagans Tu dauxvedreb,
isev wylad aqcio.
§4.5 agregatuli mdgomareobebi: gayinva-galRoba
ind. samuSao
zamTarSi, rodesac gareT temperatura 00-s qvemoT ecema, fanjris minebze wyali
iyineba.
saSinao davaleba
Sesabamisoba:
daTboba: a. d
aciveba: b. g
§4.6 sasmeli wylis maragi dedamiwaze
ind. samuSao
1. g. e. z. T. i.
2. d. v.
3. a.
Tavi 5. cikluri procesebi
§5.1 ra aris movlena da procesi
ind. samuSao
1. wylis agregatuli mdgomareoba icvleba bunebrivi movlenebis: wvimis, setyvis, Tovlis
dros.
jgufuri samuSao
situaciuri amocana.
Tu WurWeli mzeze idga, maSin mzis siTbos gavleniT wyali ufro swrafad aorTqldeboda
da maT daveTanxmebiT. wyali WurWlidan Tbil amindSic orTqldeba, oRond nela. zogadad
aorTqlebis mizezi siTboa.
jgufuri samuSao
aorTqlebisa da kondensaciis Seqcevadi movlenebis Tanmimdevroba iwvevs wylis wriul
brunvas. aorTqlebis mizezia daTboba, kondensaciisa _ aciveba.
42
saSinao davaleba
1. haeris temperaturis daweva 00-s qvemoT wylis gayinvis mizezia.
2. suraTidan Cans, rom gazafxulze, rogorc ki daTbeba, Tovli dnobas iwyebs, wyali miwaSi
CaiJoneba. gamTbar da tenian miwaSi Teslebi Rivdeba da miwidan yvavilebi amoyofs Tavs.
3. Tovlsa da wvimas iwvevs gayinva-galRobisa da aorTqleba-kondensaciis gameoreba.
§5.2 wylis wrebrunva
jgufuri samuSao
Rrublebi
aorTqleba
kondensacia
mze
wyali
ind. samuSao
okeanidan aorTqlebuli wyali RrublebSi kondensirdeba. Tu haeris nakadi Rrublebs
okeanidan moSorebiT gadaitans, wyali wvimis, Tovlis an setyvis saxiT miwaze dabrundeba,
miwaSi CaiJoneba da mis qveS manam imoZravebs, sanam isev okeanes ar daubrundeba. amitom
hqvia am process wylis didi wrebrunva.
saSinao davaleba
1. wrebrunva
2 wrebrunvis mizezia cecxlis ali. man gaaTbo wyali da wylis msubuqi, uwvrilesi wveTebi
Rrublebis civ fenebSi aRmoCnda. iq siciveze wveTebi gamsxvildnen da kondensirebuli
saxiT miwaze dabrundnen. miwisqveS didxans mounda moZraoba sanam wyali isev zRvas
daubrundeboda. am winadadebidan Cans, rom saubaria wylis did wrebrunvaze.
§5.3 Jangbadis wrebrunva
jgufuri samuSao
1. adamiani sunTqavs JangbadiT. am Jangbads gamoyofs mcenare. mcenare Jangbadis misaRebad
iyenebs im naxSirorJangs, romelic yvela cocxali arsebis sunTqvisas gamoiyofa. e. i.
Jangbadis wrebrunvasTan erTad mimdinareobs naxSirorJangis wrebrunvac.
jgufuri samuSao
2. mcenaris mier Jangbadis warmoqmna dRisiT mzis sinaTleze ufro intensiurad
mimdinareobs, vidre misi STanTqma sunTqvis procesSi. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi Jangbadi
haerSi ver dagrovdeboda.
saSinao davaleba
wylis amRvrevis gamo mcenareebi ganadgurdnen. isini wyalSi mcxovrebi cxovelebisaTvis
sakvebic iyo da Jangbadis wyaroc. mcenareebis ganadgurebam gamoiwvia sicocxlis mospoba
wyalsatevSi.
§5.4 dRe-Ramuri ciklebi
kiTxvebze pasuxi
1. teqstSi CamoTvlili qveynebi dasavleT naxevarsferoSi mdebareobs. Cven aRmosavleT
43
naxevarsferoSi vcxovrobT. roca iq dRea, CvenTan Ramea, amitom dasavleT naxevarsferoSi
mixvedrisas Cvens organizmze cudad imoqmedebs dRe-Ramis ciklis areva.
2. cocxali organizmebis sezonuri ciklebi aris weliwadis droTa cvalebadobasTan maTi
Seguebis Sedegi.
§5.5 sezonuri ciklebi
kiTxvebze pasuxi
1. frinvelebis gadafrenisTvis mzadebis signali aris dRis xangrZlivobis Semcireba.
saSinao davaleba
oragulis tofoba dakavSirebulia garkveul sezonTan da yovelTvis erTsa da imave dros
xedba. aman gamoiwvia daTvis Sesabamisi qcevis Camoyalibeba.
Tavi 6. yvavilovani mcenareebi
§6.1 mcenareTa mravalferovneba
kiTxvebze pasuxi
1. wylis dumfara da lotosi yvavilovani mcenareebia.
2. yvavilovan mcenareebs farulTeslovnebs uwodeben, radgan maTi Tesli nayofiT aris
dafaruli.
§6.2 yvavili
kiTxvebze pasuxi
1. yvavili mcenaris gamravlebis organoa.
2. nayofi viTardeba naskvidan. ganayofierebis Semdeg naskvis kedlebi msxvildeba da
nayofi warmoiqmneba.
3. Tesli viTardeba Teslkvirtidan.
4. Teslebis raodenoba damokidebulia naskvSi Teslkvirtebis raodenobaze.
informacia maswavlebels:
Tu naskvSi erTi Teslkvirtia, masSi erTi Tesli viTardeba (mag., bali, alubali, atami da
sxv.; aseve marcvlovnebi _ xorbali, Svria, qeri da sxv.). Teslebis raodenoba nayofebSi
erTidan ramdenime aseulamde meryeobs, imis mixedviT, Tu ramdeni Teslkvirtia naskvSi.
mraval mcenareSi ramdenime ganayofierebuli Teslkvirtidan mxolod erTi viTardeba
Teslad. igi danarCen Teslkvirtebs sazrdos arTmevs da maT ganviTarebas aferxebs. ase,
magaliTad, Txilis orbudian naskvSi ori (xan oTxi) Teslkvirtia, Tesli ki, Cveulebriv,
erTi viTardeba. muxis sambudian naskvSi eqvsi Teslkvirtia da maTgan mxolod erTi
viTardeba Teslad.
§6.3 yvaviledebi. calsqesiani da orsqesiani yvavilebi
kiTxvebze pasuxi
1. Tu yvavils mxolod butkoebi an mtvrianebi aqvs ganviTarebuli _ calsqesiania, xolo
Tu butkoebic da mtvrianebic _ orsqesiani.
2. Tu mcenareze orive sqesis yvavilebia ganviTarebuli, aseTi mcenare erTsaxliania, Tu
mxolod mamrobiTi an mdedrobiTi yvavilebia _ orsaxliani.
44
3. yvaviledi mcenaris organoa, romlis meSveobiTac igi mravldeba.
4. yvavilebi advili SesamCnevia mwerebisTvis, isini maT etanebian da mtveraven.
informacia maswavlebels:
1. Tu yvavilSi mtvrianebicaa da butkoc, mas orsqesiani yvavili ewodeba, Tu mxolod
mtvrianebia an butko, maSin _ erTsqesiani. Tu erTsqesian yvavilSi mxolod mtvrianebia,
maSin mas mamrobiTi ewodeba da aRiniSneba pirobiTi niSniT ♂, im erTsqesian yvavilebs
ki, romlebSic mxolod butkoa, mdedrobiTs uwodeben da aRniSnaven _ ♀; orsqesian
♂.
yvavils ♂ aRniSnaven ♀
2. Tu erTsqesiani yvavilebi mocemuli saxeobis mcenaris erTsa da imave individzea
ganviTarebuli, maSin aseT mcenareebs erTsaxliani ewodeba, Tu erTsqesiani yvavilebi
sxvadasxva individze viTardeba _ orsaxliani. erTsaxliani mcenareebia: simindi, aryi,
Txili, muryani, wifeli, muxa, gogrisebrni (maT mamrobiT yvavilebs fuW yvavilebs
uwodeben). orsaxlianebs ekuTvnis: verxvi, tirifi, ofi, kanafi, bostnis mJauna da a. S.
3. TiTo-TiTod ganlagebuli yvavilebi, rogoric aqvs yayaCos, titas, magnolias,
iordasalams, xarisTvalas da sxvas, SedarebiT iSviaTia. umravlesobas yvavilebi
erTad aqvs Sekrebili. Tu yvavilebian totze tipuri vegetatiuri foTlebi ar aris
ganviTarebuli da mxolod Tanayvavilebi sxedan, aseT totebs yvaviledebi ewodeba.
yvaviledi SeiZleba iyos martivi an rTuli. martivi yvaviledebia, magaliTad, mtevani:
dagrZelebul mTavar RerZze calkeuli yunwiani yvavilebia ganlagebuli (vazi, SroSana,
SoTxvi, eklisxe, baRis arjakeli da sxv.), TavTavi: dagrZelebul mTavar Reroze
uyunwo mjdomare yvavilebia ganlagebuli (mravalZarRva, islis mamrobiTi yvaviledebi
da sxv.), qolga martivi: mTavari RerZi damoklebulia. TiTqmis yvela yvavilis
yunwi misi wveridanaa gamosuli da daaxloebiT Tanabari sigrZisaa. amitom mcenaris
yvavilebi TiTqmis erT simaRlezea ganlagebuli. mWada yvaviledi aqvs tirifs, verxvs.
tirifis mamrobiTi mWada yvaviledi kaSkaSa yviTeli ferisaa, riTac mwerebs izidavs,
mdedrobiTi _ moyviTalo-mwvane. tirifisnairTa rigSi mcenareebis yvavilebi mWadebad
an TavTavebadaa Sekrebili. mWada yvaviledi rTuli yvaviledia. igi dayvavilebis mere
mTlianad Camovardeba xolme.
rTuli yvaviledebi sxvadasxva an erTnairi ramdenime martivi yvaviledisgan Sedgeba.
4. yvaviledis biologiuri mniSvneloba is aris, rom maT mwerebi advilad amCneven da
damtverva uzrunvelyofilia.
§6.4 damtvervis saxeebi. ganayofiereba
kiTxvebze pasuxi
• iasamnis yvavili askilis yvavilis mtvriT ar daimtvereba.
• butkos dingze moxvedrili mtvris marcvali Rivdeba da naskvisken miiswrafvis.
1. qariTmtveria mcenareebis yvavilebi bevr mtvers imitom iviTareben, rom mtvris
marcvlebs butkoze moxvedris meti Sansi hqondes.
2. xelovnuri damtvervisaTvis saukeTeso mcenareebs SearCeven, rom STamomavlobas
ukeTesi Tvisebebi hqondes.
3. damtvervisas Tu ganayofiereba ar moxda, maSin damtvervas araviTari mniSvneloba ara aqvs.
informacia maswavlebels:
1. orsqesian yvavilebSi mtvris marcvlebi SeiZleba imave yvavilis dings daeces. es
TviTdamtvervaa. es movlena sakmaod farTodaa gavrcelebuli. magram Tu mtveri sxva
egzemplaris yvavilebis butkos dingze moxvdeba, es jvaredini damtverva iqneba.
jvaredin damtvervas is upiratesoba aqvs, rom sxvadasxva memkvidruli Tvisebebis mqone
sasqeso ujredebis SeerTebiT STamomavloba ufro nairgvari gamodis, amitom aseT
organizms saarsebo pirobebTan SeguebisaTvis meti SesaZlebloba aqvs.
45
2.
mweriTmtveria, anu entomofiluri, mcenareebisTvis damaxasiaTebelia mkveTri
Seferilobis gvirgvini, rac maT mwerebisaTvis Soridanve SesamCnevs xdis. mkveTri
Se­fe­rilobis garda, didi mniSvneloba aqvs yvavilis suns, rac mis mier gamoyofil
eTerzeTebzea damokidebuli. yvavilebTan mwerebi neqtrisa da mtvris asaRebad
mifrinaven, riTac isini ikvebebian. erTi yvavilidan meoreze gadafrenis dros mwerebs
uneburad gadaaqvT mtveri da mtveraven yvavilebs.
3. xelovnuri damtvervisaTvis, rasakvirvelia, saukeTeso jiSis mcenaris mtvers
gamoiyeneben, raTa STamomavlobas sasurveli niSan-Tvisebebi gadaeces.
4. mtvris marcvali butkos dingze dacemis Semdeg gaRivebas iwyebs, butkos svets gaivlis
da miiswrafis naskvisaken, sadac Teslkvirts Seerwymis da moxdeba ganayofiereba.
§6.5 nayofebisa da Teslebis gavrceleba
kiTxvebze pasuxi
1. nayofebisa da Teslebis gavrceleba xdeba qariT, mwerebiT, cxovelebiT, frin­vele­biT.
2. nekerCxlisa da babuawveras Teslebi vrceldeba qariT. maT samarjvebi aqvT, rom isini
qarma advilad gadaaadgilos. kitrana TviTon gamotyorcnis Teslebs. yayaCos kolofic
ixsneba da Tesli gadmoibneva.
3. orkbilasa da orovandis nayofebs specialuri kauWebi aqvT, riTac emagrebian cxovelis
bewvs. cxovelebs isini sxvadasxva adgilze gadaaqvT.
informacia maswavlebels:
1. zogi mcenare TviTon fantavs Tesls, zogi mcenaris nayofebi da Teslebi frinvelebisa
da cxovelebis meSveobiT vrceldeba, zogis _ qariT.
2. Teslebs fantavs akacia, lobio, cercvela. maTi nayofebi tkacaniT ixsneba da Tesli
did manZilze ifanteba. TviTxsnadia, magaliTad, kitranac. mis nayofSi momwifebuli
Tesli dagrovil lorwosTan erTad xmauriT gamoityorcneba. zog mcenares frenia
nayofebi aqvs, magaliTad, babuawveras, tirifs; zogs _ frTiani, magaliTad, nekerCxals,
Telas, ifans.
3. zogi mcenaris nayofi kauWebiTaa SeiaraRebuli, magaliTad, orkbila, orovandi, birka.
maTi kauWebi advilad emagreba cxovelis balans, romelsac isini erTi adgilidan
meoreze gadaaqvs.
garda amisa, cxovelebi da frinvelebi mwife nayofebs etanebian. maT kuW-nawlavSi gavlili
Teslebi niadags cxovelTa da frinvelTa gamonayofebTan erTad ubrundebian. maT
umetes nawils aRmocenebis unari SenarCunebuli aqvs da niadagze moxvedrili gaRivebas
iwyebs da aRmocendeba.
§6.6 Teslis agebuleba
kiTxvebze pasuxi
1. orlebnianTa Tesli Sedgeba kanisa da Canasaxisagan. Canasaxi Sedgeba ori lebnis,
Canasaxovani fesvis, Rerosa da kvirtisagan.
2. erTlebnianTa Tesli Sedgeba kanis, Canasaxisa da endospermisagan. Canasaxi, Tavis mxriv,
Sedgeba Canasaxovani fesvis, Reros, kvirtisa da erTi lebnisgan, romelic sakvebi
nivTierebebis marags ar Seicavs, riTac gansxvavdeba orlebnianTa Teslisagan.
praqtikuli samuSao
Teslis gaRivebis pirobebi
46
kiTxvebze pasuxi
1. wyliT savse WiqaSi Tesls gaRivebisaTvis saWiro haeri ar hqonda, amitom ver aRmocenda.
2. Tesli gaRivebis dros sunTqavs, anu iTvisebs Jangbads da gamoyofs naxSirorJangs,
amitom niadagi gafxvierebuli unda iyos, rom Tesls haerTan hqondes Sexeba.
§6.7 fesvi (I)
kiTxvebze pasuxi
fesvis saxecvlilebebis (mag., Zirxvenebis da fesvgorglebis) meSveobiT zogi mcenare
izamTrebs da Semdeg weliwads agrZelebs da amTavrebs Tavis vegetacias (anu iviTarebs
yvavilebs da Tesls); zogi maT sayrdenad an mosaWidad iyenebs, zogi mwuwnavi fesvebiT
sxva mcenaris Rerodan sakveb nivTierebebs wuwnis.
§6.8 fesvi (II)
kiTxvebze pasuxi
1. fesvi bususebis meSveobiT niadagidan wyals Seiwovs.
2. haeri Tixnar niadagSi ufro naklebia, vidre qviSnarSi. es am niadagis struqturasTan
aris dakavSirebuli _ Tixnari niadagis goroxebi mWidrod ekvris erTmaneTs da haerisTvis
naklebi adgili rCeba.
§6.9 foToli
kiTxvebze pasuxi
1. foTlis daniSnulebaa fotosinTezis gziT mcenarisTvis sakvebis damzadeba, aseve
sunTqva da wylis aorTqleba.
2. foToli Sedgeba firfitisa da yunwisagan. aris uyunwo, anu mjdomare, foTlebic.
martivia foToli, rodesac yunwze mxolod erTi firfitaa. rTulia, Tu yunwze mravali
firfitaa mimagrebuli. foTlebi gansxvavdeba sididiT.
3. foTlebidan wylis aorTqlebiT mcenare icilebs Warb wyals; uzrunvelyofilia fesvebidan
amowovili wylis uwyveti nakadi foTlebisaken; mcenare Tavs icavs gadaxurebisagan.
4. foTlis saxecvlilebaa ulvaSi (bardis, arjakelis), eklebi (kowaxuris, kaqtusis).
foTlebis eklebad gadagvarebiT kaqtusi aorTqlebisgan icavs Tavs, kowaxuri ki _
cxovelebisgan; mweriWamia mcenareebs foTlebi webovani bususebiT aqvT dafaruli.
§6.10 mcenareTa kveba _ fotosinTezi (I)
kiTxvebze pasuxi
1. saxamebeli ZiriTadad foTlebSi warmoiqmneba.
2. diliT mcenaris foTlebi daclilia sakvebi nivTierebebisgan, radgan isini mcenaris
sxvadasxva organoSi gadanawilda. amitom foTols diliT naklebi wona eqneba.
3. dRis ganmavlobaSi foTlebSi fotosinTezis Sedegad warmoqmnili sakvebi nivTierebebi
grovdeba. saRamos isini foTlebidan qveviT, sxva organoebisaken, gadaadgildeba,
amitom maTi mokrefa dRis bolos jobia.
praqtikuli samuSao
mcenareTa kveba _ fotosinTezi (II)
1. foTolSi, mzis sxivebis gavleniT, naxSirorJangisa da wylisagan saxamebeli warmoiqmneba.
2. fotosinTezis dros STainTqmeba naxSirorJangi da gamoiyofa Jangbadi.
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3. fotosinTezis Sedegad iqmneba nivTierebebi, romliTac ikvebeba yvela cxoveluri
organizmi da TviT mcenarec. garda amisa, fotosinTezis meSveobiT haeri JangbadiT
mdidrdeba.
4. RamiT fotosinTezi ar mimdinareobs. es dadasturda cdiT, rodesac sibneleSi
moTavsebuli mcenaris foTlebSi saxamebeli ar aRmoCnda.
5. RamiT saZinebelSi bevri mcenaris datoveba sasurveli ar aris, radgan RamiT mcenarec,
adamianis msgavsad, sunTqvisas Jangbads iyenebs da naxSirorJangs gamoyofs.
§6.11 Rero. garegani agebuleba
kiTxvebze pasuxi
1. arCeven sxvadasxva saxis Reros: swormdgoms, mxoxavs, mcocavs, xviaras.
2. Rero mcenarisTvis sayrdenia. masze moTavsebulia foTlebi, yvavilebi da nayofi.
§6.12 Reros Sinagani agebuleba
• rgolurad SemoWrili qerqis zeviT dagrovda foTlebidan wamosuli sakvebi nivTierebebi,
radgan qveviT gadaadgilebis saSualeba ar iyo.
• damatebiTi fesvebi gamoizarda im adgilidan, sadac iyo dagrovili sakvebi nivTierebebi.
kiTxvebze pasuxi
1. Rero garedan qerqiTaa dafaruli, Semdeg kambiumis Sre modis, Semdeg merqania, SuaSi
ki _ gulguli.
2. wliuri rgolebi aris kambiumis dayofiT gazafxulsa da zafxulSi warmoqmnili didi
ujredebisa da Semodgomaze warmoqmnili patara ujredebis Sreebi. didi ujredebis
Sre baci Seferilobisaa, patara ujredebisa ki _ muqi. es baci da muqi Sreebi Reros
ganiv Wrilze wliuri rgolebis saxiT aisaxeba. erTi wlis nazards Seesabameba erTi
baci da erTi muqi Sre. amdenad, maTi meSveobiT mcenaris asakis dadgena SeiZleba.
3. 5 wlis vaSlis xes 5 wliuri rgoli eqneba. unda daviTvaloT an baci Sre, an muqi. 10
wlis xes 10 wliuri rgoli eqneba.
§6.13 Reros saxecvlilebebi
kiTxvebze pasuxi
1. foTlebSi damzadebuli sakvebi nivTierebebi qerqis SigniTa mxares mdebare sacriseburi
milebiT moZraobs.
2. wyali da mineraluri marilebi Reros merqnis WurWlebis meSveobiT moZraobs.
3. Reros miwisqveSa saxecvlilebebia fesura, bolqvi, gorgli, miwiszeda _ kunelisa da
kvrinCxis ekali, vazis ulvaSi.
4. mcenaris zrdis organoebiT gamravlebas vegetatiuri gamravleba ewodeba.
Seamowme Seni codna _ VI Tavis Semajamebel savarjiSoebis pasuxebi.
1. g.
2. g.
3. 1_ mwerebiT; 2 _ qariT; 3 _ mwerebiT; 4 _ qariT.
4. b.
5. g.
6. dedam Sarvlis totebze naxa orovandis, orkbilasa da sxva balaxovan mcenareTa kauWiani
nayofebi. ramac miaxvedra, rom daTom balaxebSi iara.
48
7. Tu mcenaris Teslis didi raodenoba erTsa da imave adgilas Caibneva, misgan aRmocenebuli
mcenareebi erTmaneTs xels SeuSlian da ver ganviTardebian.
Tavi 7. xerxemliani cxovelebi
§7.1 xerxemliani cxovelebi
kiTxvebze pasuxi
1. adamiani xerxemlianTa jgufs miekuTvneba.
2. ix. scenarSi.
§7.2 Tevzebi
ind. samuSao
lorwo Tevzis sxeulsa da wyals Soris xaxuns amcirebs.
kiTxvebze pasuxi
1. marTalia, haerSi gacilebiT meti Jangbadia, vidre wyalSi, magram Tevzi wyalSi
cxovrebasTanaa Seguebuli, igi layuCebiT sunTqavs. layuCebi ki ver SeiTvisebs haerSi
arsebul Jangbads. amitom napirze amoyvanisas Tevzi male kvdeba.
2. kambala fskerze wevs da msxverpls udarajebs, amitom mas mfarvelobiTi Seferiloba
ganuviTarda. igi am Tevzs sxva mtaceblebisagan damalvaSic exmareba.
3. Tevzebi qviriTiT mravldebian. isini, zogierTi gamonaklisis garda, STamomavlobaze ar
zrunaven.
§7.3 amfibiebi
II. ind. samuSao
1. amfibiebi qviriTs wyalSi deben.
2. Tevzis qviriTidan gamoCekili lifsita Tavis mSobels hgavs, xolo amfibiis qviriTidan
gamoCekilma Tavkombalam sxvadasxva stadia unda gaiaros, rom Tavis mSobels daemsgavsos.
3. amfibiis qviriTidan Tavkombala viTardeba.
4. Tavkombalas, Tevzis msgavsad, layuCebi da kudis farfli aqvs. zrdasruli amfibiebi ki
filtvebiT sunTqaven da kudis farflic ar aqvT.
III. ind. samuSao.
eniT mwerebs qameleoni iWers.
kiTxvebze pasuxi
1. teniani garemo aucilebelia imisTvis, rom amfibias kani ar gamouSres. kani sunTqvis
damatebiTi organoa. misi gaSrobisas cxoveli kvdeba.
2. mkvdar mwers bayayi an gombeSo ar ekareba, radgan igi uZrav msxverpls ver xedavs.
3. TiTebs Soris sacurao apki aqvT wyalmcurav frinvelebs: bats, geds, ixvs; zogierT
qvewarmavals, magaliTad, niangs; ZuZumwovrebidan _ behemoTs, zogierTi jiSis ZaRls,
magaliTad niufaundlends.
49
§7.4 qvewarmavlebi
kiTxvebze pasuxi
1. niangebs iseve, rogorc amfibiebs, grZnobaTa organoebi Tavis zeda mxares aqvT moTav­
sebuli. es wyalSi cxovrebasTan dakaSirebuli erT-erTi adaptaciaa (Segu­ebulobaa).
garemos dasazverad sakmarisia, cxovelma wylidan Tavis mxolod zeda nawili amoyos. es
mas imaSic exmareba, rom msxverplisTvis SeumCneveli darCes.
2. kus baknidan gamoZroma ar SeuZlia, radgan misi xerxemali zurgis Zvlovan farTan
uZravadaa dakavSirebuli.
3. qvewarmavlis kani mSralia da sunTqvis damatebiTi organos funqcias ar asrulebs.
4. qvewarmavlebis gamravleba, Tevzebisa da amfibiebisgan gansxvavebiT, wyalTan
dakavSirebuli ar aris. isini kvercxs xmeleTze deben. maTi kvercxi naWuWiT an mkvrivi
garsiTaa dafaruli. qvewarmavlebis kani mSralia, rac xmeleTze cxovrebasTan kidev
erTi Seguebulobaa.
§7.5 frinvelebi
ind. samuSao
1. mfaravi bumbuli zemodan akravs RinRls da mas gaCeCis saSualebas ar aZlevs. es xels
uwyobs frenas. mfaravi bumbuli frenis dros frTebis ZiriTadi sayrdenia, radgan
magari da drekadia.
2. frinveli mfarav bumbulze cxims isvams, raTa igi ar dasveldes.
3. RinRli frinvelis sxeuls siTbos unarCunebs.
kiTxvebze pasuxi
1. frinvelis garda, kanis safarveli kramitiseburad dalagebuli aqvT Tevzebsa da
qvewarmavlebs.
2. mfaravi bumbuli ar sveldeba, radgan frinvelebi mas cximiT ipoxaven.
3. inkubatorSi temperatura 42°-ia, rac frinvelis sxeulis temperaturis tolia.
§7.6 ZuZumwovrebi
ind. samuSao
suraTebze marjvniv ixvniskartaa, marcxniv _ iqedne. isini ZuZumwovrebs miekuTvnebian,
radgan sxeuli bewviT aqvT dafaruli, sarZeve jirkvlebi uviTardebaT da STamomavlobas
rZiT kvebaven.
kiTxvebze pasuxi
1. ZuZumwovrebis Canasaxi dedis organizmSi ukeT aris daculi garemos araxelsayreli
pirobebisagan.
2. patara veSapma dabadebisTanave Tu ar CaisunTqa haeri, misi filtvebi ar gaibereba da
is daiRupeba.
3. ZaRli Robis Zirebis, qvebisa da sxva sagnebis daynosvisas igebs, romeli cxoveli iyo
am adgilas da vin SemoiWra mis teritoriaze.
50
§7.7 xerxemlianTa ConCxi
kiTxvebze pasuxi
1. Tevzs kidurebi ar aqvs, radgan wyalSi curvisas isini ar sWirdeba.
2. gulmkerdis yafazi aqvT qvewarmavlebs, frinvelebsa da ZuZumwovrebs. igi gulsa da
filtvebs dazianebisagan icavs.
3. gulmkerdis yafazi icavs gulsa da filtvebs.
§7.8 xerxemlianTa saWmlis momnelebeli organoebi
II. ind. samuSao
sakbeCad viyenebT wina (mWrel) kbilebs, xolo saReWad ukana (ZiriTad) kbilebs.
III. ind. samuSao
1. sakvebi gadaadgildeba Semdeg organoebSi: piris Rru → saylapavi → kuWi → nawlavebi.
2. sakvebi uSualod ar xvdeba RviZlsa da naRvlis buStSi. isini mxolod momnelebel
wvenebs gamoyofen, riTac monelebis procesSi exmarebian nawlavebs.
kiTxvebze pasuxi
1. ZuZumwovris piris RruSi ReWvis dros sakvebi qucmacdeba da nerwyviT muSavdeba..
2. frinvelebi patara kenWebs ylapaven, romlebic kuWSi xvdeba da kbilebis msgavsad,
sakvebs aqucmacebs.
3. monelebul sakvebs mTel organizms sisxli awvdis
§7.9 xerxemlianTa sunTqvis organoebi
II. ind. samuSao
didi zedapiris mqone filtvebi ufro meti Jangbadis SeTvisebis saSualebas iZleva.
kiTxvebze pasuxi
1. wyalSi yofnis dros amfibiebis nestoebis sarqvelebi ixureba da wyals sasunTq
organoebSi moxvedris saSualebas ar aZlevs.
2. amfibiis wyalSi yofnis dros wyalSi gaxsnil Jangbads misi kani SeiTvisebs.
3. qvewarmavals wyalSi gaxsnili JangbadiT sunTqva ar SeuZlia, radgan filtvebiT
sunTqavs. misi kani mSralia da sunTqvis procesSi ar monawileobs.
§7.10 xerxemlianTa sisxlis mimoqcevis organoebi
ind. samuSao
1. layuCebSi mimdinareobs airTa cvla: wyalSi gaxsnili Jangbadi layuCis kapilarebSi
arsebul sisxlSi gadadis, xolo naxSirorJangi sisxlidan wyalSi gadainacvlebs.
2. layuCebSi moxvedrili sisxli mdidrdeba JangbadiT da Tavisufldeba naxSiror­Jangisagan.
kiTxvebze pasuxi
1. guli tumbos daniSnulebas asrulebs. igi sisxlis uwyvet moZraobas uzrunvelyofs.
2. gulis gaCereba sikvdils iwvevs, radgan sisxlis mimoqcevis SeCerebisas organizmi
veRar maragdeba JangbadiTa da sakvebiT, agreTve ver Tavisufldeba naxSirorJangisa
da gamousadegari nivTierebebisgan.
3. guls dazianebisagan gulmkerdis yafazi icavs.
51
Seamowme Seni codna VII Tavis Semajamebeli savarjiSoebis pasuxebi
1. daajgufe qvemoT mocemuli organizmebi xerxemlianebad da uxerxemloebad:
xerxemliani
uxerxemlo
xoxobi
kata
salamandra
ku
oraguli
adamiani
kalia
oboba
lokokina
pepela
daajgufe xerxemliani organizmebi civsisxlianebad da Tbilsisxlianebad:
civsisxliani
Tbilsisxliani
pirania
varani
gombeSo
delfini
ofofi
kata
3. daukavSire organo Tavis funqcias:
guli
kuWi
filtvi
sayrdeni
sunTqva
saWmlis moneleba
sisxlis moZraoba
layuCi
nawlavi
xerxemali
4. sworia Tu ara gamonaTqvami:
a. ara;
d. ara;
b. diax;
e. ara;
g. ara;
v. diax.
Tavi 8. kvebiTi kavSirebi
8.1 rogor ikvebebian cxovelebi
1. mcenareebi fotosinTezis procesSi TviTon imzadeben sakvebs niadagidan Sewovili
wylisa da naxSirorJangisagan.
2. vefxvi msxverpls Cumad epareba, amitom siarulisas TaTebis rbil baliSebs eyrdnoba,
gepardi ki xangrZlivad dasdevs Tavis msxverpls, mas miparva ar sWirdeba.
3. kvebis tipis mixedviT mercxali mtacebelia.
52
8.2 balaxis mWameli cxovelebi
1. jogebad mcxovrebi cxovelebi ufro advilad igerieben mters.
2. Cliqosnebi gaqceviTac Svelian Tavs da rqebsac iyeneben Tavdasacavad.
3. kvicma saSiSroebis SemTxvevaSi gaqceviT unda uSvelos Tavs, amitom mas amis unari unda
hqondes. wruwuna ki soroSia Sefarebuli da gaqceva ar sWirdeba. amitomaa is umweo.
4. Tavkombala ganviTarebis adreul stadiaze mcenareuli sakvebiT ikvebeba da nawlavic
grZeli aqvs, radgan misi sakvebi Znelad SesaTvisebelia. bayayi ki kvebis tipiT mtacebelia.
misi sakvebi ufro advilad mosanelebelia, amitom ufro mokle nawlavi aqvs.
8.3 mtacrbrli ZuZumwovrebis Taviseburebebi
1. polieTilenis parkSi Cadebul xorcis naWers ZaRli ufro male ipovis, vidre kata,
radgan ZaRls ufro kargi ynosva aqvs.
2. katas msxverplis povnaSi Sexebis organoebi _ `ulvaSebi~ da warbzeda bewvebi _
exmareba, radgan mas ynosva naklebad aqvs ganviTarebuli.
8.4 nairmWameli cxovelebi
kiTxvebze pasuxi
1. rogorc nairmWamel, ise mtacebel cxovelebs aqvT Wreli kbilebi, eSvebi da ZiriTadi
kbilebi. nairmWamelebs mtaceblebisagan gansxvavebiT, ara aqvT mkveTi kbilebi.
2. ZuZumwovrebis msgavsad nairmWamelia zogierTi frinveli, romelic ikvebeba rogorc
mcenareuli, ise cxoveluri sakvebiT (WiebiT, matlebiT, mRrRnelebiT), magaliTad,
ixvi, qaTami, cicari da sxv.
8.5 kvebiTi kavSirebi bunebaSi
kiTxvebze pasuxi
1. arcerT cxovelur organizms sxva organizmebis gareSe arseboba ar SeuZlia, rad­
gan sxvebTan kvebiTi kavSirebiTaa dakavSirebuli. mxolod mcenareebs SeuZliaT
aracocxali bunebis komponentebisagan daimzadon sakvebi.
2. kvebiTi jaWvi yovelTvis iwyeba mcenariT, radgan igi qmnis sakveb nivTierebebs
TavisTvis da danarCeni cocxali organizmebisaTvis.
3. Tu planetaze ar darCeba arc erTi mcenare, sicocxle moispoba, radgan aRarc Jangbadi
iqneba da arc sakvebi nivTierebebi sxva cocxali organizmebisaTvis.
4. cocxali da aracocxali
organizmebis damakavSirebeli aris mcenareebi. isini
aracocxali bunebidan sakveb nivTierebebs qmnian.
8.6 adamianis kvebis Taviseburebebi
1. balaxismWameli cxovelebis nawlavi ufro grZelia, radgan mcenareuli sakvebis
moneleba SedarebiT Znelia da man nawlavebSi ufro metxans unda dayos.
2. yvela sakvebi, romelic kulinariulad damuSavebulia.
53
Seamowme Seni codna _ VIII Tavis Semajamebeli savarjiSoebis pasuxebi.
1. kvebiTi jaWvis rRvevas pirveli rgolis (mcenareebis) amovardna gamoiwveves.
2. dedamiwis mcenareuli safaris ganadgureba planetaze sicocxlis mospobas
gamoiwvevs.
3. erTi organizmi SeiZleba ramdenime kvebiT jaWvSi iyos CarTuli.
4. sxvadasxva kvebiT jaWvSi CarTvis meti Sansi aqvT balaxismWamel cxovelebs.
5. mercxali kvebiTi jaWvis mesame rgolia.
6. zvigeni kvebiTi jaWvis bolo rgolia.
7. kvebiTi jaWvi yovelTvis mcenaridan iwyeba. is balaxismWameli cxovelidan ver
daiwyeba.
Tavi 9. kosmosi
9.1 kosmosSi yvelaferi moZraobs
ixileT scenarSi.
9.2 mze
1. varskvlavebi Cvengan Zalian Sorsaa. maTi sinaTle Zlivs aRwevs Cvenamde, siTbo ki
saerTod ver aRwevs.
2. mze gavarvarebuli airis sferoa. mis zedapirze temperatura 6000 gradusia. amitom
igi sinaTlesa da siTbos asxivebs. miuxedavad imisa, rom mze Cvengan 150 000 000 km-iTaa
daSorebuli, igi mainc gvaTbobs.
3. mze rom Caqres, dedamiwa usicocxlo planetad gadaiqceva.
4. mzis uxilavi gamosxiveba adamianis janmrTelobisaTvis sazianoa. radgan mzis sxivebi
SuadRisas ufro didi kuTxiT ecema dedamiwis zedapirs, vidre dila-saRamos, mavne
gamosxivebac SuadRisas metia. amitom SuadRisas garujva saSiSia.
9.3 mzis sistemis planetebi
1. marTalia, planeta-gigantebis Tanamgzavrebidan zogierTi merkurize didia, magram
radgan mzis garSemo ki ara, planetebis garSemo brunaven, isini Tanamgzavrebad
iTvlebian.
2. planetebi imdenad gavarvarebuli ar aris, rom sinaTle gamoasxivon.
9.4 mzis sistemis mcire sxeulebi
1. meteoriti atmosferos zeda fenebSi iWreba da haeris nawilakebTan xaxunisas Zlier
varvardeba. haeris nawilakebic xurdeba da naTebas iwyebs. amitom tovebs meteori
manaTobel kvals.
2. ar iqneba saSiSi, radgan kometis birTvidan amotyorcnili kosmosuri mtvris nawilakebi
dedamiwis atmosferoSi daiwveba.
3. haleis kometa 2061 wels estumreba mzis sistemas.
54
9.5 rogor yalibdeboda warmodgena kosmosze
teqstis kiTxvebi:
1. koperniki cdeboda, roca varskvlavebi uZravi, xolo samyaro sasruli egona.
2. galileis teleskopma saSualeba misca astronomebs, kargad daenaxaT ciuri sxeulebis
zedapiri da forma. cxadi gaxda bevri iseTi ram, razec adre warmodgenac ar hqondaT.
teleskopma astronomiis kvlevis horizonti gaafarToa.
pasuxebi teqstis bolos dasmul kiTxvebze:
saqarTveloSi aris abasTumnis observatoria.
teleskopis marsze damontaJeba arc ise kargi azria: iq xom xSirad mtvriani
icis. isini kosmosze teleskopiT dakvirvebaSi xels SegviSlis.
qariSxlebi
Seamowme Seni codna IX Tavis Semajamebeli savarjiSoebis pasuxebi
cxrilis damuSaveba
yvelaze nela sakuTari RerZis garSemo venera brunavs, yvelaze swrafad _ iupiteri.
dedamiwis msgavsi dRe-Ramis xangrZlivoba aqvs marss, weliwadis xangrZlivoba ki _
veneras.
dedamiwis atmosferoSi 21% Jangbadia. sxva planetebze is an Zalian cotaa, an saerTod
ar aris. cocxali organizmebi ki, rogorc viciT, JangbadiT sunTqaven.
yvelaze meti Tanamgzavri aqvs saturns (18).
iupiteri, saturni, urani, neptuni, dedamiwa, marsi, merkuri, venera.
marTalia, Tu ara, rom:
1. ara.
4. diax.
2. diax.
5. ara.
3. ara.
6. ara.
7. diax.
8. ara.
9. ara.
Tavi 10. Cveni dedamiwa
10.1 horizontis mxareebi. orientireba
1. horizontalebiT.
2. samxreTiT; CrdiloeTiT.
3. evrazia.
10.2 adgilis gegma
ind. samuSao
1. gzebs klaknili xaziT gamoxataven.
2. SeuRebavadaa datovebuli mdelo, xidi, saxnavi miwa.
3. xazis forma aqvs gzebs, arxebs, sazRvrebs.
4. cisferiT aRiniSneba tba, mdinare, wyaro; mwvane feriT _ tye, buCqnari, baRi; yviTeli
feriT _ Senoba-nagebobebi, xevebi da xramebi.
55
10.3 globusi
kiTxvebze pasuxi
dedamiwa mzis garSemo srul Semobrunebas 1 weliwads andomebs.
1. rodesac mzisken CrdiloeT polusis mxarea mimarTuli, maSin CrdiloeT naxevarsferoSi
zafxulia, samxreTSi ki _ zamTari. rodesac mzisken samxreT polusis mxarea miSverili,
piriqiT, samxreT naxevarsferoSi zafxulia, CrdiloeTSi ki _ zamTari.
10.4 masStabi
ind. samuSao
1. 1:200; 1 sm _ 200 sm.
2. 1 sm _ 1 m.
saSinao davaleba
1. masStabi gvWirdeba geografiuli obieqtebis Sesacireblad. is gviCvenebs, ramdenjeraa
Semcirebuli sagani globusze an rukaze gadatanisas.
2. ricxviTi _ 1:600 000
saxeldebuli _ 1 sm 6 km
3. a) 150 m. b) 60 m. g) 300 m.
10.5 geografiuli ruka
1. ver vimsjelebT, radgan rukaze garkveuli damaxinjebebi da Secdomebi gvxvdeba.
2. Senobebi, baRebi, tyeebi, mdeloebi. radgan rukaze warmoudgenelia aseTi dawvrilebiTi
informaciis datana.
3. kompiuteri swrafad adgens rukas.
eleqtronuli rukebi SegviZlia gavaaxloT, maTze advilad gadavitanoT da gadavaadgiloT
informacia.
10.7 geografiuli rukebisa da gegmebis mniSvneloba
ind. samuSao
• xmeleTis wylebia mdinareebi, tbebi, Waobebi, myinvarebi, wyaroebi da a. S.
1. rukaze vxedavT okeaneebs, zRvebs, tbebs, mdinareebs. rukaze ver davinaxavT miwisqveSa
wylebs, wylis orTqls.
10.8 msoflio okeane da misi nawilebi
• dedamiwaze 4 okeanea: wynari, atlantis, indoeTis, CrdiloeTis yinulovani (arqtikis).
• msoflio okeanis erTianoba daamtkica fernando magelanma.
1. okeaneSi arsebuli cocxali samyaro damokidebulia okeanis wylis Taviseburebebze _
temperaturaze, marilianobaze.
3. ganapirobebs _ zogan xelsayreli pirobebia turizmis ganviTarebisTvis (kurortebi),
zogan TevzWerisa da rewvisaTvis.
56
10.9 kontinentebisa da okeaneebis nawilebi
1. yvelaze didi naxevarkunZuli arabeTis naxevarkunZulia.
2. arabeTis naxevarkunZuli evraziis (aziis) kontinentis nawilia.
saSinao davaleba
Sav zRvaSi mdebareobs yirimis naxevarkunZuli.
10.10 zRvebi. sriteebi. yureebi
• Savi zRva Siga zRvebs miekuTvneba.
• magelanma aRmoaCina srute, romelsac SemdgomSi misi saxeli ewoda.
jgufuri samuSao
dreikis srute samxreT amerikas antarqtidisagan gamoyofs.
gibraltaris srute erTmaneTisgan gamoyofs afrikasa da evrazias (evropas).
saSinao davaleba
1. beringis srute erTmaneTTan akavSirebs CrdiloeTis yinulovan (arqtikis) da wynar
okeaneebs. gamoyofs erTmaneTisgan evraziasa da CrdiloeT amerikas.
2. bosforis srute Sav zRvas marmarilos zRvasTan akavSirebs.
10.11 okeaneebisa da zRvebis wylis miqceva da moqceva
jgufuri samuSao
dRis brizs zRvidan notio haeri moaqvs, Ramis brizs xmeleTidan _ mSrali.
ind. samuSao
brizi damaxasiaTebelia saqarTvelos sanapiro adgilebisTvis.
saSinao davaleba
1. Cemi sacxovrebeli adgilisaTvis ar aris damaxasiaTebeli musoni. me evraziis samxreTaRmosavleT sanapiroze ar vcxovrob.
2. ritmuli movlenaa, magaliTad, brizi, musoni, okeanis wylis mimoqceva.
10.12 brizebi da musonebi
jgufuri samuSao
ar SeiZleba, radgan Sav zRvaze moqcevis talRis simaRle 1 sm-s ar aRemateba.
eleqrtosadguris amuSavebas ki Zlieri miqcev-moqceva sWirdeba.
saSinao davaleba
1. sanapiroze wyali xan Zalian Sors iWreba xmeleTSi _ am movlenas moqceva ewodeba,
xan ki, piriqiT, ukan ixevs da farTod aSiSvlebs fskers _ es miqcevaa. maT mTvaris
miziduloba iwvevs.
2. yvela, visi saqmianobac zRvasTanaa dakavSirebuli, `moqcevebis tabuliT~ sargeblobs,
raTa maTi saqmianoba rac SeiZleba usafrTxo iyos.
57
10.13 reliefi da misi mravalferovneba. mTebi
Cveni qveynis mTavari qedi kavkasionis qedia.
10.14 reliefi da misi mravalferovneba. vakeebi
xazs, sadac TiTqos xmeleTi (wyali) cas uerTdeba, horizontis xazi hqvia.
Tavi 11. bunebrivi resursebi
11.1 ra aris bunebrivi resursi
1. bunebrivi resursia is, rasac adamiani bunebaSi moipovebs da Tavisi saWiroebisaTvis
moixmars: mzis siTbo, qari, haeri, wyali, miwa, mcenareebi, cxovelebi da sxv.
2. xis merqnis damuSavebiT miiReba qaRaldi, romelic, Tavis mxriv, wignebis, rveulebis,
Jurnal-gazeTebis, plakatebisa da sxva sagnebis damzadebisTvis saWiro masalaa. amitom
qaRalds SeiZleba bunebrivi resursi vuwodoT.
saSinao davaleba:
saqarTvelo mdidaria wylisa da tyis resursebiT, metaluri madnebiT. mcire raodenobiT
moipoveba navTobic da bunebrivi airic.
11.2 bunebrivi resursebi guSin, dRes, xval
1. uZvelesi adamianebi cecxlis aRmoCenamde iseT resursebs iyenebdnen, rogoricaa wyali,
haeri, miwa, mzis siTbo, mcenareebi, cxovelebi.
2. cecxlis aRmoCenis Semdeg maT tyis resursis masobrivi gamoyeneba daiwyes.
situaciuri amocana
giorgis ojaxi winaT binis gasaTbobad da wylis gasacxeleblad tyis resursebs iyenebda,
momavalSi ki mzis siTbos gamoiyenebs. amiT tyis resursic daizogeba da bunebasac naklebi
ziani miadgeba.
11.3 amouwuravi bunebrivi resursebi
1. miwa, rogorc bunebrivi resursi, sxvadasxva mizniT gamoiyeneba. tyeebis gaCexam, erTsa
da imave adgilze mosavlis mravaljer moyvanam miwa SeiZleba usargeblod aqcios, amitom
is amowurvadi resursia. miwis resursi rom aRdges, adamianma bunebis dacvaze unda
izrunos.
2. qari amouwuravi resursia, radgan misi warmoSoba, TavisTavad, bunebriv procesebTan _
Tbili da civi haeris nakadebis erTmaneTis sapirispiro mimarTulebiT moZraobasTanaa
dakavSirebuli.
11.4 amowurvadi bunebrivi resursebi (I)
saSinao davaleba 2
dialogis Sinaarsidan da mcenaris sasicocxlo ciklis amsaxveli suraTidan (ix. wina
gverdze) Cans, rom vaSlis Teslidan aRmocendeba vaSlis xe, vaSlis xidan ki isev vaSlis
nayofi da Tesli miiReba _ amas gulisxmobda mama.
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11.5 amowurvadi bunebrivi resursebi (II)
aRdgenadi (ganaxlebadi) bunebrivi resursebia mcenareebi,
(araganaxlebadi) ki _ navTobi, bunebrivi airi, qvanaxSiri.
cxovelebi,
aRudgeneli
11.6 gavufrTxildeT bunebriv simdidres
1. adamiani azianebs bunebriv garemos, magaliTad, tyis resursebis mopovebis Sedegad.
xeebis gadaWarbebuli Wra mTian adgilebSi stiqiuri movlenebis _ mewyris, zvavebis
gaxSirebas iwvevs. garda amisa, niadagi ifiteba da unayofo xdeba.
2. bunebrivi garemos Secvlam SeiZleba adamians safrTxe Seuqmnas, magaliTad, Secvalos
hava, gamoiwvios wyaldidobebi an gvalva da a. S.
3. adamians ar SeuZlia arseboba bunebrivi resursebis mopovebis gareSe, magram saWiroa
zomierebis dacva da mudmivi zrunva am resursebis ganaxlebaze, aseve amouwuravi
resursebis ufro farTod gamoyeneba da amiT amowurvadi resursebis dazogva.
saSinao davaleba
muxis resursis Semcirebaze didi gavlena moaxdina iman, rom muxa saukeTeso xarisxis, mtkice
da gamZle masalaa da farTod gamoiyeneboda mSeneblobaSi, avejis dasamzadeblad da sxv.
Tavi 12. usafrTxo qcevis wesebi bunebaSi
12.2 frTxilad, wyali dabinZurebulia!
rodesac arsebobs eWvi wylis dabinZurebaze, ar SeiZleba misi daleva auduRrad. duRilis
dros daavadebis gamomwvevi TvaliT uxilavi arsebebi iRupebian.
12.3 Sxamiani mcenareebi da sokoebi
1. mcenarisa da sokosaTvis Sxamis Semcveloba Tavdacvis saSualebaa _ Sxamianobis gamo maT
cxovelebi ar etanebian.
2. sokos Segrovebisas Secdomis daSveba ufro mosalodnelia matyuara sokos SemTxvevaSi,
anu maSin, rodesac saWmel sokos Sxamiana matyuarac aqvs.
12.4 Sxamiani cxovelebi
kiTxvebze pasuxi
1. tansacmlis da fexsacmlis gabertyva aucilebelia, radgan iq RamiT Sxamiani mweri an
morieli SeiZleba SeZvres.
2. am malamos gamoyeneba ar SeiZleba Tu kani dazianebulia. am SemTxvevaSi Sxami sisxlSi
moxvdeba da mowamvlas gamoiwvevs.
3. Sxamiani nestris amosaRebad nakbens danis pirs usvamen.
12.5 pirveli samedicino daxmareba sxvadasxva dazianebis dros
kiTxvebze pasuxi
saxsris motexilobis an amovardnilobis dros moZraoba ar SeiZleba, raTa ar daziandes
sisxlZarRvebi, kunTebi da myesebi.
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Sefaseba
10-quliani sistemis Sefasebis ZiriTadi elementebi
organizebuloba _ 10%. moswavlis organizebuloba sas­wavlo procesSi xels uwyobs
codnis dagrovebasa da gar­kveuli unarebis gamomuSaveba-Camoyalibebas (komu­nikacia, TanamSromloba da sxv.);
prezentacia _ 20%. prezentacia fasdeba moswavlis mi­er problemis gaazrebis, informaciis organizebis, prob­lemisadmi sakuTari an jgufis damokidebulebis gamo­xatvis, SemoqmedebiTobisa da misi gamovlenis, dagegmili vadebis dacvisa da sxva unarebiT.
davaleba _ 30%. davalebebi (weriTi, zepiri, jgufuri, individualuri, saSinao, saklaso
da a.S.) fasdeba sakiTxis an problemis gaazrebis, informaciis mopovebisa da or­ganizebis,
mozezSedegobrivi kavSirebis dadgenis, da­gegmili vadebis dacvisa da sxva unarebiT.
Semajamebeli (testireba) _ 40%. testSi miRebuli maqsimaluri Sefaseba (10 qula) uzrunvelyofs moswavleTaTvis trimestrul minimalur dadebiT (4 qula) Sefasebas. moswavlisaTvis es iqneba motivi, gaimeoros masala, moemzados da scados Sefasebis gamosworeba.
organizebuloba 10%
Semajamebeli
40%
prezentacia
20%
davaleba
30%
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