Enhanced Design Solutions for WSNs applied to Distributed Environmental Monitoring
Enhanced Design Solutions for WSNs applied
to Distributed Environmental Monitoring
Davide Di Palma
University of Florence
MIDRA Consortium
Department of Electronics and Telecommunications
http://www.goodfood-project.org
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Enhanced Design Solutions for WSNs applied to Distributed Environmental Monitoring
Mission and Targets
FP6-IST-1-508774 GoodFood
The GoodFood consortium:
• 29 partners from 10 countries
• Started 01/01/2004, duration 42 months
• Objective: to demonstrate to the agro-food sector
actors the advantages driven to the complete
food chain control by the use of Micro and Nanotechnology inspired systems
WP7 Mission:
• to introduce Ambient Intelligence (AmI)
paradigms in Agriculture using WSN technology
• to implement a demonstrator for the wine chain
• to investigate portability and scalability to other
food chains
MIDRA Consortium acts as WP7
coordinating partner
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10 countries
WP8: Training &
Dissemination
WP1: Antibiotics
WP2: Pesticides
WP3: Mycotoxines
Safety
WP4: Pathogens
WP7:
Ambient
Intelligence
WP5: Quality
Quality
WP6: Logistics
Ischia, 21-23 giugno 2006
Enhanced Design Solutions for WSNs applied to Distributed Environmental Monitoring
System Specifications
System architecture
WSN
GPRS over TCP/IP
Gateway
Remote Server
GUI
Laptop
PDA
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Enhanced Design Solutions for WSNs applied to Distributed Environmental Monitoring
WSN Node Specifications
System Specifications
Sensor Board
Power Board
+
The stackable assembled node allows connecting up to
16 Sensor Boards.
Each sensor board can be programmed and configured
independently to support a wide range of sensor families
Communication Board
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Hardware and software are designed to support “hot”
Plug and Play features.
Ischia, 21-23 giugno 2006
Enhanced Design Solutions for WSNs applied to Distributed Environmental Monitoring
GPRS gateway
System Specifications
• Stand-alone communication platform, providing
transparent bi-directional wireless TCP/IP
connectivity for remote monitoring.
• Operating in conjunction with Remote Data
Acquisition (RDA) equipments:
 WSN, connected with a Master node
 directly connected to sensors and
transducers.
• Powered by solar panels.
• Improved robustness.
• Reconnection
assignment.
with
dynamic
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IP
address
Ischia, 21-23 giugno 2006
Enhanced Design Solutions for WSNs applied to Distributed Environmental Monitoring
System deployment & testing
System Deployment

TWO Pilot Sites Deployed

TWO Different Environmental conditions

TWO Different WSN Configurations

Recovery strategies implemented at node level (DTR) and at Gateway
level (DSR and FSR)
Montepaldi Farm
16 nodes and 49 sensors
Operating since October, 25th 2005
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UoF Greenhouse
6 nodes and 24 sensors
Deployed October, 4th 2005
Ischia, 21-23 giugno 2006
Enhanced Design Solutions for WSNs applied to Distributed Environmental Monitoring
Aggregate Report: Sensors Correlation
4 Plants
In the Greenhouse
Environment conditions:
vapour pressure deficit
(from air temp/hunidity sensors)
Plant irrigation
(from soil moisture sensors)
Plant growth
(from diametric growth sensors)
Plant respiration
(from leaf temperature sensors)
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Enhanced Design Solutions for WSNs applied to Distributed Environmental Monitoring
Conclusions
2006 IEEE MTT-S
International Microwave Symposium
San Francisco, California
June 11 – June 16, 2006
Full-day WORKSHOP Title: Technology and applications of Wireless Sensor Network
Date & Time: Friday, June 16, 8:00AM–5:00 PM
Location: Moscone Center , S Francisco, Usa
Organizers:
D. Adamson, National Physical Laboratory, UK
G. Manes, University of Florence, Italy
V. K. Nair, Intel Corp., USA
Kate Remley, US Dept. of Commerce, USA
E. Fathy, University of Tennessee, USA
Topics & Speakers:
Wireless Mesh Networks: an introduction, D. Sexton, GE
Sensor Networks for Wireless, G. Maracas, Motorola
Smart Antennas Applications in Wireless Sensor Networks, S. El-Ghazaly, University of Tennessee
The DOE Industrial Wireless Program, W. Manges, Oak Ridge National Laboratory
Application of Wireless sensor networks, G. Manes, University of Florence and L Nachman, Intel Corp.
Resolving the high bandwidth, low power dilemma, D. Culler, University of California
Do We Trust the Outputs from Sensor Networks? , D. Adamson, National Physical Laboratory
Utilizing a wireless sensor network to gauge an abstract quantity, Paul Bowman, BT
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Enhanced Design Solutions for WSNs applied to Distributed Environmental Monitoring
TO BE CONTINUED….
POSTER B14
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Ischia, 21-23 giugno 2006
Enhanced Design Solutions for WSNs applied to Distributed Environmental Monitoring
Pilot Site WSN
Results
Case Study: Autumn heavy rain
30 cm
10 cm
Soil Moisture Trend @ different depths in different weather conditions
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Enhanced Design Solutions for WSNs applied to Distributed Environmental Monitoring
Conclusions
Conclusions
End-to-end solution for WSN vineyard monitoring
•
A state of the art wireless infrastructure has been fully designed,
implemented and deployed.
•
Innovative solutions have been implemented, such as flexible and generic
sensor interfaces, wireless gateways and hardware boards, with improved
robustness for unattended operation
•
The custom low power STAR MAC protocol is running on all the WSN
nodes, confirming the expected results in terms of energy efficiency and
network stability
•
End-to-end system architecture, with multi-format platforms and user
interfaces
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Enhanced Design Solutions for WSNs applied to Distributed Environmental Monitoring
Conclusions
Conclusions
Further Advancements
•
Extension of the developed infrastructure to the whole wine chain (cellar,
logistic & transport phases);
•
Deployments of new pilot sites, also for other food chains;
•
Integration of additional sensors, including RFID tag reader, in the AmI
infrastructure;
•
Optimized hardware releases, at node level (improved RF performance) and
at gateway level (power consumption and miniaturization);
•
Electronically steered antennas for enhancing battery life;
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Enhanced Design Solutions for WSNs applied to Distributed Environmental Monitoring
Publications and Conferences
Dissemination
Publications
4.1. F. Chiti, M. Ciabatti, G. Collodi, D. Di Palma, A. Manes: “Design and Application of Enhanced
Communication Protocols for Wireless Sensor Networks operating in Environmental Monitoring”,
accepted at ICC ’06 conference, notified on 31st Dec 2005 .
4.2 F. Chiti, M. Ciabatti, G. Collodi, D. Di Palma, A. Manes: “Enhanced Design Solutions for Wireless
Sensor Networks applied to Distributed Environmental Monitoring”, accepted at EWSN ’06
conference notified on 6th Jan 2006 .
4.3 F. Chiti, M. Ciabatti, G. Collodi, D. Di Palma, A. Manes: “An Embedded GPRS Gateway for
Environmental Monitoring Wireless Sensor Networks”, accepted at EWSN ’06 conference notified on
6th Jan 2006 .
Conferences
15/16 November 2005 Florence Workshop: “Ambient Intelligence for food quality and safety”.
13/15 February 2006 Zurich, EWSN 2006: Invited Presentation. “Enhanced Design Solutions for
WSNs applied to Distributed Environmental Monitoring”
11/16 June 2006 San Francisco, IEEE MTT-S International Microwave Symposium
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Enhanced Design Solutions for WSNs applied to Distributed Environmental Monitoring
Mission and Targets
WorkPackage 7 results
1.
2.
Two pilot sites have been fully deployed for the exploitation of Ambient
Intelligence (AmI) paradigms:
> Vineyard of Montepaldi Farm, Chianti zone, from October 2005.
> Experimental greenhouse, Univ. of Florence, from July 2005.
A state of the art wireless infrastructure has been designed and
implemented, adopting innovative hardware components, such as:
> Battery operated WSN nodes, running a custom, low power oriented
multi-hop protocol (STAR MAC);
> Innovative generic sensor interface, supporting “hot” plug-and-play
features developed on miniaturized hardware boards;
> Custom self-powered WSN-to-GPRS gateway;
3.
All the data gathering chain have been fully implemented, from
sensors up to final user interface.
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Enhanced Design Solutions for WSNs applied to Distributed Environmental Monitoring
End
Enhanced Design Solutions for WSNs applied
to Distributed Environmental Monitoring
[email protected]
http://www.unifi.it/midra/goodfood
Username: ewsn2006
Password: goodfood
From 15/02/06 up to 10/03/06
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Enhanced Design Solutions for WSNs applied to Distributed Environmental Monitoring
Results
Vineyard Pilot Site WSN
Case Study: Autumn heavy rain
Air Humidity Sensors
Soil Moisture Sensors
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Air Temperature Sensors
Rain Fall
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Enhanced Design Solutions for WSNs applied to Distributed Environmental Monitoring
Results
Greenhouse Pilot Site WSN
Case Study: Salt & Water stress
Living Plant Activity
Dying Plant
Trunk Diametric
Growth Sensors
Increasing Water Stress
Soil Moisture
Sensors
Increasing Salt Concentration
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Enhanced Design Solutions for WSNs applied to Distributed Environmental Monitoring
Ongoing activities
 Protocol enhancements:
• STAR+ MAC
 Topological messages
 remote control ad firmware up-grading capability
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Enhanced Design Solutions for WSNs applied to Distributed Environmental Monitoring
6. Conclusions
Further developments
 Protocol enhancements:
• Physical:
 Adaptive threshold for the received power
• Routing:
 Fully dynamic multihop
 synchronous (downstream) sensing
 asynchronous or event-based sensing (upstream + downstream)
 Re-configurable communication paradigm for highly time-varying
scenarios (mobile agents)
 Advanced traffics management:
• QoS oriented
• Differentiated services
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Enhanced Design Solutions for WSNs applied to Distributed Environmental Monitoring
STAR MAC
1. Communications protocols
Synchronous Transmission Asynchronous Reception
Background:
• WISE MAC: nodes maintain the schedule offsets of their neighbors
• S-MAC: nodes regularly broadcast SYNC packets
Drawbacks (related to our application):
• WISE MAC: offset information is transmitted within ACK messages, then
its update depends on traffic load
• S-MAC: clustered nodes are strictly synchronized and must have the
same duty cycle and frame time
Proposed approach:
STAR protocol does not require strict node synchronization: each node can adjust
its duty cycle and frame period independently.
Nodes periodically send their offsets to neighbors through a MAC layer signalling.
As a result, the network topology is flat.
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Enhanced Design Solutions for WSNs applied to Distributed Environmental Monitoring
1. Communications protocols
STAR MAC
Synchronous Transmission Asynchronous Reception
Weak nodes synchronization (2 way handshake)
Steady state behaviour (except set up & recovery procedures)
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Enhanced Design Solutions for WSNs applied to Distributed Environmental Monitoring
STAR MAC
1. Communications protocols
Synchronous Transmission Asynchronous Reception
MAC frame period : Tf = Tl + TS
Typical parameters: Tf=60 s; d=3%; cRx=12mA; CTx=30mAh; csleep=0.01mA
Duty cycle
Tl
Tl
d%  100 
100
Tf
Tl  Ts
Normalized Cost
NCTx
C
 cRx d  csleep 1  d  
[mA]
Tf
Tf
The major contribution to the overall cost is represented by
Receiving Status
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Enhanced Design Solutions for WSNs applied to Distributed Environmental Monitoring
1. Communications protocols
Multihop routing
• Routing table management (building and updating):
 MAC layer signaling (neighbor discovering, “SYNC”) (Tf)
 Network layer signaling (network discovering, “PING”) (Tp >>Tf)
 Cross layer protocol design inspired
Target
Sink
Next Hop
Hop
Counter
Phase
Link
Quality
Battery
Level
Congestion
Level
X
NX
X
X
BX
CX
Y
NY
Y
Y
BY
CY
Z
NZ
Z
Z
BZ
CZ
• Communication protocol robustness (best hop selection)
• Sensing messages generation (Tacq) & forwarding
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Enhanced Design Solutions for WSNs applied to Distributed Environmental Monitoring
User Interface
4. User interface
• http://www.unifi.it/midra/goodfood/
• Multiple gateways monitoring
• Low level messages logging
• 1D and 2D graphs:
 Joint plotting
 Interactive map
 Time window adjusting
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Enhanced Design Solutions for WSNs applied to Distributed Environmental Monitoring
QoS at WSN level
System deployment & testing
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Enhanced Design Solutions for WSNs applied to Distributed Environmental Monitoring
QoS at WSN level
System deployment & testing
1st Deployment
Success Rate %
Node 9
89.8
Node 10
91.1
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Enhanced Design Solutions for WSNs applied to Distributed Environmental Monitoring
QoS at WSN level
System deployment & testing
1st Deployment
Success Rate %
Node 15
Node 16
Node 17
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81.8
82.9
81.2
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Enhanced Design Solutions for WSNs applied to Distributed Environmental Monitoring
QoS at WSN level
System deployment & testing
Gateway Disconnections
 2 Disconnections in 168 h monitoring
 Each lasts 20 minutes
 Pout = 0.4 %
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Enhanced Design Solutions for WSNs applied to Distributed Environmental Monitoring
System deployment & testing
QoS at System level
Dynamic Recovering Strategies
 Outdoor operation in adverse environment
 Dead-lock at node level (collisions, EMI, in-band jamming)
 Temporary lack of connectivity at Gateway (dynamic radio resource
management, temporary outage of radiomobile channel, radiobase
maintenance)
Mandatory requirement : unattended operation
Node level
Dynamic Time-out Recovery (DTR)
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Gateway level
Dynamic session re-negotiation (DSR)
Forced session re-negotiation (FSR)
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Enhanced Design Solutions for WSNs applied to Distributed Environmental Monitoring
System deployment & testing
The deployment at Montepaldi Farm
13 nodes and 24 sensors
operating since October, 25th 2005
Features:

Full STAR MAC multi-hop operation

Stand alone unattended system

Extended covered area, up to 4 sensors per
node
Implemented sensors:

Soil moisture and temperature

Air humidity and temperature

Differential leaf temperature

Diametric stem growth
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Enhanced Design Solutions for WSNs applied to Distributed Environmental Monitoring
System deployment & testing
The Greenhouse
6 nodes and 24 sensors
Deployed October, 4th 2005 (final release)
Motivations

Global system validation completed
through a set of advanced case-studies
in a controlled environment
Features

Single hop configuration in a very
restricted area

Highly dense communication & multipath
environment

Up to 6 sensor per node
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Enhanced Design Solutions for WSNs applied to Distributed Environmental Monitoring
Results
Vineyard Pilot Site WSN
Case Study: Nodes’ cases airtight closure
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Enhanced Design Solutions for WSNs applied to Distributed Environmental Monitoring
Mission and Targets
Collaborations
Scientific collaborations and partnership related to GoodFood activities:
 Intel Research Labs, S. Clara CA,
MoU for joint activity for application of WSN technology in food chain
 WINE-OCHRA RISK (QLK-1-CT-2001-01761)
Assessment of risk of ochratoxin A (ATA) in grape and wine in Europe and
protection of the consumer’s health
 MoU with Cooperating Embedded Systems for Exploration and
Control featuring WSNs (sent to PM for discussion in GMB)
Embedded WiSeNets FP6-IST-2-004400-CA
 Collaboration agreement with Prof. Veronique Bellon at CEMAGREF
Montpellier (France) for the implementation of a pilot site at CEMAGREF
vineyard based on GoodFood WSN technology
 Creating an European Network of Research Centres working in application
of ICT for precision viticulture
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